鸟哥的Linux私房菜基础学习篇第四版鸟哥 full chapter download PDF

■■■Linux■■■ ■■■■■ ■■■ ■■
Visit to download the full and correct content document:

https://ebookstep.com/download/ebook-35681914/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Chrestomathia Historica Vol 1 Diodori Liber IV et major

pars libri V ac Pausaniae Liber IV
https://ebookstep.com/product/chrestomathia-historica-
vol-1-diodori-liber-iv-et-major-pars-libri-v-ac-pausaniae-liber-
iv/
Die Staatskonkurs Aufgaben im Jahre Die Aufgaben in den

Jahren 1885 bis 88 für die Rechstpraktikanten in der
Pfalz
https://ebookstep.com/product/die-staatskonkurs-aufgaben-im-
jahre-die-aufgaben-in-den-jahren-1885-bis-88-fur-die-
rechstpraktikanten-in-der-pfalz/
Anadolu da I s letmeye Ac ■lan I lk Demiryolu Hatt■ I

zmir Kasaba Hatt■ ve Uzant■lar■ 1st Edition Arif Kolay
https://ebookstep.com/product/anadolu-da-i-s-letmeye-ac-ilan-i-
lk-demiryolu-hatti-i-zmir-kasaba-hatti-ve-uzantilari-1st-edition-
arif-kolay/
Hokhmat Sopher Melanges Offerts Au Professeur Emile

Puech En l Honneur de Son Quatre Vingtieme Anniversaire
Etudes Bibliques 88 1st Edition M Staszak Editor J S
Rey Editor
https://ebookstep.com/product/hokhmat-sopher-melanges-offerts-au-
professeur-emile-puech-en-l-honneur-de-son-quatre-vingtieme-
anniversaire-etudes-bibliques-88-1st-edition-m-staszak-editor-j-
Sunan Ad Darimi Jilid 2 Imam Ad Darimi
https://ebookstep.com/product/sunan-ad-darimi-jilid-2-imam-ad-
darimi/
Orgia dos loucos 1st Edition Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa
https://ebookstep.com/product/orgia-dos-loucos-1st-edition-
ungulani-ba-ka-khosa/
Le Psautier Troisieme livre Ps 73 89 1st Edition R

Meynet
https://ebookstep.com/product/le-psautier-troisieme-livre-
ps-73-89-1st-edition-r-meynet/
Power Negara Syarifurohmat Pratama Santoso S Ip

Christine Anggi Sidjabat Ba Ir M Han
https://ebookstep.com/product/power-negara-syarifurohmat-pratama-
santoso-s-ip-christine-anggi-sidjabat-ba-ir-m-han/
Dealing With The Bad Boy Febriani Ad.
https://ebookstep.com/product/dealing-with-the-bad-boy-febriani-
ad/
目录及概述
这本书的所有内容是学习Linux的基础，这些内容是基础中的基础，如果您能将其
中的文字都看完并且消化过，那么未来在管理 Linux主机以及架设网站方面，就能够达到
“事半功倍”的成效，请不要忽略这些内容了！否则，再怎么讨论都是枉然的啦！^_^。
Linux的资料非常的多，每份资料彼此的相关性都很强，要单独的一项一项讲解并不容
易，那么这本书件该怎么看呢？建议先按照顺序将内容大致浏览过一次，看不懂的地方
也可以先略过不要紧。全部看完之后，再从头开始“仔细”的实际操作过一遍，那应该就能
够进入Linux的世界啰～
另外，每个章节下面的日期，指的是重大改版日期而非最新日期，最新日期请以该
章节结束部分的工作日志为主的喔！
Linux 的学习曲线，一个老人家的建议！
1. VBird 与 Linux
2. VBird 的 Linux 学习之路
3. 学习心态的分别
4. 基本的学习流程
5. 基本的建站流程表
6. 简易的安全防护
第一部份 Linux 的规划与安装
常常听到Linux具有非常优良的血统，所以具有相当良好的多用户多任务环
境，可以方便程序设计师来开发软件。此外，Linux本身是不用钱的“自由软件”，使
用上面并没有所谓的“盗版”问题。但是，为什么Linux不用钱？随便修改或发布
Linux为什么不会被罚？为什么Linux有这么多的版本？包括Fedora, SuSE, CentOS,
Debian等等？这个都是我们必须要来了解的部分！了解这些部分，你才会对Linux
有一个正确的理解，才能够跟你的同事、同学、上司说明，为什么使用Linux具有很
多优点与好处！ ^_^
Linux并不好学习，鸟哥也是“重伤”过好几次才能对Linux有一些基础的认知。
那么到底应该如何学习Linux呢？关键在实作。既然要实作就得要实际的安装一部
Linux，那么Linux要安装前需要熟悉哪些基础观念？计算机概论是非常重要的一
环！因为Linux与硬件的关系还不小～此外，打造一台Windows/Linux共存的主机也
是很有用的，至少对于需要多平台但又缺乏空间与金钱的朋友来说，这样的处理是
非常有用的！
在第一篇里面，我们会由计算机概论谈起，再讲到Linux的历史渊源与自由软
件的关系，然后重点在于如何规划硬件与Linux安装，最后谈到如何登陆与使用
Linux图形/命令行的环境。本篇数据较多，第一次接触Linux的新朋友，很多数据若
看不懂可以先略过，等到后续文章都读完了再回来看，才会有帮助喔！ ^_^
第零章计算机概论
鸟哥在大专院校的教学经验中发现到，由于对 Linux 有兴趣的朋友很多可能
并非信息相关专业出身，因此对于计算机硬件及计算机方面的概念不熟。然而操作
系统这种咚咚跟硬件.....2015/04/16
0.1 电脑：辅助人脑的好工具
0.1.1 计算机硬件的五大单元
0.1.2 一切设计的起点：CPU 的架构, RISC与ARM, CISC与
x86
0.1.3 其他单元的设备
0.1.4 运行流程
0.1.5 电脑按用途分类
0.1.6 电脑上面常用的计算单位（容量、速度等）
0.2 个人电脑架构与相关设备元件
0.2.1 执行脑袋运算与判断的 CPU：CPU的工作频率,32位与
64位,CPU等级, 超线程
0.2.2 内存：多通道, DRAM与SRAM, ROM
0.2.3 显卡：PCIe 规格
0.2.4 硬盘与储存设备：物理组成,盘片与扇区,传输接口
（SATA,SAS,USB..）,SSD,购买与运行
0.2.5 扩展卡与接口
0.2.6 主板
0.2.7 电源供应器
0.2.8 选购须知
0.3 数据表示方式
0.3.1 数字系统
0.3.2 文字编码系统
0.4 软件程序运行
0.4.1 机器程序与编译程序
0.4.2 操作系统
0.4.3 应用程序
0.5 重点回顾
0.6 本章习题
0.7 参考资料与延伸阅读
第一章 Linux是什么/如何学习
众所皆知的，Linux的核心原型是1991年由托瓦兹（Linus Torvalds）写出来
的，但是托瓦兹为何可以写出Linux这个操作系统？为什么他要选择386的计算机来
开发？为什么Linux的发展可以这么迅速？又为什么Linux是免费的？.....2015/04/23
1.1 Linux是什么
1.1.1 Linux是什么？操作系统/应用程序？
1.1.2 Linux之前，Unix的历史
1.1.3 关于GNU计划、自由软件与开放源代码
1.2 Torvalds的Linux发展
1.2.1 与Minix之间
1.2.2 对386硬件的多任务测试
1.2.3 初次释出Linux 0.02
1.2.4 Linux的发展：虚拟团队的产生
1.2.5 Linux 的核心版本
1.2.6 Linux distributions
1.3 Linux当前应用的角色
1.3.1 企业环境的利用
1.3.2 个人环境的使用
1.3.3 云端运用
1.4 Linux 该如何学习
1.4.1 从头学习Linux基础
1.4.2 选择一本易读的工具书
1.4.3 实作再实作
1.4.4 发生问题怎么处理啊？建议流程是这样...
1.4.5 鸟哥的建议（重点在solution的学习）
1.5 重点回顾
1.6 本章习题
第二章主机规划与磁盘分区
事实上，要安装好一部Linux主机并不是那么简单的事情，你必须要针对
distributions的特性、服务器的软件能力、未来的升级需求、硬件扩充性需求等等
来考虑，还得要知道磁盘分区、文件系统.....2015/04/28
2.1 Linux与硬件的搭配
2.1.1 认识计算机的硬件配备
2.1.2 选择与Linux搭配的主机配备：硬件支持相关网站
2.1.3 各硬件设备在Linux中的文件名
2.1.4 使用虚拟机学习
2.2 磁盘分区
2.2.1 磁盘连接的方式与设备文件名的关系
2.2.2 MSDOS（MBR）与 GPT 磁盘分区表（partition
table）
2.2.3 开机流程中的 BIOS 与 UEFI 开机检测程序
2.2.4 Linux安装模式下，磁盘分区的选择（极重要）
2.3 安装Linux前的规划
2.3.1 选择适当的distribution
2.3.2 主机的服务规划与硬件的关系
2.3.3 主机硬盘的主要规划（partition）
2.3.4 鸟哥的两个实际案例
2.4 重点回顾
2.5 本章习题
第三章安装CentOS 7.x与多重开机技巧
Linux distributions越作越成熟，所以在安装方面也越来越简单！虽然安装非
常的简单，但是刚刚前一章所谈到的基础认知还是需要了解的，包括MBR,
partition, boot loader, mount, software的.....2015/05/06
3.1 本练习机的规划--尤其是分区参数
3.2 开始安装CentOS 7
3.2.1 调整开机媒体（BIOS）与虚拟机创建流程
3.2.2 选择安装模式与开机：inst.gpt 参数
3.2.3 在地设置之时区、语系与键盘配置
3.2.4 安装来源设置与软件选择
3.2.5 磁盘分区与文件系统设置
3.2.6 核心管理与网络设置
3.2.7 开始安装、设置 root 密码与新增可切换身份之一般
用户
3.2.8 准备使用系统前的授权同意
3.2.9 其他功能：RAM testing, 安装笔记本电脑的核心参数
（Option）
3.3 多重开机安装流程与管理（Option）
3.3.1 安装 CentOS 7.x + windows 7 的规划
3.3.2 进阶安装 CentOS 7.x 与 Windows 7
3.3.3 救援 MBR 内的开机管理程序与设置多重开机菜单
3.4 重点回顾
3.5 本章习题
第四章首次登陆与线上求助 man page
终于可以开始使用Linux这个有趣的系统了！由于Linux系统使用了非同步的磁
盘/内存数据传输模式，同时又是个多用户多任务的环境，所以你不能随便的不正
常关机，关机有一定的程序喔！错误的关机方法.....2015/06/02
4.1 首次登陆系统
4.1.1 首次登陆CentOS 7.x图形接口
4.1.2 GNOME的操作与登出,应用程序,文件资源管理器,中文
输入法,登出窗口,快速重启 X
4.1.3 X Window与文字模式的切换, startx
4.1.4 在终端接口登陆linux
4.2 文字模式下指令的下达
4.2.1 开始下达指令, 语系的支持
4.2.2 基础指令的操作, cal, bc
4.2.3 重要的几个热键[Tab], [ctrl]-c, [ctrl]-d,
[shift]+[UP/DOWN]
4.2.4 错误讯息的查看
4.3 Linux系统的线上求助man page与info page
4.3.1 指令的 --help 求助说明
4.3.2 man page, mandb/makewhatis
4.3.3 info page
4.3.4 其他有用的文件（documents）
4.4 超简单文书编辑器： nano
4.5 正确的关机方法: sync, shutdown, reboot, halt,
poweroff, systemctl
4.6 重点回顾
4.7 本章习题
第二部分 Linux 文件、目录与磁盘格式
安装完了 Linux 之后，接着下来自然就是要使用他了！我们在开机与关机及
简易指令操作稍微说明了指令下达的方法，以及指令线上查询的方式，因此您可以
轻易的使用命令行界面来进行诸多的动作与工作。那么接着下来呢？当然就是想要
知道 Linux 里面有什么东西啰，所以，在这一个部分当中，我们将介绍 Linux 最基
本的文件权限概念，与每个文件目录所带有的意涵。
当然啰，要了解权限的概念，那么对于不同的“身份”就需要了解一下才行，
不同的身份的人，所创建的或拥有的文件是否会相同呢？例如系统管理员与一般身
份使用者的文件？当然不太一样！除此之外，如果您的硬盘空间不足，需要增加硬
盘时，应该要如何新增呢？还有，内存不足的情况下，有没有增进虚拟内存容量的
方法？在接下来的几个章节之中，我们将介绍 Linux 主要的文件架构、以及磁盘在
Linux 当中该如何使用及挂载等问题。
第五章 Linux文件权限与目录配置
Linux最优秀的地方之一，就在于他的多用户多任务的环境。而为了让各个使
用者具有较保密的文件数据，因此文件的权限管理就变的很重要了。 Linux一般将
文件可存取的身份分为三个类别，分别是 owner/group/other，且三种身份各有
read/write/execute.....2015/06/03
5.1 使用者与群组
5.2 Linux文件权限概念
5.2.1 Linux文件属性, 改变语系的 locale
5.2.2 如何改变文件属性与权限：chgrp, chown, chmod
5.2.3 目录与文件之权限意义：, 数据夹与抽屉,各项动作所
需最小权限
5.2.4 Linux文件种类与扩展名
5.3 Linux目录配置
5.3.1 Linux目录配置的依据--FHS：/, /usr, /var
5.3.2 目录树（directory tree）
5.3.3 绝对路径与相对路径
5.3.4 CentOS 的观察：lsb_release
5.4 重点回顾
5.5 本章练习
第六章 Linux文件与目录管理
在第五章我们认识了Linux系统下的文件权限概念以及目录的配置说明。在这
个章节当中，我们就直接来进一步的操作与管理文件与目录吧！包括在不同的目录
间变换、创建与删除目录、创建与删除文件，还有寻找文件、查阅文件内
容.....2015/06/16
6.1 目录与路径
6.1.1 相对路径与绝对路径
6.1.2 目录的相关操作： cd, pwd, mkdir, rmdir
6.1.3 关于可执行文件路径的变量： $PATH
6.2 文件与目录管理
6.2.1 文件与目录的检视： ls
6.2.2 复制、删除与移动： cp, mv
6.2.3 取得路径的文件名称与目录名称
6.3 文件内容查阅
6.3.1 直接检视文件内容： cat, tac, nl
6.3.2 可翻页检视： more, less
6.3.3 数据撷取： head, tail
6.3.4 非纯文本文件： od
6.3.5 修改文件时间与创建新文件： touch
6.4 文件与目录的默认权限与隐藏权限
6.4.1 文件默认权限：umask
6.4.2 文件隐藏属性：chattr, lsattr
6.4.3 文件特殊权限：SUID, SGID,SBIT, 权限设置
6.4.4 观察文件类型：file
6.5 指令与文件的搜寻
6.5.1 指令文件名的搜寻：which
6.5.2 文件文件名的搜寻：whereis,locate / updatedb,
find
6.6 极重要的复习！权限与指令间的关系
6.7 重点回顾
6.8 本章习题
第七章 Linux 磁盘与文件系统管理
系统管理员很重要的任务之一就是管理好自己的磁盘文件系统，每个分区不
可太大也不能太小，太大会造成磁盘容量的浪费，太小则会产生文件无法储存的困
扰。此外，我们在前面几章谈到的文件权限与属性中，这些权限与属性分别记录
在.....2015/06/26
7.1 认识 Linux 文件系统

