POLICE SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION:

In this research work, we will discuss: “Police Science, and Why it is a

Police Science”, and we will determine what the difference is between
them, to do so, we must be clear about the concepts of what Police Science
and Dogma are. For this reason, we will begin the topic with generalities
and then Police Science and Police Dogma, which also means that the
exogenous factor, considered uncontrollable, the cultural factor, being
different in each country, the morality is different, in Consequently, the
ethics and mystique in each of them will be in relation to their culture and
the scientific reality in which The Police operates.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS

It is the science that aims to systematically and methodically study the

Police, as an institution and as a structure.

Science is the systematic search for true knowledge; for Police Science to
be Science, it must contain three basic elements:

 SYSTEM: It includes a set of rules and principles on the subject and

interrelationships.

 OBJECT OF STUDY : The object of this science (The Police) is

studied from the approaches of analysis of cultural reality, cultural-
historical, legal, terminological and conceptual, finalist and
evaluative.

 METHOD : Methodical knowledge or ways to know. The methods

are those that belong to the discipline that they comprise, according
to the moment of knowledge and the points of view towards the
object.

ORIGIN AND KNOWLEDGE OF POLICE SCIENCE

It is known that the different disciplines of human knowledge go towards

the most extensive specialization and police science cannot be the
exception since it tends to become a Technical-Scientific discipline,
independent, with its own basic disciplines such as criminology, criminal
investigation, administration. police, order and security and police
intelligence received from other related sciences and techniques, such as
legal, social and human sciences.
When studying the police as an institution we must highlight that a
characteristic feature of every institution consists of existing as something
different from its members and its components are: Functional (the
institution is formed in culture and is the organ of a function, it responds to
an idea , which is, in principle, a finalist and theological component).
As Historical Cultural is formed throughout a cultural process, in turn
historical, it is a necessity integrated and structured by consensus, as
Political is an organ of public power, as part of the State.
In Legal terms, it is a body of customary or written law as a state body, as a
Corporate body, it is composed of officials duly organized to fulfill a
function and they all exercise this function on behalf of the institution.
Police Science covers three requirements: System, because it includes a set
of rules and principles.
Its object of study is the Police, as an institution and structure, focused as a
holological conception (totality), where different legal, political, historical,
psychological, social, philosophical disciplines come together to integrate it
in everything necessary to investigate and expose the different Components
and methods are those that belong to the disciplines that comprise it,
according to the moment of knowledge and the points of view towards the
object.
As characteristics, Police Science is Unitary, its object is universal and it is
Total, its object is studied from a holological conception, in a totality, that
is to say that to form police science other sciences or other contributions
from different disciplines, be they legal, come together. , political,
historical, psychological, social, philosophical, as necessary to investigate
or expose the different components and structural elements of such a
complex object.
The object of this science (The Police) is studied from the approaches of
analysis of cultural, historical, legal, terminological and conceptual,
finalistic and evaluative reality, but taking into account two institutional
and structural reference points. So the task of Police Science is the
universalization of its object through a process of abstraction.
The police is the entity that introduces us to the cognitive faculty so that we
know it and the formal object of the Police as Power-Function-Body-
Profession.
If every science has a content, then Police Science is made up of the basic
disciplines (not all are sciences, some are just functions) such as
Criminalistics, order and security, criminal investigation, police
administration and police intelligence) and the auxiliary disciplines, such as
legal sciences, social sciences and human sciences among others.
The practical applications of this knowledge are known as Police
Technique.
A clear example to understand the content of Police Science is:
Police Patrol is part of the Police Technique, which, in turn, is part of Road
Safety, which in turn is part of Physical Security, in turn is part of
Comprehensive Security, which is part of the discipline or specialty called
Order and security, basic discipline of Police Science or Police Science.

COMPONENTS OF POLICE SCIENCE

What is the content of Police Science? What disciplines come to integrate

it?
Police science is made up of basic disciplines (order and security,
criminology, intelligence, administration and criminal investigation) and
various auxiliary disciplines and sciences such as legal sciences, social
sciences and human sciences.
But, not all basic disciplines are sciences, some are just functions such as
order and security, criminal investigation and intelligence.
The practical application of some basic disciplines is known as "police
technique."
A practical example of a police technique is "police patrolling", in turn,
part of road safety and physical security; which is part of comprehensive
security, a component of the police specialty "order and security."
This is a practical way to understand the content of police science, science
that perfects police doctrine.
 PRINCIPLES OF POLICE SCIENCE

The police scientist's attitude of confrontation with reality or the

criminogenic world must have some criteria that govern it, that is, some
principles on which the tasks of description, observation and explanation of
the police object are assumed.

