LIVE CARGO IN INDUSTRIAL SHIPS

Live load : It is a load produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure.

It does not include construction or environmental loads, such as wind load, snow load, rain
load, seismic load, flood load or dead load.

Definitions of important and necessary parts to talk about the specified topic.

Roof live load: A load on a roof produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment,
and materials and (2) during the life of the structure by moving objects, such as planters or
other similar small decorative fixtures that They are not occupation related.

Screen Enclosure: A building or part thereof, wholly or partly self-supporting, that has walls
and a roof for insect or sun screening using fiberglass, aluminum, plastic, or similar
lightweight netting material , which contain an occupancy or use such as outdoor swimming
pools, patios or decks, and horticultural and agricultural production facilities.

Heliport: A structural surface used for landing, takeoff, taxiing, and parking of helicopters.

Guardrail system: A system of components, including anchors and attachments to the

structural system, near the open sides of an elevated surface for the purpose of minimizing
the possibility of a fall from the elevated surface by people, equipment, or material.

Live loads evenly distributed

Live loads used in the design of buildings and other structures shall be the maximum loads
anticipated for the intended use or occupancy, but in no case shall be less than the minimum
uniformly distributed unit for loads required in Table 4-1, including any reduction.
permissible.

In office buildings and other buildings where there are rigid or rearranged partitions, the
weight of the partition has been provisioned, whether or not they are partitions are shown on
the plans and work must be done according to these considerations. The separation load
shall not be less than 15 pounds per square foot (0.72 kN/m2).

Note that as an exception, a partition live load is not required with the specified minimum live
load exceeding 80 pounds per square foot (3.83 kN/m2).

Partial Live Loads

The maximum intensity of the appropriate live load reduction is applied only to a part of a
structure or member; it will be counted if it produces a more unfavorable loading effect than
the same intensity applied to the entire structure or member. Live loads on roofs shall be
distributed as specified in Table 4 1.

Concentrated Live Loads

Floors, ceilings, and other similar surfaces shall be designed to safely support the uniformly
distributed live loads or the concentrated load, in pounds or kilonewtons (kN), given in Table
4-1, which produces the greatest loading effects. Unless otherwise specified, the indicated
concentration is assumed to be uniformly distributed over a 2.5 foot (762 mm) surface, and
shall be located so as to produce maximum loading effects on the members.

Loads on handrails and railings

All handrail and railing systems shall be designed to resist a single concentrated load of 200
pounds (0.89 kN) applied in any direction at any point on the handrail or top rail and to
transfer this load through the supports to the structure. to produce the maximum loading
effect on the element in question.

Additionally, all handrail and railing systems shall be designed to resist a load of 50 lb/ft
(pound-force per linear foot) (0.73 kN/m) applied in any direction along the handrail or top
rail.

Loads on tie bar systems

Grab bar systems shall be designed to withstand a single concentrated load of 250 pounds
(1.11 kN) applied in any direction and at any point on the grab bar to produce maximum load
effect.

Loads on vehicle containment systems

Vehicle restraint systems for passenger vehicles shall be designed to withstand a single load
of 6,000 pounds (26.70 kN) applied horizontally in any direction to the barrier system, and
shall have anchors or attachments capable of transferring this load to the barrier system.
structure.

For system design, the load will be assumed to act at heights between 1 foot 6 inches (460
mm) and 2 feet 3 inches (686 mm) above the floor or ramp surface, selected to produce the
loading effect. maximum. The load shall be applied on a surface not exceeding 12 inches by
12 inches (305 mm x 305 mm) and located so as to produce maximum loading effects.

Loads on fixed ladders

The minimum design live load of fixed ladders with steps shall be a single concentrated load
of 300 lb (1.33 kN), and shall be applied at any time to produce the maximum load effect on
the member being considered. The number and position of additional concentrated live load
units shall be a minimum of 1 300-pound (1.33 kN) unit for every 10 feet (3.05 m) of ladder
height. When fixed stair rails extend above the floor or platform at the top of the stair, each
train-side extension must be designed to resist a single concentrated live load of 100 pounds
(0.445 kN) in any direction at any time. height of the extension of the top of the side rail. Hall
stairs with treads instead of treads will have minimum design loads as stairs.

