Ethics and Professional Guidance 11 BTP - Ana Romelia Fuentes

PROFA.
ANA ROMELIA FUENTES 11TH GRADE BTP
ETHICS AND GUIDANCE

PROFESSIONAL
11th BTP in Computer Science and Accounting and Finance
Third edition
September 2017
Prof. Ana Romelia Fuentes Hernandez

National Pedagogical University
“Francisco Morazan”
Professor of Social Sciences and Professor in History of
Honduras, Psychology, Professional Guidance and Sociology in
the Dr. Esteban Mendoza Institute of La Labor Ocotepeque.
Technical Review: Prof. Ricardo Arturo Pineda
Cover Design and Layout: Ricardo de Jesús Pineda
Collaborator: Nelba Norely Mejía Alvarenga
Printed in Richard Investments

Email: inveri_@hotmail.com
Cell: 87862232 and 33931963
Author's Reserved Rights
La Labor, Ocotepeque, Honduras, Central America
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

1
PROFA. ANA ROMELIA FUENTES 11TH GRADE BTP
GENERAL INDEX
ETHICS AND GUIDANCE PROFESSIONAL.............................................................................1
THE ORIENTATION.............................................................................................................................1
PROFESSIONAL...................................................................................................................................1
CONCEPT OF JOB...............................................................................................................................2
JOB DEFINITION...........................................................................................................................2
WORK GUIDE No. 1..............................................................................................................4
WORLD OF WORK...............................................................................................................................5
WORKING MARKET........................................................................................................................6
Managing Director............................................................................................................................6
THE SUPPLY CURVE......................................................................................................................6
HOW DOES THE LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND INFLUENCE ON.............................7
IN HUMAN RESOURCES:........................................................................................................7
Offer:...................................................................................................................................................7
Are you looking for work?...........................................................................................................7
Press here to see the offers..........................................................................................................7
Demand:..............................................................................................................................................7
CURRENT DEMANDS OF THE WORLD OF WORK..................................................................10
POTENTIAL.....................................................................................................................................15
“and HUMAN...................................................................................................................................15
FEMALE FACTOR...............................................................................................................17
PROFILE OF THE BTP GRADUATE IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE.....................24
WORK GUIDE NO.5...........................................................................................................29
DOCUMENT FORMAT HAVE AN IMPROVEMENT PLAN BASED ON OBJECTIVES. 31
OF WORK AND ITS IMPORTANCE...........................................................................................34
What is the interview of work?........................................................................................................35
What does the Work interview?.......................................................................................................35
PARTS THAT CONSTITUTE AN INTERVIEW...................................................................37
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS IN THE JOB INTERVIEW......................................39
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................39

11TH GRADE BTP PROFA. ANA ROMELIA FUENTES
PERSONALITY............................................................................................................................39
TRAINING QUESTIONS.........................................................................................................40
ACADEMIC..............................................................................................................................40
QUESTIONS.....................................................................................................................................40
WORK CHARACTER.....................................................................................................................40
Questions about em job offered.....................................................................................................41
HOW TO GET ONE JOB INTERVIEW?...................................................................................41
PRACTICAL EXERCISE.............................................................................................................42
CURRICULUM VITAE..........................................................................................................................42
TYPES OF CURRICULUM VITAE...............................................................................................42
PREPARATION OF THE CURRICULUM VITAE.......................................................................43
Content of the Curriculum Vitae............................................................................................43
PERSONAL INFORMATION..............................................................................................43
ACADEMIC DATA..............................................................................................................43
FURTHER TRAINING.........................................................................................................43
COMPUTING........................................................................................................................45
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE.........................................................................................45
OTHER DATA OF INTEREST............................................................................................45
DEFINITION OF JOB APPLICATION................................................................................49
HOW TO WRITE A JOB APPLICATION?.........................................................................50
CONCEPT:................................................................................................................................51
WORK HYGIENE.................................................................................................................51
SECURITY............................................................................................................................52
HYGIENE AND SAFETY IN THE JOB.............................................................................52
WORK HYGIENE:................................................................................................................53
An occupational hygiene plan usually covers the following content :...................................55
ENVIRONMENTAL WORKING CONDITIONS :.............................................................56
WORK SAFETY....................................................................................................................56
WORK GUIDE NO 8...............................................................................................................59
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES.............................................................................................63
Identification of the type of extinguisher appropriate for each type of fire ..........................63
WHAT THE LABOR CODE TELLS US ABOUT SAFETY..................................................66
BASIC STANDARDS OF WORK SAFETY AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE.................................79
Definition:..................................................................................................................................83
P. 2 - ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE

CAUSES OF STRESS......................................................................................................................84
The causes can be classified as follows:................................................................................86
JOB STRESS AND ITS PREVENTION........................................................................86
• TYPES OF JOB STRESSORS :.....................................................................................95
CONSEQUENCES OF WORK STRESS.............................................................................96
STRESS TEST..................................................................................................................................97
THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP........................................................................................................100
ETYMOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP. . .101
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS.............................................................................................103
ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE................................................................................................104
WHAT A SHOULD BE..................................................................................................................104
ENTREPRENEUR..........................................................................................................................104
HOW TO BE A GOOD..................................................................................................................106
ENTREPRENEUR?........................................................................................................................106
How can you be a good entrepreneur?................................................................................106
YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS IN HONDURAS...................................................................109
ENTREPRENEURIAL WOMEN...............................................................................................110
SOCIAL NETWORKS..................................................................................................................113
Social network analysis........................................................................................................114
Intermediation Centrality.....................................................................................................114
NETWORK RESEARCH SOCIAL....................................................................................117
NETWORK DIRECTORY.............................................................................................................119
Activity to do at home:.........................................................................................................120
Prepare a Network Directory, using company names from Honduras and the same table
above....................................................................................................................................120
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS.............................................................................................................120
DEFINITION OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS....................................................................120
JOURNALIST ETHICS.......................................................................................................122
Professional ethics in computing..........................................................................................123
ANNEXES...................................................................................................................................138
How to make a resume to work in telecommunications:................................................................138
FORMAT TO DOCUMENT AN IMPROVEMENT PLAN BASED ON


THE ORIENTATION.............................................................................................................................1
PROFESSIONAL...................................................................................................................................1
CONCEPT OF JOB...............................................................................................................................2
JOB DEFINITION...........................................................................................................................2
WORK GUIDE No. 1..............................................................................................................4
WORLD OF WORK...............................................................................................................................5
WORKING MARKET........................................................................................................................6
THE SUPPLY CURVE......................................................................................................................6
Offer:...................................................................................................................................................7
Demand:..............................................................................................................................................7
POTENTIAL.....................................................................................................................................15
“and HUMAN...................................................................................................................................15
FEMALE FACTOR...............................................................................................................17
WORK GUIDE NO.5...........................................................................................................29
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................39
PERSONALITY............................................................................................................................39
ACADEMIC..............................................................................................................................40
QUESTIONS.....................................................................................................................................40
WORK CHARACTER.....................................................................................................................40


ACADEMIC DATA..............................................................................................................43
COMPUTING........................................................................................................................45
CONCEPT:................................................................................................................................51
WORK HYGIENE.................................................................................................................51
SECURITY............................................................................................................................52
WORK HYGIENE:................................................................................................................53
WORK SAFETY....................................................................................................................56
WORK GUIDE NO 8...............................................................................................................59
Definition:..................................................................................................................................83
CAUSES OF STRESS......................................................................................................................84
STRESS TEST..................................................................................................................................97

WHAT A SHOULD BE..................................................................................................................104
ENTREPRENEUR..........................................................................................................................104
HOW TO BE A GOOD..................................................................................................................106
ENTREPRENEUR?........................................................................................................................106
SOCIAL NETWORKS..................................................................................................................113
above....................................................................................................................................120
ANNEXES...................................................................................................................................138
HOW AN ENTREPRENEUR SHOULD BE……………………………………………….....…….…81

THE ORIENTATION.............................................................................................................................1
PROFESSIONAL...................................................................................................................................1
CONCEPT OF JOB...............................................................................................................................2
JOB DEFINITION...........................................................................................................................2
WORK GUIDE No. 1..............................................................................................................4

WORLD OF WORK...............................................................................................................................5
WORKING MARKET........................................................................................................................6
THE SUPPLY CURVE......................................................................................................................6
Offer:...................................................................................................................................................7
Demand:..............................................................................................................................................7
POTENTIAL.....................................................................................................................................15
“and HUMAN...................................................................................................................................15
FEMALE FACTOR...............................................................................................................17
WORK GUIDE NO.5...........................................................................................................29
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................39
PERSONALITY............................................................................................................................39
ACADEMIC..............................................................................................................................40
QUESTIONS.....................................................................................................................................40
WORK CHARACTER.....................................................................................................................40


ACADEMIC DATA..............................................................................................................43
COMPUTING........................................................................................................................45
CONCEPT:................................................................................................................................51
WORK HYGIENE.................................................................................................................51
SECURITY............................................................................................................................52
WORK HYGIENE:................................................................................................................53
WORK SAFETY....................................................................................................................56
WORK GUIDE NO 8...............................................................................................................59
Definition:..................................................................................................................................83
CAUSES OF STRESS......................................................................................................................84
STRESS TEST..................................................................................................................................97
WHAT A SHOULD BE..................................................................................................................104

ENTREPRENEUR..........................................................................................................................104
HOW TO BE A GOOD..................................................................................................................106
ENTREPRENEUR?........................................................................................................................106
SOCIAL NETWORKS..................................................................................................................113
above....................................................................................................................................120
ANNEXES...................................................................................................................................138

centers. Starting in the 70s and 80s, and in
THE some countries, Guidance emerged as a
science of Education, so vocational
ORIENTATION guidance passed into the hands of the
counselor as the main exponent; aimed at
PROFESSIONAL young people and adults who have

completed basic or common education and
wish to continue with specialized training.
The orientation includes information about
job and professional opportunities and
different degrees based on the interests and
personal skills that the individual possesses.
In this way, we want to promote an
appropriate choice that is not imposed or
based on distorted information that they may
have received. The Career Guidance
services are designed for undergraduate and
graduate students who are finishing their
degree, and for University graduates who
request counseling for making decisions that
Vocational guidance consists of helping affect your professional future.
unemployed people, or those who want to
The services offered are useful for those
change jobs, or get a job. This is achieved
who are looking for academic practice,
by providing advice, information and training
employment or in general for those
that facilitates their professional insertion.
interested in exploring and defining options
The orientation aims to increase a person's
for work, study or professional projection
employability by training them in job search
after completing their studies. Professional
techniques such as preparing a Curriculum
guidance is carried out through Workshops
Vitae, preparing for a selection interview or
Professional, Consulting
searching for job offers, as well as Personalized and Online Services.
developing those personal aspects that help
them in the achievement of her goals, such Job Search that creates misconceptions
as increased self-esteem, awareness that of orientation about certain
control of her life depends on herself, etc. occupations, access to
Normally, the orientation is done in centers or exits from them, or
dependent on the public employment that leads to failure due
services and the counselors usually have to ignoring one's own
degrees in human or social sciences with a capabilities.
specialization in the labor area.
It is sometimes confused with vocational
guidance or academic guidance.
This can be considered a function of the
psychologist or pedagogue in educational

CONCEPT OF prevents them from making decisions and

acting with their own will. Starting in the mid-
JOB 19th century, slavery levels began to decline

and this modality was declared illegal. Since
then, wage labor became the most common
form of employment.
This conception of the notion of work leads
to the understanding that when an individual
carries out a certain productive activity he is
rewarded with a salary, which is the price
that is placed within the workplace for the
work he carries out. The employment
relationship between the person offering
employment and the worker is conditioned
It derives from the Latin term, “tripalium”, and supported by different laws and
which means three sticks, which were used agreements, although in daily life there are
as an instrument of torture. The Arcai also cases of what is called black work
Castilian co changed the word to “trebejare”, (those contracts carried out illegally that
and from there it passed into our language allow exploitation and profit with Workers).
as work
JOB DEFINITION
The theoretical definition of the concept of
work can be analyzed from different
perspectives. A basic approach presents this
word as the assessment of the effort made
by a human being. However, from the
neoclassical perspective of economics , to
cite another case as an example, work
Other forms of employment that can be
consists of one of the three elements that
detected globally are self-employment
determine all production, as happens with
productive mode (through which the liberal
land and money.
professions and commerce are carried out,
In this way, and approaching what all for example), the informal work of surviving
citizens usually understand by work, we can cia and servitude, among others.
determine that this concept can be used in
two very common ways. Thus, on the one Although the ad honorem work that he did
hand, we refer to it as the action carried out not know ne the granting of monetary
by a person who is in charge of carrying out remuneration
a series of tasks or activities either on a
physical level. If one goes back to remote
eras, you will be able to notice that before,
the slavery, forced labor that occurs when an
individual exerts control over another and

(generally carried out for social or 3.-From what words is the concept of Work
educational purposes) is a reality, work is derived?
considered to be an activity that is is carried
out in exchange for economic consideration.
That's why there is a phrase that states that
"work is what you wouldn't do if you couldn't
do it." they guarantee for it.”
4.-Write a definition of Work:
However, in
addition more of
everything former
Already said, it must
be emphasized that
5.- Since when did salaried work become
it works jo is a noun the most common form of employment?
which has many other more acceptable nes. supported? What is the employment
In this way it is also used to refer to the place relationship between the person offering
itself where the development of the employment and the worker?
occupation takes place. An example could
be this: “Miguel was not at home, he was at
work.” low".
6.-By whom is it conditioned and
And all this without forgetting that there is a
series of expressions that use the concept at
hand as a fundamental part. Thus, there is 7.- What is called black work in everyday
also talk of forced labor, which is that which life?
is carried out in an obligatory manner. da
and as part of his sentence he persecuted
nas found in certain prisons.
WORK GUIDE No. 1
8.-What are the other forms of employment
INSTRUCTIONS: that can be detected worldwide?
WORK INDIVIDUALLY OR IN TEAMS
1.- What does Professional Orientation

consist of? sional? 9.- Do you think that the activity you carried
out When bees build a honeycomb and
make honey, is it work? Because?
2.-What does Professional Guidance

pursue?

WORLD OF WORK
The global legal framework. The Labor Code
is the legal instrument that must preva Read
at the moment establish an employment
Introduction contract between an employer and an
Work and production employee.
expectations that in The Labor Code is the law that establishes
times past were the duties and rights of workers in any field
predictable and almost of production and provision of services
certain for life, are carried out in our country, the Labor Code is
changing. Neither the the rule that regulates individual labor
company can relations as well as the rights of
guarantee that it will representation and assembly of workers in
be dedicated “forever” the company and everything related to
to the same task, nor negotiation and collective agreements
can workers expect established for each type of economic
that their first job will activity. If this collective agreement does not
be the one with which exist.
they finally retire. This
The Labor Code acts as a basic law to
uncertainty, which dismantles the safety nets
regulate the relationship between workers
that industrialized countries seemed to have
and employers since it develops, even in a
achieved in the last century, also has an
basic way, all the aspects that may arise in
impact on the desired guarantee of full
labor relations to regulate inconsistencies
employment: employment for all, at all times
and mediate so that justice exists between
and forever. Likewise, it has an impact on
the employer and he works dor.
the conception of unionism, on the way of
establishing relations between worker and WORKING MARKET
company. The course aims to analyze the
situation that the world economy is currently
going through, its impact on production and
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The Labor Market can be said to be

regulated by the law of supply and demand,
these two elements that affect the work
opportunities offered by different companies
union organizations, in their definition and as employers and the worker as owner of
mission. their workforce, to achieve a of those

opportunities. But what happens? When job
opportunities are on offer, that is, they exist
THE SUPPLY CURVE
in abundance, the salary for workers is not
The supply curve is the one shown by the
very attractive; since companies take
advantage of the opportunity to establish vin gap between the price of a good and its
their working conditions and thus be able to quantity supplied. The slope of this curve
monopolize sufficient human resources, determines how supply increases or
minimizing production costs and maximizing decreases in response to a decrease or
profit percentages; but when there is a increase in the price of the good. It is
demand for labor power, then salaries are denoted The elasticity of the supply curve is
attractive; In this case it is beneficial for the the percentage variation experienced by the
worker, because he has a better ability to quantity supplied of a good when its price
negotiate the opportunity that is presented to varies by 1%, with other factors that affect
him.
the quantity supplied remaining constant.
Demand in the labor market represents the

number of workers that companies or
employers are willing to hire. Companies
need workers to be able to carry out their
activity and obtain maximum profit through
the sale of the goods and services they The law of supply establishes that, in the
produce. To do this, they demand labor in event of an increase in the price of a good or
the market and will be willing to hire workers service, the quantity offered of that good or
service will be greater; That is, those who
as long as the income they get for their work
produce them will have a greater incentive
is greater than the salary they have to pay
yor.
them. Therefore, if the salary is very high,
only a few will be hired, following the HOW DOES THE LAW OF
principle that the marginal income of the
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
workers is decreasing depending on the
number of workers hired (those most
INFLUENCE ON
necessary for the operation of the company IN HUMAN RESOURCES:
would be hired). and in the case of very high
salaries, there will be fewer companies Offer:
willing to operate in the market for reasons of
profitability.
1. The company is forced to invest
more in the recruitment and
selection of human resources.

5
2. Here the personnel selection

policies or conditions are less
rigorous.
3. Salaries become attractive you
to the worker
4. More rights prevail for workers
Here sometimes the rights of the workers res

are ignored
Today, the supply and demand for labor can
be compared to the buying and selling of
products, since as supply increases,
demand lowers its price, in this case the
salary and vice versa. Workers prefer to
work when the salary is high and
organizations prefer to hire when the salary
Are you looking for is low, but at the same time demanding high
work? skills.
Press here For adults, staying in a job generates an
to see the offers inescapable feeling of belonging; For young
people, no. They seek new challenges, seek
Demand: knowledge, and seek work-life balance. It is
something that we all seek, but perhaps
1. The investment to attract dogs
today's young people are the ones who have
instructions to fill the vacancies
managed to sustain it
tes is less than in the offer.
2. The requirements to acquire a
job are more rigorous.
3. Salaries are not very attractive
tives

WORK GUIDE No. 2 WORK INDIVIDUALLY OR IN TEAMS

INSTRUCTIONS: 6.- What are salaries like when there is a
demand for labor force?
1 .- Why do you think that currently, not even 7.-What does demand represent in the labor
companies can guarantee that it is They will bemarket?
dedicated forever to the same task (same
activity), nor do they work Workers can expect their first job Who is going to be the one they
finally retire with?
8.-What does the supply curve show?
2 .- What is the Labor Code? ta?

9 .-What does the law of supply establish?
3 .-How does the Labor Code act in the

relationships between workers and CURRENT DEMANDS
employers or entrepreneurs?
11.-How does the law of demand

influence Does it affect Human
4.-Why is the labor market regulated ral?
5.- What does the job offer consist of?
10 .-How does the law of supply influence

human resources? OF THE WORLD OF
WORK

7
commercial area, which will be where
employment is expected to move.
Within these perspectives we cannot focus
only on these sectors and must rather talk
about functions. We have to highlight the
effort for greater qualifications as one of the
most important tools when it comes to being
successful in the job search. Each person
must consider what their options may be in
the market and observe what adaptations or
The phenomenon of globalization and free adjustments they may have to make to catch
competition demands a change in human up with these changes.
resources, which is the key in the productive
sector, which leads to conceiving a strategic
plan in the educational sector based on
competency-based training as an entity that
trains competent professionals to face new
work areas in a changing society.
Nowadays, professional training is a primary
factor taken into account by companies when
hiring personnel, along with the necessary
skills, required. Gen experience in the work
field Those sectors such as the environment,
energy, construction, tourism and financial
As seen over the time that has passed during
will be attractive sectors. The areas of ca ity
this serious crisis that we are suffering, those
due to the regulatory difficulty and its
qualified professionals who keep their
complexity will be an important field of
professional profile updated through training development.
and updating of knowledge and who develop
an active search process, are expected to Another area would be within the ICT sector
have a greater percentage of success in your (Information and Communication
professional life Studies carried out by Technology) where it becomes important.
prestigious Consulting companies have
reached important conclusions in relation to
certain qualified positions where the market
will have mobility and hiring prospects.
All employees, from the operator to senior
management, will be key positions for
companies to develop their potential to face
this crisis. These positions will be within the
technology sector, engineering, the world of
finance, tourism, the health field and the the network and positioning of companies,

being an essential tool for promoting the the rate could remain at 6.8% this year.
company. in positions such as: community
manager, search engine positioning and The 2011 Labor Panorama of Latin America
marketing technicians, mobile device and the Caribbean also warns about the
programmers and developers. imperative of addressing situations such as
youth unemployment, the persistence of
In the area of finance, the positions are informality, low social security coverage and
technological will be those related to the need to confront rural poverty through
technological base nological: SAP from work.
consultant, market manager, purchasing
manager, sales technician.
In the field of health, one of the positions with
forecast demand will be that of radio logo,
the cardiologist and the pathologist; since
there is not an abundance of professionals in
this field.
Another interesting sector in the job search
will be the tourism, IT and construction ILO meeting
sectors. Its strategy and relationship with the
“There is no doubt that the evolution of the
client has varied for years and the presence
unemployment rate has been very positive in
of these sectors on the Internet has greatly
recent years, and this should serve as a
developed through this medium, meaning
basis for us to move more decisively towards
that positions related to the publication of
labor markets that generate not only more
online services, the reservation sector and
employment, but better jobs,” said the ILO
Those professionals who must make their
Regional Director for Latin America and the
services visible on the Internet will be among
Caribbean, Elizabeth Tinoco, during the
the most in demand
presentation of the annual report.
The ILO presented the 2011 Labor Overview
report and warned about the need to
emphasize the quality of jobs in Tegucigalpa,
Honduras. The urban unemployment rate in
Latin America and the Caribbean continued
to decline in 2011 until reaching a historic
level of 6.8%, said the International Labor
Organization (ILO) when presenting, this
Thursday, at its headquarters located in
Lima, Peru, a new edition of its annual Labor
Panorama report, in which it also warns
about the need to address the challenges of
improving the quality of jobs.
But the downward trend could stall in 2012
when it is expected that there will be a
slowdown in regional economic growth, and

9
WORK GUIDE NO. 3 7.-What is the sector where it earns the

greatest im importance of the network and
1.-What is the phenomenon that demands a the positioning of the
company?
change in human resources?
8.- What are the strategic positions with a

____________________________________
technological base in the area of finance?
2.-Today, what is the primary factor taken into

account by companies when hiring people?
9.-In the field of health, what will be the

positions with forecast demand in a future?
turo? Because?
3.- For you, what professions will have a higher

percentage of success in your professional
life? sional?
10.-Write examples from other inter-
Remaining in the job search:
4.- What will be the key positions for

companies to develop their potential, to face
the crisis that we are facing? frying? 11.-In the future, what will be the
professions most demanded end?
5.- Within which sectors will these key 12.-The evolution of the unemployment rate
positions be? has been very positive in recent years and
____________________________________ This should serve as a basis for what?
6.- What sectors will be attractive for

generate job? _

MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Of these, a little more than 34% work in

HONDURIAN LABOR agricultural work, almost 15% work in
commercial and sales activities, while 13%
The main characteristic of the labor market work in the textile, construction or
is that it is usually influenced and re
mechanical industries.
regulated by the State through the Ordinary
Law gynamic of Work, since it is related to
the autonomy of workers and the need ability 11% work in the services sector, 8% are
to guarantee the same. professionals and technicians, while the rest
work in activities as varied as the
Another characteristic is that the number of
transportation sector or the administrative
per those who enter the labor market (per
sector, according to the INE.
people over 15 years old) is much higher
than the number of people who retire (people All the characteristics that the Honduran
over 65 years old). labor market presents impose challenges to
formulate an employment policy that allows
improving the living conditions of the working
population. That is, a policy that eliminates
job insecurity, improves compliance with
labor rights and creates employment
opportunities. In other words, a policy that
promotes workforce development
Among the main characteristics of the labor

POTENTIAL
market in Honduras are the existence of a “and HUMAN
greater participation of the male population in
economic activity, a situation that is more “One of the country's greatest potentials is
accentuated in rural areas; the low that we have enough labor to sustain growth
educational level of the general population; a and that is why it is important to develop
high percentage of underemployed people projects that absorb large amounts of labor
and poor quality of employment; The rural because we have a sufficient to double or
area concentrates half of the EAP; The triple the economic activity that we currently
branches of activity that generate the largest have," he said. figure the businessman
number of jobs are agriculture, forestry, Óscar Galeano.
hunting and fishing, in addition to retail trade,
hotels and restaurants. Practically two-fifths
of those employed are self-employed. However, the lack of investments largely
prevents the development of this potential.
According to the figures collected by the Ins
According to the National Institute of
Statistics (INE), there are 6.7 million “So far there has been no response in terms
Hondurans of working age, of which 3.6 of creating conditions to create more jobs.
million are economically mentally active, that
is, they have a job or are self-employed.