7.1.1 磁盘组成与分区的复习
7.1.2 文件系统特性：索引式文件系统
7.1.3 Linux 的 EXT2 文件系统（inode）: data block,
superblock,dumpe2fs
7.1.4 与目录树的关系
7.1.5 EXT2/EXT3 文件的存取与日志式文件系统的功能
7.1.6 Linux 文件系统的运行
7.1.7 挂载点的意义（mount point）
7.1.8 其他 Linux 支持的文件系统与 VFS
7.1.9 XFS 文件系统简介： xfs_info
7.2 文件系统的简单操作
7.2.1 磁盘与目录的容量：df, du
7.2.2 实体链接与符号链接：ln
7.3 磁盘的分区、格式化、检验与挂载
7.3.1 观察磁盘分区状态：, parted
7.3.2 磁盘分区 gdisk/fdisk：gdisk, fdisk
7.3.3 磁盘格式化（创建文件系统）：mkfs.xfs, mkfs.xfs
for raid,mkfs.ext4, mkfs
7.3.4 文件系统检验：xfs_repair, fsck.ext4
7.3.5 文件系统挂载与卸载： mount, umount
7.3.6 磁盘/文件系统参数修订： mknod, xfs_admin,
tune2fs
7.4 设置开机挂载
7.4.1 开机挂载 /etc/fstab 及 /etc/mtab
7.4.2 特殊设备 loop 挂载（镜像文件不烧录就挂载使
用）：挂载DVD,大型文件, dd
7.5 内存交换空间（swap）之创建
7.5.1 使用实体分区创建swap：mkswap, free, swapon,
swapoff
7.5.2 使用文件创建swap
7.6 文件系统的特殊观察与操作
7.6.1 磁盘空间之浪费问题
7.6.2 利用 GNU 的 parted 进行分区行为（Optional）
7.7 重点回顾
7.8 本章习题 - 第一题一定要做
第八章文件的压缩与打包
在 Linux 下面有相当多的压缩指令可以运行喔！这些压缩指令可以让我们更
方便从网络上面下载大型的文件呢！此外，我们知道在 Linux 下面的扩展名是没有
什么很特殊的意义的，不过，针对这些压缩指令所做出来的压缩文件，为了方便记
忆.....2015/07/16
8.1 压缩文件的用途与技术
8.2 Linux 系统常见的压缩指令
8.2.1 gzip, zcat/zmore/zless/zgrep
8.2.2 bzip2, bzcat/bzmore/bzless/bzgrep
8.2.3 xz, xzcat/xzmore/xzless/xzgrep
8.3 打包指令:tar, 解压后的 SELinux 课题
8.4 XFS 文件系统的备份与还原
8.4.1 XFS 文件系统备份 xfsdump
8.4.2 XFS 文件系统还原 xfsrestore
8.5 光盘写入工具
8.5.1 mkisofs：创建镜像文件： isoinfo
8.5.2 cdrecord：光盘烧录工具
8.6 其他常见的压缩与备份工具
8.6.1 dd
8.6.2 cpio
8.7 重点回顾
8.8 本章习题
第三部分：学习 Shell 与 Shell scripts
了解了基本的 Linux 文件属性与目录的配置之后，在进入更深入的 Linux 世
界之前，有几个课题还是一定要知道的，那就是我们所使用的这个文字模式接口，
也就是所谓的“Shell”这个咚咚。在 Linux 的世界中，使用的是 GNU 发展出来的强化
的第二代 shell ，称为 BASH Shell ，他有什么特异功能呢？简单的说，我们之前下
达的几个指令都是 bash 管理的，除此之外，他还可以记录指令、文件或命令的补
全功能、环境变量的使用等等，还有很多功能等着你去发掘呢！
在知道了部分的 bash 功能后，在接着下来，我们还得了解一下什么是数据流

重导向？还有常规表达式等等的问题，这都是未来我们系统管理员在管理主机上
面，一个不可缺乏的利器！当然啰，要将这些功能整合起来运用的话，就不能不学
习一下所谓的脚本“ shell scripts ”，他具有基础的程序能力（ Program ），当真是
个管理系统的好帮手呢！
再来，在未来的建站设置当中，常会使用到文字编辑器来编辑参数配置文
件，这个时候，系统管理员至少务必要熟悉一套命令行下的文书编辑软件，当然不
限制哪一套软件啦，但是 vi 是最标准的 Unix-Like 的命令行之文书处理软件，所
以，我们几乎一定可以在每部 Unix-Like 上面发现他的踪迹，所以，就来了解他一下
吧，这也是挺重要的工作呢！
第九章 vim程序编辑器
系统管理员的重要工作就是得要修改与设置某些重要软件的配置文件，因此
至少得要学会一种以上的命令行的文书编辑器。在所有版本的 Linux 上头都会有的
一套文书编辑器就是 vi ，而且很多软件.....2015/07/07
9.1 vi 与 vim
9.1.1 为何要学 vim
9.2 vi 的使用
9.2.1 简易执行范例
9.2.2 按键说明
9.2.3 一个案例的练习
9.2.4 vim 的暂存盘、救援回复与打开时的警告讯息
9.3 vim 的额外功能
9.3.1 区块选择（Visual Block）
9.3.2 多文件编辑
9.3.3 多窗口功能
9.3.4 vim 的挑字补全功能
9.3.5 vim 环境设置与记录： ~/.vimrc, ~/.viminfo
9.3.6 vim 常用指令示意图
9.4 其他 vim 使用注意事项
9.4.1 中文编码的问题
9.4.2 DOS 与 Linux 的断行字符： dos2unix,unix2dos
9.4.3 语系编码转换： iconv
9.5 重点回顾
9.6 本章习题
第十章认识与学习 BASH
在 Linux 的环境下，如果你不懂 bash 是什么，那么其他的东西就不用学了！
因为前面几章我们使用终端机下达指令的方式，就是通过 bash 的环境来处理的
喔！所以说，他很重要吧！bash 的东西非常的多，包括变量.....2015/07/09
10.1 认识 BASH 这个 Shell