Impact loads

• Elevators

All elements subject to dynamic elevator loading shall be designed for the impact loads and
deflection limits prescribed by ASME A17.1.
 • Machinery

For design purposes, the weight of machinery and moving loads will be increased as follows
to allow for impact: (1) light machinery, axle or motor-driven, 20 percent; and (2) for
reciprocating motion machines or motor units, 50 percent of all percentages will be increased
where specified by the manufacturer.

Reduction of live loads

Except for live loads uniformly distributed on roofs, the rest of the loads can be minimized
but taking the considerations of the ASCE 7 standard. 10, sections 4.7.2 and 4.7.6.

Members whose ^LL-^T value is 400 ft 2 (37.16 m 2 ) or more are permitted to be designed
for a live load reduction in accordance with the following formula:

LLL (0.25 + )
√ ^LL^T/

In the International System:

( 4,57 \
L — Lo 0.25 + √ ^LL^T /
Where:
L = design live load reduction in ft 2 ( m 2 ) of area supported by the member
Lo =design without reducing the live load in ft 2 ( m 2 ) of the area supported by the member
(Table 4-1)
KLL =Live load element factor (Table 4-2)
A T = Tributary area in ft 2 ( m 2 )

L shall not be less than 0.50Lo for supporting members on one floor and L shall not be less
than 0.40Lo for supporting members on two or more floors.

Exception: For structural members in one- and two-family dwellings that rest on more than
one story, the following live load reduction is permitted as an alternative to the above
equation:

L = 0.7(Lo + Loz +•••■■)

L01,Lo2,… are the non-reduced live load floors, applicable to each of multiple levels of
history with support regardless of the tributary area of the effect of the live load, L, may not
be less than the effect produced by the greatest live load plant not reduced to a determined
level articulated by itself.

Loads exceeding 100 lb/

2
ft2 ((4.79 kN/ m ), vehicle garage loads, and assembly
use loads will not be reduced

Exceptions : Live loads for supporting members of two or more stories and live loads for
supporting members of two or more stories shall be authorized to be reduced by 20 percent.

Limitations in unidirectional slabs

The tributary area, AT, for unidirectional slabs may not exceed one defined by the zone of
the times spanning a normal slab width over a period of 1.5 times the duration of the slab.

Reduction of live load on roofs.

The minimum uniformly distributed roof live load (Lo) is permitted to be reduced in
accordance with the requirements of ASCE 7-10 sections 4.8.2 and 4.8.3.

Section 4.8.2 to be considered for live load reduction (flat, inclined and curved roofs)

In structures such as greenhouses, where special scaffolding is used as a working surface

for workers and materials during maintenance and repair operations, roof loading shall not
be used unless approved by the authority having jurisdiction. In such structures, the
minimum live load on the roof will be 12 pounds per square foot (0.58 kN/ m 2 ).

L r = LoRR2 where 12 < L r < 20

In the International System:

L r = LoR,R2 where 0.58 < L r < 0.96

Where
Lr = reduction of roof live load by
ft2 ( m2 ) of the horizontal projection supported
by the member.
2 2
Lo = design ceiling without reducing the live load per ft (m ) of the horizontal projection
supported by the member. (Table 4-1)

The reduction factors of R1 and R2 will be determined as follows:

R, = 1 for A T < 200ft 2

R, = 1.2 for 200ft 2 < A T < 600ft 2

R, = 0.6 for A T > 600ft 2

In the International System:

R = 1 for A T < 18.58 m 2

 R, = 1.2 for 18.58 m2 < A T < 55.74 m 2

R = 0.6 for A T > 55.74 m 2

Where, A T = tributary area in ft 2 (m 2 ) supported by the members and

R2 = 1 for F < 4

R 2 = 1.2 — 0.05F for 4 < F < 12

R 2 = 0.6 for F > 12

Where, for a pitched roof, F equals the number of inches of rise per foot (in SI: F = 0.12 ×
slope, with slope expressed in percentage points) and, for an arch or dome, F equals to the
height to span ratio multiplied by 32.