11
We hope that as soon as possible we will

see employment in the country and the
strengthening of companies so that there is
more employment, because right now we
don't have one. Any number of people are
unemployed. The index that we had the
previous year has not dropped much and
that means that there has not been massive
employment,” laments Hilario Espinoza, Perhaps more pressing than the open
general secretary of the Confederation of unemployment rate is the phenomenon of
Workers of Honduras (CTH). underemployment, which refers to those
people who, although they have a job, do not
Official statistics estimate that the enjoy what is considered a decent wage and
unemployment rate is almost 4%, which do not have social benefits or benefits.
represents approximately 144,000 people, a
number that, in view of figures close to one The INE estimates that evident or visible
million reported in the months following the underemployment affects 11.7% of the
outbreak of the financial and political crisis of economically active population, which is
the period 2008-2009, appears to be equivalent to more than 420,000 people; But
conservative. even more serious is the case of invisible
underemployment, which according to the
It must be recognized; However, the situation same calculation, affects 40% of those who
has improved since then and it is also worth work, which represents around 1.4 million
taking into account that the official statistics people.
do not include people who, although they are
In this regard, Carlos Madero, Minister of the
of working age, do not necessarily do so for
Ministry of Labor, the problem is related to
various reasons, among which the case of
the high degree of informality that prevails in
those who study stands out. full time and a
many companies, especially in the micro and
good number of women who are
small business sector, along with a drop in
housewives.
productivity.
UNDEREMPLOYMENT
“As long as we do not increase the
productivity of the private sector, we will
reduce the range of informality to combat
underemployment, which is a problem even
more serious than unemployment”

FEMALE FACTOR who gain in population

than men bres.
Of the 3.6 million Hondurans
counted in the statistics, The change began as a
approximately Exactly 47% consequence dual that
are women res, a genre that occurred after this
is increasingly opening up historical event: The
more and new spaces tions Second World War. As
in the labor market. men left their countries,
offices and jobs, at that
“Women, like men, have the capacity to carry moment that void was filled by women. jeres,
out any activity. Logically, those that require those same ones that had been limited by
physical strength are somewhat excluded, tradition to execute only you do household
but in general terms, women have the chores. The change began as a gradual
capacity, the knowledge, the skills to consequence that occurred after this
compete with the male sex." historical event: The Second World War. As
Nowadays, women's lives are becoming men left their countries, offices and jobs, at
more interesting and challenging every day, that moment that void was filled by women.
they are changing. Some seem to handle the jeres, those same ones who had been li half
challenges and stress that this entails better; by tradition to perform only household tasks.
others, not so much. We are actually facing
a change in the definition of what it means to
be a woman and this means fighting with
centuries of tradition that, according to some,
would say: “If it ain't broke, why fix it?”
However, and to our advantage, for many
women and men the entry of women into UNEMPLOYME
today's society has been an enormous NT
blessing. For example, it represents a good One of the main
balance in the world of work. problems of the
market The Honduran
labor market is
Nowadays it is no
unemployment, which
longer so strange represents
percent of the 3.1
to find in those population
Economically Active (PEA), according to
other more figures from the most recent real household
“masculi” careers survey lized by the National Institute of
nas”, a greater Statistics ca (INE).
number of women
According to this research, the problem of
13
unemployment is largely urban, enhanced by OR TUTOR.

the constant migration of people from the
1 .- List two characteristics of the labor
countryside to the city and the poor capacity
market:
of the labor market to absorb that workforce.
While the urban Open Unemployment Rate to)__________________________________
(ADR) is estimated at 4.2 percent, the rural
rate is 2 percent. The Central District has the b)__________________________________
highest unemployment rate at 5 percent.
2 .-List the main characteristics of the labor
The report establishes that in the urban area,
market in Honduras:
on average an unemployed person has been
looking for work for three months, however,
in the rural area, like the TDA, the Central
District is where an unemployed person can
go longer without finding work ( 3.3 months).
This indicator for men is 2.7 percent and 3.7

percent for women. Furthermore, the labor
market seems to absorb male labor more
quickly than female labor; it takes a man 2.4 3 .-Why do all the characteristics that the
months to look for a job and a woman 3.2 market presents impose challenges?
months. Honduran boral?
The study highlights that unemployment is

concentrated in the young population; Of the
total of 92,897 unemployed in the country,
almost half (50.8%) are young people under
24 years of age. On the other hand, the
report indicates that the ADR and the months
looking for work for the unemployed with 4 .-What is one of the greatest potentiali
secondary education are 5.3 and 3.4 months, facts that the country has?
respectively. For university students it is
similar to 3.7 and 4.4 percent. From the
above it follows that people with secondary
and university education have more
problems finding employment. Almost half of
the unemployed in Honduras
(43.7%) have barely any education.
WORK GUIDE NO. 4

INSTRUCTIONS: WORK INDIVIDUALLY
OR IN A GROUP AND SUBMIT THIS
WORK GUIDE JO TO YOUR TEACHER
5 .-What is it that prevents a large part of 8 .-Prepare a summary about

develop human potential? unemployment in our country
6.-Prepare a brief summary on

underemployment in Honduras
9.-What suggestions would you give to lower

the unemployment and underemployment
rate in Honduras?
7.-Prepare a brief summary about the

feminine factor: INVESTIGATION:
1.- IN WHICH GOVERNMENT OF OUR
COUNTRY, WAS UNEMPLOYMENT OBSERVED
IN A MOST RELEVANT WAY? WHY?

15
PROFESSIONAL SKILLS pedagogical practice and the spaces in

CORRESPONDING TO THE which teachers and students converge
TECHNICAL BACHELORS (psychological option)
PROFESSIONALS Considering that the BPT are characterized
by having a foundation training (First year of
The processes of transformation, study) as a common core and part of the
modernization and improvement of oriented training (in the first semester of the
Professional Technical Education in Latin second year of Study) which are also
America are the product of the rapid common: for this reason, this subject of
evolution of science and technology, as well Ethics and Professional Guidance
as the changes in the economic, social, emphasizes the different aspects of
political and cultural conditions that occur in knowledge, relating the topics to the areas of
the world. the BTP careers; but specializing in the
The competencies of the BTP in IT and BTP in
accelerated accounting and finance, making known the
advance of profile of the career and its performance in
science and the work field; That is, it specifies what the
technology graduate will do when he or she graduates
and the great and works in a company.
changes that
globalization
PROFILE OF THE BTP GRADUATE IN
is generating in different aspects of the life of
COMPUTING
societies, has raised the need to transform
educational systems. This need is much
more felt in developing countries, both from
the point of view of overcoming the great
social inequalities that characterize them
and of covering the gap that separates them
from the more developed nations.
The curriculum design stage responds to the
why and wherefore of the training offered to
students at the Professional Technical
Secondary Education level. Its starting point
is the definition and conceptualization of The profile contains the set of knowledge,
knowledge (epistemological option); the abilities, skills, attitudes and integrated
structuring of the curricular proposal, behaviors that characterize the specific
organization of the contents, formulation of technical competencies achieved by the
the objectives, the methodological strategies graduate of the Professional Technical
of teaching and evaluation, the academic Bachelor's degree in Computer Science.
weight and the duration of the degree
(pedagogical option); and, how students will
learn, the relationship of knowledge and

Where Can I Work When I Graduate in current IT tools.

BTP in Computer Science? - Creates, maintains and updates
The Technical Bachelor in Computer Science information systems.
can work in: - Develops, maintains and updates
Computer centers or departments of any personal, institutional or corporate
institution or company, assisting staff in the websites reasons.
use of office tools, in the correct functioning - Design logos to print on clothing.
of the equipment as well as in the creation
of programs that are necessary for the - Organizes industrial production
management of information. training of processes.
institutions tutions or companies. - Train in computer science topics.
The creation of
media companies Knowledge
dedicated give to
consultancies in sis - Office Tools: Word processors,
information issues, spreadsheets, presentation designer,
maintenance databases, design of
Corrective and publications, browsers of
preventive Internet, electronic messaging
technological equipment, installation of local services, traffic, backup and file
networks and technology training. management locally and on the
Workshops or companies network.
providing 6 computer technical
services. - Technical Support: Installation,
maintenance and repair of
Computer training centers.
computers.
baccalaureate will be able to
- Network Installation: Installation,
demonstrate in the work
maintenance and repair of computer
The graduate of this networks.
- Web design: Creation,
field a culture and practice of Maintenance and updating of
professionalism, wit websites.
constant training according to the latest

technological advances.
Professional Definition
- Perform preventative maintenance and
computer equipment repair.
- Installs, repairs and updates com
Skills
networks whores
- Interprets manuals and documentation
- Create documents and reports using related to technical infrastructure

17
nological. PROFILE OF THE BTP GRADUATE

- Design maintenance plans for IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
technological infrastructure.
- Prepare and execute maintenance
plans I lie.
- Strengthens the institution through the
nexus of presence on the Internet.
- Know and use operating systems and
cutting-edge office and technological
tools.
- Proposes changes in the institutional
technological infrastructure.
- Communicate cordially and efficiently The Technical Baccalaureate in
the plans and activities of the IT Administration and Services with Orientation
department or unit. in Accounting and Finance has a curriculum
- Design Websites. that allows the student to interact with the
different actors in society, especially those
- Repairs and updates technological oriented to the labor field and especially to
equipment. the area of finance and accounting, this
- Installs, uses and repairs infrastructure represents an offer educational, with a
of networks. scientific, technological and humanistic
- Train in technological and information basis that enables graduates to integrate
issues personal and institutional competently. This aims to provide young
interests. Hondurans with terminal and preparatory
professional training, with autonomy for
Attitudes and Behaviors subsequent learning.
This baccalaureate is intended for the form
- Responsibility in the management of the tion of professionals to serve the
equipment po. administrative, commercial, financial,
- Active participation and leadership in the industrial sector trial and governmental; with
ela preparation and execution of competencies in walks to cover mainly the
maintenance programs. regis accounting, financial calculations,
- Practice hygiene and safety measures control and auditing, fiscal and tax
dad. operations, management of credit
operations and banking Rias.
- Work in team.
- Apply problem analysis for decision
making.
- Respect and constructive criticism
towards the work of and with others.
- Proactivity in resource management.

Throughout the teaching – learn process will have the field of application of his
During training, attitudinal and behavioral knowledge in the purchases and sales of
competencies are developed that will allow merchandise, transformation of goods and
the assurance of the quality of work based services, servi financial and credit
on the integration of scientific knowledge institutions and government entities
with practical and systematic work. titic. namentals. The specific field of work will be
the accounting, auditing, finance, credit and
Below is a brief expansion of
collections, administration departments.
management, budget, human resources,
cash, customer service, production and
other areas related to the work ble; Thus it
will also be related to understanding external
duties related to the position is specific
position that it occupies in each company.
PROFESSIONAL DEFINITION
the elements that will characterize the At the time of entering the labor field, the
graduates of the bachelor's degree in graduate of the Technical Baccalaureate in
administration and services with orientation Admi management of companies with
in accounting and finance. orientation in the accounting and financial
area, you will be able to:
Where Can I Work When I Graduate in 1. Record commercial operations manually
BTP in Accounting and Finance?
and electronically, and must correctly
DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPETITION carry out the accounting entries of the
BORAL: operations that derive from the activity to
which the company or institution is
Apply the accounting technique to dedicated.
classify, order, record and analyze the 2. Carry out fiscal and tax operations, for
transactions that arise from the different which you will carry out tax calculations,
operations generated by business and
fill out tax declaration forms and carry
institutional work. Taking into account
out the procedures for their presentation
the provisions issued by the laws and
and payment. Based on the country's tax
government entities of the country, in
legal framework.
commercial matters.
3. Carry out financial calculations related to
Assist in the tasks inherent to the the transactions and profitability of the
exercise of the accounting and financial company, for which technological
profession, from the angle of provision software tools related to finances will be
of goods and services, carrying out used.
management, control and evaluation
activities.
SCOPE
The graduate of the Technical
Baccalaureate in Accounting and Finance

19
4. Carry out credit operations prior to in accounting and finance will have the co
granting credits, having to apply financial following knowledge: specialty, including the
analysis techniques. proper handling of formulas, preparation of
5. Record the banking operations caused depreciation, amortization and debt payment
by customer service, and must make the tables.
accounting entry corresponding to them. 4. Financial analysis and credit granting
6. Record production and costing techniques.
operations in companies dedicated to the
5. Basic elements of customer service,
production and transformation of goods,
specifically in the banking and financial
and must correctly carry out the pertinent
sector.
calculations for said registration.
6. Record of operations caused by
7. Carry out control and audit tasks of the
attention to banking and financial
operations registration processes, for the
services.
control and efficient use of resources.
8. Serve with kindness and courtesy the 7. Cost calculation operations and the
internal clients of the process and respective accounting entries.
external clients who demand the 8. Audit standards and procedures.
services of the company or institution.
9. Control techniques for verifying
The Bachi graduate Technical degree in taxpayers' accounting information.
Admi nistration and services with orientation
1. Mastery of accounting technique, 10. Mastery of technological tools
applying generally accepted accounting applicable to the use, calculation and
management of accounting and
financial operations.
KNOWLEDGE
principles and
international financial
reporting and auditing
standards.
2. Management of
existing tax and fiscal
legislation in the
1. Verbal for communication with the
country.
process actors involved in the work of
3. Mathematical calculations applied to administration, accounting and services.
SKILLS 2. Written for the preparation of reports,
The graduate of the Technical Baccalaureate in filing of tax returns and
Administration and Services with an orientation correspondence.
in accounting and finance will have the 3. Numerical for the calculation of
following skills: values related to accounting and
financial tasks.

4. Management of computer equipment, 8. Quality of work. Considering that

adding machines, cash register, accounting requires no amendments,
terminals for credit and debit card deletions, erasures and/or alterations.
transactions. 9. Efficiency and effectiveness in the
5. Analysis and interpretation of performance of your work.
accounting and financial information. 10. Commitment to work, with a vision of
ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS belonging to the company.
The graduate of the Technical Baccalaureate

in Administration and services with an
orientation in accounting and finance must
demonstrate the following attitudes:
1. Ethical behavior, in the performance
of their duties.
WORK GUIDE NO.5
2. Responsibility for the delivery of
work and the presentation of reports INSTRUCTIONS:
and/or statements. WORK INDIVIDUALLY OR IN A TEAM, 6.- List
3. Kindness, in the service that must be the activities with which a BTP professional
offered to internal and external in IT is defined.
clients
of the company or institution.
4. Respect for co-workers, clients and
people involved with the workplace.
5. Confidentiality in the handling of
information.
6. Order in the development of their
work.
7. Cleanliness in the development of
work and in personal presentation.

21
1.-What is the reason for the rapid evolution of ______________________________________

science and technology?
2.- In what year of study do BTPs acquire 7.- What skills should a BTP professional in
basic training? IT have?
3.- In what year of study does the BTP 8.-What attitudes and behaviors should a
student acquire Oriented Training? BTP bachelor in Computer Science have?
4.-What does the profile of the BTP graduate in Computer Science contain?
9.- What does the high school curriculum in

Accounting and Finance allow?
5.- Where can you perform a BTP in Computer Science?

6.- What will be the specific field of work I

have a bachelor's degree in Accounting and
Study Guide No. 6 Finance?
Instructions: Work individually dual or

in teams to develop this Study guide
1.- What does the BTP have in Admi nistration
and Services, focused on Conta Duration and
Finance? 7.- List the activities with which a
professional in Accounting and Finance is
defined?
2.-What is the bachelor's degree in Accounting

and Finance intended for?
8.-What are the knowledge that a graduate
in Accounting and Finance should have?
wham?
3.-What will the competitions allow? ences of

the career that are developed throughout the
Teaching – Learning process?
9.- List the skills you must Be a BTP
graduate in Accounting and Finance?
4.-Where can a BTP in Accounting and

Finance work?
10 .- What attitudes and behaviors should
the BTP graduate in Accounting and
Finance demonstrate?
5.- Where will your field of application be? tion

the graduate in Accounting and Finance?

23
DOCUMENT FORMAT HAVE part of the format is divided into these 3

AN IMPROVEMENT PLAN areas, the basic ones of which want plan
BASED ON OBJECTIVES
3. Record of what we are achieving do
This format can be used for docu ment the and when. For plans to be successful, and
objectives of an organization, define the plan especially when it comes to plans In order to
of actions to be carried out to achieve the improve, discipline and control are essential.
established objectives, and document When it comes to improving, we humans like
mention the results to express our feelings. greatest desires and
wills, but when push comes to shove, it is
The structure of this format is prepared to
difficult to materialize these wishes.
contain the minimum information for the
madness The best way to stick to a plan is to
definition and implementation of an
have a plan to follow through on the plan. It
improvement plan based on the
is good that this plan incorporates elements
establishment of objectives. The information
such as the figure of someone responsible
is structured in 3 parts:
for coordinating the plan, and a calendar of
follow-up meetings (coordinated by the
1. Definition of what we want to achieve coordinator). To carry out the follow ment of
and when. It is usual that the objective is each specific topic, the simplest way is to
established based on a company indicator, write down the date and write what you want
such as the number number of customer to say about it. This is the form used by this
complaints per 100 pe didos. As we know, section of the format.
ISO 9001:2000 It requires that the
established objectives be measurable. In this It is very likely that these lines intersect
section we will introduce, in order: the intended in ISO 9001 code, mainly because
number or code of the objective, the the objectives are an essential element cial
objective, the current state (indicate what the of its continuous improvement process (and
starting state of the organization is with res by the section in which it is located). I don't
regarding the objective that is set, for see However, it is important to know that
example For example, a company can ISO has not windowed the ob-based
consider reducing customer complaints from improvement model jectives. This
10 to 3 complaints per 100 orders, in this improvement model is identical to that used
case the current situation is 10 by most multinational companies. national.
complaints/100 orders), and finally I missed The essence is the same, even that the
the deadline to meet the stated objective. complexity of the proposed system of
objectives may differ (the Standard does not
2. Definition of what we are going to do to place barriers to the imagination). For this
achieve each objective . It is obvious that reason, the objective-based improvement
results are not achieved just by wishing The, system can and is used for purposes other
something more needs to be done. This than Quality.
something more must be translated into
tangible actions: what we are going to do,
who is going to do it and when. This second

Improvement Plan by Objectives

SITUATI FAITH ACTIONS TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL FOLLOW-UP
START ON CHA
No. AIM
DATE INITIAL LIMIT FAITH
DATE ACTIONS RESPONSIBLE COMMENTS
TION TEA CHA
Exercise : (Work to do at home)
a) Make an improvement plan related to your career, where some

improvements to work skills are announced. Use the chart above. Make
a copy and give it to your teacher or tutor.
b) Investigate other models or formats of improvement plans. Explain bre

vely, what each of them consists of.