10.1.1 硬件、核心与 Shell
10.1.2 为何要学命令行的 shell
10.1.3 系统的合法 shell 与 /etc/shells 功能
10.1.4 Bash shell 的功能
10.1.5 查询指令是否为 Bash shell 的内置命令： type
10.1.6 指令的下达与快速编辑按钮
10.2 Shell 的变量功能
10.2.1 什么是变量？
10.2.2 变量的取用与设置：echo, 变量设置规则, unset
10.2.3 环境变量的功能：env 与常见环境变量说明, set,
export
10.2.4 影响显示结果的语系变量（locale）
10.2.5 变量的有效范围
10.2.6 变量键盘读取、阵列与宣告： read, declare,
array
10.2.7 与文件系统及程序的限制关系： ulimit
10.2.8 变量内容的删除、取代与替换（Optional）：删除
与取代,测试与替换
10.3 命令别名与历史命令
10.3.1 命令别名设置： alias, unalias
10.3.2 历史命令： history, HISTSIZE
10.4 Bash shell 的操作环境
10.4.1 路径与指令搜寻顺序
10.4.2 bash 的进站与欢迎讯息： /etc/issue, /etc/motd
10.4.3 环境配置文件:login, non-login shell,
/etc/profile, ~/.bash_profile, source, ~/.bashrc
10.4.4 终端机的环境设置： stty, set
10.4.5 万用字符与特殊符号
10.5 数据流重导向（Redirection）
10.5.1 何谓数据流重导向？
10.5.2 命令执行的判断依据： ; , &&, ||
10.6 管线命令（pipe）
10.6.1 撷取命令：cut, grep
10.6.2 排序命令：sort, uniq, wc
10.6.3 双向重导向：tee
10.6.4 字符转换命令：tr, col, join, expand
10.6.5 分区命令： split
10.6.6 参数代换： xargs
10.6.7 关于减号 - 的用途
10.7 重点回顾
10.8 本章习题
第十一章正则表达式与文件格式化处理
正则表达式（Regular Expression, RE, 或称为常规表达式）是通过一些特殊
字符的排列，用以“搜寻/取代/删除”一列或多列文字字串，简单的说，正则表达式
就是用在字串的处理上面的一项“表示式”。正则表达式并.....2015/07/14
11.1 开始之前：什么是正则表达式
11.2 基础正则表达式
11.2.1 语系对正则表达式的影响
11.2.2 grep 的一些进阶选项
11.2.3 基础正则表达式练习
11.2.4 基础正则表达式字符汇整（characters）
11.2.5 sed 工具：行的新增/删除, 行的取代/显示,搜寻并
取代, 直接改档
11.3 延伸正则表达式
11.4 文件的格式化与相关处理
11.4.1 printf：格式化打印
11.4.2 awk：好用的数据处理工具
11.4.3 文件比对工具：, cmp, patch
11.4.4 文件打印准备工具： pr
11.5 重点回顾
11.6 本章习题
第十二章学习 shell scripts
如果你真的很想要走信息这条路，并且想要好好的管理好属于你的主机，那
么，别说鸟哥不告诉你，可以自动管理你的系统的好工具： Shell scripts 真的是得
要好好学习学习的！基本上， shell script 有点像是早期的批处理文件，亦即
是.....2015/07/17
12.1 什么是 Shell Script

12.1.1 干嘛学习 shell scripts
12.1.2 第一支 script 的撰写与执行
12.1.3 撰写 shell script 的良好习惯创建
12.2 简单的 shell script 练习
12.2.1 简单范例：对谈式脚本, 随日期变化, 计算 pi
12.2.2 script 的执行方式差异（source, sh script,
./script）
12.3 善用判断式
12.3.1 利用 test 指令的测试功能
12.3.2 利用判断符号 [ ]
12.3.3 Shell script 的默认变量（$0, $1...）： shift
12.4 条件判断式
12.4.1 利用 if .... then：单层简单条件,多重复杂条件,
网络状态,退伍
12.4.2 利用 case ..... esac 判断
12.4.3 利用 function 功能
12.5 循环（loop）
12.5.1 while...do...done, until...do...done （不定循
环）
12.5.2 for...do...done （固定循环）：帐号检查,网络状
态 $（seq ）
12.5.3 for...do...done 的数值处理
12.5.4 搭配乱数与阵列的实验
12.6 shell script 的追踪与 debug
12.7 重点回顾
12.8 本章习题
第四部分：Linux 使用者管理
好了！终于要到了管理 Linux 帐号的时刻了！对于 Linux 有一定的熟悉度之
后，再来就是要管理连上 Linux 的帐号问题了！这个帐号的问题可大可小啦！大到
可以限制他使用 Linux 主机的各项资源，小到甚至一般帐号的密码订定规则都可以
进行规定！端看您对于安全的需求啦！此外，如果站在资源平均分配的角度上，那
么 Linux 主机上面有限的资源当然是平均分配给大家比较好！这个时候就得来规定
一下“谁可以使用多少的硬盘空间？”那就是 Quota 喔！呵呵！厉害吧！
在订定完了一些帐号的规则之后，那么我们就继续来管理一下主机的系统与
程序的管理吧！这个包括了观察每个程序（Process）与工作调度及工作管理（
jobs control ），这些也都是很重要的工作呢！
第十三章 Linux 帐号管理与 ACL 权限控制

要登陆 Linux 系统一定要有帐号与密码才行，否则怎么登陆，您说是吧？不
过，不同的使用者应该要拥有不同的权限才行吧？我们还可以通过 user/group 的
特殊权限设置，来规范出不同的群组开发专案呢.....2015/07/22
13.1 Linux 的帐号与群组

13.1.1 使用者识别码： UID 与 GID
13.1.2 使用者帐号：/etc/passwd 文件结构, /etc/shadow
文件结构
13.1.3 关于群组： /etc/group 文件结构,有效与初始群组,
groups, newgrp, /etc/gshadow
13.2 帐号管理
13.2.1 新增与移除使用者： useradd, useradd 参考档,
passwd, chage, userdel
13.2.2 使用者功能：id, finger,chfn, chsh
13.2.3 新增与移除群组：groupadd, groupmod,
groupdel,gpasswd 群组管理员
13.2.4 帐号管理实例
13.2.5 使用外部身份认证系统
13.3 主机的细部权限规划：ACL 的使用
13.3.1 什么是 ACL 与如何支持启动 ACL
13.3.2 ACL 的设置技巧：setfacl, getfacl,ACL 的设置
（user, group mask, default）
13.4 使用者身份切换
13.4.1 su
13.4.2 sudo： sudo 指令, visudo （/etc/sudoers）（帐
号, 限制指令, 别名, 配合 su）
13.5 使用者的特殊 shell 与 PAM 模块
13.5.1 特殊的 shell :/sbin/nologin, nologin.txt
13.5.2 PAM 模块简介
13.5.3 PAM 模块设置语法：验证类别（type）、控制标准
（flag）、模块与参数
13.5.4 常用模块简介： securetty,nologin,
pam_pwquality,login流程
13.5.5 其他相关文件： limits.conf
13.6 Linux 主机上的使用者讯息传递
13.6.1 查询使用者： w, who, last, lastlog
13.6.2 使用者对谈： write, mesg, wall
13.6.3 使用者邮件信箱： mail
13.7 CentOS 7 环境下大量创建帐号的方法
13.7.1 一些帐号相关的检查工具：pwck, pwconv, chpasswd
13.7.2 大量创建帐号范本（适用 passwd --stdin 选项）
13.8 重点回顾
13.9 本章习题
第十四章磁盘配额（Quota）与进阶文件系统管理
如果您的 Linux 服务器有多个用户经常存取数据时，为了维护所有使用者在
硬盘容量的公平使用，磁盘配额（Quota）就是一项非常有用的工具！另外，如果
你的用户常常抱怨磁盘容量不够用，那么更进阶的文件系统就得要学习学
习.....2015/07/28
14.1 磁盘配额（Quota）的应用与实作

14.1.1 什么是 Quota：一般用途, 限制, 规范
（inode/block, soft/hard, grace time）
14.1.2 一个 XFS 文件系统的 Quota 的实作范例
14.1.3 实作 Quota 流程-1：文件系统的支持与观察
（/etc/fstab, /etc/mtab）
14.1.4 实作 Quota 流程-2：观察 Quota 报告数据
（xfs_quota,print, df, report, state）
14.1.5 实作 Quota 流程-3：限制值设置方式（limit,
grace_time）
14.1.6 实作 Quota 流程-4：project 的限制（针对目录限
制）（Optional）
14.1.7 XFS quota 的管理与额外指令对照表
14.1.8 不更动既有系统的 Quota 实例
14.2 软件磁盘阵列（Software RAID）
14.2.1 什么是 RAID： RAID-0, RAID-1,RAID1+0, Spare
disk
14.2.2 software, hardware RAID
14.2.3 软件磁盘阵列的设置： mdadm --create
14.2.4 仿真 RAID 错误的救援模式： mdadm --manage
14.2.5 开机自动启动 RAID 并自动挂载
14.2.6 关闭软件 RAID（重要！）
14.3 逻辑卷轴管理员（Logical Volume Manager）
14.3.1 什么是 LVM： PV, PE, VG, LV 的意义
14.3.2 LVM 实作流程： PV 阶段, VG 阶段,LV 阶段, 文件
系统阶段
14.3.3 放大 LV 容量： xfs_growfs
14.3.4 使用 LVM thin Volume 让 LVM 动态自动调整磁盘使
用率
14.3.5 LVM 的磁盘快照：创建传统快照, 以快照还原,用于
测试环境
14.3.6 LVM 相关指令汇整与 LVM 的关闭
14.4 重点回顾
14.5 本章习题
第十五章例行性工作调度（crontab）
学习了基础篇也一阵子了，你会发现到为什么系统常常会主动的进行一些任
务？这些任务到底是谁在设置工作的？如果你想要让自己设计的备份程序可以自动
的在系统下面执行，.....2015/07/31
15.1 什么是例行性工作调度
15.1.1 Linux 工作调度的种类： at, crontab
15.1.2 CentOS Linux 系统上常见的例行性工作
15.2 仅执行一次的工作调度
15.2.1 atd 的启动与 at 运行的方式： /etc/at.deny
15.2.2 实际运行单一工作调度： at,atq & atrm, batch
15.3 循环执行的例行性工作调度
15.3.1 使用者的设置： /etc/cron.deny, crontab
15.3.2 系统的配置文件： /etc/crontab, /etc/cron.d/*
15.3.3 一些注意事项
15.4 可唤醒停机期间的工作任务
15.4.1 什么是 anacron
15.4.2 anacron 与 /etc/anacrontab
15.5 重点回顾
15.6 本章习题
第十六章程序管理与 SELinux 初探
一个程序被载入到内存当中运行，那么在内存内的那个数据就被称为程序
（process）。程序是操作系统上非常重要的概念，所有系统上面跑的数据都会以程
序的型态存在。那么系统的程序有哪些状态.....2015/08/08
16.1 什么是程序（Process）

16.1.1 程序与程序（process & program）：子程序与父程
序, fork-and-exec,系统服务
16.1.2 Linux 的多用户多任务环境
16.2 工作管理（job control）
16.2.1 什么是工作管理
16.2.2 job control 的管理：&, [ctrl]-z, jobs, kill
16.2.3 离线管理问题： nohup
16.3 程序管理
16.3.1 程序的观察： ps -l,ps aux, top,pstree
16.3.2 程序的管理： signal, kill, killall
16.3.3 关于程序的执行顺序： priority, nice, renice
16.3.4 系统资源的观察： free, uname, uptime, netstat,
vmstat
16.4 特殊文件与程序
16.4.1 具有 SUID/SGID 权限的指令执行状态
16.4.2 /proc/* 代表的意义
16.4.3 查询已打开文件或已执行程序打开之文件： fuser,
lsof, pidof
16.5 SELinux 初探
16.5.1 什么是 SELinux：目标, DAC,MAC
16.5.2 SELinux 的运行模式：元件, 安全性本
文,domain/type
16.5.3 SELinux 三种模式的启动、关闭与观察：
getenforce,sestatus, setenforce
16.5.4 SELinux 政策内的规则管理： getsebool, seinfo,
sesearch, setsebool
16.5.5 SELinux 安全本文的修改：chcon,
restorecon,semanage
16.5.6 一个网络服务案例及登录文件协助：所需服务, FTP
实例, 匿名者范例, 一般用户主文件夹, 非正规目录, 非正
规 port
16.6 重点回顾
16.7 本章习题
第五部分：Linux 系统管理员
嗯！终于来到系统管理员（ root ）要注意的工作事项之篇幅了！各位准系
统管理员心理准备好了吗？我们要管理机器啰，呵呵！那么管理员的工作是什么？
看报喝茶？！没错！管理员最大的享受就是看报喝茶了。一个好的系统管理员，平
时不会希望挂载网站上面一再不断的查询、检查漏洞等等的，因为果真如此的话，
那么就表示“机器一定有问题了！”。为了让我们的 Linux 机器跑得更稳更顺畅，好
让我这个管理员有更多的时间去看报喝茶，哈哈！更深入的了解系统是需要的！所
以，这一篇我们由开机关机的整体流程谈起，好了解一下 Linux 在开机的过程中到
底做了哪些事情，这样才能知道我们在什么时候应该做什么事情呐！
此外，由于“没有一个套件是永远安全的！”，所以套件管理是相当重要的一
部份，这里我们以 RPM 与 Tarball 来介绍一下如何管理你系统上面的套件。再来，
你知道你的系统上面跑了多少数据吗？虽然知道什么是 ps 来查询程序，但是总是
得知道我的系统有哪些服务吧！嘿嘿！来看看先?不但如此，还得针对登录文件进
行解析，以及对于系统进行备份。呵呵！管理员的工作还真多那。不止不止，还要
进行核心的管理呢！哇！果然是忙毙了！无论如何，还是得要了解呐！
第十七章认识系统服务（daemon）
在 Unix-Like 的系统中，你常常听到 daemon 这个字眼！那么什么是传说中
的 daemon 呢？这些 daemon 放在什么地方？他的功能是什么？该如何启动这些
daemon ？又如何有效的将这些 daemon 管理妥当.....2015/08/14
17.1 什么是 daemon 与服务（service）