 UNIVERSALITY: Take the criminogenic reality as a whole.

  OBJECTIVITY: The researcher must be objective in his critical
analysis of the reality he observes and describes.

 THEORETICALITY: The work in this field will have to be

eminently theoretical.

 UTILITY: The work carried out by the police scientist must be

represented by the idea of service in the community. You must
believe that the job in some way will help provide effective and
efficient police service to the community.

WHY IS IT A POLICE SCIENCE ?

Why does it have a scientific method in criminal investigation, since it

integrates all auxiliary disciplines to resolve criminogenic events.
Police studies, in order to acquire scientific hierarchy, must be
methodically founded, be systematic and relate to the same object of study.
According to the Argentine political scientist, Enrique Fentanes, science is
the systematic search for true knowledge. Mario Bunge tells us that science
is rational, systematic, exact, verifiable and, therefore, fallible knowledge.
Other authors refer that science is a system of certain knowledge about an
object that investigates its causes or explanatory reasons, acquired in a
methodical and reflective manner. Science is the systematic search for true
knowledge.
Science is a set of knowledge and research, with a sufficient degree of
unity, generality and capable of leading the men who dedicate themselves
to them to concordant conclusions that do not result from arbitrary
conventions, nor individual tastes or interests that are theirs. common, but
of objective relationships that are gradually discovered and formed by
defined methods of verification.

From this definition it follows that every science must have three
requirements: System, object of study and method.

IS POLICE SCIENCE REALLY “SCIENCE”?

Police Science covers these three requirements:

The police are a cultural phenomenon that can be systematized. It is a

system because it is a set of interrelated rules and principles on the subject.
Its object of study is the Police as an institution and structure, focused from
a holological conception (totality), where different legal, political,
historical, psychological, social, philosophical disciplines come together to
integrate it in everything necessary to investigate and expose the different
components. .
The methods are those that belong to the disciplines that comprise it,
according to the moment of knowledge and the points of view towards the
object.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICE SCIENCE

Police Science, as a factual science, has the following characteristics:

1. It is a cognitive process and activity

2. Rational, objective and systematic mode of knowledge.
3. It contains a system of directly testable statements through derived
propositions that describe and explain the nature of the state, the
behavior and the connections of the facts of empirical reality.

4. It states legaligorm propositions (laws) that can assert relatively

constant generalizations between properties of facts and fulfill them
effectively insofar as they can achieve two differentiated objectives:
cognitive (increasing knowledge of an order of objects in reality) and
pragmatic objective (predicting and controlling the properties of an
order of empirical objects).
5. The description of any factual object is a primary facet of Police
Science. It consists of apprehending the object as a phenomenon, in its
appearance and observational properties. He studies it in its particular
conjunction of causality and contingency. It proposes answers to
problematic questions such as: What substantive characteristics
distinguish the development of the Police formed at the time of the
viceroyalty? What are the correlations between the level of education
 and juvenile delinquency in minors between 12 and 15 years of age?
Explaining a fact requires posing comparable answers to questions of
the following type: How does the implications of family disintegration
intervene as a background that generates the consequences of juvenile
delinquency? Why has the Police not positioned itself in terms of
citizen security in several districts of Metropolitan Lima? ?
6. Unitary (its object is universal)
7. Total: its object is studied from a holological conception, in a totality.
That is to say, to make up police science, other sciences or other
contributions from different disciplines come together, whether legal,
political, historical, psychological, social, philosophical, in whatever is
necessary to investigate or expose the different components and
structural elements of an object. so complex.

8. The object of this science (The Police) is studied from the approaches
of analysis of cultural reality, cultural-historical, legal, terminological
and conceptual, finalist and evaluative, but taking into account two
points of reference: institutional and structural. Therefore, the task of
Police Science is the universalization of its object through a process of
abstraction.
9. This object of study is further subdivided into a material object (The
Police, an entity that presents us with the cognitive faculty so that we
can get to know it) and a formal object (The police as Power-Function-
Body-Profession).