25
THE INTERVIEW percentage of population tion that
OF WORK AND ITS manages to complete the complete
educational levels (up to higher
IMPORTANCE education) is a little higher than 14% .
However, it is a changing reality, because
INTRODUCTION: just as there is flexibility in the intellectual
preparation of people There are also
Like most areas in life, the pair Work is a organizations that, on the contrary, demand
significant process for the human being that more and more updated knowledge from
emerges and occurs little by little, step by their professionals, depending on also of the
step and that advances to the extent that the tasks they will execute.
person prepares and strives to face it. The Despite all this, it is the job of the sol quoting
work aspect has its stages and each of them knowing how to sell yourself to the company
requires time to develop Paula precisely of your interest, demonstrating your
according to the determined periods. This is capabilities, aptitudes, skills, knowledge and
how it is understood that, for a person to be ca skills through your resume and the good
able to position themselves in their ideal job role you manage to perform during the job
and achieve their goals, it is established, you interview. That's why it's a cover mentally
must first prepare yourself both practically know well how a job interview is developed,
and cognitively, look for that job you want, because only then can you plan the most
verify the companies that offer it, send your strategic way to face it in a positive way.
professional profile and finally wait to be
selected as a prospect for the job.
The job interview is neither more nor less

than part of this process in working life. It is
like the culminating stage of the job search
and the one in which it most determines
whether a person has the possibility of being What is the interview
hired or not. To do this, it is important to of work?
mention that there are aspects that intervene It is a physical and personalized
in the positive probability of successfully meeting between two people
passing the job interview. The main one of (interviewee and interviewer) that has
these is a good conduct of the interview, been previously planned by recruiters
then followed by projecting a good image in the human resources area of an
and finally adding to this is having a good organization. This work appointment
professional profile, complete and is made with the main purpose of
appropriate for the job being requested. studying the personality, knowledge
For its part, in countries like Honduras the
and skills of the candidate, at the
demands of a person's work profile are
same time it is interesting to verify the
broad and varied. For example, there are
work experience they have. In this
companies in which academic training is not way, the interviewer will be able to
a requirement to perform some tasks. This, later analyze whether it meets the
taking into account that in Honduras the requirements requested by the

institution.
The job interview is the decisive part
of the selection process that has been
followed until reaching it, as it
constitutes the final step to determine
who from the group of interviewed
workers will be the one who will obtain
the contract, thanks to the
demonstrated professional abilities. the interview focuses and which govern its
Through the job interview You can development development are generally
compare the professional skills of located in the following tes:
some candidates with others, analyze
which worker presents a more • Test knowledge of the specific area
satisfactory and favorable profile for for which it is applied when the
worker
the company, and finally find out
which personality, temperament, • Learn a little more about the actions
attitude of the candidate, his way of
character and attitude is the one that being.
is most in line with the ideals,
objectives. , company principles and • Question the applicant about their
professional aspirations, goals and
policies. The job interview promises to ideals.
be a fixed channel of communication
that facilitates pleasant dialogue and • Verify and expand the information
boral and the experience that has ad
the exposition of ideas between the loved by the worker throughout his
parties involved in the process. life.
What does the • Know the beliefs, values and some
Work interview? interests that characterize the
interviewee.
The job interview basically revolves around • Inform what the position available
a conversation between the applicant for the consists of, what its generalities are.
professional position and the interviewer. In • State the conditions of the work
it, each person seeks to meet their needs as offered.
it suits them, thus, the interviewee is
concerned with demonstrating his or her
• Mention the needs of the company
and what it is looking for when hiring
ability to professional and his experience in the employee.
the field of work bass for which he
competes, while he enters viewer is
• Solve any doubts that the interviewee
may have regarding employment.
interested in investigating, questioning and
discover the candidate's aptitudes.
Among the fundamental points in which

27
PARTS THAT CONSTITUTE objectives, its business tasks, the

interests it pursues and the needs it
AN INTERVIEW wishes to satisfy with the position. At the
same time, it is mentioned and explained
L ike any formal and important process, the what the offered position consists of, the
job interview has a reason why it is being offered and what
general protocol that responsibilities it requires.
sets the guidelines for • Stage of questions to collect data and
what you are knowledge of the worker: most
interested in knowing interviewers begin the dynamic of
and what you need to questions with aspects already
delve into during your addressed in the worker's resume. This
interview. is so that the interviewee feels
development. When a comfortable, secure and a little self-
person already has vast professional confident when answering aspects of
experience, due to having had a long career, it their work life and providing contributions
is normal that when faced with the repetition of about what they already know.
changing from one job to another, they already
know the specific procedures that are followed
• Round of open questions: in which
greater participation is required from the
in the interview and the parts that constitute it. . employee in order to further analyze their
However, in the case of those who are just way of thinking and delve into their
starting out in work dynamics, what happens in personality.
a job interview is new for them. That is why • Part to resolve doubts: the between
below are, in general terms, the most commonly vistar grants the space to the aspi You
performed steps to carry out the job interview: are encouraged to ask the questions you
consider relevant based on your input.
• The initial welcome greeting: a “good personal concerns or doubts that arise in
morning” is issued (as it is usually in the relation to the job offer do. Once the
morning), the interviewer invites you to interviewer gives the prompt to ask
take a seat, followed by a “how are you?” questions, he begins subsequently and
The aim of this step is to break the ice of course a stage of responses from the
and start a more jovial and less tense recruiter.
conversation on the part of both of you.
• The interviewer's presentation: it is

explained who the person who will
conduct the interview is, what his or her
name is, what position he or she holds
within the institution. At the same time, it
is intended to indicate how the entire
interview will be handled.
• General information and background of
the company and the job position: briefly
talk about the mission of the
organization, its vision, some goals and

• Provision of information on the steps according to the categories of topics of

interest are the following:
of the selection process after the
interview: the necessary data is
provided on how the continuation of
the hiring procedure would be carried
QUESTIONS
out if the candidate is chosen. This is PERSONALITY
where the person is given an
approximate date on which they must • Talk about you
be on the phone in case they are
summoned. Mention a positive characteristic that
most defines you and a negative one.
• Farewell stage of the interview: it is
the end of the work appointment. In it, As tea
both the interviewee and the define the
interviewer make their respective the rest?
thanks; the first, for the opportunity
offered to get there to demonstrate • What are the
their capabilities; the second, for most important
having attended. values for you?
FREQUENTLY ASKED • What is your

favorite thing to do?
QUESTIONS IN THE JOB
INTERVIEW • Tell an experience from your life in which
you have successfully solved a problem.
There are various types of questions asked • Do you prefer to work individually or in a
in the job interview. These will always team?
depend on the type of
information useful to • You consider yourself a leader, why?
the organization and
the relevant data that • What are your personal goals?
the interviewer is
interested in knowing
• What goals have you managed to
achieve until today?
to consider hiring the
candidate. It must be • Name two people you admire and why.
remembered that,
depending on the type of job, the area to • What kinds of things do you not tolerate
which it belongs, the type of position to be in a job?
held and the origin of the institution, the type
of questions asked during the interview will • What situations can make you lose
depend. control?
Generally, interviewers are concerned with • Why do you think the company should
following a specific order for each type of choose you for hiring?
question, which is why they organize the
segments of information to be collected into
thematic blocks. In this way, some of the
questions expressed within the job interview

29
QUESTIONS
WORK CHARACTER
TRAINING QUESTIONS
ACADEMIC
• How did you manage to start in the
What was the reason you studied your world of work?
degree?
• What type of tasks did you perform
What areas of study do you like the most in in your previous position?
your career?
• What was the job you liked the most
What are your least favorite aspects of your and why?
career?
• What job has been your least
What was your greatest achievement during favorite job and why?
the period as a student?
What things were the most difficult for you to
• What was your relationship like with
your former bosses and coworkers?
learn in your academic process?
What courses or learning processes apart • Why did you no longer continue
working at your previous job?
from your career have you taken and why?
Have you considered continuing to expand • Mention the older ones teach zas
your knowledge through study? that you have been able to obtain
throughout your professional life.
• What new elements would you like
to learn or reinforce in your future
jobs?
Questions about em job

offered
• What do you know about this
organization?

• What sparked your interest in us? HOW TO GET ONE

• How did you find out about the JOB INTERVIEW?
availability of this position?
• What plans would you have for its
improvement from your work?
• What work environment do you
expect to have in this company?
• What factors do you think could
cost you in this company?
• What are your strengths for this
position?
• What are your greatest
weaknesses for the position
offered? In order to get to the job interview, there are
• What are your purposes when first a series of steps to follow previously and
entering this institution? which form an essential part of the selection
process of most formal companies in
• Why do you think you will be Honduras. Among the most common steps
successful in this company? in the process are:
• Would you be willing to carry out a • Find out about companies of
training and training process prior interest.
to hiring?
• What are your salary expectations
• Get a job application and then
with this job? submit it.
• Are you available to join the • Send the resume.

organization when notified? • Attach items of interest such as
• Are you still working or in another diplomas, certificates, etc.
selection process? • Electronic, message or any other
way that the company sends to the
interested party.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
IN GROUPS OF TWO STUDENTS,
SCHEDULE AND SIMULATE A JOB
INTERVIEW, IN WHICH ONE STUDENT IS
THE PERSON INTERESTED IN GETTING

31
A JOB AND THE OTHER THE PERSON TYPES OF CURRICULUM
INTERESTED IN GIVING A JOB
(ENTREPRENEUR). REMEMBER TO VITAE
FOLLOW THE GUIDELINES SEEN IN THE
TOPICS
RELATED TO THE INTERVIEW
CURRICULUM VITAE
Depending on the way the information is

organized, the Curriculum Vitae can be of
three types:
1. Chronological : consists of ordering
the resume data from the most
Curriculum vitae (CV) is the set of recent cient to the oldest.
experiences (educational, work and life- 2. Inverse : allows to highlight the
related) of a person. It is commonly recent work experience.
applied in the job search. In most cases, Recommended if it is related to the
its presentation in the form of a document
job we aspire to.
is an essential requirement to apply for
employment. It is a term of Latin origin 3. Thematic or Functional : consists of
that in Spanish means career of life , it is organizing the curriculum vitae by
by analogy and contrast to cursus thematic blocks. Recommended
honorum , the professional career of when the experience is very
Roman magistrates. For simplicity, the dispersed or when there are large
term curriculum is used, while periods of time in which work has not
sometimes you can find curriculum
been done.
vitae et
4. Combined or Mixed : it consists of
studiorum (life career and studies). the combination of the structure of a
In other languages, such as English or chronological resume with that of a
French cés, the term curriculum vitae can functional one. It is the most complete
be abbreviated simply as CV of the three formats and also the most
difficult to put together. It is very
useful for people who have been
working in a career for a long time
and have achieved several of their

objectives, have exceptional abilities · E-mail: if we really consult it
in their field of work and have evolved
ACADEMIC DATA
professionally in a remarkable way .
· Higher level title finished and spice ity
In some cases you can also talk about a
-Center where the studies have been
combined or mixed curriculum. In this case,
completed
the information is organized thematically
although it maintains the chronological (or · Start and end date
reverse chronological) distribution within
FURTHER TRAINING
each block.
Other courses taken
PREPARATION OF THE Course name. Center that has taught it.
CURRICULUM VITAE Number of hours.
Date of realization.
It must be taken into account that an
employer's first impression of the applicant Participation in conferences, seminars...
will be the resume, so you must choose a Include those most related to the position
clear, precise, short format without being applied for.
exaggerations, falsehoods or
incompleteness.
LANGUAGES
Foreign languages you know, specifi
The appearance should be orderly, neat, depending on the level you have: reading,
easy to look at and read, and also pleasant. speaking and writing.
It may be accompanied by a Cover Letter. Degrees obtained and courses taken (It is
Official Language School...)
As for the writing, it should be as direct and
brief as possible, without difficult words or
far-fetched phrases. You can use bold or
italics in the areas you are trying to highlight.
It should not contain spelling errors or errors
of any kind. [
Content of the Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL INFORMATION
· Name and surname
· No, Identity
· Date and place of birth.
· Home
· Telephone contact. Important

33
COMPUTING
Languages, programs, operating systems that Examples of Curriculum Vitae:
you know and use.
Knowledge level
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
If you have worked before, specify:
Position held and level
Company name and department
Start and end date
Most important functions you have performed
peñado
Don't forget to include all types of practical
experiences, especially in relation to the position
applied for: Temporary jobs, paid or unpaid,
internships, volunteer activities, collaboration...
Also indicate the main functions you performed.
OTHER DATA OF INTEREST

Data that cannot be included in the previous
sections but that are of interest in order to
highlight the suitability of our candidacy to the
profile requested by the company: Driving license
and vehicle (if available); hobbies, associations to
which you belong, availability of incorporation
Immediate service, referrals upon request, travel…
(reñ8mn

Example:
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: RUBEN
Last name: MELERO ESCARTÍN
Place and date of birth: Zaragoza. August 2, 1986
DNI: 17,000,000
Address: C/ Marcelo Isabal 8, 3º B. 50000 Zaragoza.
Telephone: (976) 00 00 00
E-Mail: rubenbenben@ yandoo.es
ACADEMIC TRAINING
2003-2005 Title of Technician in Electrotechnical Equipment and

Installations
“Corona de Aragón” Secondary Education Institute. ( 2003-2005 )
FURTHER TRAINING
2004 Welding Course. 120 hours.

Institute of Training and Resources (IFR).
Languages:
English: Intermediate level.
2003 Elementary English cycle. Zaragoza Official Language School.
Computing:
Programs I use: Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

35
2005 Internship in electricity company ENCA SA (120 hours)

Functions: Carrying out electrical installations in homes
Assembly of electrical panels
Appliance repair
2003 -2004 Carrying out market studies for several companies.
OTHER DATA OF INTEREST
2001-2005 Member of the swimming team of the EROS sports club

Driving License: B – 1 and own vehicle
Availability to travel
President of the Water Board
EXERCISE:
WRITE YOUR CURRICULUM VITAE, USING A COMPUTER DORA, SO THAT
IT IS ATTRACTIVE FOR THE COMPANY OR INSTITUTE TION THAT
RECEIVES IT. GIVE IT TO YOUR TEACHER (A).

THE APPLICATION OF 253 thousand 980 jobs active joggers.
EMPLOYMENT FOR
THE
SEARCH OF
JOB
However, there is also the other side of the

coin and on this side are all those
unemployed employees who for one reason
Currently the opportunities for em
or another have not yet achieved success.
Employment tends to be a little scarce in
guide employment. It is estimated that
some employment sectors more than in
currently the number of unemployed people
others because many times the number of
in Hon hard is 133 thousand 737. This figure
people looking for work is greater than the
is reason enough to worry and be interested
specific sources of employment that exist.
in looking for more effective and fun
Generalmen The number of workers
mechanisms. tionals that lead to the
applying for a job increases over the years
contract job that is so expected to be found.
and it depends on each country to be ready
If you belong to this sector, now you can
to face these demands. Honduras, for its
learn about a very useful element in
part, is a country where the level of
placement and good professional
employability is quite varied and somewhat
positioning: the job application. Well, while it
stable. In the last decade the number of
is true that to work you need the existence of
hires tions that experienced shows small
sufficient opportunities in the country, it is
great growth thanks to the level of
also true that it depends on you, and the
participation of the Economically Active
tools you use to look for work, how
Population, on whose shoulders falls eco-
successful you are in finding your next job.
sustainability nomic of the country. For the
empl
year 2010, it is It stated that the EAP of oym
Honduras made up 42.1% of the 8 million
inhabitants that make up the country's total
population, where a large percentage of
45.9% was surrounds the urban area. In
more specific figures, the number of
employed people in the Honduran labor
market is approx. approximately 3 million

37
DEFINITION OF JOB employment relationship through said

APPLICATION document. ment. This is where the main
importance of the job application lies in a
possible job placement since it is a direct
It is a document or form that asks
letter with the institution with which contact is
questions or requests precise information to
made to make clear the information.
gather relevant aspects of the professional
intention to be part of your staff. It is also
profiles of those who are candidates to
also a mechanism by which the applicant
execute the available job position. It is
sells himself or applies with his
issued by companies in a general way so
characteristics. professional cases to fill a
that those who are interested in joining them
vacant position.
can fill them out with their professional
information. The specific objective of the job Another strategic importance of the job
application is to inquire and learn about the application is generating a positive
work experience of professionals who wish impression or image of the applicant when
to join the institution's staff. With this he or she takes care to fill it out in a clean,
document, employers can form a superficial concise, clear manner and with complete
image of the profiles of their potential information. Finally, another of the relevance
employees and thus determine who, within that the job application has in the placement
all the common ones, are most competitive of the worker is that it provides basic
and beneficial for the productive purposes of information about the interests that the
the company. worker has, his or her most characteristic
abilities and attitudes. With this, employers
Unlike the resume, the application is more have the opportunity to also evaluate a little
precise according to specific details of what of the personality of the person aspiring to
the organization is interested in as cer, the position and, thus, analyze who is most
according to their work and personnel hiring compatible with the company's objectives.
conveniences. At the same time it offers
introductory data to the complete profile of
the potential worker and is a document
created by the company, specific to the area
in which it is managed and directed towards
the stakeholders. dedicated to working in it.
INFLUENCE OF THE JOB APPLICATION TO

WORK
The job application is a widely used and
effective mechanism currently in labor
dynamics, especially in the job search (by
employees). employees) and in the hiring of
human elements (carried out by employers).
People attend various companies of your
interest and discuss how to open an

HOW TO WRITE A JOB the company to provide you with a

response.
APPLICATION?
You must write your answers with
As a first step, it must be clear that it is the appropriate language and a formal
worker who turns to the organization guided tone.
by his desire to be employed there. There Take care of handwriting, grammar
are two ways to apply for a job, in the first and writing as this also helps
everything is spontaneous and the worker generate a good professional image.
only addresses the company by means of a
letter prepared by himself, to which he Be precise and clear about your
attaches his resume and expresses his objectives when filling out the
interest in qualifying. like an employer. In the application: mention the availability
second type of job application, the precise you have and whether you want a
document managed by the institution comes permanent job, a temporary one, full-
into play (which is the standard form that we time, part-time, what position you
have been talking about until today). This aspire to, if it is an internship that you
last way of applying for a job is safer in a are interested in doing. , among other
certain way because the company has been specifications that could also speed
concerned with acquiring personnel through up the process.
the issuance of a formal document.
Answer all the questions: this will
show that you are not hiding anything
In the case of having obtained a job and may demonstrate the level of
application issued by the specific importance you give to the possible
institution of interest, the steps to develop opportunity.
it are as follows:
Answer honestly: Don't lie to try to
make your profile seem more
• Fill out the application with the data
interesting or complete.
and pertinent information requested
there: name, date of birth or age, Place key references previously
nationality, address, telephone, warned about the use of their names
email, social security number, level of in the job application.
academic training, work experience
and work references (basically these Employers, but mainly the human
These are the most common parts resources area in charge of
ordered). evaluating and selecting personnel,
pay more attention to careers and
• It is much better to fill it out at the work experiences and, secondarily, to
moment but only if you have the
information at hand. This is because academic preparation. That is why
the immediacy of your application within the job application you should
could represent agility in the selection strive to make both parts quite clear
process. Remember the longer it and complete to guarantee a greater
takes you, the longer it will take for

39
probability of placement. 2. Your work environment.
HYGIENE AND SAFETY Among its objectives are:
LABOR * Eliminate the causes of occupational

diseases.
CONCEPT: * Reduce the harmful effects caused two for
working on people or carriers of physical
HYGIENE is the set of knowledge defects.
techniques and techniques that individuals * prevent worsening of illness injuries and/or
apply to control the factors that they exert or injuries.
can may have harmful effects on your * maintain the health of workers.
health. * increase productivity by controlling the
PERSONAL HYGIENE is the basic concept work environment.
co of grooming, cleanliness and care of the SECURITY
human body
( From the Latin Securitas) Everyday it can
refer to the absence of risk or trust in
something or someone. However, the term
can take on different meanings depending
on the area or field to which it refers. In
general terms, security is defined as “the
state of well-being that human beings
perceive and enjoy.” Safety and health
programs are one of the activities needed to
ensure the availability of the skills and
WORK HYGIENE abilities of the workforce. It is very important
for maintaining the physical and
Occupational hygiene is the set of rules and psychological conditions of the staff.
procedures aimed at protecting the physical
and mental integrity of workers. dor, TIMES OF SECURITY AND ITS RE
preserving him from the health risks inherent RELATIONSHIP WITH RISK
to the tasks in his charge and the physical
environment where they are carried out. Security mainly seeks to manage risk, this
means how to act in response to it. There are
It is related to the diagnosis and pre different actions that can be take, but it is
prevention of occupational diseases important to always do Pre-risk analysis to be
able to plan security.
tional, based on the study and control of two
variables:
Risk can be: accepted, prevented, transferred
laugh or mitigate. Every determination is
1. The man.
focused gives at the moment of action on its
management. It is related to the diagnosis and prevention tion

of occupational diseases based on the study and
They are not exclusive actions and each of control of two variables: man - and his work
these measures can be taken to different environment, that is, it has an eminently
degrees. preventive nature, since it is aimed at the health
and comfort of the employee, preventing him
from getting sick or be absent from me
According to Maslow's pyramid, human provisional or definitive nature of the work
security occupies the second level within
deficit needs . According to Bronisław
Malinowski's theory of needs, security is one
of the seven basic needs to be satisfied by
human beings.
HYGIENE AND SAFETY IN THE

JOB
It constitutes two intimately related activities

linked, aimed at guaranteeing condi
personal tions and work materials capable of
maintaining the health level of employees.
From the point of view of human resources

management, health and safety Employee
quality constitutes one of the main bases for
the preservation of an adequate workforce.
For organizations to achieve their objectives,

they must use a hygiene plan. ne adequate,
with defined prevention objectives, optimal
working conditions, a work safety plan
depending on do of your needs.
WORK HYGIENE:
It refers to a set of rules and procedures ments

aimed at protecting the integrity physical and
mental health of the worker, preserving him from
the health risks inherent to the tasks of the
position and the physical environment where
they are performed.

41
8.-What is security looking for?
WORK GUIDE No.7 Answer each of

the following questions: 1.- What is Hygiene? 9.- What constitutes Hygiene and safety? rity at
work from the point of view of human
resources management, employee health and
safety?
2.- What is personal hygiene?
10.- What must organizations have to achieve

their objectives?
3,. What is occupational hygiene?
11 .- What does occupational hygiene refer to?

4,. What are the objectives of Labo Hygiene ral?
12 .-What is work hygiene related to?

5.- How is security defined?
6.- Why is security important?
7.- According to Bro's theory of needs nislaw

Malinowski What is security?

An occupational hygiene plan lifestyle habits and explaining hygiene and

usually covers the following health issues. Supervisors, company
content : doctors. Nurses and other species lists, they
will be able to provide information in the
1 .-An organized involves the
plan: course of their regular work.
presence provision not only of medical Regular program of agreements or
services, but also of nursing and first aid collaborations tion with local entities, for the
problems, full or part time, depending on provision tion of x-ray services, recreation
size company name. you, conferences, movies, etc.
Objectives of occupational hygiene are:
2 .-Adequate medical services: include
. Eliminate the causes of occupational
emergency clinics and first aid xilios, if
diseases.
necessary. These facilities ben include:
. Reduce the harmful effects caused two for
• Admission medical examinations working on sick people or people with
• Personal injury care nals, caused by physical defects.
. Prevent worsening of illness accidents and
• Professional discomforts
injuries
• First aid . Increase productivity by controlling the
• Elimination and control of insa areas work environment.
lubres. We can achieve these objectives: .
• Adequate medical records. Educating company members, indicating
existing dangers and teaching how to avoid
• Supervision regarding hygiene and
them.
health
Maintaining a constant state of alert to
• Ethical and cooperative relations with
the family of the sick employee. existing risks in the factory .
• Use of good category hospitals. ENVIRONMENTAL WORKING

• Periodic medical examinations and CONDITIONS :
check-ups.
3. Risks They are the physical circumstances that
o Chemical risks (poisoning, der industrial cover the employee when he or she holds a
matosis) position in the organization.
o Physical risks (noise, extreme Let us remember that hygiene at work seeks
temperatures, radiation, etc.) to preserve and improve the health of
o Biological risks (pathogenic workers in relation to the work they do, and
this is itself influenced by given by three
microorganisms, biological agents, etc.)
groups of conditions:
4) Additional services: as part of the
business investment in employee and
community health, in include: Time conditions : length of the work day,
Information program aimed at improving overtime, rest periods, etc.

43
Social conditions : These are those that convincing people about the need to
have to do with the work environment or implement preventive practices. A security
climate (informal organization, status, etc.). plan necessarily implies the following
Occupational hygiene deals with the requirements:
environmental working conditions.
The three most important items of 1) Security itself is a line
environmental working conditions are: responsibility and a staff function in relation
lighting, noise and atmospheric to their specialization.
conditions.
Lighting refers to the amount of light that 2) The working conditions, the branch
falls on the workplace. A lighting system of activity, the size, the location of the
must have the following requirements: a) Be company, etc., determine the preventive
sufficient material means.
b) Be constant and uniformly distributed.
Noise is considered an undesirable sound 3) Safety should not be limited only to
or noise. the production area. Offices, warehouses,
etc., also offer risks, the implications of
which affect the entire company.
The unpleasant effect of noise depends
on:
a) The intensity of the sound. 4) The security problem involves the
b) The variation of rhythms or adaptation of man to work. Work safety in
irregularities. certain organizations can mobilize elements
c) The frequency or tone of the noises. for the training and preparation of
Sound intensity is measured in decibels technicians and operators, control of
(a measure to express the level of power compliance with safety standards,
or intensity of the noise), labor simulation of accidents, periodic inspection
legislation stipulates that the maximum of fire control equipment, first aid and
level of noise intensity in the work selection, acquisition and distribution of staff
environment is 85 decibels. clothing in certain areas of the organization.
5) It is important to apply the following
principles:
The atmospheric conditions that affect the
performance of the position are mainly
ACTIVE SUPPORT OF THE ADMI
temperature and humidity. NISTRATION .
With this support, supervisors must
WORK SAFETY
collaborate so that subordinates work safely
Occupational safety is the set of technical, and produce without accidents.
educational, medical and psychological
measures used to prevent accidents, aimed . Maintenance of personnel dedicated
at eliminating unsafe conditions in the exclusively to security.
environment, and at instructing or . Safety instructions for new employees.

