CSA A23.

3:19 Design of concrete structures

that considers the lower- bound or upper-bound value of effective stiffnesses of the members as
appropriate to determine a safe estimate of the factored shear force.
Note: A description of the type of simplified analyses that can be done considering only the structure below the
plastic hinge and the appropriate effective stiffnesses, accounting for the level of cracking and quantity of
reinforcement, are given in the explanatory notes of the Cement Association of Canada's Concrete Design
Handbook.

21.5.3 Minimum wall thickness

21.5.3.1 General
fu used to determine the minimum wall thickness shall be the lesser of hu and, where applicable, fwu·

21.5.3.2 Plastic hinge region

The wall thickness within a plastic hinge shall be not less than Limit A except as permitted by
Clause 21.5 .3.4, but in no case shall be less than Limit B:

Limit A fu/14 fu /10

Limit B f u/20 fu /14

21.5.3.3 Outside plastic hinge region

The wall thickness outside a plastic hinge shall be not less than limit B given in Clauses 21.5.3.2 except
as permitted by Clause 21.5.3.4, but in no case shall be less than fu /20.

21.5.3.4 Conditions for reduced wall thickness

Limit A in Clause 21.5.3.2 and Limit Bin Clause 21.5.3.3 shall not be required to apply to
a) any part of a wall that under factored vertical and lateral loads are not more than halfway from the
neutral axis to the compression face of the wall section;
b) any part of a wall that lies within a distance of 3bw from a continuous line of lateral support
provided by a flange or cross wall; the width of flange providing effective lateral support shall be
not less than fu/ 5; and
c) simple rectangular walls where the distance from the neutral axis to the compression face,
ca lculated for factored load effects, is located within a distance of the lesser of 4bw or 0.3fw from
the compression face of the w all section.

21.5.4 Reinforcement

21.5.4.1 General
All concentrated reinforcement and all distributed reinforcement over the full height of all walls shall
meet the following requirements:
a) Reinforcing bars shall not be offset bent.
b) Lap splices shall have a minimum length of 1.5fd.
c) Reinforcing bars shall be anchored, spliced, or embedded in accordance with the requirements for
reinforcement in tension specified in Clause 12 except as modified by Clause 21.5.4.2.

june 2019 © 2019 Canadian Standards Association 176

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