17.1.1 早期 Systemp V 的 init 管理行为中 daemon 的主
要分类
17.1.2 systemd 使用的 unit 分类
17.2 通过 systemctl 管理服务
17.2.1 通过 systemctl 管理单一服务（service unit）
的启动/开机启动与观察状态
17.2.2 通过 systemctl 观察系统上所有的服务
17.2.3 通过 systemctl 管理不同的操作环境（target
unit）
17.2.4 通过 systemctl 分析各服务之间的相依性
17.2.5 与 systemd 的 daemon 运行过程相关的目录简
介：/etc/services
17.2.6 关闭网络服务
17.3 systemctl 针对 service 类型的配置文件
17.3.1 systemctl 配置文件相关目录简介
17.3.2 systemctl 配置文件的设置项目简介
17.3.3 两个 vsftpd 运行的实例
17.3.4 多重的重复设置方式：以 getty 为例
17.3.5 自己的服务自己作
17.4 systemctl 针对 timer 的配置文件
17.5 CentOS 7.x 默认启动的服务简易说明
17.6 重点回顾
17.7 本章习题
第十八章认识与分析登录文件
当你的 Linux 系统出现不明原因的问题时，很多人都告诉你，你要查阅一下
登录文件才能够知道系统出了什么问题了，所以说，了解登录文件是很重要的事情
呢。登录文件可以记录系统在什么时间、哪个主机、哪个服务.....2015/08/20
18.1 什么是登录文件：
18.1.1 CentOS 7 登录文件简易说明：重要性, 常见文件名,
服务与程序,systemd-journald
18.1.2 登录文件内容的一般格式
18.2 rsyslog.service ：记录登录文件的服务
18.2.1 rsyslog.service 的配置文件：
/etc/rsyslog.conf, 默认的 rsyslog.conf 内容
18.2.2 登录文件的安全性设置
18.2.3 登录文件服务器的设置
18.3 登录文件的轮替（logrotate）
18.3.1 logrotate 的配置文件
18.3.2 实际测试 logrotate 的动作
18.3.3 自订登录文件的轮替功能
18.4 systemd-journald.service 简介：
18.4.1 使用 journalctl 观察登录信息
18.4.2 logger 指令的应用
18.4.3 保存 journal 的方式
18.5 分析登录文件
18.5.1 CentOS 默认提供的 logwatch
18.5.2 鸟哥自己写的登录文件分析工具：
18.6 重点回顾
18.7 本章习题练习
第十九章开机流程、模块管理与 loader
系统开机其实是一项非常复杂的程序，因为核心得要侦测硬件并载入适当的
驱动程序后，接下来则必须要调用程序来准备好系统运行的环境，以让使用者能够
顺利的操作整部主机系统。如果你能够理解开机的原理.....2015/08/31
19.1 Linux 的开机流程分析

19.1.1 开机流程一览
19.1.2 BIOS, boot loader 与 kernel 载入：lsinitrd
19.1.3 第一支程序 systemd 及使用 default.target 进入
开机程序分析
19.1.4 systemd 执行 sysinit.target 初始化系统、
basic.target 准备系统
19.1.5 systemd 启动 multi-user.target 下的服务：相容
的 rc.local,getty.target 启动
19.1.6 systemd 启动 graphical.target 下面的服务
19.1.7 开机过程会用到的主要配置文件
19.2 核心与核心模块
19.2.1 核心模块与相依性： depmod
19.2.2 核心模块的观察： lsmod, modinfo
19.2.3 核心模块的载入与移除：insmod, modprobe, rmmod
19.2.4 核心模块的额外参数设置：/etc/modprobe.d/*conf
19.3 Boot loader: Grub2
19.3.1 boot loader 的两个 stage
19.3.2 grub2 的配置文件 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 初探：
磁盘代号, grub.cfg
19.3.3 grub2 配置文件维护 /etc/default/grub 与
/etc/grub.d：grub,40_custom
19.3.4 initramfs 的重要性与创建新 initramfs 文件：
dracut/mkinitrd
19.3.5 测试与安装 grub2： grub2-install
19.3.6 开机前的额外功能修改
19.3.7 关于开机画面与终端机画面的图形显示方式
19.3.8 为个别菜单加上密码： grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
19.4 开机过程的问题解决
19.4.1 忘记 root 密码的解决之道
19.4.2 直接开机就以 root 执行 bash 的方法
19.4.3 因文件系统错误而无法开机
19.5 重点回顾
19.6 本章习题
第二十章网络设置与备份策略
新的 CentOS 7 有针对不同的服务提供了相当大量的命令行设置模式，因此
过去那个 setup 似乎没有什么用了！取而代之的是许多加入了 bash-complete 提供
了不少参数补全的设置工具！甚至包括网络设置也是通过这个机制哩！我们这个小
章.....2015/09/03
20.1 系统基本设置
20.1.1 网络设置（手动设置与DHCP自动取得）：手动,自
动,改主机名称
20.1.2 日期与时间设置
20.1.3 语系设置
20.1.4 防火墙简易设置
20.2 服务器硬件数据的收集
20.2.1 以系统内置 dmidecode 解析硬件配备
20.2.2 硬件资源的收集与分析： lspci, lsusb,iostat...
20.2.3 了解磁盘的健康状态
20.3 备份要点
20.3.1 备份数据的考虑
20.3.2 哪些 Linux 数据具有备份的意义
20.3.3 备份用储存媒体的选择
20.4 备份的种类、频率与工具的选择
20.4.1 完整备份之累积备份（Incremental backup）,使用
软件
20.4.2 完整备份之差异备份（Differential backup）
20.4.3 关键数据备份
20.5 VBird 的备份策略与 scripts
20.5.1 每周系统备份的 script
20.5.2 每日备份数据的 script
20.5.3 远端备援的 script
20.6 灾难复原的考虑
20.7 重点回顾
20.8 本章习题
第二十一章软件安装：源代码与 Tarball
我们在第一章、Linux是什么当中提到了 GNU 计划与 GPL 授权所产生的自由
软件与开放源码等咚咚。不过，前面的章节都还没有提到真正的开放源码是什么的
讯息！在这一章当中，我们将借由 Linux 操作系统里面的可执行文件.....2015/09/06
21.1 开放源码的软件安装与升级简介
21.1.1 什么是开放源码、编译器与可可执行文件
21.1.2 什么是函数库
21.1.3 什么是 make 与 configure
21.1.4 什么是 Tarball 的软件
21.1.5 如何安装与升级软件
21.2 使用传统程序语言进行编译的简单范例
21.2.1 单一程序：印出 Hello World
21.2.2 主、副程序链接：副程序的编译
21.2.3 调用外部函数库：加入链接的函数库
21.2.4 gcc 的简易用法（编译、参数与链结）
21.3 用 make 进行宏编译
21.3.1 为什么要用 make
21.3.2 makefile 的基本语法与变量
21.4 Tarball 的管理与建议
21.4.1 使用源代码管理软件所需要的基础软件
21.4.2 Tarball 安装的基本步骤
21.4.3 一般 Tarball 软件安装的建议事项（如何移除？升
级？）
21.4.4 一个简单的范例、利用 ntp 来示范
21.4.5 利用 patch 更新源代码
21.5 函数库管理
21.5.1 动态与静态函数库
21.5.2 ldconfig 与 /etc/ld.so.conf
21.5.3 程序的动态函数库解析： ldd
21.6 检验软件的正确性
21.6.1 md5sum / sha1sum / sha256sum
21.7 重点回顾
21.8 课后练习
第二十二章软件安装：RPM, SRPM 与 YUM 功能
虽然使用源代码进行编译可以进行客制化的设置，但对于 Linux distribution
的原本发布商来说，则有软件管理不易的问题，毕竟不是每个人都会进行源代码编
译的。如果能够将软件预先在相同的硬件与操作系统上面编译好才发布的
话.....2015/09/09
22.1 软件管理员简介
22.1.1 Linux 界的两大主流: RPM 与 DPKG
22.1.2 什么是 RPM 与 SRPM
22.1.3 什么是 i386, i586, i686, noarch, x86_64
22.1.4 RPM 的优点
22.1.5 RPM 属性相依的克服方式： YUM 线上升级
22.2 RPM 软件管理程序： rpm
22.2.1 RPM 默认安装的路径
22.2.2 RPM 安装（install）
22.2.3 RPM 升级与更新（upgrade/freshen）
22.2.4 RPM 查询（query）
22.2.5 RPM 验证与数码签章（Verify/signature）
22.2.6 RPM 反安装与重建数据库（erase/rebuilddb）
22.3 YUM 线上升级机制
22.3.1 利用 yum 进行查询、安装、升级与移除功能
22.3.2 yum 的配置文件
22.3.3 yum 的软件群组功能
22.3.4 EPEL/ELRepo 外挂软件以及自订配置文件
22.3.5 全系统自动升级
22.3.6 管理的抉择：RPM 还是 Tarball
22.3.7 基础服务管理：以 Apache 为例
22.4 SRPM 的使用： rpmbuild （Optional）
22.4.1 利用默认值安装 SRPM 文件（--rebuid/--
recompile）
22.4.2 SRPM 使用的路径与需要的软件
22.4.3 配置文件的主要内容（*.spec）
22.4.4 SRPM 的编译指令（-ba/-bb）
22.4.5 一个打包自己软件的范例
22.5 重点回顾
22.6 本章习题
第二十三章 X Window 设置介绍
在 Linux 上头的图形接口我们称之为 X Window System，简称为 X 或 X11
啰！为何称之为系统呢？这是因为 X 窗口系统又分为 X server 与 X client ，既然是
Server/Client （主从架构）这就表示其实 X 窗口系统是可以跨网络且跨平台
的.....2015/09/19
23.1 什么是 X Window System