Job security complements three main areas IDENTIFICATION OF THE

of activity: 1. Accident prevention. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS The main
2. Theft prevention. causes of accidents are:
3. Fire prevention. 1. Unsafe condition. Physical or mechanical
condition existing in the premises, machine,
ACCIDENT PREVENTION equipment or facility (which could have been
protected or repaired) and which makes the
What is a work accident? accident possible, such as slippery, oily
floor; wet, with ups and downs, machine
It is any organic injury or disturbance without, poor or inadequate lighting, etc.
immediate or subsequent functional loss, or
sudden death during exercise, or on the
occasion of work, whatever the place gar
and the time in which it occurs. Security
seeks to minimize accidents work accidents,
these are classified as: Accident without
absence : after the accident incident, the
employee continues working, although it
must be investigated and noted in the
report, as well as presented in the monthly
statistics.
Accidents with absence : it is one that can

cause:
a) Temporary disability. Total loss of work
capacity on the day of the accident or that
lasts for a period of less than one year.
Upon his return, the employee assumes his
role without reduction. cir the capacity.
b) Permanent partial disability. Re
permanent and partial duction of ca work
pace.
Permanent partial disability ge It is generally
motivated by:
. Loss of any limb or part thereof.
. Reduction of the function of any member
or part thereof etc.
c) Permanent total disability. I missed gives
total permanent work capacity.
d) Death

45
2. Type of accidents. Form or mode of WORK GUIDE NO 8

contact between the agent of the accident
and the injured party, or the result of this ANSWER BRIEFLY THE YES NEXT
contact, such as blows, falls, etc. QUESTIONS:
3. Insecure Act. Violation of the procedure
accepted as safe, that is, failing to use 1 .- What content does a Work Hygiene
personal protective equipment, being Plan cover?
distracted or chatting during service,
smoking in a prohibited area, lubricating or
cleaning moving machinery.
4. Personal insecurity factor. Any
characteristic, deficiency or mental,
psychological or physical alteration, 2 .-What does an organized plan involve?
accidental or permanent, that allows the
unsafe act.
DIRECT COSTS AND 3 .- What does adequate medical services

INDIRECT RESULTS OF cover?
ACCIDENTS
Given that the work accident constitutes a negative fact for the company, the employee and
society, its causes and costs must be analyzed.
4.- What do additional services

Work accident insurance only covers medical
include?
expenses and compensation to the injured party.
For other types of insurance against accidental
risks, such as fire, for example, the insurance
company sets rates according to the individual
risk existing in each company.
5.- List the objectives of occupational

hygiene:

6.- What are the environmental conditions 11 .-What does Enlightenment refer
give them work? to?
7.- What are the environmental working

12 .-What are the atmospheric
conditions?
conditions that affect the performance
of the position?
8.- What do the weather conditions refer

13 .-What is job security?
to?
14 .- List the requirements of a

9.- What are social conditions? security plan?
10.-What does occupational hygiene deal 15 .-Why should there be active

with? support from the administration in a
company? tration?

47
16.-Complete job security mint three THEFT PREVENTION

main areas of activity ity, which are: (SURVEILLANCE)
The surveillance service of each
company has its own characteristics. In
addition, preventive measures must be
reviewed frequently to avoid routine,
which makes plans obsolete. In general,
a theft prevention (surveillance) plan
includes:
a) Entry and exit control of
personnel/vehicles.
c) Parking outside the factory area
17.-What is a work accident? d) Walk around the factory grounds and
inside it.
e) Registration of machines, equipment
and tools
f) Accounting controls.
FIRE PREVENTION Fire prevention

18.- How are work accidents classified? and fighting God, especially when there
are valuable goods, equipment or
Explain each one.
facilities that must be protected, require
careful planning.
The fire of a fire is an exothermic

oxidation chemical reaction, it is cir,
combustion with heat release.
For there to be a reaction, the following

must be present:
. Fuel (solid, liquid, gaseous)
. Oxidant (usually atmospheric oxygen)

. Catalyst (temperature)

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
For greater ease in the extinction strategy, fires can They can be
classified into four main categories, as shown in the following table:
Category
Top former agents

Fire-causing materials and machines dyers
Paper, wood, fabrics, soaked rags two in
TO) oil, garbage Foam, soda and acid
Flammable liquids, oil and petroleum . carbon dioxide. Dry
B) derivatives (inks, gasoline, etc.) chemical powder. Foam
. Carbon dioxide, dry
C) Connected Electrical Equipment chemical powder
Carbon Gas, dry
D) Flammable gases under pressure chemical powder.
FIRE FIGHTING METHODS

Since fire is the result of the reaction of three elements (combusti ble, air oxygen
and temperature), its extinction requires the elimination of at least one of the
elements that make up the “fire triangle”.
Thus, extinguishing a fire can be achieved using the following principles:
1. Removal or isolation: neutralization of the fuel.

2. Coverage: neutralization of the oxidizer.
3. Cooling: neutralization of temperature.
Identification of the type of extinguisher appropriate for each
type of fire .
Fire classes: Class A Class B Class C
Extinguishing agents Paper, wood, fabrics, fiber, etc. Flammable liquids, inks, oils,
greases, etc. Electrical equipment in operation.
Carbon Gas Only acts on flames Yes, extinguishes by cooling and covering
Yes, it turns off by cooling and covering
Foam Yes, for superficial and small fires Yes, the foam floats on flammable liquids
and extinguishes the flame. No, the foam is conductive

49
electricity environment. The costs related to sick leave,
Liquid Charge Yes, it extinguishes by disability retirement, and replacement of
cooling and soaks the combustible material injured or dead employees are much greater
No, the charge may spread the flammable than those involved in maintaining a Health
liquid in addition to not extinguishing the fire and Safety program.
No, the liquid charge is conductive of
electricity. Powder Only acts on flames Yes, Furthermore, accidents and illnesses that
extinguishes by covering Yes, extinguishes can be attributed to work can have very
by covering Water Yes, extinguishes by negative effects on the morale of
cooling and soaks the combustible material employees, creating demotivation and
Yes, water, in the form of mist, cools and dissatisfaction. Security is a Staff function,
extinguishes the fire. No, water is a but its compliance is the responsibility of
conductor of electricity. Line. The Human Resources department is
responsible for coordinating communication
RISK MANAGEMENT Risk management and security training programs. But its
encompasses identification, analysis and success will depend on the action of the
management of potential disaster conditions. Directors and Supervisors, as well as the
The risk is unpredictable, but probable. conduct that the employees consequently
adopt.
In addition to the fire protection system
(portable devices, hydrants and automatic
WHAT THE LABOR CODE
systems), risk management requires a
scheme of insurance policies against fire
TELLS US ABOUT SAFETY
and loss of profits, as a complementary Article 391
means of ensuring the assets and progress Every employer or company is obliged to
of the company.
manage and condition work premises and
Regarding safety in the workplace, the equipment that guarantee the safety and
protagonist is the staff. For this reason, it is health of workers.
necessary that a “culture of safety and risk For this purpose, you must proceed, within
prevention” be transmitted throughout the the period determined by the inspection
company, which leads to achieving high
levels of productivity and consequent general work and in accordance with the
efficiency in its total management. A regulation or regulations issued by the
Hygiene and Safety program must be executive power, to introduce on its own all
conceived as part of the company, and not hygiene and safety measures
as something that must be carried out
safety in the workplace that serves to
additionally. This program is a set of
prevent, reduce or eliminate
activities that allow workers and the
company to be kept with the least possible professional risks.
exposure to the dangers of the work

Article 392 seriously harm the lives of workers, whether

It is also the obligation of every employer to due to its own nature or due to the materials
abide by and enforce the safety measures. used, manufactured, released or disposed of
(solid, liquid or gaseous). Or by the storage
prevention of professional risks dictated by
of toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive
the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare.
substances, in any form. The regulations will
Article 393 determine which operations are unhealthy,
Home or family work is subject to the which are dangerous, the substances whose
preceding provisions, but the respective production is prohibited, restricted or subject
obligations will fall, as the case may be, on to certain requirements and, in general, all
the workers or the head of the family. the regulations to which these activities must
be subject.
Article 394
In industrial and commercial establishments, Article 396
measures will be taken to protect morality All workers who are involved in the handling,
and ensure the well-being of workers and manufacturing and sale of food products for
especially the following: public consumption must be provided each
month with a medical certificate certifying
1 .- Prohibit the introduction, sale and use of
that they do not suffer from infectious or
heroic drugs or intoxicating beverages;
contagious diseases or diseases capable of
2 .- Enable special places to sleep or eat, disabling them from performing their job.
operations that are prohibited in workplaces; The provisions of article 157 are applicable
and,3.- Limit the weight of the bags or to this medical certificate.
packages carried by workers to fifty (50)
kilograms, with a tolerance of up to ten Article 397
percent (10%) in special cases indicated by Employers who have ten (10) or more
the regulations. The mobilization of larger permanent workers at their service must
weights must be done by mechanical means prepare a special hygiene and safety
. regulation, and submit it to the review and
approval of the general labor inspection, no
Article 395
later than within three (3) months. following
Unsanitary work, facilities or industries are the validity of this code, or within three (3)
those that, due to their nature, can cause months following the start of work if it is a
conditions capable of threatening or new establishment.
damaging the health of workers, due to the
materials used, manufactured or released, Article 398
or solid, liquid or gaseous waste. They are The special regulations prescribed in the
dangerous work, installations and industries. previous article must contain at least
normative provisions on the following points:
remains that it cannot immediately and

51
1 .- Protection and personal hygiene of to warn those who fail, and, in the event of
workers; recidivism or negligence, to impose
sanctions. taking into account the economic
2.-Prevention of accidents and diseases;
capacity of the offender and the nature of the
3 .- Medical service, health of the offense committed. Accrued in any of the
establishment, and nurseries where agreed payment periods, if they have not
applicable; been paid on the due date.
4 .- Prohibition of providing accommodation
Article 401
in buildings of dangerous or unhealthy
industries: All employers are obliged to pay the benefits
established in this title, except for the
5 .- Provision of chairs for workers in stores, exceptions established therein. These
pharmacies, factories, workshops and benefits will cease to be the responsibility of
similar establishments; employers when their risk is assumed by the
6 .- When it comes to work with electric Honduran Social Security Institute, in
welding, the conditions that the premises accordance with the law and within the
must meet and the protection elements for regulations issued by the same institute.
the workers.
Article 402
7 .- Special rules, when dealing with mining Professional risks are accidents or illnesses
and oil companies; to which workers are exposed due to the
work they perform for others.
8 .- Safety measures in electrical energy
companies, in warehouses of explosives,
Article 403
flammable materials and other dangerous
elements; and, A work accident is understood as any
unforeseen and sudden event that occurs
9 .- Hygiene in agricultural, livestock and
due to or on the occasion of work and that
forestry companies.
produces an organic injury or permanent or
Article 399 temporary functional disturbance to the
Once the regulation is approved in worker.
accordance with article 397, the employer
must keep it posted in two (2) visible places Article 404
at the work site. An occupational disease is understood as
any pathological state that occurs as a
Article 400 forced consequence of the type of work that
It is the responsibility of the Ministry of Labor the worker performs or the environment in
and Social Welfare to ensure compliance which he or she has been forced to work,
with the provisions of this chapter, to whether determined by physical, chemical or
address complaints from employers and biological agents. The endemic and
workers regarding transgression of its rules, epidemic diseases of the region are only

considered professional when they are Article 409
acquired by those in charge of combating
Permanent partial disability is the decrease
them based on their profession. For the
in an individual's faculties due to having
purposes of this article, the table of
suffered the loss or paralysis of a member,
occupational diseases is provided below.
organ or function of the body.
Article 405
Article 410
Professional risk will also be understood as
Temporary disability is one that prevents the
any injury, illness or aggravation that the
worker from devoting himself to his usual
worker subsequently suffers as a direct,
duties for a limited period of time that does
immediate and undoubted consequence of a
not exceed one (1) year, provided that upon
work accident or professional illness of
completion of his recovery he is fit for work.
which he or she has been a victim in
accordance with what was said in the Article 411
previous articles.
The calculation of a worker's salary is
When the consequences of a professional determined as follows: 1st.- daily salary is
risk carried out are aggravated by an illness the fixed salary received by the worker per
or injury that the victim had prior to the event ordinary working day, plus special
or events causing it, said re-aggravation will contractual benefits. If the salary is variable,
be considered, for the purposes of by lump sum or by piece, the daily salary will
compensation, as a direct result of the be determined by dividing the remuneration
professional risk that occurred and indirect received during the twelve (12) months prior
of the illness or injury. to the occurrence of the professional risk or
during the time less than this figure that the
worker has been in the service of the
Article 407 employer, for an amount equal to the
For the purposes of this chapter, apprentices number of ordinary days that the injured
will be considered workers. party had actually worked at said employer's
job; 2nd annual salary is all remuneration
–the risks can produce:
received by the worker during the last year
1st.-death; of the validity of his employment contract
with the employer. If you have not worked
2°.-permanenote total disability;
one (1) full year under the orders of said
3rd.-permanent partial disability; and, employer, the annual salary will be
4th-Temporary disability determined by multiplying the daily salary by
three hundred (300). When the calculation of
the salary, in this way, does not result in a
Article 408
sum equal to the usual salary of the workers
Permanent total disability is one that of the same or analogous profession or trade
absolutely and definitively disables the and category of the victim of the professional
worker . risk, the remuneration of these will be taken

53
as the basis. last. 3.-The annual salary will matters, will put into effect each year, by
never be considered less than six hundred means of regulations, a catalog of the
lempiras (l.600.00), even in the case of the mechanisms and other measures designed
people referred to in article 406; 4th.-the to prevent the occurrence of professional
annual salary of apprentices who enjoy risks. Once the first catalog is promulgated,
lower remuneration than other ordinary it may be ratified at the expiration of each
workers, will be set based on the product of year if there are no changes or progress that
multiplying two hundred of the lowest daily warrant its modification.
salary of ordinary workers, employed in the Article 413
same establishment, business or task, or
similar, in the same location. An ordinary The employer is responsible for the repair of
worker is understood to be someone who professional risks that occur to its workers,
enjoys the fullness of his or her professional in the terms of articles 403 and 404. Work
skills, without constituting a specialty of its accidents are presumed to be bodily injuries
kind; 5th.- In no case may the employer that the worker suffers while providing his or
deny to the family of the victim, for a period her services, and occupational disease is
of no more than three (3) months, the the illness that occurs to a worker as a
special benefits that said family actually consequence of the type of work he or she
enjoyed at the time of the occurrence of the performs. Professional imprudence, that is,
professional risk; and, 6th.-the payrolls and the worker's failure to take precautions, due
other payment records will serve as to the confidence he has in his expertise or
preferred evidence for determining the true ability to perform his job, does not exempt
amount of the salary. him from liability, unless said imprudence
takes on the character of manifest non-
Article 412
compliance with the employer's instructions
In each company or workplace where ten or regulations. of work. Professional risks
(10) or more workers are employed, the are not those that occur to workers due to
safety commissions deemed necessary will strange force majeure and without any
be established, composed of an equal relation to the work, those caused
number of representatives of the employer intentionally by the victim and those due to a
and the workers, to investigate the causes of state of voluntary drunkenness, unless in
professional risks. propose measures to this case the employer or his representative
prevent them and ensure that they are have allowed the worker to perform his or
fulfilled. The constitution of these her duties.
commissions will be notified by note to the
general labor inspection and their duties will Article 414
be carried out free of charge by their
If the professional risk has been a
members within working hours. To
consequence of a crime or quasi-crime
adequately fulfill the purposes referred to in
attributable to the employer or the
the previous paragraph, the Secretary of
employer's inexcusable fault, which gives
Labor and Social Welfare, after consulting
rise to compensation by the ordinary courts,
the Honduran Social Security Institute in all

it will be understood that the benefits that the the common courts will order the payment of
employer has paid before the labor courts the appropriate damages and losses, pre-
must be reduced from this. If the actions reduced in the sum or sums received or that
provided for in the previous paragraph are the victim or his successors may actually
brought only before the labor courts. These receive. In such case, the employer who is
will ex officio, inform the common courts, of not insured and who deposits at the order of
what corresponds. If the victim is insured, the worker or his successors in the
the Honduran social security institute will Honduran social security institute the sum
immediately pay the respective necessary to satisfy the compensation
compensation to the worker or his provided for in this chapter. Or who pays
successors, in the cases referred to in this them directly with the intervention of labor
article; But if the employer is convicted by judges, they will have subrogatory action up
the common courts, he must return to said to the amount of their disbursement against
institution the sum or sums that it has paid, those responsible for the professional risk
along with legal interest. To this end, the incurred, which will be exercised before the
corresponding sentence will serve as an common courts. If the employer is insured,
executive title for the institute. said subrogation action will be the
responsibility of the aforementioned institute
only. For the purposes of this article, a third
Article 415 party is understood to be any person
If the professional risk is caused by an excluding the employer, its representatives
inexcusable fault, crime or quasi-crime in labor management or its workers.
attributable to third parties, the worker or his
successors may claim from them the
Article 416
corresponding damages and losses in
accordance with the common law, before the The employer's responsibility subsists even
respective courts, simultaneously and if the worker works under the direction of
without impairment of their rights and actions contractors that he uses for the exploitation
against the employer under the provisions of of his industry. However, in the case of
this chapter. The damages that said third forestry, agricultural, livestock or fishing
parties must satisfy will also include all of the operations, the contractor who uses
compensation granted in this chapter, machines moved by mechanical force is
provided that the worker or his successors in exclusively and directly responsible for the
title have not sued and obtained payment of damage caused by those owned by him.
the latter from his employer, who. In such
case, you will be exonerated from the
respective obligation. If the worker or his Article 417
successors claim from the aforementioned The daily salary received by the worker at
third parties, once his employer has made the time the risk occurs will be taken as the
the deposit that will be said to have satisfied basis for calculating the compensation
the compensation granted by this chapter, referred to in this title. In the case of workers

55
whose salary is calculated per unit of work, 1st.- every employer must have in his factory
the amount resulting as the daily average in or workshop the necessary medications for
the last month prior to the accident will be emergency care required by the general
taken as the basis, and in the absence of labor inspection. 2nd.- Every employer who
this information, the daily average in the last has one hundred (100) to four hundred (400)
week prior to the accident. The lowest salary permanent workers at his service must
received by a worker of the same establish a dispensary, equipped with the
professional category will be taken as the medications and materials necessary for
basis for setting compensation for emergency medical and surgical care, which
apprentices. will be attended by personnel competent,
under the direction of a Honduran doctor and
In no case will the amount taken as the basis
surgeon, in the legal exercise of the
for compensation be less than the minimum
profession and if in his opinion proper
wage.
medical care cannot be provided in the
same workplace, the worker who is the
Article 418 victim of an accident will be transferred to
Workers who suffer a professional risk will the population. , hospital or nearest place,
have the right to: where your recovery can be attended to and
under the responsibility and expense of the
1st.- medical and surgical assistance;
employer; 3.- Every employer who has more
2°.-administration of medications and
than four hundred (400) permanent workers
healing materials;
at his service must have a hospital under the
3°.-the compensation established in this title;
direction and responsibility of a Honduran
and,
doctor and surgeon, legally practicing the
4°.-the costs of transportation and
profession; and, 4th.- in industries that are
hospitalization of the victim, and those that
located in places where there are hospitals
require his lodging and food, when he must
or sanatoriums, or at a distance that can be
receive treatment and live in a place other
reached in two (2) hours or less, using the
than his usual residence or place of work. If
ordinary means of transportation available at
there is disagreement between
any time, the employers They may fulfill the
employers and workers regarding the fixing obligation established in this article by
of the amount corresponding to food and entering into contracts with hospitals or
lodging expenses, the labor courts will fix it sanatoriums, so that their workers are cared
at the request of any of the parties, without for in the case of work accidents or
further procedure and without any appeal occupational diseases.
against that fixing.
Article 420
Article 419
When the risk carried out results in the death
In the event of occupational risks, employers
of the worker, the compensation will include:
are obliged to immediately provide the
1st-one (1) full month of salary for funeral
necessary medications and materials for
expenses; and, 2nd.- the payment of the
healing and medical assistance. To this end:

amount equivalent to six hundred twenty other legal effects.
(620) days of wages, in favor of the people
who financially depended on the deceased,
without deducting the compensation that the Article 423
worker received during the time he was If the professional risk carried out results in a
incapacitated, nor the expenses that have permanent or temporary, total or partial
been made in healing and medical disability, only the injured worker will have
assistance. the right to the compensation established by
this code. But the worker may appoint any
person to represent him in the efforts aimed
Article 421
at making the compensation effective. If the
They will have the right to receive worker, due to professional risk incurred,
compensation in cases of death: becomes totally or partially incapacitated
10 .-the wife or concubine and the children due to mental insanity, compensation will be
who are minors, and the ascendants who paid only to the person who represents him
were financially dependent on the worker. or her in accordance with the law.
The compensation will be distributed equally
among these people, if there is no will, and if
Article 424
there is one, in accordance with its
provisions; and, If, as a result of an occupational risk, a
worker disappears without certainty of his
20 .-in the absence of children, wife or death and there is no further news of him
concubine and ascendants in the terms of within thirty (30) days after the event, his
the previous section, the compensation will death will be presumed, so that his
be distributed among the people who were successors in title receive legal
economically partially or totally dependent compensation, without prejudice to what
on the worker, and in the proportion in which may subsequently occur in the event that it
they depended on him, by virtue of the is proven that he or she is alive.
evidence provided by any legal means.
Article 425
Article 422
When the professional risk carried out
The payment of compensation, in the event produces the worker a permanent total
of death, must be approved by the disability, the compensation will consist of
corresponding labor court, which will assess when the professional risk carried out
the relationship between children and wife or produces the worker a permanent and
concubine, without being subject to the legal partial disability, the compensation will
tests that, according to common law, prove consist of the payment of the percentage
the relationship; but it cannot fail to established by the disability valuation table,
recognize what is recorded in the civil calculated on the amount that would have to
registry records. If they are presented to you. be paid if the disability had been permanent
The judge's resolution, when ordering the and total. The percentage that corresponds
payment of compensation, does not produce
57
between the maximum and the minimum Article 428
established will be taken taking into account
the age of the worker, the importance of the
produces a temporary disability for the
disability and whether this is absolute to
worker, the compensation will consist of the
exercise his profession, even if he is
payment of seventy-five percent (75%) of the
enabled to dedicate himself to another, or if
salary that he/she stops receiving while the
he has simply diminished their abilities to
impossibility of working exists. This payment
perform it. It will also be taken into account
will be made from the first day of the same.
whether the employer has been concerned
When three (3) months after the onset of a
about the professional re-education of the
disability the worker is not fit to return to
worker and has provided him with kinematic
service, he or the employer may request
artificial limbs.
that, in view of the respective medical
certificates, the opinions rendered and all
Article 426 the tests conducive, it is resolved whether
the injured party should continue to undergo
the same medical treatment and enjoy the
causes the worker a permanent and partial
same compensation or whether his
disability, the compensation will consist of
permanent disability should be declared with
the payment of the percentage established
the compensation to which he is entitled.
by the disability valuation table, calculated
These exams can be repeated every three
on the amount that would have to be paid if
(3) months. In any case, the time that the
the disability had been permanent and total.
worker can receive seventy-five percent
The percentage that corresponds between
(75%) of his salary will not exceed one (1)
the maximum and the minimum established
will be taken taking into account the age of year. If after the year the temporary disability
the worker, the importance of the disability has not ceased, the compensation will be
and whether this is absolute to exercise his governed by the provisions relating to
profession, even if he is enabled to dedicate permanent disability.
himself to another, or if he has simply Article 429
diminished their abilities to perform it. It will
The compensation that the worker must
also be taken into account whether the
receive in cases of permanent total or partial
employer has been concerned about the
disability will be paid in full, without
professional re-education of the worker and
deduction being made from the wages
has provided him with kinematic artificial
received during his or her recovery.
limbs.
Article 427
Article 430
Injuries that, without producing disability,
lead to serious mutilation or disfigurement of Employers may fulfill the obligations
the victim, will be equated, for the purposes imposed on them by this title, insuring the
of compensation, to permanent partial worker at their own expense for the benefit
disability. of whoever must receive the Compensation,

provided that the amount of the insurance is term or within the following three (3) days, it
not less than the compensation. will provide the data and elements at its
Article 431 disposal, in order to determine the cause of
each accident.
When, in the opinion of the corresponding
Article 436
court, the necessary guarantees are
granted, the employer may agree with the For the purposes of the previous article, the
person or persons who must receive the employer will provide the following data: 1st-
compensation, that these be replaced by a names and surnames of the injured party;
lifetime or temporary pension that is 2nd-occupation; 3rd.-time and place of the
equivalent to the compensation referred to in accident; 4th.-those who witnessed it; 5th
this title. address of the victim; 6th.-place to which it
was transferred; 7th salary earned; 8o.-
names of the people to whom the
Article 432 compensation in case of death corresponds,
Transportation companies are required to if known; 9th.- company name or name of
carry emergency medications in their the company, and, 10th.-name and address
vehicles to deal with any accident. Both of the insurance company. In the event that
these and the mining companies have the the worker is insured by the employer for
obligation to train part of their personnel so professional risks.
that they can attend to an accident, and the
personnel will be obliged, in turn, to provide
Article 437
this assistance.
Article 433 In the event of immediate death, the
employer will notify the authorities referred
Only doctors and surgeons in legal practice to in article 435, as soon as he or she
of the profession may be used for the care of becomes aware of the accident.
workers, in their absence, medical interns
and registered nurses.
Article 434 Article 438
If the injured or sick worker refuses with just The employers' physicians are obliged: 1.-
cause to receive the medical care provided when the risk occurs, to certify whether the
by the employer, he or she will not lose the worker is qualified or incapacitated to carry
rights granted by this title. out the duties of his or her job; 2nd.- Upon
completion of medical care, they will certify
Article 435 whether the worker is fit to resume work;
The employer is obliged to notify the general 3rd.-to qualify the resulting disability; and,
labor inspection or its representatives and 4th.- in case of death, to issue a death
the corresponding labor court of any certificate and the data that appears from the
accidents that have occurred within the first autopsy.
twenty-four (24) hours. Either during this