SPECIALTIES OF POLICE SCIENCE

  CRIMINALISTICS

It is the study carried out by physical science on the things used in criminal
acts or delinquency.
Criminology deals with things and the Investigator deals with people. The
criminologist identifies and compares objects, which is called Physical
Evidence.
It is necessary to recognize that criminal science cannot act independently,
it needs that which is the directing entity, of the investigation, because in an
inalienable conjunction they will be like science and technology,
criminalistics is the vehicle and the investigation, the driver. .

CRIMINALISTICS IS INCLUDED BY:

1. forensic ballistics
2. forensic biology
3. Coin detection
4. Chemistry, physics and forensic engineering (Toxicology, chemical analysis)
5. forensic photography
6. Documentology
7. Police Identification

7.1. Forensic Odontology

7.2. Pelmastoscopy
7.3. Finger Taratology
7.4. Face identification.
8. Forensic Medicine (Traumatology, Toxicology, Pharmacology, Sexology,
Periatrics, Necropsy, etc.).
9. Forensic modeling
10. Criminalistics expertise
11. crime laboratory
12. Statistics applied to criminology.
13. History of Criminalistic Investigation
14. Physics applied to the study of evidence.
15. Forensic psychology

ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECT OF POLICE SCIENCE

The object of study of police science (the police) is a varied and

complex object that also requires a complex methodology, that is, there
are different paths that lead to the police object and its achievement
determines the methods that we must use. To understand the police as
an institution, we must examine it through a series of analyses, which in
turn are produced through a methodology that corresponds to the subject
whose nature is sought.

To penetrate the object of police science, we must first carry out an

analysis of cultural reality (all science of culture is a science of facts and
they are represented by reality, the factual, the matter of knowledge.
 The facts that we understand are, therefore, cultural reality and we only
assimilate them through the facts in which they are expressed or
appreciated by our senses). Then a historical analysis (the history of the
PNP that has contributed to the development of what exists), the
semantic and conceptual analysis, the axiological analysis (principles
and values), the legal analysis and finally, the teleological or finalist
analysis.

AN AL IS IS D E L O B JE TO D E L A C IE N C IA
P O L IC IAL

O BJETO DE LA
CIEN CIA PO LICIA L

AN ALIS IS JU R ÍD IC O

A N A L IS IS D E L A
R E A L ID A D C U L T U R A L
A N A L IS IS
E X IO L Ó G IC O O
V A L O R A T IV O

CUERPO-
IN S TITU C IÓ N
 AN ALIS IS
FIN ALISTA
AN Á LIS IS
H ISTÓ R IC O

AN ALIS IS
S E M Á N TIC O -
C O N C E PTU AL

CONCLUSIONS

 Police science aims at the systematic and methodical study of the

Police as an institution and as a structure. To consider Police science as
such, it has been determined that it has three requirements: System, The
Object of Study and The Method.
 It is a system because it includes a set of rules and principles, its Object
of Study is the Police, as an institution and structure focused from a
totalitarian conception where different Legal, Political, Historical,
Social Psychological and philosophical disciplines are integrated, in
everything that concerns to investigate and expose the different
components and the Methods are those that belong to the disciplines
that comprise it, oriented by knowledge and the object. Culture as a
characteristic is unitary for its object and is total from a Holological
conception, requiring the concurrence of other sciences, it has a
cognitive or formal part and the Police as Power. We must understand
 that Police science is made up of the basic disciplines clearly of a
Police nature and auxiliary sciences, social sciences and human
sciences, among others.
 The Police as a structure is studied by internal organic dogmatics,
observing in this field the historical institutional behavior throughout
Police history, interrelating its functions with other institutions. The
Police as a structure is a dynamic and interrelated living organism.

RECOMMENDATIONS

 The benefits of Police Science and the relationship with its doctrine are
in its real application, with the observance of the Codes, laws, rules and
regulations of the National Police of Peru. Therefore, this observance is
directed primarily at the members of the institution at all levels, in
order to unify criteria consequently a Doctrine Unit in the application
of the activities and functions of the PNP Interrelated with other
institutions.
 All aspects of Police Science and the relationship with police doctrine,
already mentioned, are of utmost importance, since it provides the basic
framework for police doctrine and enables it to issue the
complementary and regulatory standards that it needs for the best
fulfillment of its objectives. functions and achieve their development
objectives.