Section 4.8.3 to be considered for live load reduction (Special purpose roofs)

Roofs that have an occupancy function, such as garden roofs, mounting purposes, or other
special purposes are permitted to have a uniformly distributed live load; the load may be
reduced in accordance with the requirements of ASCE 7- 10 section 4.7

Crane loads

The live load of the crane shall be the rated capacity of the crane. The design loads of track
girders, including connections and support supports, of moving bridge cranes and monorail
cranes shall include the maximum crane wheel loads and vertical, lateral, and impact forces.
crane-induced longitudinal

• Maximum wheel load

The maximum wheel loads will be the loads produced by the wheel and by the weight of the
bridge, as applicable, plus the sum of the rated capacity and the weight of the truck with the
cart located on its landing strip at the location where the resulting loading effect is maximum.

• Vertical impact force

The maximum crane wheel loads will be increased by the percentages shown in the
following text to determine the induced vertical impact or vibration force:

o Monorail cranes (with power) 25

o Operated from a cabin by an operator or remotely operated overhead cranes
(powered) 25
o Working suspension bridge cranes (powered) 10
o Overhead cranes or monorail cranes with hand-oriented bridge, trolley, and hoist 0

• Lateral force

The lateral force on the track of the crane with electrically powered trolley girders shall be
calculated as 20 percent of the sum of the nominal capacity of the crane and the weight of
the hoist and trolley. The lateral force will be assumed to act horizontally on the tensile
surface of a runway beam, in any direction perpendicular to the beam, and will be distributed
with due regard to the lateral stiffness of the runway beam and supporting structure.

• Longitudinal force

The longitudinal force in crane track girders, except for bridge cranes with hand-oriented
bridges, shall be calculated as 10 percent of the maximum load of the crane wheels. The
longitudinal force shall be assumed to act horizontally on the tensile surface of a track
bundle in any direction parallel to the bundle.

TABLES NECESSARY AND USED IN REFERENCE TO LIVE LOAD

Table 4-1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads, Lo, and Minimum
concentrated live loads

Occupation or Use Uniform PSF (kN/m2) Conc. lb (kN)

Apartments (see House)
Floor access systems
Office Use 50 (2.4) 2,000 (8.9)
The use of the computer 100 (4.79) 2,000 (8.9)
150 (7.18) a
Armories and drill rooms
Concentration areas and theaters
Fixed seats (fixed to the floor) 60 (2.87) a
Lobbies 100 (4.79) to
Movable seats 100 (4.79) to
Platforms (assembly) 100 (4.79) to
Stage Floors 150 (7.18) to
Balconies and terraces 1.5 times the live load for the
Occupation served. It is not
required
exceed 100 pounds per square
foot (4.79 kN/m2)
40 (1.92) 300 (1.33)
Maintenance access walkways
Hallways
First floor 100 (4.79)
Other floors, the same as the
occupation, except as indicated
Dining rooms and restaurants 100 (4.79) to
Homes (see House)
300 (1.33)

Elevator machine room grating

(in the area of 2 inches by 2
inches (50 mm by 50 mm))
Finish light construction floor 200 (0.89)
plate (in the area of 1 inch by 1
inch (25 mm
for 25 mm))
Fire escapes 100 (4.79)
40 (1.92)
In single-family homes only
The fixed stairs See Section 4.5
Garages
40 (1.92) a,b,c
Passenger vehicles only
Trucks and buses
Handrails, handrails and grab See Section 4.5
bars
Heliports 60 (2.87) d,e
Not reducible
Hospitals
Operating rooms, laboratories 60 (2.87) 1,000 (4.45)

Patient rooms 40 (1.92) 1,000 (4.45)

Previous hallways first floor 80 (3.83) 1,000 (4.45)
Hotels (see House)
Libraries
The reading rooms 60 (2.87) 1,000 (4.45)
Stack Rooms 150 (7.18) a,h 1,000 (4.45)
Previous hallways first floor 80 (3.83) 1,000 (4.45)
Manufacturing
Light 125 (6.00) to 2,000 (8.90)
Heavy 250 (11.97) to 3,000 (13.40)