59
Article 439 (10). This exception does not include

personnel exposed to the danger of
The employer will be exempt from all
machines or instruments moved by motive
responsibility for professional risks: 1.-when
power or due to it; 12th.-when the accident is
the accident occurs when the worker is in a
due to force majeure unrelated to work; and,
state of intoxication, except for the exception
13th.-workers engaged in animal-powered
established in the final paragraph of article
agricultural transportation, except when this
413, or under the action of some narcotic or
is done on rails. The executive branch,
enervating drug. In this case they will only
having previously heard in each case the
have the obligation to provide first aid; 2nd.-
Honduran social security institute, may
when the victim intentionally delays his
decree the restriction or total elimination of
healing, using illicit procedures in order to
one or some of the exceptions referred to in
increase the amount of the corresponding
the previous paragraphs, in accordance with
compensation; 3rd.-when they are
the possibilities and needs that arise. extend
simulated; 4th.-when it involves work
protection against professional risks to other
unrelated to the employer's company; 5th.-
sectors of the salaried population.
when it comes to home workers; 6th.- in the
case of domestic workers, who will only
have the right to full payment of their salary Article 440
and to current medical and pharmaceutical
assistance, for up to one (1) month in case It does not exempt the employer from the
of illness, and in case of death, to that the obligations imposed by this title:
employer cover the essential expenses of
the funeral; 7th.- when it comes to jobs in
1 .- That the worker has explicitly or
families or a purely family industry, that is,
implicitly assumed the risks of his
one that does not employ more than five (5)
permanent workers outside the family; 8th.- occupation;
in the case of workers who are eventually
2 .- That the accident has been caused by
hired, without a commercial or industrial
carelessness or negligence of someone
purpose, by a person who uses them in
works, which, due to their importance or partner of the victim; and,
other reason, last less than two (2) weeks; 3 .- That the accident occurred due to
9th.-when the disability is the result of a fight negligence or clumsiness of the victim,
or suicide attempt; 10th.- in the case of
permanent workers who are hired by a provided there was no premeditation on your
company for industrial purposes whose part. In cases of
number does not exceed five (5), as long as paragraphs 20. And 30., the worker who has
the capital of the company is less than ten incurred violations of the work or safety
thousand lempiras (l 10,000.00); 11th.- in regulations will be subject to the sanctions
the case of permanent workers who are established in this code, in the internal work
hired for agricultural or livestock purposes, regulations and in the contracts.
and whose number does not exceed ten

Article 441 your friends, within your family, do not forget

that twice as many deaths occur at home as
Every employer is obliged to reinstate in his
in factories.
occupation the worker who has stopped
performing it due to having suffered some Think that around you there are dear people
professional risk, as soon as he is qualified, who would also be involved in an accident
and provided that he has not received that you could suffer, if only for them, it is
compensation for permanent total disability, well worth working safely.
nor has one (1) year elapsed, from the date
I. Order and surveillance give security to
on which he became incapacitated.
work, collaborate in achieving it.
II. Corrects or gives notice of dangerous

Article 442 and unsafe conditions.
When the worker cannot perform his or her III. Do not use machines or vehicles
original job, but can perform a different job, without being authorized to do so.
the employer is obliged to provide it to him or
IV. Use the appropriate tools and take
her, as long as it is a related job. do with the
care of their conservation, when finishing
same company or activity, and for this
the work leave them in the right place.
purpose is authorized to make the mo
personnel movements that are necessary. V. Use, at each step, the established
protective clothing, keep them in good
BASIC STANDARDS OF condition.
WORK SAFETY AND VI. Do not remove any safety protection
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE or danger sign without authorization,
always think of others.
This prevention guide has reached your VII. All wounds require attention, go to
hands, with it comes the hope that it will be the medical service or first aid kit.
useful to you in your daily work. VIII. Don't joke at work, if you want to
It is not intended to be a treatise on accident be respected, respect others.
prevention but, as its name indicates, basic IX. Don't improvise, follow the
but very important recommendations. Failure instructions and comply with the rules, if
to comply with any of them can be the cause you don't know them, ask.
of accidents and occupational illnesses.
X. Pay attention to the work you are
Keep in mind that most misfortunes that
doing, pay attention to the final minutes,
occur at work have occurred for reasons that
haste is the best ally of an accident.
could have easily been avoided.
XI. Order and cleanliness
Follow these recommendations; They will
1. Keep your workplace clean and tidy.
help you work better and above all safer,
whatever your activity within the company. 2. Do not leave materials around the
Discuss them with your co-workers, with
61
machines, place them in a safe place where purposes, inspect them periodically.
they do not get in the way.
2. Defective tools must be removed from
3. Pick up boards with nails, sheet metal use.
scraps and any other objects that could
3. Do not carry tools in your pockets unless
cause an accident.
they are adapted for this purpose.
4. Store materials and tools neatly, do not
4. When you do not use it, leave the tools in
leave them in unsafe places.
places that cannot cause accidents, each
5. Do not obstruct hallways, stairs, doors or tool must be used in the appropriate way.
emergency exits; a single reckless worker
can make an entire workshop unsafe. XIV, Ladders
XII, Personal protective equipment 1. Before using a ladder, check that it is in
perfect condition.
1 .Use the safety equipment that the
company makes available to you. 2. Never use stairs connected to each
other, unless they are prepared for it.
2 If you observe any deficiencies in it,
immediately inform your superior. 3. Be careful if you have to place a ladder
near live installations. Anticipate it
3 . Keep your safety equipment in perfect
beforehand and take precautions. 4. The
condition and when it is damaged, ask for it
ladder must always be well seated, make
to be exchanged for another one.
sure it cannot slide.
4 .Wear your work clothes tight; It is
dangerous to carry torn, loose or hanging 5. When going up or down, always face the
parts. stairs, stairs are the cause of numerous
accidents: be careful.
5 .In jobs with risk of head injuries, use a
helmet. XV, Electricity
6 .If you perform or witness work with 1. Every installation must be considered
projections, splashes, glare, etc., wear under voltage until the opposite is verified
safety glasses. with the appropriate devices.
7 If there is a risk of injury to your feet, be 2. Never carry out repairs on live
sure to wear safety footwear. installations or equipment, be sure and ask.
8 .When working at heights, put on your 3. If you work with machines or tools
seat belt. powered by electrical voltage, isolate
9 .Your respiratory tract and ears can also yourself, use safety clothing and equipment.
be protected: find out; Protective clothing is 4. If you observe any anomaly in the
necessary, consider what you are risking by electrical installation, report it. Do not try to
not using it. fix what you do not know.
XIII, Manual tools 5. If the cables are worn or frayed, or the
plugs are broken, there is a serious danger,
1. Use hand tools only for their specific
so they must be repaired immediately.

6. At the slightest spark, disconnect the 1. Know the causes that can cause a fire in
device or machine. your work area and the necessary
7. Pay attention to abnormal heating in preventive measures.
motors, cables, cabinets... report it. 2. Remember that good order and
8. If you notice tingling when using a device, cleanliness are the most important principles
don't wait any longer; unplug it. Notify it. in fire prevention.
9. Pay special attention to electricity if you 3. Do not smoke in prohibited places, nor
work in wet and humid areas, all work with throw away unextinguished cigarette butts or
electricity requires maximum attention cigarettes.
XVI, Chemical hazards 4. Control sparks from any source as they

can be the cause of many fires.
1. If you work with chemical liquids, keep in
5. In a case of fire, know your possible
mind that your eyes would be the most
action and role.
affected by any splash.
6. Fire extinguishers are easy to use, but
2. Other parts of the body can also be
only if you know them; Find out how they
affected, use the appropriate equipment.
work.
3. If you mix acid with water, do it like this: 7. If you handle flammable products, pay
acid over water, never the other way around; close attention and respect safety
could cause an extremely dangerous regulations, the most effective way to fight
projection. fire is by preventing it from occurring.
4. Do not stir acids with metal objects; can XVIII Emergencies
cause projections.
1. Worry about knowing the emergency
5. If acid splashes in your eyes, wash plan, know the company's instructions in this
immediately with plenty of cold water and regard.
always seek medical attention.
2. Don't run or push others; If you are in a
6. If you handle corrosive products, take
closed place, look for the closest exit without
precautions to avoid spillage; If this occurs,
collisions.
act quickly according to safety regulations.
3. Use emergency exits, never elevators or
7. If you work with chemical products,
freight elevators.
increase your personal cleanliness,
particularly before meals and when leaving 4. Pay attention to the signage to help you
work. locate emergency exits.
8. The risks to your body can come through 5. Your help is invaluable to everyone,
different routes: respiratory, oral, contact..., collaborate. Serenity and calm are essential
etc. All of them require attention, in emergency cases
carelessness in the use of chemicals carries
XIX, Accidents
serious risks. Get informed.
1. Stay calm but act quickly. Your peace of
XVII The Risk of Fires
mind will give confidence to the injured and

63
to others. circumstances external to us, when in reality
we understand that it is a process of
2. Think before acting. Make sure there are
interaction between environmental events
no more dangers.
and our cognitive, emotional and physical
3. Make sure who needs your help the most responses. When the stress response is
and treat the injured person(s) with care and prolonged or intensified over time, our
caution. health, our academic or professional
4. Do not do more than is essential; performance, and even our personal or
Remember that your mission is not to romantic relationships can be affected. The
replace the doctor. best way to prevent and cope with stress is
to recognize when our tension levels
5. Never give drink to a person without
increase and in response to which stimuli or
knowledge; you can drown it with the liquid.
situations.
6. Immediately notify the doctor or
emergency services by any means you can, Stress or “stress ” is any physical or
appropriate personal action can save a life psychological demand placed on the body.
or reduce the consequences of an accident.
STRESS
Definition:
Stress is our body's automatic and natural
response to situations that we find
threatening or challenging. Our life and our
environment, in constant change, demand
continuous adaptations from us; Therefore,
a certain amount of stress (activation) is
necessary. In general, we tend to believe
that stress is a consequence of

Many studies have considered the causes fat accumulation in the arteries.
relationship between work stress or The interesting thing is to keep in mind that
professional stress and a variety of
inherited genes, the type of childhood lived,
diseases. Mood and sleep disturbances, the foods that are incorporated into the daily
upset stomach, headaches, and altered diet, the level of physical exercise
relationships with family and friends are performed, sleep patterns, social level and
symptoms of stress-related problems that the type of emotional relationships exert an
are commonly reflected in these influence on the stress levels of each
investigations. These early signs of work person.
stress are easily recognizable. But the
effects of professional stress on chronic
diseases are more difficult to diagnose, CAUSES OF STRESS
since these diseases require a long period of
development and can be influenced by many Main causes that cause stress:
factors other than stress. The causes of stress have changed
However, a large body of evidence suggests enormously throughout history. Civilizations
that stress plays a leading role in several have created new pressures that test the
types of chronic health problems, particularly ability to survive. People are often
cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal continually faced with situations that
conditions, and conditions. The continued unconsciously excite the body, accumulating
effect of adrenaline on the cardiocirculatory energy that is not used later.
system overloads its function, generating a Physical pressure can build up and
gradual hardening of the arteries, with a eventually lead to exhaustion and illness.
consequent increase in blood pressure.
Stress accumulates through emotions such
as aggression, impatience, anger, anxiety
This hinders cardiac function, which is even and fear, emotions that trigger the body's
more strained, and the vicious circle is reaction to stress. An unhealthy diet,
closed. tobacco, alcoholic beverages and drugs can
But it is not only at the cardiocirculatory level also help increase physical tension.
that the evil manifests Stress can arise from situations at work, at
itself. home, in relationships, it can
Psychologically, the
effects of excess
adrenergics produce
progressive irritability,
leading to anger.
Suffering from prolonged or intense stress

weakens the immune system, the heart,
damages memory cells in the brain and

65
be the result of internal emotional conflicts,
the environment, diet, poor health, economic
JOB STRESS
hardships and certain important situations in AND ITS
the life of a human being: births, deaths,
marriage or divorce.
PREVENTION
The causes can be classified as WHAT DO WE CALL STRESS?

follows: WORK?
Work stress is an
Physiological: These causes are related
increasingly frequent
to diseases and injuries of the body that
phenomenon that is
increase the person's inner tension,
increasing in our
producing a level of stress that becomes
society, fundamentally
counterproductive towards oneself. For
because the types of work have been
example, an organic disease produces a
changing in recent decades. It affects the
negative reaction in the emotional field.
physical and psychological well-being of the
worker and can deteriorate the
Psychological: It is related to the vulne
organizational climate.
emotional and cognitive rability. Crisis vi
such due to certain changes: childhood, Currently, due to the relevance of
adolescence, maturity, old age. Conflictive information in production processes, tasks
or insufficient interpersonal relationships. that traditionally required only muscular
Frustrating work or study conditions: strength require mental effort. Furthermore,
excessive demand or competitiveness, the pace of work has been increasing, since
mono tone, incongruent norms, vocational better results have to be achieved with a
dissatisfaction, etc. smaller number of workers.
Social: Social changes in which each era But the responses to face demands are not
brings new challenges to afron tar. always negative in nature, since they are
often necessary to face difficult situations
Accelerated technological changes that
and for survival. Every person requires
the person cannot integrate, etc.
moderate levels of stress to respond
Environmental: Environmental pollution,
satisfactorily not only to their own needs or
food denatured cation with industrial toxins,
expectations, but also to the demands of the
workplaces with poor safety or with
electrostatic gas, pathogenic microorganisms, environment. and the levels
catastrophes, among others.

Very low levels of stress are related to work. This can mean that women are more
demotivation, conformity and disinterest. likely to suffer from work-related stress than
men.
Therefore, the distinction can be made
between stress or positive stress (optimal We call work stress a set of emotional,
level). activation scam to perform the cognitive, physiological and behavioral
actions tivities necessary in our daily lives) reactions of the worker to certain adverse or
that exerts a function of protection of the harmful aspects of the content, environment
organism and negative distress or stress or organization of work.
(excessive or inadequate level of activation
of the organism to the demand of the HOW IS THE
situation) that causes dysfunctions in the WORK STRESS?
person.
Different explanations have been sought
as to how work stress is generated.
Stress is the second cause of sickness
Thus, it has been seen as the result of the
interaction between the demands at work
and the control that the worker exercises
over it. Job stress or high stress arises
when job demands are high, and at the
same time, the decision-making control
capacity (due to lack of resources) is low.
In addition, other possible relationships
between demands and control are low
stress (low demand and high control),
active (high demand and high control)
labor in the European Union, affecting forty and passive (low demand and low
million workers annually and costing its control).
member countries twenty billion euros per
year in health expenses, not counting the
loss of productivity.
According to the European Foundation for
the Improvement of Living and Working
Conditions, 28% of European workers suffer
from some type of work-related stress.
We must also note the double presence

factor, for which women, apart from carrying
out their work outside the home, usually
carry out and take responsibility for They are
relieved of most of the family and domestic

67
mental: money, esteem, and status control.
Work stress occurred ce because there is a lack
of balance (equilibrium) between effort and re
compensation obtained.
Physics
The physical alterations that may be a

consequence of the body's maladaptive
response to work-related stressors can den
be: gastrointestinal disorders les,
cardiovascular disorders, respiratory
The interaction between work demands, disorders, endocrine disorders,
worker control and social support has also dermatological disorders cos, muscle
been seen. Thus, a high level of social disorders and alters tions in the immune
support at work reduces the effect of stress,
while a low level increases it. Social support
is the help that superiors and coworkers can
give; when appropriate, it can cushion some
of the stress generated by the combination
of high job demands and low control over
work.
Work stress can also be due to the
mismatch between the demands of the
environment and the resources of the
workers to face them, that is, to the lack of
adjustment between the skills and abilities of WHAT CONSEQUENCES DO JOB
the worker and the demands and demands STRESS HAVE?
of the job to be performed. system.
It has even been observed that on other
Psychics
occasions work stress occurs when the worker
makes a high effort and receives a low reward. Among the negative psychological effects
High effort at work can be extrinsic (from produced by work stress are: excessive
commands and obligations) or intrinsic (high worry, inability to make decisions, feeling of
motivation with coping). And the low reward is a confusion, inability to concentrate, difficulty
function of three types of fundamental rewards
maintaining attention, feelings of lack of
control, feeling of disorientation, frequent
forgetfulness, mental blocks, hypersensitivity
to criticism, bad mood, greater susceptibility
to accidents and the consumption of toxic
substances.
The maintenance of these effects can cause
the development of psychological disorders

associated with stress. Among the most or both), the lack of cooperation between
common are: sleep disorders, anxiety colleagues, the increase in requests for job
disorders, phobias, drug addictions, sexual changes, the need for greater supervision of
disorders, depression and other affective staff, increase in customer complaints,
disorders, eating disorders, personality worsening of human relations, lack of order
disorders and schizophrenic disorders. and cleanliness, increase in absenteeism,
Among the signs or external manifestations incidents and accidents, complaints to the
at a motor and behavioral level would be: medical service and consumption of
speaking quickly, tremors, stuttering, tobacco, alcohol and medications.
inaccuracy when speaking, haste when
acting, emotional explosions, broken voice,
excessive eating, lack of appetite, impulsive
behaviors, nervous laughter and frequent
yawning.
All of these consequences deteriorate the
quality of interpersonal relationships, both
family and work, and may cause the
breakdown of said relationships.
Organizational
The negative effects of work stress can not

only harm the individual, but can also cause
deterioration in the workplace, negatively
influencing both interpersonal relationships
and performance and productivity. They can
lead to illness, absenteeism from work, an
increase in accidents or even work
incapacity.
Stress induces a loss of production and can
create a bad work environment.
Hidden costs, such as the breakdown of
human relationships, erroneous judgments
in professional and private life, decreased
productivity, increased job changes,
decreased creativity, poor performance,
aggressiveness in work and worsening
quality of life and well-being.
It must be taken into account that the risk of
work stress in organizations is indicated by
the decrease in production (quality, quantity

69
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT OR REDUCE WORK STRESS?
As the origin of work stress can be multiple, preventive measures to eliminate or

reduce work stress can also be multiple; and therefore, the worker and the organization
will be intervened. Intervention on the worker
Through different techniques, the worker can be provided with resources to cope with
work stress when organizational measures do not give results. You must exercise,
avoid the intake of stimulants such as tobacco, coffee or alcohol, and avoid passive or
aggressive communications, developing tolerance and respecting others.
Some of these techniques are:
Intervention on the organization

Have an adequate diet , try to distract yourself and
do fun activities
General techniques.
Cognitive-behavioral
techniques Cognitive restructuring, systematic desensitization, stress
inoculation, thought stopping, assertive training, social skills
training, problem solving training and self-control techniques .
relaxation techniques,
Muscle relaxation, autogenic relaxation and breathing control
This intervention should always be done first. To prevent stress, intervention must begin
in the design phase, taking into account all the elements of the workplace, integrating the
physical and social environment and its possible repercussions on health.
The prevention of work stress must involve the intervention of the organization.
Interventions can and should be directed toward the organization's structure,
communication style, decision-making processes, job roles and tasks, the physical
environment, and methods of training workers.
The basis for reducing stress is to improve communication, increase the participation of
workers in decisions regarding work, improve environmental conditions; Variety and
stimulation in work tasks should also be considered.