23.1.1 X Window 的发展简史
23.1.2 主要元件： X Server/X Client/Window
Manager/Display Manager
23.1.3 X Window 的启动流程：startx, xinit
23.1.4 X 启动流程测试
23.1.5 我是否需要启用 X Window System
23.2 X Server 配置文件解析与设置
23.2.1 解析 xorg.conf 设置
23.2.2 字体管理
23.2.3 显示器参数微调
23.3 显卡驱动程序安装范例
23.3.1 NVidia
23.3.2 AMD （ATI）
23.3.3 Intel
23.4 重点回顾
23.5 本章习题
第二十四章核心编译
我们说的 Linux 其实指的就是核心（kernel）而已。这个核心控制你主机的
所有硬件并提供系统所有的功能，所以说，他重不重要啊！我们开机的时候其实就
是利用开机管理程序载入这个核心文件来侦测硬件，在核心载入适当的驱动程序
后.....2015/10/20
24.1 编译前的任务：认识核心与取得核心源代码
24.1.1 什么是核心（Kernel）
24.1.2 更新核心的目的
24.1.3 核心的版本
24.1.4 核心源代码的取得方式：distributions 默认、最
新、patch
21.1.5 核心源代码的解压缩/安装/观察
24.2 核心编译的前处理与核心功能选择
24.2.1 硬件环境检视与核心功能要求
24.2.2 保持干净源代码： make mrproper
24.2.3 开始挑选核心功能： make XXconfig
24.2.4 核心功能细项选择
a. 一般设置（General setup）：附加版本名称、IPC 通
讯、程序相关等
b. 核心模块与 block layer 支持
c. CPU 的类型与功能选择（含虚拟化技术）
d. 电源管理功能
e. 核心的网络功能
f. 各项设备的驱动程序
g. 文件系统的支持
h. 虚拟化与函数库
24.3 核心的编译与安装
24.3.1 编译核心与核心模块
24.3.2 实际安装模块
24.3.3 开始安装新核心与多重核心菜单（grub）
24.4 额外（单一）核心模块编译
24.4.1 编译前注意事项
24.4.2 单一模块编译
24.4.3 核心模块管理
24.5 以最新核心版本编译 CentOS 7.x 的核心
24.6 重点回顾
24.7 本章习题
Linux 的学习曲线，一个老人家的建
议！
最近更新日期：20//
学习 Linux 的过程并不简单！因为我们过去一直都是在某些特定软件的支
配之下，所以对于这个由一群素眛谋面的工程师因为“兴趣”而发明出来的操作系
统，其实开始时候的接受度并不是很好的。然而因为 Linux 的学习会使用到很
多的基础观念，因此，对于想要更深入认识您所使用的操作系统的朋友来说，
其实 Linux 真的是一套很棒很棒的操作系统喔！
这个网站的内容，是由鸟哥在刚刚接触 linux 的时候就开始写起的，简单

的来说，这个网站的内容基本上就是“鸟哥的 Linux 血泪史～” 因为鸟哥在新手的
时候遇到相当多的问题，虽然一步一步的找出问题，并且解决他，不过，刚开始
时，并不是那么容易就可以解决一个小问题的。因为很多的知识都是来自于
Internet 上面的，所以也就回馈这样的一个网站给朋友们了。请大家看一看鸟哥
是如何学习 Linux 的吧！
1. VBird 与 Linux
在开始给 Linux 的新手建议前，得先让您晓得的是，为什么鸟哥
要这样的建议新手学习呢？所以，先交代一下 VBird 学习 Linux 的心
路历程啰，好让您了解到，为何 VBird 会比较熟悉 Linux 这门艺术！
数年前 VBird 因工作的需要，“被迫”得去学习 Unix 系统，那个

时候我们使用的 Unix 系统是 Sun 这家公司的机器，当时的 Sun Unix
可不是一般人玩的起的，当然， VBird 也是一般人，所以当然也就玩
不起 Sun Unix 啰！然而工作的案子还是需要进行的，那怎么办呢？
这个时候就得要想一些替代方案啦！
咦！听说有另外一种可以在个人计算机（ Personal Computer,

PC ）跑的 Unix-Like 系统，叫做 Linux 的，他的接口啦、功能啦、
以及基本的文件架构都跟 Unix 差不多，甚至连系统稳定性也可以说
是一模一样，而且对于硬件配备的要求并不高。嗯！既然玩不起几十
万起跳的 Unix 系统，那么使用一些即将废弃的计算机配备来架设一
部 Linux 主机吧！
在经过了一些时候的努力之后，呵呵！竟然真的给我架起来了
（当时的版本是 Red Hat 6.1）！哇！好高兴！那么就赶快先来熟悉
他，然后等到有了一定的经验值“升级”成老手级之后，再来玩 Unix
吧，以免玩坏了几十万的大计算机！嗯！这似乎是不错的方式，所以
就开始了 VBird 的 Linux 学习之路啦！
2. VBird 的 Linux 学习之路
由于 VBird 之前从未玩过 Linux 这套操作系统，而且听说还需要
使用到命令行界面！刚开始碰还真的有点紧张。还好，VBird 玩计算
机的历史可以追溯之前的 DOS 年代，所以对于命令行界面多多少少
还有点概念，或许应该可以撑上一阵子吧！？但是没想到 Linux 的指
令真是“博大精深”呐！早期的 DOS 概念简直就是不够用啊～因此，
为了偷懒，一开始 VBird 就舍弃命令行界面，直接在 X-Window 上面
玩起来了！
在还没有安装 Linux 之前，VBird 买了两三本书，每本都看了 N

遍，发现到每一本书的前半段，在 Linux 的基础方面的介绍谈的不
多，了不起就是以一些工具教你如何设置一些很重要的参数文件，但
偏偏没有告诉你这些工具到底做了什么事情或修改了哪些文件？不过
书的后半段却放上了很多的建站文件，然而却都有点“点到为止”，所
以当时总觉得 Linux 很有点朦朦胧胧的感觉，而且在当时最严重的现
象是 “只要一出现问题，身为使用者的 VBird 完全无法解决，所以只
好重新安装，选择设置与书本教的内容完全一模一样！”不过，即使如
此，很多时候仍然解决不了发生问题的窘境！
在当时，由于知道 Linux 可以用来做为很多功能的服务器，而

VBird 的研究室当时又需要一部 mail server ，所以就很高兴的借由书
上的说明，配合 Linux distribution 提供的一些工具程序，例如：
Linuxconf, netcfg 等等的工具来架设。然而由于工具程序的整合度并
不见得很好，所以常常修改一个小地方会搞上一整天！
好不容易使用了所有的知道的工具来架设好了我的 mail server