Occupation or Use Uniform PSF (kN/m2) Conc. lb (kN)

office buildings

File rooms and equipment should

be designed for heavier loads
based on anticipated occupancy.
Lobbies and first floor hallways 100 (4.79) 2,000 (8.90)
Offices 50 (2.40) 2,000 (8.90)
Previous hallways first floor 80 (3.83) 2,000 (8.90)
penitentiary institutions
cell blocks 40 (1.92)
Runners 100 (4.79)
recreational uses
Bowling alleys, billiard halls, and 75 (3.59) a
similar uses
100 (4.79) to
Dance halls and ballrooms
Gyms 100 (4.79) to
Review of stands, stands and 100 (4.79) a,k
stands
Stadiums and arenas with fixed 60 (2.87) a,k
seating (fastened to the floor)
Residential
One and two family homes
Uninhabitable attics without 10 (0.48) l
storage
Uninhabitable attics with storage 20 (0.96) m

Living attics and sleeping areas 30 (1.44)

The rest of the areas, except 40 (1.92)

stairs
All other residential occupations
40 (1.92)
Private rooms and the corridors
that serve them
Public Roomsa and brokers that 100 (4.79)
provide service to them
Roofs
Ordinary fl on, settled, and 20 (0.96) n
curved roofs
100 (4.79)
Roofs used for roof gardens
Ceilings are used for mounting Same occupation served
purposes
Roofs used for other types of 5 (0.24) nonreducible 300 (1.33) applied to skeleton
occupancies structure
Awnings and canopies 5 (0.24) nonreducible and
applied to the roof frame 200 (0.89) applied to supporting
members only, not the screen roof frame members only
20 (0.96)
The construction of tissue
supported by a skeletal structure

Screen Enclosure Support Frame

All other constructions 20 (0.96)
Primary roof members, exposed 2,000 (8.9)
to a working floor

Single point bottom chord panel

of trusses or any point
along primary structural elements
fastening roofs over
manufacturing, warehouses and
repair shops
The rest of the primary roof 300 (1.33)
members
300 (1.33)
All roof surfaces subject to
maintenance workers
Schools 40 (1.92) 1,000 (4.45)
Classrooms 80 (3.83) 1,000 (4.45)
100 (4.79) 1,000 (4.45)
Previous hallways first floor
First floor corridor 200 (0.89)
Portlights, ribs, skylights and 250 (11.97) a,p 8,000 (35.60) q
accessible roofs
sidewalks, roads 100 (4.79) 300r
vehicles and shipyards for road
transport
Stairs and exit routes 40 (1.92) 300r
One- and two-family homes only 40 (1.92) 300r

Occupation or Use Uniform psf (kN/m ) 2

Conc. lb (kN)
Storage areas above ceilings 20 (0,96)

Warehouses (should be designed for heavier loads if

necessary for advance storage)
Light 125 (6,00)”
Heavy 250 (11,97)”
Stores
Retail
First floor 100 (4,79) 1000 (4,45)
Upper floors 75 (3,59) 1000 (4,45)
Wholesale, all plants 125 (6,00)” 1000 (4,45)
Vehicle barriers See section 4.5
Walkways and elevated platforms (different forms of 60 (2,87)
exit)
Patios and terraces, pedestrian 100 (4,79)

Considerations to be taken for adequate work with Table 4.1

a
Live load reduction for this use is not permitted by section 4.7 unless specific exceptions apply.

b
Floors in garages or portions of a building used for the storage of motor vehicles shall be designed for the uniformly distributed
live loads of Table 4-1 or the following concentrated loads: (1) for garages restricted to passenger vehicles with capacity for not
more than nine passengers, 3,000 lb (13.35 kN) acting over an area of 4.5 inches by 4.5 inches (114 mm x 114 mm); and (2)
for mechanical parking structures without a slab or deck used to store passenger vehicles, 2,250 lb (10 kN) per wheel.

c
The design for trucks and buses will be by the specific design of AASHTO LRFD bridges; however, the allocation provisions
for fatigue and dynamic loading are not required to be applied.