An important aspect for stress prevention responsibilities at work.
is increasing social support in
organizations, promoting the cohesion of
• Social environment: Create opportunities
for social interaction, including moral
work groups and training supervisors to support and help directly related to work.
adopt a helping attitude with
subordinates, since social support not • Future: avoid ambiguity in matters of job
only reduces vulnerability to stress but stability and promote professional career
also its negative effects. development.
Considering that stress is one of the main That is to say:

risks to health and safety, it would be • The work must be in accordance with the
prudent to include indicators of it in the skills and resources of the workers.
monitoring of occupational health and
investing in stress prevention is a cost • The worker should be allowed to use his
saving for the company, which means or her problem-solving skills.
placing it in an advantageous position
• The functions, tasks and responsibilities
over the competition.
of each worker must be correctly
The National Institute for Occupational established to avoid ambiguity.
Safety and Health of the United States
• Workers should be involved to participate
establishes the following preventive in decision making, as it improves
measures in workplaces: communication in the organization.
• Work schedule: ensure that work • Social interaction between workers
schedules avoid conflicts with demands outside of work must be supported:
and responsibilities external to work. celebrations, games, etc.
Rotating shift schedules should be stable
and predictable.
• Participation/control: Let workers • TYPES OF JOB STRESSORS :

contribute ideas to decisions and actions
that affect their work. They are classified into:
A.- Stressors of the physical
• Workload: check that work demands are
environment : Among which are:
compatible with the worker's abilities and
resources and allow recovery after • Lighting : It is not the same as go down
particularly demanding physical or mental during the night shift than during the
tasks. day No.
• Content: design the tasks in a way that
• Noise: Working with alarms with
provides meaning, stimulation, a feeling
continuously, it can affect not only
of fulfillment and the opportunity to make hearing, but also work performance:
use of the training. satisfaction, productivity, etc.
• Roles: clearly define roles and • Contaminated environments: The

71
perception of risks can produce greater he has worked in the cardiology unit for
anxiety in the professional, impacting the last five years. They do not control
performance and psychological well- the task to be carried out and do not dare
being. to take appropriate initiatives for fear of
the lack of knowledge and attention that
• Temperature : Sometimes working in a
hot environment generates tremendous these types of patients require.
discomfort.
• Organizational stressors: The most
• Weight: Professionals who have to work important stressors that appear in the
in the operating room for many hours organization are the following:
with protective lead aprons or gloves
may be subjected to carrying a
• Role Conflict and Ambiguity: Occurs
when there are differences between
significant weight. The fatigue can
double. what the professional expects and the
reality of what the organization
• B.- Task stressors. The generation of demands. There may be conflicts, such
stress varies from one person to another, as receiving contradictory orders from a
since the characteristics of each task and nursing manager or when desires and
what it generates in professionals goals do not correspond to what we are
depends on what they like or do not like actually doing. When we are not clear
to do. When the task adapts to the about what has to be done, the
expectations and capacity of the objectives of the work and the inherent
professional, it contributes to responsibility that it entails, it can stress
psychological well-being and provides us significantly.
important motivation.
• Rest times also influence:
Among these stressors are: interpersonal relationships, feeling
watched-criticized by colleagues,
• The mental workload. communication difficulties and limited
It is the degree of mobilization of energy possibilities for promotion. These factors
and mental capacity that the professional can also generate work stress.
puts into play to perform the task. • Excessive working hours:
Example: having to prepare 25 IVs full of
medication on a reduced schedule. It produces physical and mental
exhaustion and prevents the
• Control over the task. professional from coping with stressful
situations. For example, a night shift may
It occurs when the task is not controlled,
be longer than a morning or afternoon
that is, when the activities to be carried
shift and therefore at the end of the shift,
out do not adapt to our knowledge.
the professional will be more exhausted
Example: A professional has had a job
and his or her physical and mental
change, and he has been transferred to a
capacity may be diminished.
nephrology service, when it turns out that

• Interpersonal relationships can • 3.- At the level of the motor system:

become a source of stress: Think of Speaking quickly, tremors, stuttering,
an emotionally unbalanced professional broken voice, imprecision, emotional
who makes life impossible for all his outbursts, consumption of legal drugs
colleagues. It is a continuous source of such as tobacco and alcohol, excess
stress. On the contrary, when there is appetite, lack of appetite, impulsive
good interpersonal communication and behaviors, nervous laughter, yawning,
when social and organizational support etc. .
is perceived, the negative effects of work
stress on our health are cushioned.
• Stress also generates a series of
associated disorders : although they
• Promotion and professional are not triggering causes, they
development: If professional sometimes constitute a contributing
aspirations do not correspond to reality factor :
due to lack of assessment of merits,
deep frustration can be generated, • Respiratory disorders: Asthma,
resulting in stress. hyperventilation, tachypnea, etc.
CONSEQUENCES OF • Cardiovascular disorders: Coronary

WORK STRESS heart disease, high blood pressure, heart
rhythm disorders, etc.
Work stress produces a series of
consequences and negative effects: • Immune disorders: Development of
infectious diseases.
• 1.- At the level of the physiological • Endocrine disorders: Hyperthyroidism,

response system: hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome,
etc.
Tachycardia, increased blood pressure,
sweating, respiratory rhythm alterations, • Dermatological disorders: Pruritus,
increased blood pressure muscle excessive sweating, atypical dermatitis,
tension, increased blood glucose mia in hair loss, chronic urticaria, facial
flushing, etc.
blood, increased metabo Basalism,
increased cholesterol, inhibition of the • Diabetes: Usuallyaggravate the
immune system, feeling of lump in the disease.
throat, di lamination of pupils, etc. • Chronic pain andheadaches
you continue.
• 2.- At the level of the cognitive
system: • Disorders sexual: Impotence,
ejaculation early, vaginismus,
feeling of worry, indecisive sion, low
livid alterations, etc.
level of concentration, dis orientation,
bad mood, hypersensitivity to criticism, • Psychopathological disorders:
feelings of lack of control, etc. Anxiety, fears, phobias, depression,

73
addictive behaviors, insomnia, eating
disorders, personality disorders, etc.
STRESS TEST
TEST TO MEASURE STRESS
One way to know the degree of is The

three thing is to determine how
various circumstances or events
affect us. ments of our life. To
continue tion we pose a series of
questions questions that refer to
everyday situations to which we may
be subjected at any time. To Both of
them generate a certain load of
stress.
The following stress test serves as an
example to check whether the social
environment or lifestyle leads to
tensions that are dangerous to health.

Answer “yes” or “no” to the following questions:

- Do you sleep all night straight?............................................................._____
- Do you frequently experience headaches?..........................................._____
- Do you have problems in your relationship?........................................._____
-Has a very close family member recently died?...................................._____
- Have you had legal problems?............................................................._____
- Is life a struggle for you?......................................................................._____
- Have you recently moved?..................................................................._____
- Do you have financial problems?.........................................................._____
- Do you feel anxious and irritated throughout the day?.........................._____
- Do you have problems at work?..........................................................._____
- Have you suffered from any major illness recently?......................................_
- Do you have any sexual problems?.............................................................._
- Do you work in a place where there is a lot of noise?..........................._____
- Have you changed your habits lately?.................................................._____
- Are you down and exhausted?............................................................._____
- Do you think life is not worth living?......................................................_____
- Are you eating more than necessary lately?........................................._____
- Have you distanced yourself from any friends?...................................._____
- Are you worried about your personal grooming as much as usual?.............._
- Do you drive your car more than two hours a day?......................................._
- Do you occasionally have meetings that cause stress?......................._____
- Do you have a jealousy problem?........................................................._____
- Have you had minor illnesses recently?.................................................. -
Do you sometimes feel like your head is going to explode?......................
Assessment:
For each “yes”, the notation is 2 points.
- More than 20 points: you are under great stress with risk of suffering
certain alterations on an emotional and spiritual level.
- Between 10 and 20 points: you are supporting significant tension.
- Less than 10 points: the tension suffered is of moderate intensity.

75
THE the capital and his profit is the remainder. It

exchanges economic resources from an area
ENTREPRENEURSHIP of low productivity to an area of high
productivity and high performance.
1934: Joseph Alois Schumpeter :

Entrepreneurs are innovators who seek to
destroy the status-quo of existing products
and services to create new products and
services.
1964: Peter Drucker : An entrepreneur seeks

change, responds to it and exploits its
opportunities. Innovation is a specific tool of
an entrepreneur, therefore an effective
entrepreneur converts a source into a
resource.
1975: Howard Stevenson: He

Entrepreneur is a term derived from the Entrepreneurship is the search for
French word entrepreneur, and is commonly
opportunities regardless of the resources
used to refer to an individual who organizes
initially controlled.
and operates one or several companies,
assuming certain financial risk in
entrepreneurship, such as: business
ETYMOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
administration, accounting and related OF THE CONCEPT OF
matters. compatible ENTREPRENEURSHIP
It was first defined by the Anglo-French
economist Richard Cantillon as “the person
who pays a certain price to resell a product at
an uncertain price, thereby making decisions
about obtaining and using resources,
consequently admitting risk in the venture.” ”.
Other scholars have defined this term in

different ways, including:
1803: Jean-Baptiste Say : An entrepreneur is
an economic agent who unites all means of
production. One's land, another's labor, and a
third's capital produce a product. By selling a
The term entrepreneur derives from the
product in the market, he pays the rent of the
Spanish word undertake, which comes from
land, the salary of his employees, interest on
the Latin, take or take, originally applied - both

in Spain and in other countries - to those who However, this begins to change with Joseph
were then considered adventurers, mainly Schumpeter , who suggests that inventions
military, a term that later came to have and innovations are the key to economic
commercial connotations. The word was growth [] and those who implement this
defined for the first time in the Dictionary of change in a practical way are entrepreneurs.
Authorities of 1732, still with that connotation, For Schumpeter, the key to this concept is the
as: "The person who undertakes and ability to transform innovations from an
determines to do and execute, with resolution invention to a practical product, which implies
and determination, some considerable and high economic risk. In the words of Eudald
arduous operation." He is also described as “a Domènech: “Innovation for innovation's sake
hard-working and enterprising gentleman of is useless. “Innovation is creating products
notable feats, like his father.” that make life easier.”
That sense and evolution is close mindly Thus, in the modern conception, the
related to the French word entrepreneur , entrepreneur goes from being primarily an
which appears at the beginning of the 16th economic risk taker, in general, to an
century. Later, in the early 18th century, the innovator. [11] For example, it has been
French extended the meaning of the term to
suggested that Henry Ford became an
bridge and road builders and architects.
entrepreneur not in 1903, when he began
Jean-BaptisteSay played an important role in producing automobiles, but in 1908-9, when
this generalization, making this new meaning he began producing the Model T and
explicit and coherent in 1803. In his “Traité introduced mass production, both innovations
d'économie politique”, - translated extensively resulting in a revolution both in the industry as
and with great influence - Say presented the well as in United States society.
“entrepreneur” (in Spanish, businessman) as In other words, it is suggested that the central
one who “directs a company, especially a difference between people of the type of, for
contractor, acting as an intermediary between example, Bill Gates or Steve Jobs and others
capital and job". He noted that it is rare for is not that they are the only ones willing or
such entrepreneurs to be so poor that they do able to take risks, but that these motivated
not even own part of the capital they employ. characters do not necessarily Mainly for profit,
However, for him the important thing is that they are able to introduce innovations that
"the businessman is exposed to all the risks profoundly modify some economic area or the
while taking advantage of everything that may entire society. Later, others will appear who
be favorable to him." copy or adopt these innovations, who also
take a risk, but according to this conception
This conception lasted until the beginning of
they are not true entrepreneurs, but rather a
the 20th century and can be summarized as
businessman, a merchant or an entrepreneur.
that of the owner who manages companies
and assumes risk. And - it can be argued - it CURRENT CONTEXT AND
still persists as the general meaning of the DEVELOPMENT
word in Spanish-speaking countries. [] ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE
77
forums with the endorsement of these large

corporations. []
In the education of entrepreneurs , Arieu

considers that the emphasis being given to
the dissemination and development of the
entrepreneurial spirit has its roots in a
multiplicity of factors among which it is
possible to mention:
All of the above has given rise to two main
positions or perceptions. First, a position that • Recognition of the important role of small
can be drawn around AdamSmith and the businesses in the creation of wealth and
classics in general, for whom innovation is a jobs.
human quality that manifests itself in the
solution of problems: given their existence,
• The notable contribution of new
technologies to the generation of new
someone will perceive them and find some products and companies, with the
solution. Some of these possible solutions will consequent spatial relocation of an
fail or will not be adopted, others will acquire important part of economic activity.
great diffusion and economic success. This
position is currently represented in the
• A working life characterized by cycles of
salaried work, self-employment and
positions of the so-called Austrian school : unemployment.
“the entrepreneur is alert to the opportunities
that arise in the market... Where the • The orientation of economic theories
entrepreneur believes he sees a price gap towards human factors (human capital)
between resources and their uses, a business that affect the processes of economic
opportunity is glimpsed and can be exploited. growth and development, for example,
based on learning processes.
In an environment of uncertainty, the
entrepreneur may be wrong in his
assumptions; If you get it right, the implication
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
is that you have found a better use for the
hitherto undervalued resource and the market An entrepreneur is also called a person who
rewards you with benefits that, as we well equally undertakes the creation of other types
know, have a fleeting life. If it fails, it has of organizations or institutions that are not
wasted that resource and has nothing left to necessarily commercial, such as civic, social
do but bear the losses of its failed or political ones. This is because the act of
performance,” In some cases it is large entrepreneurship itself is not only
companies, through bankruptcy systems, that characteristic of the world of business or
promote innovation and entrepreneurship, commerce, but is transversal to 21st century
with the idea of promoting ideas and start-ups, society.
advising them, mentoring them and
presenting them to international investor
A “mixed” case is that of the entrepreneur or
social enterprise that seeks to generate intuition, with the ability to project abroad
economic benefits while having a developed and with the ability to react and resolve
focus on enhancing human well-being that them.
transcends the economic and also benefits
society as a whole.
• On the other hand, knowing how to carry
out others' projects with the same spirit of
innovation, responsibility and autonomy.
In politics
The lack of entrepreneurial education (or
Agorism is a form of anarchism that posits entrepreneurship education) is one of the
entrepreneurs as the emerging social class, reasons why there is no entrepreneurial
the entrepreneur, within a dynamic, culture. Therefore, to promote the
unencumbered economy or free market, in a entrepreneurial spirit, and in this way the
voluntary political order or anarchy. For this attitudes, skills and, therefore, said
political doctrine, the rise of entrepreneurs entrepreneurial culture, entrepreneurship
would be typical of a network economy, a must be taught from Basic and Secondary
popular market and radical owners. Education in our country, to be able to
escape underdevelopment. Only in this
ENTREPRENEURIAL way can we realize the human potential
and the intellectual and technological
CULTURE capacity that Hondurans have to produce.
WHAT A SHOULD BE
ENTREPRENEUR
Entrepreneurial culture is the set of qualities,

knowledge and necessary skills that a person
possesses to manage a specific project or
their professional path. Entrepreneurial
culture is linked to initiative and action. Having I heard the following the other day about
it helps: being an entrepreneur:
• On the one hand, knowing how to launch

“It's like a man riding a lion. People think, 'This
new own projects with autonomy, with the
guy is very brave. tea.' And he's thinking how
ability to take risk, with responsibility, with

79
the hell did he "I'm going to ride this lion, and

how do I get it not to eat me?"
Entrepreneur is called the person who starts a

mission. Businessman undertakes dor, is that
person who starts an em prey with a specific
objective.
Among other characteristics, an enterprising
businessman or entrepreneur must be
constant, determined, visionary, risk-taking,
charismatic, planner, organized, leader and
have an above-average work capacity. It
seems like a lot of characteristics to have in a
single individual, however, entrepreneurs (as
most distributors are) have them.
If you want to improve your position as an
entrepreneur, you will need to identify a vision
and a goal. The vision will be the ultimate goal
for which you start your business, which - of
course - is not to make money. Making money
is a requirement of any for-profit business.
Your vision should be something subtle,
guiding you over time through the difficult
world of distributing computer equipment or
related services. If you do not establish a
vision, it will be difficult for you to remain in
the market. Once you have established a
vision, you should proceed to set a goal, for a
year, six months, or three. The time depends
on the type of segment you are in and how
dynamic it is.
One of the characteristics that differentiates
an entrepreneur from a typical manager is that
the entrepreneur takes risks, or at least risks
his money. The entrepreneur invests large
amounts of time, and usually all his money,
and sometimes even more. He must have a
very clear vision of what he is going to do,
otherwise it will be difficult for him to recover
the investment.

In this wave of the Internet, businesses are think, relationships are not only useful for
changing and transforming, you never know doing “dirty” business, they are also useful for
what will happen tomorrow. The risk grows. many other things. They don't just serve
customers either. Developing a good
Another characteristic of the entrepreneur is a relationship with a supplier can mean better
good ability to plan and organize. Many costs; A good relationship with clients can
entrepreneurs are disorganized in detail, but bring you profits; a good relationship with your
they must be very organized at a high level. neighbors, can leave you many
Planning is an inherent characteristic of recommendations
entrepreneurs, however, they normally have it
in their heads, the challenge in this case is to HOW TO BE A GOOD
be able to transmit it on paper to their
followers.
ENTREPRENEUR?
Hard work is an undoubted hallmark of How can you be a good
entrepreneur?
entrepreneurs, 18 x 7 days, almost like
One of the problems that entrepreneurs

always have is being able to stay current in
the market and at the same time be
competitive. That is why you must be able to
carry out the following points in order to be a
good entrepreneur.
The first of them is to

be able to adapt to
changes without major
mission-critical servers. Entrepreneurs work problems. Being able
hard chasing a dream, when they achieve it, to be flexible is
they lower their level of work. As an something basic for
entrepreneur, you must be careful to manage anyone who decides to
your work hours. It is not bad to work a lot be an entrepreneur, especially when
when starting the business, especially if you uncertainty and insecurity is a constant in the
start it without money and without life of anyone who dedicates themselves to an
collaborators - a typical case for economic venture.
entrepreneurs - however, as time goes by, as
you reach goals, if you continue working so The second point to be a good entrepreneur
many hours, something is wrong. evil. is to be able to plan for the long term.
Necessarily, the entrepreneur in order to
Finally, more than a characteristic, it is a need
achieve his objectives should plan. This
of the entrepreneur: to develop good
planning process can be done in various
relationships. Relationships are worth more
ways, whether in detail, based on a series of
than money itself. Contrary to what one might
strategic objectives or pursuing defined
81
objectives in the medium or long term. 1. Initiative, confidence and

determination, qualities of the
The third point of a good entrepreneur is to entrepreneur
keep contact networks permanently open.
Starting a business is a task that requires
This means that the entrepreneur must have
a series of personal qualities. For Ángel
open contact networks, since they are the
Puerta, psychologist and consulting
basis of any business, since having an
partner of the Luria group , one of the
important contact network will allow the
fundamental traits is leadership, in
entrepreneur to have new markets, maintain
addition to “initiative, vision, creativity and
existing ones, obtain new suppliers and obtain
commitment to what is going to start.”
loans. or new capital injections, among other
Resilience at work is also very important.
options.
“You don't have to give up at the first
setback, you don't have to throw in the
The fourth point is to be able to achieve a towel when something fails or when they
high impact in advertising campaigns. The deny you the first loan.” A person who
entrepreneur must concentrate advertising decides to open a business must have a
actions so that they become important lot of self-confidence and believe in their
opportunities that can give a high return. project.
Generally, the entrepreneur has little money
for advertising, but the ideal is that the The psychologist maintains that some of
entrepreneur should be ingenious when these skills and qualities can be learned,
choosing how to spend the money on although others are innate to one's
marketing, since its success depends on the personality. “Many of the qualities of the
success or failure of the advertising entrepreneur can be taught, such as
campaign. persistence, tolerance for criticism or
leadership skills. But it is very difficult to
The fifth point that the entrepreneur should teach someone to be creative.”
take into account is that he must be active.
Setting up a business can have a high
This means that the entrepreneur must be
emotional cost, and it is something you
involved in all parts of the process, along with
also have to be prepared for.
being concerned with the details, in other
words, being on top of the business issues. Starting a business can have a high
emotional cost, and it is something you
The sixth point that must be mentioned to be also have to be prepared for. The high
a good entrepreneur is to have a great number of hours that have to be dedicated
capacity for work. This means you have to be to work is no longer invested in other
present, working all day. Which is logical aspects of life, and this can affect social
given that the entrepreneur is the engine of and family relationships.
entrepreneurship.

1. Internet, the great ally of the Without a doubt, his career can be a whole, a
entrepreneur . reference for many businessmen and
entrepreneurs who dream of success. Here
Creating a company on the Internet offers
we give you a list with their advice:
two clear advantages to the entrepreneur.
Firstly, it allows you to reduce costs, since 1. Start by visualizing things positively
it is not necessary to have a physical 2. Become a general
location. Secondly, it makes it possible to 3. Stay focused
reach clients from all over the planet. 4. Remember: responsibility starts here
5. Don't be evasive
6. Ideas are welcome, but make sure
you have the right idea.
7. Look for talent and not titles
8. Manage people, not work
9. be tenacious
10. Think big and you will live big
11. Follow your instincts
12. Be optimistic, but always prepare
for the worst
Donald Trump, the industrial magnate 13. Pay attention to the details
furniture, gives you its keys to start right 14. Put criticism in perspective
Take note and act like a company successful 15. Become your own financial advisor.
river. You won't find a better one.
Donald Trump is a billionaire American 16. Invest in a simple way

executive, businessman and author of self- 17. Eliminate the middleman
help books for business success. 18. Be reasonable and flexible
19. Many times, being stubborn is
In addition to standing out in the world of real an advantage
estate, his role as a writer has given him 20. Be patient
greater prestige and publicity. He has written 21. Be spectacular in strategy
books such as “How to Get Rich”, where he 22. Learn the importance of saying no
gives a series of tips to get rich. 23. Stay focused.
This wealthy businessman began as an 24. Look at the solution, not the
unknown real estate developer until he problem.
became a magnate in the field; founder and 25. See opportunities as opportunities.
director of important companies, in addition to 26. Learn everything you can about
owning a real estate empire. Currently he is what you are doing.
one of the strong candidates who aspires to
27. Above all, never give up.
become president of the United States and
can achieve it.

83
YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS University of Honduras, in Tegucigalpa, the

Entrepreneurs Forum under the motto “
IN HONDURAS
Learning to Entrepreneur” . 300 young
people from the Community of Amarateca and
Zambrano with whom CESAL works attended
this forum on business education.
ENTREPRENEURIAL WOMEN
CESAL has been involved in the Amarateca

Valley in Honduras for 12 years. In addition to
working in different sectors such as
habitability, health, education..., for a few
years we have focused our actions on young
people, working with them on the use of
leisure and free time, training and job
assistance. This work is part of the Agreement
that CESAL is developing, and financed by
the Spanish Agency for International Currently, women have opened up a greater
Development Cooperation , under the title scope at work thanks to their skills.
“Promotion of training, social and labor Traditionally, women have always invested
initiatives of the youth population in Central much less time in their professional lives than
America through vocational training, men. The existence of social customs that are
proposals business and alliances with the still deeply rooted constitutes one of the main
public and private sectors.” obstacles that women encounter when
developing professionally. In recent years
many things have changed in this sense, and
women have been entering the world of work
on a more regular basis. The following factors
have been decisive for this:
- Marriages at an older age. - Maternity
planning. - Independence of women within the
couple.
- Increase in domestic technology.
- Increase in personal services (domestic
Within this framework of action, on November services, nursery schools...).
12, we celebrated together with the Junior - Longer life expectancy.
Achivement Foundation in the Central
Auditorium of the National Autonomous All of these changes have shaped the

evolution of society in recent years, and affect

women's greater availability of time and their
economic independence. “It is evident that all
these changes have been the result of a
socioeconomic transformation and the way of
living and conceiving the world that has led to
a change in people's mentality,” said human
resources expert Doris Rivas. Not so many
years ago, the presence of women in
universities was a minority and in some
faculties practically non-existent. But in recent The great challenge lies with the
decades women's access to higher education entrepreneurial woman, mother of a family,
has been massive. Today women make up who must learn to combine family, social life,
more than half of university students; Only in lifelong learning and the company. The
higher technical schools do they continue to situation for women can become an
be a minority, especially in careers belonging unsustainable dilemma between the company
to the area of engineering and technology. and the family. At this point, some women
The motivations of women entrepreneurs: have had to choose. However, others have
not wanted to give up their rights, they have
- Need for self-employment. Many opted to move the business and family
professionals are choosing to work via free- forward. This alternative requires fabulous
lance. Sometimes, they are entrepreneurial energy potential. “Socially, today it is well
women with a business vocation who decide regarded for women to work a few hours
to put their skills and abilities into practice by outside the home. However, for men it is
establishing themselves autonomously. generally intolerable that a woman's
- Independence . For reasons of profession does not have schedules, parties
discrimination, they are prevented from or vacations," said the human resources
promotion and promotion in their jobs. expert, who also added that in our society
couples in which the woman has a
Consequently, many choose to become
professional position or political responsibility
independent and, with the experience
are more at risk of separating than those in
acquired, create their own company in the
which it is the man who has public life.
same sector and in direct competition with the
one in which they originally worked. How to However, the quality and stability of emotional
combine family and business? The availability life have a positive impact on the well-being of
of the single female entrepreneur for the the entrepreneurial woman and increase her
company is practically total. energy, which will allow her to dedicate
herself with greater intensity and creativity to
her profession or company. “From a cultural
point of view, men have always enjoyed a
predominant position in the social and family
structure. To assert himself and feel safe, he

85
has needed to be the center of women's - Female professional competence has

attention,” explained the interviewee. increased.
Indeed, it is difficult to combine the different - Women choose careers with greater
aspects of life when you have to take charge potential for professional development.
of the responsibility of a company. Many
separated or divorced businesswomen feel
guilty about their partner's breakup and blame
it on their company. Coexistence is often
more harmonious in those couples created
when both he and she were already
businessmen or professionals, since pacts of
mutual collaboration and acceptance are then
easier.
The current outlook is not very optimistic and

the percentage of separated, divorced or
single businesswomen is very high. This does
not mean that family and business are
incompatible. It is possible to combine both
activities, but there is a lack of will and a lot of
support and understanding from the couple.
Children usually show understanding in these
situations. If the mother dedicates real love to
them and really cares about their lives, they
will not have too many problems when it
comes to assuming that their mother also has
other professional concerns. Changes in the
labor market:
- Women have demonstrated their capacity
even though it has not been used to a very
high percentage.