，哈哈！真高兴，请注意呦！这个时候我的 Linux 主机上面开了多少
的 ports/services 其实 VBird 并不清楚，当时认为“我的机器就只有我
认识的一些朋友知道而已，所以反正机器能跑就好了，其他的设置似
乎也就不这么重要”。
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Combat was the delight of his life, and there was no violence of assertion he did not
love to employ if he thought that by no other means could he encourage an opponent into
the dangerous arena of controversy.
As a matter of fact, I do not think he was ever quite happy unless one of these pretty
little quarrels was on hand, and whenever he suspected that any particular dispute in which
he was engaged showed signs of waning, he would, I think out of pure devilment, cast about
to lay the foundations of a new quarrel.
Something of the kind occurred in my own case. At his own earnest suggestion, while I
was the English editor of L’Art, I invited him, with the concurrence of the proprietors in
Paris, to furnish an etching for publication. Knowing well the amiable idiosyncrasies of my
dear friend, I was very insistent that he should set down precisely and in writing all the
terms and conditions which he thought it right to impose, and yet, when this had been done
and the etching had been given to the world, with almost impish ingenuity he thought he
had detected some breach in our contract, and wrote me thereupon a little letter of reproach
which I saw plainly, when I received it, was destined for ultimate publication as the preface
to a controversy into which he thought he could lure me.
But for once he made an unfortunate choice of a foe. “Not with me, my dear Jimmy,” I
replied to him. “No one enjoys more keenly your essays as a controversialist, or more
deeply appreciates the wit and ingenuity which they display, but not with me.” I think that
he must have perceived that I had detected his amiable design, for when he came to see me
after the receipt of my letter it was in a spirit of the most boisterous good-humour that he
reproached me with having despoiled him of a promised affray.
The fact that he was in many quarters unpopular he realised with a sense of conscious
enjoyment. On one occasion I had been put up as a candidate for a club of which he was
already a member, and on meeting him at an evening party he said, “My dear Joe, why
didn’t you tell me? I would have put my name down on your page,” to which I replied in
something of his own spirit—knowing that I had already been elected, a fact of which he
was unaware—“Well, my dear Jimmy, put it down now, it can do no harm now”—a delicate
tribute to that unpopularity to which I have referred, which he received with riotous
laughter.
One of the latest of the contests in which Whistler loved to involve himself found him
pitted against an opponent who was almost his match in ingenuity, and far outstripped him
in the unscrupulous use of any weapon that came ready to his hand.
This was Charles Howell, a strange creature whom I had first met at one of Rossetti’s
delightful little dinners, and who was at the time welcomed as a companion by all the artists
of that special group. Endowed with real taste in all matters of Art, he for a while served as
secretary to Mr. Ruskin, and in that capacity was able to ingratiate himself with many of the
artists of whose work Ruskin was then the champion.
I met him often at Whistler’s house in Cheyne Walk, where I think he was as much
appreciated for the more questionable qualities of his character as for his quick admiration
of Whistler’s genius.
The attitude of one to the other was always amusing to watch, for it was obvious that
both were on their guard: Howell half conscious that even in his most plausible mood he lay
open to the suspicion of a sinister intention, and Whistler, whilst not unaware of the subtlety
and skill of his companion, rather encouraging the initiation of a contest in which he never
doubted the sufficiency of his own resources.
There are numerous stories of Howell well known to the men with whom he was at that
time brought in contact that need not now be revived. What is certainly true, as against any
defects that may be alleged against him, is that in conversation he was interesting and
attractive, watchful of the effect on his companion of every word that he uttered, and yet so
quick in apparent sympathy that it was impossible to ignore the charm of his personality.
What was the end of the particular controversy to which I have referred I do not now
rightly remember, but I seem to recall that when Whistler last spoke to me upon the subject
he was in some apprehension lest his wily friend should have stolen a march upon him.
During the last years of his life Whistler passed but little time in England, and I think
the resentment, not unnaturally aroused at the treatment his work had received at an earlier
time, had quickened into something approaching absolute dislike towards this country. The
last time I saw him was at a small dinner-party at my sister-in-law’s house in Paris, where
his reputation as a painter was firmly and finally established. Whatever his altered feelings
towards England, it had made no change in his relations with his old friends, and on that
evening it seemed to me he had in him all the old spirit of gaiety and wit as I had first
known it in the earlier days of Cheyne Walk.
In temperament and character, as well as in the chosen ideal of his art, he holds a
distinctive place in his generation. In spite of his undisguised desire to make enemies, the
singular charm of his nature brought him many friends, and I think there is not one who
knew him well who does not cherish his memory with something approaching to affection.
Cecil Lawson, whose work was also prominently brought to the notice of the public
through the earlier exhibitions at the Grosvenor, was a man of a wholly different stamp. For
several years before the hour of his triumph he had not been very well treated by the
Hanging Committee of the Academy. It was about this time that, by his request, I had been
to visit him at his little studio in Chelsea to see one of his pictures, which he particularly
thought had been unjustly treated; and his delight was frankly avowed when a little later I
took Sir Coutts Lindsay, who invited him to become an exhibitor at the Grosvenor.
The private view of that year and the next left Cecil Lawson in a state of unconcealed
exaltation of spirit. The “Pastoral” and the “Minister’s Garden” set him, at a bound, in the
front rank of the painters of his time, and I shall not easily forget the sense of almost
intoxication with which he wandered from room to room receiving on every side the meed
of well-earned praise which only a year or two before seemed to lie for ever beyond his
reach.
The occasion was celebrated by a little dinner given by Lawson in the old garden of his
studio in Glebe Place. Whistler was of the party, and it is pleasant to remember with what
genuine cordiality he rejoiced in Lawson’s success.
I saw him very often after that time, for he was, I think, disposed to exaggerate the small
share I had taken in making his work better known; and he was always anxious for my
criticism or approval on new work he had in hand. But I never left his studio without some
feeling of melancholy apprehension, for it seemed to me always that his overwrought and
highly-strung nervous temperament gave no fair promise of long life.
On one of the last of our meetings he had specially invited my visit, as he particularly
wanted my judgment upon a picture just completed. It happened when I reached his studio
that it did not so strongly appeal to me as other examples of his work, and yet I did not then
quite understand the sudden look of pain that passed over his face when my opinion was
expressed. It was only afterwards that I received from him a touching little letter telling me
that he saw plainly I did not greatly care for the picture, and that he was disappointed,
because he had intended to offer it to me as an acknowledgment of my friendship.
“I hope later,” he said, “to do something that will really please you.” But the time left to
him was shorter than either of us could have guessed, and within only a little while his
career was ended. He was a very lovable man, full of high ambition, and inspired in the
happier moments of his life with a just confidence in his great powers. But these more
buoyant moods alternated with seasons of great depression, and in this respect his
temperament showed a marked resemblance to that of Fred Walker.
His spirit fed upon itself, and his hunger for success, linked with a still nobler desire to
realise the many dreams of beauty that thronged his brain, left him with but little leisure for
repose. I think the eager intensity of his nature was sometimes a terror to himself, and
although the end came more swiftly than I had divined, it was scarcely wonderful that the
constant excitability of his temperament should have prematurely worn down a physique
that never was robust.
CHAPTER XII
ART JOURNALISM
My connection with the Grosvenor Gallery was due, in the first instance, to a series of
articles upon the reform of the Royal Academy published by me in the columns of the Pall
Mall Gazette. These papers had attracted the attention of Sir Charles Dilke, who based upon
them a motion brought forward in the House of Commons, which, however, had no
practical result.
They had also been seen by Sir Coutts Lindsay and Mr. Hallé, and these gentlemen
invited me to associate myself with them in the future conduct of the Grosvenor. This new
vocation, however, in no way interrupted my career as an Art Critic. Already established on
the Pall Mall Gazette, I began at the same time to widen the range of my writings on the
subject of art, and in this way, at the invitation of Mr. Samuel Carter Hall, became a regular
contributor to the Art Journal. At the same time I was offered and accepted the post of Art
Critic on the Manchester Guardian, and in the year 1875 I was appointed as the English
editor of L’Art, a periodical so luxuriously produced that it could not be destined ever to win
a very large public.
Mr. S. C. Hall was a quaint and curious figure of the time, whose acquaintance never
ceased to afford me a certain humorous enjoyment. He was supposed to be the model upon
which Dickens has based his superb creation of Mr. Pecksniff, and there were points in his
character which readily lent themselves for exploitation at the hands of such a master of
humour.
For a time our relations on the Art Journal were friendly and undisturbed, and Mr. Hall
was good enough to express in unstinted terms his appreciation of my work. But it was
impossible, even at that time, in personal converse with the man, not to be haunted by the
suspicion that his constant assertion of the most ideal aims in life were consistent with an
occasional reference to more mundane considerations.
Both he and Mrs. Hall must have sometimes laid themselves open to the charge of
taking themselves too seriously, for I remember Edmund Yates telling me that he had once
asked Charles Dickens whether he thought they were ever conscious of playing a part, to
which Dickens had replied, “I think once a year they exchange a wink, possibly on Carter’s
birthday.”
Purnell used to relate an anecdote of the gravity of their entertainments having once
been broken up by an unintentional flash of humour on the part of Mrs. Hall herself. At one
end of the dinner-table Mr. Hall, in his most solemn tones, was announcing to the company
his unswerving faith in a future life, and in conclusion expressed the hope that in that other
and happier world he should rejoin his dear wife; upon which Mrs. Hall, from her place at
the end of the board, interjected, in strong Irish accents, the somewhat disconcerting answer,
“No, Carter; I shall go to Jesus.”
Mr. Hall’s appearance, with his wealth of white hair and dark eyebrows, seemed to give
a certain stamp of authority to the unctuous platitudes in which he was wont to indulge. He
used constantly to say to me, “My object, my dear sir, is to do as much good in the world as
I can,” and in such utterances as this there was never, I am sure, even the lurking suspicion
on his part that he was exposing himself to the shafts of ridicule.
I remember one evening the subject of spiritualism was under discussion, and Mr. Hall
was avowing his confident faith in the reality of messages from another world to which he
confessed that he himself in his writing was particularly indebted.
“On these occasions,” he said, “when I have written something which I have deemed to
be particularly inspired, I have often turned round to the spirit whom I knew to be at my
side, and have said with fervid gratitude, ‘Thank you, my dear sir; thank you.’ ”
It was only upon longer acquaintance I discovered that the air of venerable piety, which
never deserted him in social intercourse, was consistent with a very shrewd appreciation of
commercial success. Little by little I found the sanctity of his manner sometimes giving way
to very pointed suggestions that the mercantile interest of the Journal must not be wholly
sacrificed to my independent views upon Art.
At first these suggestions were only tentatively put forward, and always with an
elaborate deference to my better judgment as a critic, but day by day they became more
encroaching, until at last the conviction was forced upon me that the columns under my
charge were intended to serve as a useful support to the advertisement department of the
Journal. After a while these constant interferences became so galling and exasperating to me
that I determined to break our connection, and in a letter, which I strove to make polite but
which I intended to be deeply sarcastic, I ventured to hint that as the criticism I was called
upon to write was now required to take so entirely the colour of an advertisement, I thought
it would be better that it should pass directly into the hands of the manager of the
advertisement department.
I confess I thought my letter would provoke an explosion of indignant protest, but in this
I was sadly disappointed; for all response I got only a honeyed little note of
acknowledgment, which, as far as I can remember, ran in these terms:—“I hasten to
acknowledge with many thanks your courteous letter. So much I feel compelled to say, more
than this I will not say.”
The old gentleman’s unflinching urbanity had stood him in good stead, and even
Whistler himself, had he been confronted with such a letter, could hardly have found the
means to continue the controversy.
While I was still associated with the Art Journal I had become also a contributor to the
Portfolio, then under the editorship of Mr. Philip Hamerton, who is best known to the world
by his book upon Etching, and his studies of that part of rural France in which he usually
resided. And a little later I also wrote upon Art matters in the columns of the Academy.
These several engagements, combined with the work that I had to do for the Manchester
Guardian, made the annual occasions of the opening of the Spring Exhibitions a specially
busy time for me.
I remember one Sunday morning in May, when I had sat up very far into the night
completing my opening article for the Guardian, my servant awakened me with the
intelligence that a young gentleman was in the drawing-room waiting to see me. He did not
give his name, as he told her that it would be unknown to me; but he had arrived only the
previous evening, as he said, from New York, and was the bearer of several messages from
friends there which he was anxious to deliver before his departure for the Continent later in
the day.
On the night before he had sailed, he said—and this was his excuse for intruding upon
me,—he had supped with some of the artists best known on the other side, and amongst
them he specially introduced the names of Frank Millet and Edwin Abbey, who, as he said,
had drawn from him the promise that he would on no account quit London without having
shaken me by the hand.
He was so graceful in his apologies for this early intrusion that my first irritation was
quickly allayed, and the warm reference to myself, of which he assured me he was the
bearer, must, I suppose, have touched my vanity, for I at once invited him to be my guest at
dinner that evening that we might talk more at leisure and at length of the fortunes of our
common friends on the other side.
This, alas, he explained, was impossible.
Was there nothing, then, I could do for him? Nothing! And then with renewed apologies
he rose to go; but at the door he turned as though a sudden thought had come into his mind.
Yes, he had just remembered! There was a trifling service I could render him, and then,
before he mentioned its nature, he again ran over the names of “the boys,” as he described
them, with whom he had parted on the eve of sailing. Perfect artist as he had proved himself
to be, he blundered at the last; for to the list, as he now recounted it, he added the name of
Alfred Parsons, who had indeed been in America, but who had long ago returned, and
whom it chanced I had seen at the Arts Club the day before.
All unconscious, however, that this mistake had aroused my suspicions, he proceeded to
describe what he termed the ludicrous position in which he found himself. He was about to
start on a tour round the world, but by some absurd mistake the remittances from his home
in Western America had gone one way, while he had gone the other. And this petty
contretemps he aptly illustrated in pantomime by indicating the course of his remittances
with his right hand and his own journey with his left, crossing them on his breast as though
to suggest the passing of ships in the night. And then finally, in the lightest and airiest of
tones, came the announcement of a modest request that I should cash him a cheque for £50.
Affecting to ignore the financial aspect which our brief acquaintance had suddenly
assumed, I carelessly let fall the remark that I had seen Mr. Alfred Parsons yesterday at the
Arts Club, to which I added the suggestion that he might deem it convenient under the
circumstances to quit the house.
His bright candid eyes met mine for an instant, and then, as though by a flash of
lightning, he was down the stairs and in the street.
I think it must have been this same young gentleman who only a year or two later
visited Irving at the Lyceum Theatre during the rehearsal of one of his plays. In that case he
represented himself as the nephew of Mr. Child, a friend of Irving’s who had recently set up
a monument at Stratford-on-Avon; but in substance the story was the same. There also he
sought nothing but the pleasure of shaking Irving by the hand, and it was only at the
moment of parting that he asked for a letter of introduction to the Mayor of Stratford, that
he might not appear quite a stranger in the town whither he was bound in order to inspect
his uncle’s gift.
But in this case he was more successful, for that coveted £50, which my niggard spirit
had denied him, he managed, upon the strength of Irving’s letter, to extract from Stratford’s
Mayor. From him he received another letter of introduction to Mr. Chamberlain, but here, as
I am glad to think, with no damaging financial result. It is only fair to add, as a finish to this
brief and interesting episode of an enterprising adventurer, that Mr. Child, indignant of the
use that had been made of his name, afterwards insisted upon repaying the amount that had
been nefariously borrowed.
My work for the Manchester Guardian sometimes took me far afield, and in the year
1882, when the city of Manchester was contemplating a reconstitution of its permanent Art
Gallery, I went, at their request, on a tour of inspection of the museums and schools of
France. These articles were afterwards gathered into a little volume, which was
subsequently translated into French and published in Paris, under the title of L’Art en
Province.
I started in the earlier days of July, and the trains between London and Paris were
already thronged with tourists on their way to Switzerland, and I remember that my journey
was brightened at this earlier stage by an incident, illustrating, in an amusing way, certain
characteristics of the Scottish nature.
Two youthful representatives of the race were seated in a compartment of a corridor
carriage adjoining my own, and in the compartment beyond them were three or four young
ladies travelling alone.
We had not gone very far from Calais, perhaps some twenty miles or more, when the
train was brought to a sudden stop, and looking out of the window I saw several officials of