d
Uniform load will be 40 psf (1.92 kN/m 2 ) where the helicopter base design has a maximum weight of 3,000 pounds (13.35
kN) either less. This burden No be reduced.
e
Helicopter capacity labeling will be required by the authority having jurisdiction. f Only two concentrated loads will be applied 8
feet (2.44 m) into the landing zone (representing two types of helicopter landing zones, skid type or wheel type), each with a
magnitude of 0. 75 times the maximum weight of the helicopter and located to produce the maximum load on the structural
elements under consideration. Concentrated loads will be applied over an 8 inch by 8 inch (200 mm x 200 mm) surface and will
not be concurrent. with others loads uniforms either loads alive concentrated.
g
A single concentrated load of 3,000 pounds (13.35 kN) will be applied over an area 4.5 inches by 4.5 inches (114 mm x 114
mm), located in order to produce the effects of the maximum load on the members. structural under consideration.
Concentrated loads need not be assumed to act simultaneously with other uniform loads or concentrated live loads.

h
Loading applies to floors of rooms that are not movable, double-sided library books are stacked subject to the following
limitations: (1) the nominal height of the book shall not exceed 90 inches (2,290mm); (2) the nominal deck depth shall not
exceed 12 inches (305 mm) on each face; and (3) parallel rows of stacks of double-sided books will be separated by aisles not
less than 36 inches (914 mm) wide. k In addition to vertical live loads, the design shall include horizontal undulating forces
applied to each row of seats as follows: 24 pounds per linear foot of seat applied in a direction parallel to each row of seats and
10 pounds per linear foot of seat seat line applied in a direction perpendicular to each row of seats. The forces of movement
horizontal parallel and perpendicular No need apply simultaneously.
l
Uninhabitable attic areas without storage are those where the maximum clear height between the joist and joist is less than 42
inches (1,067 mm), or where there are no two or more adjacent trusses with web configurations capable of housing an
assumed 42-inch (1,067 mm) rectangle. 1,067 mm) high by 24 inches (610 mm) wide, or more, in the plane of the trusses. This
live load need not be assumed to act simultaneously with any other live load requirement.
m
Attic areas uninhabitable with storage are those where the maximum clear height between the joist and joist is 42 in (1,067
mm) or greater, or where there are two or more adjacent trusses with web configurations capable of housing an assumed 42 in
rectangle . (1,067 mm) high by 24 inches (610 mm) wide, or more, in the plane of the trusses. In trusses, live loads need only
be applied to those portions of the bottom chords where both of the following conditions are met:
 Yo. The attic area is accessible from an opening not less than 20 inches (508 mm) wide by 30 inches (762 mm) long that
is located where the clearance height in the attic is a minimum of 30 inches (762 mm). ; and

ii. The slope of the lower truss chord is no greater than 2 vertical units in 12 horizontal units (9.5% slope).

The remaining portions of the bottom chords shall be designed for a non-concurrent uniformly distributed live load of not less
than 10 lb/ft (0.48 kN/m 2 ).

n
Where uniform roof live loads are reduced to less than 20 lb/ft 2 (0.96 kN/m 2 ) in accordance with Article 4.8.1 and applied to
the design of structural members arranged for the purpose of creating continuity, Reduced roof live load will apply to adjacent
spans or alternating spans, which produces the unfavorable loading effect.

o
Roofs used for other occupancies shall be designed for loads approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

p
Other uniform loads shall also be considered in accordance with an approved method, which contains provisions for uniform
loads. of truck, that they must be considered when proceed.
q
The concentrated wheel load must be applied over an area 4.5 inches by 4.5 inches (114 mm x 114 mm).

r
Minimum concentrated load on rungs (in 2-inch by 2-inch [50 mm x 50 mm] area) will be applied not concurrent with the
uniform load

Table 4-2 Live load element factor, K LL

Items K LL a

Interior columns 4
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs 4
Edge columns with cantilever slabs 3
Corner columns with cantilever slabs 2
Edge Beams without Cantilever Slabs 2
Interior beams 2
All the members No identified, 1
including:
Edge beams with cantilever slabs
Beams cantilevers
Slabs unidirectional
Bidirectional slabs
Members without provisions for continuous
cutting normal transfer to their span
a
Instead of the above values, K LL is allowed to be calculated