- There is an acceptance of women as Wikipedia the

professionals not only in unskilled jobs. research tool
- There is an integration of women in in most used by
netizens today, which
companies in management and executive
has higher traffic on
positions.
the web, connectivity
Decalogue of businesswoman happiness of will increasingly be
1 Be at peace with yourself, always doing better because
what you want with a sense of responsibility. technological progress is greater; Companies
and governments realize that they have to
2 Do not covet or envy quantities of things, invest in these areas because they facilitate
but quality. the economic development of a nation.
3 Learn to live in harmony, maintaining a
A social network is a social structure
balance between work and private life.
composed of a set of actors (such as
4 Delegate and don't try to have everything individuals or organizations) that are related
under control. according to some criteria (professional
5 Don't feel eternally guilty. relationship, friendship, kinship, etc.). They
are normally represented by symbolizing the
6 Find time for yourself. actors as nodes and the relationships as lines
7 Enjoy your children, family, friends... that join them. The type of connection
representable in a social network is a dyadic
8 Don't get too attached to things.
relationship or interpersonal bond.
9 Be clear that there are no failures, only
experiences: some positive and others Research has shown that social networks
negative. constitute useful representations at many
10 Don't try to be a superwoman. Women levels, from kinship relations to organizational
relations at the state level (in this case we
should not accept sacrifices so impossible to
speak of political networks), playing a critical
bear.
role in determining the political agenda. and
the degree to which individuals or
SOCIAL NETWORKS organizations achieve their objectives or are
Business growth is now accompanied by the influenced. The social network can also be
internet through social networks, which have used to measure social capital (i.e., the value
both advantages and disadvantages, but it is that an individual obtains from the resources
undoubtedly necessary to use all these accessible through his or her social network).
resources for various purposes, including
making money, Social network analysis studies this social
structure by applying graph theory and
Although Facebook is the most used social
network identifying entities as “nodes” or “vertices” and
Central America comparison ar, relationships as “links” or “edges”. The

87
resulting graph structure is often a complex network” has been used freely for more than a
network. As has been said, in its simplest form century to denote complex sets of
a social network is a map of all the relevant relationships between members of social
ties between all the nodes studied. In this systems in all dimensions, from the
case we speak of “socio-centric” or “complete” interpersonal to the international sphere. In
networks. Another option is to identify the 1954, Manchester School anthropologist J.
network that surrounds a person (in the TO. Barnes began to systematically use the
different social contexts in which they term to show patterns of ties, encompassing
interact); In this case we speak of a “personal concepts traditionally used by social
network”. scientists: delimited groups (eg, tribes,
families) and social categories (eg, gender,
Internet platforms that facilitate ethnicity). Academics like SD Berkowitz,
communication between people of the same Stephen Borgatti, Ronald Burt, Kathleen
social structure are called social network Carley, Martin Everett, Katherine Faust,
services. Linton Freeman, Mark Granovetter, David
Knoke, David Krackhardt, Peter Marsden,
Nicholas Mullins, Anatol Rapoport, Stanley
Social network analysis Wasserman, Barry Wellman, Douglas R.
White and Harrison White expanded the use
of systematic social network analysis.
Social network analysis has gone from being

a suggestive metaphor to becoming an
analytical approach and a paradigm, with its
own theoretical principles, software methods
for social network analysis and lines of
research. Analysts study the influence of the
whole on the parts and vice versa, the effect
produced by the selective action of individuals
Intermediation Centrality in the network; from the structure to the
relationship and the individual, from behavior
Social network analysis (related to network to attitude.
theory ) has emerged as a key methodology in
modern social sciences, including sociology, As has been said, these analyzes are carried
anthropology, social psychology, economics, out either in complete networks, where the
geography, political science, scientometrics, ties are the specific relationships in a defined
communication studies, organizational studies population, or in personal networks (also
and sociolinguistics. It has also gained known as egocentric networks, although they
significant support in physics and biology are not exactly comparable), where “personal
among others. communities” are studied. ”. [2] The distinction
between total/complete networks and
In everyday language, the idea of “social personal/egocentric networks depends much

more on the analyst's ability to collect the data consultants who are part of a network that
and information. That is, for groups such as they cannot fully define prior to data
businesses, schools, or membership collection.
societies, the analyst expects to have
In social network analysis, several analytical
complete information about who is in the
trends are distinguished
network, with all participants being potential
egos and alters. Personal/egocentric studies It is not based on the hypothesis that
are generally conducted when identities or groups are the blocks in society: the
egos are known, but not their alters. These approach is open to studying less defined
studies allow egos to provide information social systems, from non-local communities
about the identity of their alters and there is no to links through websites .
expectation that different egos or sets of alters
will be linked to each other. Instead of treating individuals (people,
organizations, states) as discrete units of
analysis, it focuses on how the structure of
relationships affects individuals and their
relationships.
In contrast to analyzes that assume that

socialization of norms determines behavior,
network analysis is used to observe the
Another schematic representation of a social
degree to which the structure and
network.
composition of relationships between
A network built from individuals affect
Snowballing refers to the
idea that alters are
identified in a survey by a
set of initial Egos.
(wave zero) and these same alteri become

egos in wave 1 and appoint additional alteri the rules.
and so on until the percentage of new alteri
begins to decrease. Although there are The form of a social network helps
several logistical limits in conducting snowball determine the usefulness of the network to
studies, there is recent development to
its individuals. Smaller, tighter networks
examine hybrid networks, whereby egos in
entire networks can name alters that would may be less useful to their members than
otherwise be unidentified, making it possible networks with a large number of loose
for them to be visible to all. network egos. [3] connections (weak ties) to people outside
The hybrid network can be valuable for the main network. More open networks,
examining total/complete networks that are with many ties and weak social
expected to include important actors beyond
those formally identified. For example, a relationships, are more likely to present
company's employees often work with outside new ideas and opportunities to their

89
members than closed networks with many individual within a network is at the center of
redundant ties. In other words, a group of many relationships than from their actual job
friends who only do things with each other position. Social media also plays a key role in
already share the same knowledge and recruiting, business success, and job
opportunities. A group of individuals with performance. Networks are ways in which
connections to other social worlds are likely companies gather information, discourage
to have access to a broader range of competition, and collude in setting prices or
information. It is better for individual policies.
success to have connections to a variety of
networks rather than many connections on NETWORK RESEARCH
a single network. Similarly, individuals can SOCIAL
exert influence or act as intermediaries in Social network analysis has been used in
their social networks, bridging two epidemiology to help understand how patterns
networks that are not directly related of human contact promote or impede the
(known as filling structural gaps). spread of diseases such as HIV in a
population. The evolution of social networks
The power of social network analysis lies in its can sometimes be simulated by the use of
difference from traditional studies in the Social agent-based models, providing insights into
Sciences, which assume that the attributes of the interaction between communication
each of the actors - whether friendly or norms, rumor propagation and social
unfriendly, intelligent or stupid, etc. - is what structure.
matters. Social network analysis produces a
vision that is both alternative and Social network analysis can also be an
complementary, in which the attributes of effective tool for mass surveillance - for
individuals are less important than their example, Total Information Awareness
relationships and their links with other actors conducted in-depth research on strategies for
within the network. This approach has proven analyzing social networks to determine if
useful in explaining many real-world citizens U.S. officials were political threats or
phenomena, but leaves less room for not.
individual action and people's ability to
influence their success, since much of it is ENTREPRENEURSHIP
based on their network structure. NETWORKS
IN HONDURAS
Social networks have also been used to
examine how organizations interact with each
other, characterizing the multiple informal
connections that link executives to each other,
as well as the associations and connections
between employees of different organizations.
For example, power within organizations often
comes more from the degree to which an

Therefore, these practices strengthen their

skills, which they then share with other people
in their respective towns.
The Committee of Relatives of Disappeared
Detainees in Honduras, COFADEH, who has
formed this network, continues the training
and support process. There are also networks
of young entrepreneurs.
b) Professional Networks:
In Honduras, entrepreneurship networks are These networks operate in circles of

classified as: professionals in order to exchange
information, set training dates, immediately
a) Social networks issue calls, agreements, resolutions,
recommend friends to get them a job, provide
b) Professional Networks information about a certain person and other
details related to their profession.
c) Economic Networks Among them we have:
The network of secondary education teachers
a) Social networks in Honduras
When we talk about social networks it seems

that we are only referring to social networks
on the Internet, but we must also know that
there are organized social networks that are
not necessarily connected to the Internet, an
example is the network of Human Rights
Defenders of the department of El Paraíso , in
the municipality of Danlí,
This departmental network, which began

training in human rights attorneys two years
ago, is made up of 30 defenders from the
municipalities of El Paraíso, Danlí, Alauca,
Trojes, Jacaleapa, Morocelí, Yuscarán and
San Matías, and in each municipality they
have a support group. This network is
dedicated to monitoring and defending human
rights in that sector.

91
Networks of young entrepreneurs

Among other.
c) Economic Networks
These networks provide a service to the population in savings, loans, insurance, and support
for SMEs; They are generally located throughout the country with fast customer service. These
networks can be banks, cooperatives and financial institutions. Some of these also have ATM
networks installed in gas stations, supermarkets. stores, pharmacies, malls, etc.
NETWORK DIRECTORY
A directory service (SD) is an application or set of applications that stores and organizes
information about the users of a computer network and about network resources that allows
administrators to manage user access to resources on that computer network. grid.
Additionally, directory services act as an abstraction layer between users and shared
resources.
A directory service is a shared information infrastructure for locating, managing, administering,

and organizing the common components and resources of a network, which can can include
volumes, folders, files, printers, users, groups, devices, phone numbers, and other objects
San Antonio Foundation School for free time
PROGRAM DIRECTORY
PROGRAM ADDRESS PHONE EXECUTIVE
71st Street No. 27 B _ 06-
Networks Program: “Schools for the Headquarters HERNANDO RO-
310 88 83
leisure" ministrative SAS GALEANO
NETWORK CENTERS DIRECTORY

CENTER ADDRESS PHONE
LOCATION RESPONSIBLE
San Cristobal Moralba 41B South Street 15A-16 East 3 62 40 00 MIREYA RODRI
GUEZ
Candelaria Belen Ave. 3 5-95 3132564041

DAGO RUN DOR
bright Star Ave. 17 F 71A-24 South 7 65 34 97 FABIO ORTIZ
Jerusalem Ave. 46 B 73C-17 South 7 18 24 82 MARIELA PINTO
MARCELA SIE
Divine Child Clle 79 south No. 16 - 29
Bolivar City RRA
JOHANNA VAR
Santo Domingo Cra 77 C No. 68 - 18 South 3153544366 GAS

Activity to do at home:
Prepare a Network Directory, using company names from Honduras
and the same table above
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
DEFINITION OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

The word ethics comes from the Greek ethikos (“character”). It is the study of morality and
human actions to promote desirable behaviors. An ethical ruling involves the elaboration of a
moral judgment and a rule that indicates how the members of a society should act.
A profession is understood as an occupation that is carried out in order to collaborate with the
well-being of a society. To carry out this work, it is necessary for the professional (person who
exercises the same) to act responsibly, following the requirements that current law establishes
for the development of that activity.
Professional ethics aims to regulate the activities carried out within the framework of a
profession. In this sense, it is a discipline that is included within applied ethics since it refers to
a specific part of reality.
It should be noted that ethics, at a general level, is not coercive (it does not impose legal or
regulatory sanctions). However, professional ethics can be, in a certain way, in the
deontological codes that regulate a professional activity. Deontology is part of what is known
as normative ethics and presents a series of principles and rules of mandatory compliance.

93
It could be said, therefore, that professional their environment).

ethics studies the binding rules collected by When we are born we acquire our legal
professional deontology. Ethics suggests personality; through which we receive a
what is desirable and condemns what should series of rights and duties that will govern
not be done, while deontology has the our lives from then on. However, to develop
administrative tools to guarantee that the a full social life it is necessary to acquire
profession is carried out ethically. professional training. That is, a particular
JOURNALIST ETHICS interest in a certain activity and the studies
It condemns the fact that a journalist necessary to develop it well. But this
receives money to publish biased news in learning is not enough, it is necessary to
favor of a certain person, organization or know how to use it; This means, exercising
company. In the business world, on the other responsibly.
hand, ethics indicates that a seller cannot A person's responsibility lies in their
carry out operations outside the company for obligation to respond for their own actions. It
which he works as an employee.
is conditioned by freedom and will. With
Professional ethics derives from a concept regard to professional ethics, the
known as business ethics that establishes responsibility of an individual obliges him to
the conditions under which human beings carry out his work ethically and fairly, trying
must relate to their environment. Both forms to cooperate, to the extent possible, with the
of work are interrelated since it is as common good. Professional ethics of
important to offer a fair service and carry out
the lawyer
responsible work as it is to preserve the
habitat in which we develop it. In the development of a profession in the
Within business ethics there are three area of Law there are a series of ethical
branches that define the relationship of principles based on human values. Bar
different professionals with their habitat. Associations usually have some type of
They are: limited economism (whose document that includes professional ethics.
fundamental objective lies in maximizing
benefits but complying with what is imposed Although they are not exclusive to this area
by current legislation, preserving the of work, some principles and values are of
environment and trying to satisfy the social special importance such as justice, loyalty,
demands of the environment), rationalist truthfulness, diligence and professional
dualism (based on the search for profit while secrecy.
respecting the principles imposed by a
rationalist ethical theory, which determines
Professional ethics of the
what is correct) and moderate realism psychologist
(understands that human beings have the
ability to know the needs of their
environment and as such are responsible for
establishing an equitable relationship with

Different groups of psychologists present that should be confused. Professional ethics,

their own professional codes or codes of in principle a philosophical discipline, deals
ethical principles and values that include the with the obligations and norms of man, not
ethics of these professionals. necessarily codified, that define a correct
exercise of the profession within human
It is about offering agreed upon parameters values of a higher order. To avoid confusion,
so that the development of their work does we will try to distinguish ethics with morality
not go beyond the scope of what is that has to do with religious values, while the
considered ethical. Some aspects of work in concept of professional ethics, which is what
Psychology can be highlighted, such as interests us, is synonymous with that of
respect for the person, confidentiality, deontological norms (Deontology is that part
honesty and responsibility. of philosophy that deals with the origin , the
nature and end of duty, in contrast to
Professional ethics of the ontology, which deals with the origin, nature
administrator and end of being). While law has to do with
the written laws that regulate the behavior of
In the area of Business Administration and humans among themselves, in a given
Management there are professional codes society, applied ethics is manifested in the
that identify the action guidelines of daily lives of people and in their individual
administrators within a framework and social responsibilities towards all
considered ethical. dimensions of life. social life. The balance
that can be achieved between moral norms
Some of the basic aspects expected in the (if one is religious), deontological and legal
role of an administrator are diligence, loyalty, is the best guarantee for the effective control
legality, honesty, decorum and the dignity of of a certain profession and as a whole for a
the profession itself. coherent coexistence within a society.
If all the rules were of an ethical nature, the
Professional ethics in computing person who in general terms we classify as
unethical or immoral would not feel affected
by them and would act with total impunity
1 .- INTRODUCTION
and without any type of restraint. On the
Computer techniques constitute a special contrary, if everything were reduced to legal
technology and, consequently, raise specific norms, we know from experience that non-
ethical and legal questions and compliance can fatally occur, since the
considerations. For this reason, it is timely to sanction cannot be carried out with the
characterize Computer Ethics and show why frequency that would apparently be
this field within Professional Ethics is an necessary. For this reason, norms that
emerging subfield of special importance for concern the internal jurisdiction of people
Computer Engineers. must coexist, along with the legal order,
Although we include concepts of ethics and which contemplates the sanction of the most
law in this same topic, they are not terms serious situations, that is, there must be

95
deontological norms. In our case it can be tions) have been created and fine-tuned.
said that there is no deontology of computing The second stage, technological
except to the extent that technologies are penetration, began in the second half of the
perceived as constituents of personal and eighties, when ICT became an integral part
social life, and when they are confronted of almost all institutions. nes of our society.
with the values that guide social creation. (in reality, the Information Revolution and
the profound change What is happening in
In terms of laws, the computer world is
the world, at the current moment it is only
essentially controlled by two types of
the tip of the iceberg of surely deeper
regulations: the law for the protection of
changes).
individual freedoms (the new Penal Code
and the LORTAD, in Spain), the law on Computer technology raises new questions
Intellectual Property and the law on the tuations and new problems and a large part
liberation of communications. (European and of these new situations and problems are of
world liberation planned for 1997 and 1998). an ethical nature; Obviously there are
attempts to solve these problems by
In the exercise of professions, deontology
applying the current general ethical rules
remains in that intermediate zone where not
and solutions, which is why it is important try
all are absolute norms of full and exclusive
to look to the past in search of better
ethical scope, nor are all legal norms. A
traditional ethical values.
reflection on the codes of ethics and conduct
does not escape the perspective of the ICT will change the world you know we
respective roles of ethics, law and the codes currently have, and from the point of view
themselves, and must also be asked about ethical, the most important and obvious thing
the meaning of renewal of ethics in the is the need for a new ethics. This new ethics
domain of technologies. computing. It is will be the ethics of computing.
sometimes said that ethics is addressed to
2.1. The global nature of computer ethics.
the individual conscience, the law to society,
and codes to the profession. Obviously it is Why this growing importance of ethics
not the objective of these notes to enter into today? It can be suggested that in the face
discussions that do not correspond to a of globalization phenomena or the
discipline of a technical nature, such as the predominance of financial software in our
one we are giving. world, professionals and businessmen have
been forced to assume their social
2 .- ETHICS IN COMPUTING responsibility.
It has been confirmed that the revolution in Numerous issues, both complex and
Formatting has followed a development in immersed in a climate of uncertainty, require
two stages similar to that suffered by the exploratory and provisional means before
Innovative Revolution. industrial: the first being assumed by law. The development of
stage, of introduction, has been occurring for applied computer ethics tends to address the
the last forty years, in which ICT (Techno need to reestablish a social context in a
Information and Communication ologies society that is, at the same time, more

complex, less secure and more vulnerable. sphere; However, the rules of computer
ethics cannot be rigorously applied, nor will
Given the global nature of the Information
they be efficient unless they are respected
Revolution, it is necessary to think that the
by the widest possible majority of users. This
future of ethics will have a global character.
means that the rules of computer ethics
It will be global in a double sense: it will
must be respected by the majority, since the
encompass the entire Globe and it will
Computer Revolution is democratic by
address all human actions and relationships.
nature, therefore, computer ethics, being
Possibly, global ethics will be a computer
universal, will be global ethics.
ethics in the future because it will be
originated by the Computer Revolution and 2. Assuming that ethics applies only to
will serve the humanity of the Computer Age. professionals, a further issue arises:
professionals, as a group, are not isolated
The global nature of ethics in the era of the
Information Revolution means that two from the society in which they work and the
function of their profession is significantly
processes take place simultaneously: the
determined by the general structure of
process of creation and the process of
society. society of which they are part.
destruction. The point is that in a human
Professional ethics, including the ethical
society conflicts will normally occur because
codes of IT professionals, can differ across
creation and destruction can be considered
cultures to the point of conflict.
as positive or negative (good or bad)
processes. The valuation depends on the
values accepted by an individual or group of 2.2. The deontology of the computer
people who are exposed to revolutionary science profession.
changes. Professional ethics requires the definition of
Computer networks, unlike other mass an occupation or profession that must be
media, have a completely global character. exercised by the person to whom said ethics
Therefore, when we talk about computer is required. Consequently, it will be good to
ethics, we are talking about emerging global define the concept of the computing
ethics and, in general, all aspects of human profession and the way in which social,
life. economic and technological change has
influenced it.
How will the concept of computer
ethics be considered, then? So, are computer professionals
professionals in the special sense
Before continuing, two clarifications must be mentioned above? Certainly, IT
made: professionals possess some of the
1. Unlike lawyers or physicists, computer appropriate characteristics.
professionals cannot protect themselves Most of them have, for example, mastery of
from activities that are their own, but that are a body of technical knowledge and, in
carried out by non-professionals. Many of general, have a higher education.
the rules of conduct of doctors or lawyers do Additionally, IT professionals have varying
not apply outside the strictly professional degrees of autonomy. In fact, those who
97
have their own consulting firms and those for the exercise of the computer science
who have worked in large companies or in profession is not yet defined or configured.
administration usually have great decision- In Spain, in the legal field, there is
making skills. Like other scientists and professional civil liability that contributes to
engineers, computer science professionals defining standards applicable to its exercise,
have great ability to direct and execute but the control of the exercise of the
projects. In contrast, many other IT profession is not controlled by professional
professionals have little autonomy. For organizations with legal personality such as
example, programmers can usually only the College of Physicians or the College of
implement the designs of others. There are lawyers. On the other hand, said recognition
professional organizations for computer of the professional corporation has been
specialists (especially in the USA, such as widely demanded by computer
ACM or the IEEE-Computer Society), but professionals, but it must overcome various
there is usually no organization recognized institutional, political and economic problems
by state, regional, or provincial governments and today, in 1997, it is still, unfortunately,
that are in charge of: “legally admitting not a reality. The question that must be
programs - licensing , or grant legal asked in order to arrive at ethics and
authorizations or licenses - or standards in deontology for computer scientists is
the field of computing. whether this profession is recognized as
such in the legal system of each country. We
It seems clear that computing is a crucial
will talk only about Spain, understanding that
part of our society and fulfills a social
most of the considerations at the Spanish
function, but computing is not a good in
level can generally be extrapolated to any
itself, like medicine or justice are. Computing
other Western country.
is an activity that relies on social institutions
and professions that, in turn, aspire to fulfill a CODE OF ETHICS
wide variety of social functions. PROFESSIONAL
The most important thing is not whether the
COLLEGE OF COMMERCIAL EXPERTS
meaning of the term professional applies to
AND PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS OF
computer science, but rather identifying the
HONDURAS
characteristics of the profession and the
framework in which its practice takes place.
INTRODUCTION
The College of Commercial Experts and
2.3. The institutional framework of the
Public Accountants of Honduras, an entity
computing profession
that was created in October 1966, with the
purpose of fighting in defense of the
Accounting Profession, aware of the need,
Computer science constitutes a relatively
today, to maintain the ethical standards of
new professional field, the general rules of
public accountants affiliated with the
responsibility are applied in it with
College, has made the decision to issue and
uncertainties, and the institutional framework
publish its Code of Ethics, for public

knowledge of the rules that all members of Code of Ethics College of Commercial
the College must respect, both in the Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras
exercise of their professional duties and in Approved at the Extraordinary General
their personal actions. Assembly held on January 28,
With the issuance of this new Code of Ethics 2005

we hope to contribute to our profession
being better qualified every day, with fair 3.1: The practice of the accounting
professionals willing to set an example of profession aims to satisfy the information
honesty that dignifies our actions. needs of public, private and individual
institutions. The above is achieved through
TITLE I OF THE SCOPE OF THE the quantification of socioeconomic facts, in
APPLICATION OF THIS CODE order to produce information to control, plan,
measure and optimize management, for the
Article 1: This Code of Professional Ethics effectiveness and timeliness of decisions.
is applicable to all Members, regardless of The Accounting Professional, as a repository
the nature of their activity or specialty, of public trust, “gives faith” when he signs a
whether it involves independent practice or document that expresses an opinion on
when acting as an official or employee of certain past, present or future economic
public or private institutions. events.
Article 2: The responsibility of a member is TITLE III BASIC ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

not only to satisfy the needs of a particular
client or employer, but is also of public Article 4: The Member, in the development
interest, understood as the common good of of his professional activity, must use in each
the people and institutions that the case the most appropriate methods of
professional serves. analysis and evaluation for the situation that
arises, within the guidelines given by the
accounting profession, he may also resort to
TITLE II OF THE DECLARATION OF specialists. different from Public Accounting
PRINCIPLES and the use of all the elements that science
and technology make available.
Article 3: The following declaration of
principles constitutes the essential Article 5: In its actions the Member must
foundation for the development of the consider and observe the following basic
standards that guide the exercise of the ethical principles:
profession of members of the College of 1. Integrity
Commercial Experts and Public Accountants
2.Objectivity
of Honduras.
3.Independence