the railway running up and down the permanent way in evident surprise and alarm.
Suddenly their attention was concentrated upon the Scotsmen’s compartment, where the
indicator thrust out from the side of the carriage betokened that the alarm-bell had been
sounded by them. A swift altercation, the purport of which I scarcely gathered, ended in the
peremptory demand on the part of the officials for the surrender of the travellers’ tickets,
combined with a menacing intimation that the matter would be further investigated on our
arrival at Amiens.
At Amiens it seemed as though all the staff of the Nord were gathered upon the
platform, and the force of this official affray was concentrated upon the compartment
occupied by the two sturdy travellers from the North. With scant ceremony these gentlemen
were commanded to descend from the carriage amid a fierce war of words, in which I fancy
neither party had the smallest understanding of what was uttered by the other.
Alighting from my own compartment, I caught, rising above the angry objurgations of
the French officials, the repeated assurances of the Scotsmen that they admitted their fault,
and were eager to apologise for its consequences.
“I admit that I did it,” said the elder of the two, with a broad Scotch accent, “and I am
sorry.”
But this reiterated expression of guilt and regret only seemed to incense the Frenchmen
the more, until, in his despair, the Scotsman turned to me and in tones of almost pitiful
entreaty inquired if I could speak a little French. On my replying in the affirmative, he
supplied me with an explanation of his conduct, which he begged me to translate for the
benefit of the chef de gare.
“Will you tell them,” he replied, “that we admit we did it, and are sorry, but it occurred
in this way? On entering the compartment my friend and I observed that there were two
small windows connected with the adjoining carriage, where, as we happened to know, a
party of ladies were seated, and more for their sake than ours,” he continued, “and with a
view to securing the privacy which we knew they would desire, my friend and I thought that
we would pull down the blinds over these windows, and so leave the ladies in the full
assurance that they were unobserved. But when I pulled the ring in the small window
nearest to me the blind did not come down, and then my friend tried, with the same result,
and then I said, ‘Maybe if we both pull together it will be better.’ And so we both pulled
together, and yet the blind did not come down, but the train stopped, and we are sorry.”
These poor gentlemen had been totally unaware that the rings at which they had been
tugging so vigorously were attached to no blinds, but directly communicated with the guard
of the train. They were, in fact, the alarm-signals which had brought us to so sudden a halt
outside Calais.
This was the story which he implored me to relate to the chef de gare and his assembled
subordinates, and I shall not easily forget the mingled incredulity and amusement with
which my narrative was received.
Thinking to heighten its effect in still further excuse for what had happened, I explained
to the official that in Scotland, especially in the North, women preserved a seclusion which
was almost Oriental, and I then detailed, word for word, the defence of their conduct as the
Scotsman had confided it to me, and when I came to that part of the narrative upon which
he had particularly insisted, that it was more for the ladies’ sake than their own that they
had endeavoured to secure complete privacy between the two compartments, the Gallic
merriment, breaking through all official reserve, knew no bounds.
“Mais, monsieur, ce n’est pas possible? Ce n’est pas vrai?”
“Monsieur, parole d’honneur, c’est bien vrai.”
And at last, official indignation appeased by what appeared to them to be the irresistible
humour of the situation, the chef de gare turned to the unfortunate malefactors and said, “Eh
bien, messieurs, montez donc, montez donc,” and turning to the guard of the train added,
“Rendez les billets a ces messieurs,” and so, amid a ripple of laughter that ran down the
platform, the incident closed, and the train proceeded on its way. But within little less than
an hour afterwards, when I, in my lonely compartment, had sunk into a comfortable sleep, I
felt a touch upon my shoulder, and opening my eyes saw the Scotsman bending above me.
I feared some new trouble, and inquired if there was anything more I could do.
“Nothing,” replied he; “but my friend and I feel we are deeply indebted to you.”
Politely I assured him that the little service I had been able to render him might count
for nothing.
“Ay,” he answered, “but we’re very conscious it counts for a good deal, for we have
been thinking it over, and we very well perceive that it might have cost us as much as ten
pounds,” and so with renewed thanks he left me.
Reaching Paris, I gave my bag to a porter, and was hurrying along the platform when I
heard the pattering of feet in swift pursuit. I turned, and there was my Scotsman again.
“See here,” he cried, “I had meant to ask you, but forgot. Will you tell me, where did
you learn your French?”
It had suddenly dawned upon him, after the painful crisis he had gone through, that
there were junctures in life in which the use of a foreign tongue might be of practical
service; and I have no doubt, with the indomitable persistence which forms part of the
national character, he is even now in some Northern home struggling with the difficulties of
the French language.
Yet, apart from the merest smattering obtained at school, my later acquaintance with the
tongue came about in a curious way. In 1870 I made the acquaintance of a Monsieur
Gauthiot, a dear friend of many years, who had just then, by reason of the bitter spirit
aroused by the Franco-German War, been driven from Berlin, where he had occupied the
post of Professor of French Literature. For a while he took refuge in London, whence be
contributed occasional articles to the Débâts. And here it was, when we came to know one
another, that we agreed to dine together twice a week, so that on one evening we should talk
English, and on the other that he should instruct me in French.
Our meetings used to take place at the Café Royal in Regent Street, then a sufficiently
humble restaurant chiefly patronised by foreigners. In cost assuredly, and perhaps in
excellence of cuisine, the Café Royal of that day was far removed from the stately
establishment which has since won so wide a popularity.
But they were pleasant evenings which Gauthiot and I passed there together, sometimes,
when our mutual instruction was over, ending in a friendly bout of dominoes, and indeed, if
his natural preference for French cooking had not led us there, it is hard to say where else in
London we could have found a congenial place of meeting.
Restaurants in those days were few—Verrey’s, which survives, Simpson’s in the Strand,
and the old Mitre Tavern by Temple Bar, were the only houses of note that I can recall. A
year or two later an attempt was made to do something on more sumptuous lines by the
establishment of the Pall Mall Restaurant on the island site adjoining Trafalgar Square, but
it failed for lack of patronage, for the days when dining out was to become fashionable had
not arrived.
In 1883, when Messrs. Macmillan contemplated the establishment of the English
Illustrated Magazine, they invited me to become its editor, and the three years during which
I conducted this publication constituted my last important association with Art Journalism.
It was our purpose to compete in quality of illustration with the established periodicals
of the United States, the excellence of whose woodcuts was attracting deserved attention in
England, and I am glad to think that in these earlier years of the Magazine’s life, enough
was accomplished both in Literature and Art to prove that the project might, under happier
conditions, have been carried to a successful issue. But, owing to influences which lay
beyond our power to control, it chanced that the experiment was undertaken at an
unfortunate hour.
The art of the wood-engraver was already suffering through competition with those
mechanical processes of reproduction by which it is now almost entirely destroyed. And it
soon became evident that the more careful work we were trying to present could not
compete in popular acceptance with those rougher and readier methods which, by reason of
their greater economy, were already widely employed. And yet it must always be, I think, a
matter for regret that this beautiful art of the wood-engraver should be doomed to
annihilation. I have tried to show in a separate chapter how great a part it played in that
renaissance of Art in England which is associated with the pre-Raphaelite movement, and I
am proud to think that some of the best of its later examples found their way into the
English Illustrated Magazine during the period of my editorship.
On the literary side the Magazine could boast, during those earlier years, of
contributions from men already famous, or who have since won their way to fame. Among
the poets, Meredith and Swinburne were repeated contributors to its pages; and from a
throng of distinguished writers in various fields I may cite the names of Professor Huxley,
Henry James, Marion Crawford, Bret Harte, Lawrence Oliphant, Stanley Weyman,
Theodore Watts-Dunton, and Richard Jefferies.
It was during the progress, through the pages of the Magazine, of his captivating story,
The House of the Wolf, that Weyman asked my judgment on a little play he had written, and
I wrote him in response a long letter pointing out what I thought to be its defects, and
setting forth the reasons why, as I believed, it could scarcely, as it stood, be expected to
achieve a success on the stage.
Mr. Weyman was at that time only on the threshold of his reputation as a novelist, and I
remember that my sister—who was reading for me some of the many proffered
contributions to the Magazine—most strongly urged me very carefully to consider the
claims of The House of the Wolf.
A swift perusal of the story left me in no doubt as to its merits, and its warm acceptance
at the hands of the readers of the Magazine amply confirmed my judgment; and yet it is
strange, as illustrating how widely divergent opinions may be on matters of taste, that the
story, on nearing its conclusion, was submitted to the publishers’ reader, with the idea of its
being issued by them in book form, and that his unfavourable judgment left Messrs.
Macmillan with no alternative but to decline the volume.
Needless to say, it was quickly accepted on my recommendation in another quarter, but
by the break in our association which this incident occasioned, it chanced that I saw little of
Mr. Weyman for some years to come. It was only when I had terminated my connection
with the Magazine, and when I was occupied in the management of the Comedy Theatre,
that a play was submitted to me by the foremost literary agent of the time, who said that he
would not disclose the author’s name until its claims had been considered, but that he might
mention that he was one of the most popular novelists of the day.
I was quite unconscious that I had seen the play before, and with this strong
recommendation I gave it the most careful attention, and wrote to the agent a long letter
setting forth what I considered to be its defects from the point of view of the stage. As I felt
bound to decline the play, I did not feel justified in making further inquiry as to its
authorship, and it was not until long afterwards that I had a visit from Mr. Weyman, who
produced from his pocket two letters which, he said, he thought I should be interested to
see. They were my own two letters, written at widely different dates, upon this very play,
and it was certainly, as he pointed out, a curious testimony to the constancy of my judgment
that they absolutely agreed in opinion, and were in some instances almost identical in
phrase.
Strange and amusing experiences sometimes come to editors, especially to an editor of
an illustrated magazine. I remember that Mr. Walter Crane had designed some very
beautiful decorative work enshrining some poems of his own, and in several of the pages
nude figures had been introduced, but treated in so ideal and imaginative a spirit that it
seemed impossible they could provoke a protest even from an early Puritan; and yet
immediately after their publication I received a letter of passionate rebuke from a reader of
the Magazine dwelling in the suburbs, who with scathing criticism, obviously inspired by
the loftiest moral indignation, recommended me, if I wished to study my own vile form, to
look in the glass, and not, by giving such indecent pictures to the world, to pollute the purity
of the reader’s home.
The letter, I think, was dated from the Old Kent Road, and the only pleasure I could
draw from it rested on the fact that my Magazine was entertained in so unsuspected a
quarter.
But it was not only from the humble homes of virtue that such criticism proceeded.
While Hugh Conway’s story, The Family Affair, was running through the pages of the
English Illustrated, I one day received a letter from the wife of an eminent judge, who told
me that she could no longer permit the Magazine to lie upon her table, where it might at any
time be read by her unmarried daughters.
It had been part of the author’s scheme that, during the initial stages of the story, some
doubt should remain in the reader’s mind as to the legitimacy of a foundling child whom the
heroine had taken under her care, and it was this suspended uncertainty which had so sorely
troubled the soul of the judge’s wife.
She felt confident, as she was good enough to assure me, that the doubt would be
cleared up in the end, and that the cause of morality and decorum would be ultimately
vindicated, but she found it nevertheless intolerable that the innocent minds of her
daughters should be haunted, even for a season, by so questionable a problem.
I never realised till I occupied the editorial chair how many people there are whose
insanity takes a Shakespearian form. There was, I think, never a week passed without the
reception of one or more articles intended to elucidate the authorship of the plays; and
although the readers were by no means in entire agreement in ascribing them to Bacon, they
were absolutely unanimous in the belief that the claims of Shakespeare were wholly and
ludicrously inadmissible.
It is pleasant, however, to reflect that an editor’s duties yield many happier experiences,
and bring him into contact with men and women whom otherwise it might not be his good
fortune to know. It was in this way that I made the acquaintance of poor Richard Jefferies,
whose delightful articles, under the heading of “The Game-keeper at Home,” had been
already published in the Pall Mall Gazette. Jefferies’s appearance, even at our first meeting,
gave me the unhappy impression that he was not destined for a long life. But despite his
nervous temperament that was evidently in a large measure dependent upon the frailty of his
physical constitution, he was a man of great simplicity and charm of manner.
The love that he had for the things of outward nature was clearly a passionate
possession that absorbed his life. Of the teeming life of the country, from the waving ears of
corn down to the minutest flower or the smallest insect that inhabited the shadowed world at
their feet, he was a loving and constant observer whose eyes never wearied in their task.
With Jefferies the enjoyment begotten of this watchful brooding over the things of the
country was, I think, all-sufficing. He seemed never desirous to link it in association with
any more directly human impulse or emotion, and in this way his writings, as it seems to
me, make a separate claim, distinct from that of any other author, whether in poetry or in
prose, who have confessed a like passion for the beauty of the outward world.
I was fortunate in securing several very beautiful contributions from his pen, some of
which gained an added interest from the delightful illustrations of Mr. Alfred Parsons, who
found himself in full sympathy with Jefferies’s purposes and design. At a later date Jefferies
was associated in the same way with my friend Mr. North, whose delicate drawings showed
a quick sympathy with the mood of the writer; and I know that Jefferies highly appreciated
the gentle hospitality which Mr. North afforded him in the later days of his declining health.
Another figure which comes back to me among the vivid memories of those editorial
days is that of Mr. Lawrence Oliphant—surely one of the strangest, most gifted, and
fascinating characters of the time in which his chequered career was passed. No one who
met Oliphant could be insensible to his charms, and yet, as one sat in the man’s presence, it
was always with a feeling of wonder and amazement at the many vicissitudes of his life.
I knew him personally only towards the close of his career, when he offered to me for
publication a series of articles on “The Lake of Tiberias,” which were to be illustrated by his
wife. This was during one of his brief visits to England from the Holy Land, where he had
made his home, and he would sometimes lunch with me at the Garrick Club, holding me
enthralled, while the passing hours sped by unnoticed, as he unfolded his views of life,
drawn from the deep fund of a rich experience won in many changing occupations.
Brilliant and witty, earnest and often eloquent in his most serious moods, there was
scarcely more than a hint in his conversation of those shifting impulses, now so passionately
held and again so swiftly abandoned, that had made of his career something of a wonder to
the world. Unhappily the task which he and his wife had jointly undertaken for the
Magazine, led to her untimely death, from sudden fever, upon the very shores of the lake
where she was engaged upon the illustrations for his article.
One of the things which gave me most pleasure in my record as an editor was the
encouragement that I was enabled to afford to that gifted young draughtsman Hugh
Thomson, on the threshold of his career.
I remember very well the day he first entered my office. He was wholly unknown to me,
and without any introduction save that which he presented himself in the form of a number
of drawings enclosed in a portfolio that he bore in his hand. With the face of a mere boy,
and most emphatically an Irish boy, it seemed to me, as I looked at him, scarcely possible
that the drawings that he showed me were from his own hand.
They comprised, I remember, a series of illustrations to Vanity Fair, and despite the
confessed immaturity of their execution, they exhibited, as I thought, such fineness of
perception, and such an intuitive sense of humour, that I was at once anxious to learn from
him what he had already published.
His reply, perhaps made with a little reluctance, was that he had published nothing, and
again the suspicion recurred to me that this nervous youth, who stood in such evident
anxiety before me, must somehow have become possessed of these drawings which he was
trying to palm off as his own. He was, as I found on questioning him, engaged in making
drawings for trade advertisements in the firm of Maclure, Macdonald and Macgregor,
confessedly not a very promising experience upon which to base his claim to be engaged on
the staff of an established magazine.
And yet, as I looked first at him and then at the drawings he had submitted to me, I felt I
could not let him go without a trial, and, still in my doubtful mood, I suggested to him that
he should execute a drawing, the subject of which was to be chosen by me, and that I would
give him a fortnight to see what he could make of it.
Almost at hazard I asked him to make a drawing illustrating the social life of Pall Mall
during the later days of the eighteenth century, and the quick look of pleasure with which he
accepted the task at once drove from my mind any remnant of suspicion with which I had at
first received him. Within a fortnight he returned with a very remarkable essay for a youth,
and I afterwards published it in the pages of the Magazine.
From that day he became a constant contributor to its pages, and when the series of
drawings illustrating Sir Roger de Coverley were ultimately gathered into book form, he at
once made his mark with all who were competent to judge.
Hollyer
JAMES MARTINEAU
From the painting by G. F. Watts, R.A., in the National Portrait
Gallery.
To face page 167.