99
4.Liability that correspond to the professional field of

action of the Member. The above is
5. Confidentiality and Professional Secrecy especially important when it comes to
6. Respect and observance of the normative certifying, ruling or giving an opinion on the
and regulatory provisions financial statements of any entity. This
7. Competence and professional updating quality is generally linked to the principles of
integrity and independence.
8. Respect among colleagues
9. Ethical conduct
5.3 Independence
The explanation of the basic principles of

In professional practice, the Member must
professional ethics is as follows: 5.1 Integrity
have and demonstrate absolute
independence with respect to any interest
The Member must maintain his moral
that could be considered incompatible with
integrity intact, regardless of the area in
the principles of integrity and objectivity, with
which he practices his professional practice.
respect to which independence, due to the
Accordingly, rectitude, probity, dignity and
peculiar characteristics of the accounting
sincerity are expected of him in any
profession, must be considered essential
circumstance.
and concomitant.
Code of Ethics College of Commercial

The Member who acts independently, will
Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras
have the obligation to maintain a free and
Approved at the Extraordinary General
impartial criterion when examining the
Assembly held on January 28, 2005
accounts and issuing his opinion regarding
the financial statements, accounts and
This principle implies other related concepts documents, he must not participate in an
that, without requiring express mention or Audit and consequently he must not express
regulation, may be related to the established an opinion when the professional be:
standards of professional action. Such
concepts could be those of moral
conscience, loyalty, truthfulness, justice and a) Relative within the fourth degree of
equity supported by positive law. consanguinity and second degree of affinity
of the owner or main partner of the company
The College will not allow the use of its or of any director, administrator or employee
name to cover up people who exercise they of the client who has intervention in the
illegally leave the profession. administration or accounts of the client itself;
5.2 Objectivity b) Director, administrator, or employee of

the client or of a company affiliated,
Objectivity represents, above all, impartiality subsidiary or that is economically or
and action without prejudice in all matters administratively linked, regardless of the way

in which he is designated or his services are commitment, which imposes the strictest
remunerated; either, professional secrecy.
c) Owner of the company or has any The Member is obliged to maintain

interference or economic connection to a professional secrecy and not to reveal for
degree that may affect your freedom of any reason the facts, data or circumstances
judgment. of which he has knowledge in the exercise of
his profession, unless authorized by him or
Code of Ethics College of Commercial the interested parties or required to do so by
Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras court order. In these cases, their
Approved at the Extraordinary General responsibilities must be safeguarded in a
way that leaves no room for doubt. However,
you may consult or exchange impressions
d) Any other circumstance that affects or among the members of the College on
appears to affect your independence.
matters of judgment or doctrine, without
identifying the people or businesses in
5.4 Responsibility
question.
Without prejudice to recognizing that The evidence of a Member's work are

responsibility, as an ethical principle, is private documents subject to reservations
implicitly included in each and every one of that can only be known by third parties, with
the standards of ethics and rules of conduct prior authorization from the client and the
of the Association, its express mention as a Member himself.
principle for all levels of accounting activity is
convenient and justified. . The Board must take appropriate measures
so that both the personnel at its service, and
In effect, the need for the sanction flows the people from whom it obtains advice or
from it, the recognition of which in ethical assistance, faithfully respect the basic
standards promotes the confidence of the ethical principles.
users of the services of the association and
unquestionably includes the qualified The Member will be obliged to maintain
capacity, required for the common good of confidentiality over the books, papers or
the profession. information of institutions or people to whom
he has provided his professional services,
5.5 Confidentiality and Professional
except in cases contemplated by legal
Secrecy.
provisions.
The relationship between the Member and Code of Ethics College of Experts
the client is the primary element in
professional practice. For this relationship to Companies and Public Accountants of
be fully successful, it must be based on a Honduras Approved in the Extraordinary
responsible, loyal and authentic General Assembly held on January 28, 2005

101
5.6 Respect and Observance of Normative exercise of the profession and for peaceful,
and Regulatory Provisions friendly and cordial coexistence.
The Member must carry out his work in strict 5.9 Ethical Conduct
compliance with the professional provisions
The member must refrain from carrying out
promulgated by the State and by the College
any act that could negatively affect the good
of Commercial Experts and Public
reputation or have repercussions in any way
Accountants of Honduras, applying the
on the discredit of the profession of the
appropriate procedures duly established.
Association and its authorities, taking into
In addition, you must observe the account that, due to the social function that
recommendations received from your clients the exercise of his profession implies, he is
or from the competent officials of the entity obliged to subject his public and private
that requires your services, provided that conduct to the highest precepts of universal
these are compatible with the basic ethical morality.
principles, as well as with the other Code of Ethics College of Commercial
principles and standards of ethics and formal Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras
rules of conduct. Approved at the Extraordinary General
5.7 Competence and Professional Update
TITLE IV OF PROFESSIONAL EXERCISE
The member must only commit, contract and
execute work for which he and his Article 6: The Member must refuse to
associates or collaborators have the provide his services when they are contrary
necessary capacity and suitability so that the to the morals, the ethical standards of the
committed services are carried out profession, or when there are conditions that
effectively and efficiently. interfere with the free and correct exercise of
the profession.
In the same way, the member, while he Article 7: The Collegiate may interrupt the
remains in active practice, must permanently provision of its services due to breach of
update the knowledge necessary for his contract by the client, however, it is
professional performance required for the recommended to initiate an agreement
common good. protocol as the first step.
Article 8: The Association must not expose
All members must receive and accredit a
the user of its services to risks that harm
minimum of forty (40) hours of training
them.
annually, in order to keep their professional
knowledge updated. Article 9: When estimating his fees, the
Chartered Accountant must remember that
5.8 Respect among colleagues
remuneration for his services does not
The member must keep in mind that constitute the main purpose of the exercise
sincerity, good faith and loyalty towards his of his profession. Based on this principle,
colleagues are basic conditions for the free

your fees will be previously agreed upon with profession when:

the client while the Accountant's Tariff is
approved. Such remuneration must not be • Omits a fact that is known or necessary to
excessive or deficient, both contrary to state so that the financial statements or their
dignity, and will charge their fees in reports do not disorient or lead to erroneous
accordance with the Tariff agreed upon by conclusions.
the College.
Article 10: The Member may not directly or • Disguise or do not report any material
indirectly grant commissions, brokerages or false information that appears in the financial
participation in work fees or profits to people statements and of which you are aware.
who are not his collaborators in professional
practice. He will seriously fail in honor and • Involves gross negligence in the
professional dignity if he directly or indirectly execution of his professional work.
intervenes in improper arrangements in
public offices, in any other organization and • You do not obtain enough information to
even between individuals. Nor may you
justify the opinion you hold; either,
accept commissions, brokerages or rewards
of any kind from people whose products or
services have been suggested to the client • Do not report any serious deviation from
in the exercise of their profession. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
and International Financial Reporting
Standards or any material omission in the
Article 11: When a Member is required to
standards and procedures applicable to you.
act as an external auditor, supervisor,
judicial expert or arbitrator in accounting
disputes, he or she will refrain from The reports and documents presented by
accepting such designation if he or she has the referee must contain the expression of
any incompatibility in accordance with the his judgment, without hiding or distorting the
provisions of Article No. 5, section 5.3 that facts in a way that could lead to error.
may reduce independence or objectivity.
Article 13: The member may not certify
TITLE V EXAMINATION OF FINANCIAL financial statements or give any professional
STATEMENTS AND INFORMATION information, without having previously
carried out the due examination in
Code of Ethics College of Commercial accordance with the applicable auditing
Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras standards through generally accepted
Approved at the Extraordinary General procedures and those recommended by the
Assembly held on January 28, 2005 College of Commercial Experts and Public
Accountants, when applicable. agreed. You
Article 12 : The Member will be considered will not sign financial statements or reports,
responsible for an act that discredits the without including an opinion written in such a
way as to clearly express your opinion; and if

103
you cannot do it, express the reasons that established in this Code. The people whose
prevent you from doing so. names appear in the company name must
be Commercial Experts and Public
Accountants and/or Graduates in Public
TITLE VI OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF Accounting duly registered. When one of the
THE ACCOUNTANT WITH HIS associates accepts a position that is
COLLEAGUES incompatible with the independent exercise
of the profession, he or she must withdraw
Article 14: Technical disagreements from professional practice within the Society
between members will be settled by the or Company for the duration of the
College of Commercial Experts and Public incompatibility.
Accountants of Honduras, through its
Technical Commissions. Article 18: In professional societies and
companies, only professionals included in
Code of Ethics College of Commercial article No. may sign financial reports and
Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras studies. 3 of the Organic Law of the College
Approved at the Extraordinary General of Commercial Experts and Public
Assembly held on January 28, 2005 Accountants of Honduras.
TITLE VIII SCOPE AND

Article 15: The Member must refrain from
making unfounded or unjustified criticism of
his colleagues and must not make them WORK LIMITATIONS
when they tend to foster a spirit of discord or Article 19: The Board will clearly indicate to
do not resolve problems of professional the people or companies that hire its
interest. services the scope of its work and the
inherent limitations, seeking to provide the
Article 16 : In competitions for the provision best service without undermining the basic
of professional services of a member or ethical principles.
accounting firm, competition is legitimate, to
the extent that the award is due to the quality Article 20: The Member who acts
of the offeror's services. independently will be free to accept or reject
the matters in which his services are
TITLE VII PROFESSIONAL requested, without the need to explain the
PARTNERSHIPS AND PROFESSIONAL reasons for his resolution, except in the case
COLLABORATION of official appointment or of the College in
which the decline must be justified.
Article 17: The Member may only
associate for professional practice for any of Code of Ethics College of Commercial
the purposes established in the Commercial Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras
Code. Associated professionals will adjust Approved at the Extraordinary General
their conduct to the ethical standards Assembly held on January 28, 2005

TITLE IX GENERAL PRECEPTS
Article 21: The Member must establish his

reputation on honesty, industriousness and
professional ability, observing the basic
ethical principles in all his actions, as well as
due decorum in his private life.
Article 22: The Collegiate has the

unavoidable duty to comply with the rules of
current positive law. Likewise, they must
adjust their professional activities to the
provisions and agreements that are
generally and mandatory issued by the
organizations authorized to do so. However,
it will record the exceptions that apply when
such regulations conflict with the precepts

105
applicable techniques.
Article 23: It is the obligation of the College to cooperate in

the exaltation of the accounting profession to the extent of
its possibilities, acting with probity and good faith. You may
not have economic or administrative ties, or participate in
any way in educational institutions whose procedures, titles
or study plans are of a lower level than those of national
institutions of recognized prestige.
SOLE CHAPTER SANCTIONS
Article 24: The Member who violates this Code of

Professional Ethics will be subject to the sanctions
established by the Special Sanctions Regulations of the
Association of Commercial Experts and Public Accountants
of Honduras.
Article 25: This code will come into effect one day after its
approval by the Extraordinary General Assembly and must
be published in the official newspaper “La Gaceta”.
Tegucigalpa, MDC, January 2005

ANNEXES
How to make a resume to work in

telecommunications:
Content :
News of the telecommunications area in Honduras
Characteristics to work in the telecommunications area
Way to write your CV to apply to the telecommunications

area
As a consequence of the enormous advances in information

technologies in the last decade, sectors linked to the
exchange of information such as
Telecommunications have
grown surprisingly and agilely. Both in Honduras and in
many countries in the Latin American region, the area of
telecommunications represents a great source of jobs for millions of people and thus manages
to potentiate and boost national economies in a convenient way. Thanks to sectors like this
that currently have a lot of labor demand, Hondurans have a real opportunity to position
themselves in the labor market and even more so if they are interested in the area of
communications. It is up to you to know how to sell yourself as a professional in the area and to
demonstrate your capabilities to companies that need the best personnel.
News of the telecommunications area in Honduras
Telecommunications began to take center stage in Honduras around 1998. Mainly its uses
were aimed at commercial interactions and served to communicate business relationships
mainly. Little by little, its development, technological innovations and the creation of companies
in charge of facilitating these services and directing them to all people allowed the
consumption demands of mobile lines, Internet browsing and cable television to increase.
Currently, this sector has managed to position itself and one of the great bases that has
allowed it is the competitiveness of the companies that provide this type of services. The
millions of people around the world who have access to any of them perceive them as a
necessity. An example of this growth in Honduras is that mobile phone services in 2006

107
were the largest since 1998. It is recorded that there were some 2 million 240 thousand
756 mobile lines in the country in 2006, while the number of fixed lines was lower: 713
thousand 597.
But not only the mobile telephone area generated a significant boom, but the entire
telecommunications sector, showing in 2010 a growth of 6% in the first four months of
that year . With this, it was classified as one of the areas with the greatest economic growth
that year and the largest generator of jobs in Honduras. To a large extent, this growth was
due to the increase in national call traffic, which was 45.5% in both mobile and landline
telephony.
For the next few years, the sector is expected to increase by more than 8.5%. One of the
actions that most promises this fact is that, given the economic and labor success that it is
having until today, the competitive costs of the Honduran market, the levels of technology and
the creation of call centers in the country, many foreign investors maintain the look at
Honduran territory to promote better development of the area and generate thousands more
jobs.
Characteristics to work in the telecommunications area
According to the still incipient stability of the telecommunications sector, the importance of
having qualified human resources to carry out efficient work within the various companies that
make up the sector is becoming increasingly necessary. The tasks carried out by professionals
in the area are those that will mark the excellence of the sector and those that will make the
predictions of success for it real. Given this situation, people interested in getting a job in
telecommunications must be aware of what telecommunications institutions are looking for.
This must be taken into account if you want to apply for a job in this sector; Your resume
should not lack features such as:
· Possess knowledge of technology.
· Master processes of sending and receiving information.
· Have mathematical and physical notions and network designs.

· Show creativity, perseverance and desire to learn.
· Understanding and interest in technology innovations and modernization processes.
The marketing of products and services offers greater professional opportunities in the sector.
The three strong telecommunications companies in Honduras are Claro, Tigo and Hondutel
and each one requires the most skilled and trained personnel to be able to sell and place their
services beneficially on the market. The expenses of these companies for sale These are
surprising and that is why they are betting on their growth. The best short-term job possibilities
in telecommunications will be for those skilled in marketing, since the positions of product
promoters or sales executives are the most offered.
Way to write your CV to apply to the telecommunications area.
· Choose a type of document structure that suits your professional case.
Keep in mind that to prepare your resume you must

Be careful and know how to organize information because
that is key to the image you will generate with your possible
patterns. Some of the recommendations that you should
followqualities
your to include
are:
·· Place characteristics and personal information such

as a decent photograph, your contact information and
particular interests of the job.
· Sort your academic record in ascending order. That is, your

educational and professional level.
· Includes the knowledge you have related to

telecommunications. For example, software management,
technology administration, languages you master, customer
service processes. customer service, etc.
· Write down your work values and personal skills. You should weigh those that are most
closely linked to what the sector is looking for, such as: teamwork, work responsibility,
punctuality, excellent customer service and treatment, kindness, productivity, ease of oral
expression and others.

109
· List all the work experience you have achieved: mention companies where you worked,
positions held and hiring periods.
· Don't forget to include professional contacts that provide reference to your development in
the work area. Remember that each reference must be key.
· In the end, you are advised to check the wording and spelling of the document you prepared
so that you avoid errors that cause a bad impression.

BIBILIOGRAPHY:
- http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curr%C3%ADculum_v%C3%ADtae
- WORK CODE
- http://www.portalcalidad.com/docs/246-formato_documentar_plan_mejora_basado_objetivos
- http://www.educaweb.com/formacion-profesional-de/formacion-orientacion-laboral/
- http://www.monografias.com/trabajos28/seguro-laboral/seguro-laboral.sht-
ml#ixzz3Y0bXtqOy
- Lat Aggressor. Attemptator. Ocamp. Chron. lib. YO. chapter 24.
- Dictionary of the Spanish language, which explains the true meaning of the voices, their nature and
quality, with the phrases or ways of speaking, the proverbs or sayings, and other things convenient to
the use of the language [ Composed by the Royal Spanish Academy. Volume three. Which
contains the letters DEF] - Madrid, 1732 (page: 417.1)
- «Entrepreneur» in L'Encyclopédie , (Page 5:732), in French in the original: «il se dit en général de celui
who is charged with an ouvrage: on dit an entrepreneur of manufactures, an entrepreneur of bâtimes,
for a manufacturier, a maçon. Voyez Manufacturier, Maçon.
- Steven Pressman: Fifty Major Economists . - Routledge (London and New York) Second edition (2006)
ISBN 0-415-36649-6 page 19.
- Say: Traité d'économie politique
- Say: Treatise on Political Economy
- Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus , Tim Hindle, The Economist, page 77,
- Promote Entrepreneurial Culture
- Schumpeter: “Theory of Economic Development”, 1911
- Interview with E. Domènech: “The future will not be written by an engineer, but rather the response to
a need will be written by it.” try”
- Cristián Marcelo Riffo Cáceres Entrepreneurial Culture
- Innovating is the main motivation of new entrepreneurs
- Luis Cacho: The promotion of entrepreneurial culture.
- Schumpeter: “Business Cycles. A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist

111
Process.”- 1939.
- For example: Slotten, Hugh Richard: Anytime, Anywhere: Entrepreneurship and the Creation of a Wire
less World (review)
- UNCTAD The importance of entrepreneurship
- The country: Investors and entrepreneurs, today's heroes
- José Ernesto Amorós: “entrepreneurs must be promoted as the new heroes”
- Global Heroes: Renaissance of Entrepreneurs
- Fernando Giner y Grima. "13 principles for entrepreneurship." Accessed July 22, 2013.
- Fernando Herrera: Entrepreneurial function and business function
- Higher Councils of Science and Technological Development: SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHILE:
CONSIDER TIONS FOR DEBATE
- Gee, S, cited by John Eastmond G, in Innovation and Technological Development
- Joel Shulman: “The mistake of entrepreneurs is wanting to do everything”
- Like Lanzadera, promoted by Juan Roig from Mercadona, or the Entrepreneurs Fund, from the Repsol
Foundation. Support for entrepreneurs with energy efficiency (September 26, 2012) Cinco Días. The
president of Mercadona increases his contribution to the Lanzadera project to four million (December
10, 2013) El Economista.es
- Florencia Roca, “Finance for Entrepreneurs” (2011): [1]
- Law 14/2013, of September 27, supporting entrepreneurs and their internationalization. http://
www.eoi.es/wiki/index.php/Cultura_emprendedora_en_Proyectos_de_negocio Article 81 EC: http://
noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/constitucion.t3.html#c2
- http://www.eoi.es/wiki/index.php/Cultura_emprendedora_en_Proyectos_de_negocio
- Code of Ethics College of Commercial Experts and Public Accountants of Honduras Approved in Assam
Extraordinary General Blea made on January 28, 2005
- http://definicion.de/etica-profesional/#ixzz456KnChDA
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_Service

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PROFA.

ANA ROMELIA FUENTES 11TH GRADE BTP

ETHICS AND GUIDANCE

Prof. Ana Romelia Fuentes Hernandez

Printed in Richard Investments

Author's Reserved Rights

La Labor, Ocotepeque, Honduras, Central America

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

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FORMAT TO DOCUMENT AN IMPROVEMENT PLAN BASED ON

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HOW TO GET ONE JOB INTERVIEW?...................................................................................41

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HOW AN ENTREPRENEUR SHOULD BE……………………………………………….....…….…81

ETHICS AND GUIDANCE PROFESSIONAL.............................................................................1

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ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

Content of the Curriculum Vitae............................................................................................43

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ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

PROFESSIONAL young people and adults who have

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

CONCEPT OF prevents them from making decisions and

JOB 19th century, slavery levels began to decline

P. 2 - ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE

1.- What does Professional Orientation

2.-What does Professional Guidance

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

osaki medical solutions ltd h

The Labor Market can be said to be

P. 4 - ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE

Demand in the labor market represents the

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

2. Here the personnel selection

Here sometimes the rights of the workers res

P. 6 - ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE

WORK GUIDE No. 2 WORK INDIVIDUALLY OR IN TEAMS

8.-What does the supply curve show?

2 .- What is the Labor Code? ta?

3 .-How does the Labor Code act in the

11.-How does the law of demand

5.- What does the job offer consist of?

10 .-How does the law of supply influence

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

P. 8 - ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

WORK GUIDE NO. 3 7.-What is the sector where it earns the

8.- What are the strategic positions with a

2.-Today, what is the primary factor taken into

9.-In the field of health, what will be the

3.- For you, what professions will have a higher

4.- What will be the key positions for

6.- What sectors will be attractive for

P. 10 - ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE

MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Of these, a little more than 34% work in

Among the main characteristics of the labor

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE - PAGE.

We hope that as soon as possible we will

P. 12 - ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE

FEMALE FACTOR who gain in population

unemployment is largely urban, enhanced by OR TUTOR.

This indicator for men is 2.7 percent and 3.7