CHAPTER XIII
ORATORS
From a very early time the art of oratory attracted me strongly. I remember, as a boy,
my father reading to us the full report in the Times of Edwin James’s defence of Orsini;
and in later days, during my apprenticeship in the city, I began from time to time to attend
debates in the House of Commons.
It was at about the same time that my friend Alan Skinner and I used to find ourselves
Sunday after Sunday in the little chapel in Great Portland Street listening to the great
Unitarian preacher, James Martineau.
Though not a constant church-goer, I had the opportunity of hearing most of the
foremost pulpit orators of that day, including men as opposite in their styles as Spurgeon,
Canon Liddon, and Dean Stanley. Liddon’s voice was a great possession, but his
eloquence was not of a kind that specially attracted me; and Dean Stanley, though his
preaching was impressive, scarcely ranked as an orator. On the other hand, Spurgeon’s
unquestioned power over his audience constantly puzzled me. I was drawn again and
again to his great tabernacle simply from the desire to discover, if I could, the secret of his
authority; to understand if it were possible the means by which he contrived to sway the
vast crowds that gathered to hear him. But I remained to the end baffled in my inquiries
and, as regards my own personal impressions, entirely unconvinced by the exercise of a
gift that for the multitude possessed an obvious fascination. It may be said, of course, that
his appeal was intended to be merely popular, but I found in the case of other speakers
who owned no loftier mission that it has been impossible not to realise in some degree the
source of their influence. From Spurgeon’s preaching I derived no such satisfaction; the
impression left upon me never passed beyond cold disappointment.
With Martineau the case was wholly different. To my feeling, he easily distanced all
his contemporaries in the pulpit, and the impression left upon me to-day is, that he and
John Bright stand out as the two greatest speakers of their generation.
Though widely divergent in manner, they both possessed an unequalled power of
impressing an audience with the sense of ethical fervour and elevation of spirit.
There was no sentence of Martineau’s sermons that was not carefully balanced and
considered, and yet even the most complex passages of philosophic thought were
illumined and sustained by the sense of a passionate love for the truth he was seeking to
expound. In every sentence the white light of reason was shot with fire; and although I
think his sermons were always prepared and written, they had the effect, as he delivered
them, of springing directly from the heart of the man. He seemed less of a
Emery Walker
JOHN BRIGHT
From the painting by Walter William Ouless, R.A., in the
National Portrait Gallery.
To face page 169.
preacher than a seer; and although he never strove for rhetorical display, even the most
logical exposition as it fell from his lips was charged with some thing of poetic impulse
and inspiration.
And in his case eloquence was enforced by a noble presence. The beautiful portrait by
Mr. Watts recalls, without exaggeration of dignity, the man himself as he stood there in
the dimly lit chapel in Great Portland Street; and in gazing again at those chiselled
features that seemed moulded by Nature to serve the speaker’s purpose, I can almost hear
again the tones of that deep sonorous voice which, in its grave and impassioned
utterances, stamped every separate word with something of the high fervour that so
manifestly inspired the preacher.
It was, I think, in virtue of this same quality of spiritual elevation that the oratory of
John Bright stood beyond the reach of rivalry. Bright never attempted the complexity of
thought that distinguished so many of Martineau’s essays in the pulpit. He laid no claim to
the philosophical spirit as it was understood by Martineau, but he possessed, even in a
greater degree, the power of lifting every topic he discussed into a higher spiritual
atmosphere than any other speaker of his time could command. And yet this unsurpassed
power which he wielded over an audience was secured by the simplest means, and often
in the simplest language.
In choice of the fitting word Bright was almost faultless. The great English poets, as
we know, he had deeply studied, and, indeed, no one who was not sensitive to the finer
moods of poetic feeling could have forged such exquisite prose.
I remember my old schoolmaster, Dr. Hill, had been present at the public breakfast
given to William Lloyd Garrison in the year 1867, in recognition of his efforts for the
abolition of slavery. He told me there was a point in the speech where, after gathering in
Miltonic catalogue the names of the many distinguished men who had been associated
with the movement, Bright turned to his audience with the added sentence, “and of noble
women not a few.” And Dr. Hill said that these simple words stirred his hearers to a
feeling of deepest emotion, so magical had been the effect of Bright’s superb voice as it
passed, in brief tribute of homage, from one name to another.
This is an illustration, of which many more can be quoted, of how impossible it is in
the case of an orator so great as Bright to realise that astounding influence from any mere
printed record of his speeches.
I myself was present and heard the great oration he delivered at St. James’s Hall, in
1866, on the subject of Reform. There had been some turbulent episodes during the
Reform agitation in London, and on one occasion, when the right of meeting in the Park
had been refused by the Government, the railings had been thrown down by the crowd,
who had overborne the forces at the disposal of the authorities.
In certain quarters John Bright had been accused of encouraging the populace to such
acts of violence, and in the speech to which I refer there was a passage in which he
indignantly hurled back upon his enemies this unworthy suggestion.
“These opponents of ours,” he said, “many of them in Parliament openly, and many of
them secretly in the Press, have charged us with being the promoters of a dangerous
excitement. They say we are the source of the danger which threatens; they have
absolutely the effrontery to charge me with being the friend of public disorder. I am one
of the people. Surely if there be one thing in a free country more dear than another, it is
that any one of the people may speak openly to the people. If I speak to the people of their
rights, and indicate to them the way to secure them, if I speak of their danger and the
monopolies of power, am I not a wise counsellor, both to the people and to their rulers?
Suppose I stood at the foot of Vesuvius or Etna, and, seeing a hamlet or a homestead
planted on its slope, I said to the dwellers in that hamlet or in that homestead, ‘You see
that vapour which ascends from the summit of the mountain? That vapour may become a
dense black smoke that will obscure the sky. You see that trickling of lava from the
crevices or fissures in the side of the mountain? That trickling lava may become a river of
fire. You hear that muttering in the bowels of the mountain? That muttering may become
a bellowing thunder, the voice of a violent convulsion that may shake half a continent.
You know that at your feet is the grave of great cities for which there is no resurrection, as
history tells us; that dynasties and aristocracies have passed away and their name has been
known no more for ever.’ If I say this to the dwellers upon the slope of the mountain, and
if there comes hereafter a catastrophe which makes the world to shudder, am I responsible
for that catastrophe? I did not build the mountain, or fill it with explosive materials. I
merely warned the men who were in danger.”
As these words stand on the printed page it is not possible to gather from them their
extraordinary influence upon the packed masses of the crowded hall. Throughout the
whole passage his hearers were held as though by magnetic influence; and as he passed
from image to image of the long metaphor he had adopted, there was a hushed stillness
that was almost oppressive.
Never prodigal of gesture, his slightest movement became for that reason the more
significant and dramatic. The greater part of his speech had been delivered with the tips of
his fingers just touching the table before him, content, for all accompaniment to the words
he uttered, to rely upon the swiftly changing expression of his leonine face, which seemed
to mirror in its noble dignity the very soul and spirit of the man.
But when he came to the words, “You hear that muttering in the bowels of the
mountain?” he raised his hand to his ear, and at the call of that simple gesture it seemed to
us who listened to him as though he had summoned into the very hall itself the sound he
had only suggested in words. The effect was as though the building in which we sat was
actually threatened, and it was with a sense almost of relief that the deafening cheers
broke forth as he brought this noble vindication of his own character to an end.
It is said that Bright’s speeches were always very carefully prepared, and that in
particular his perorations were verbally committed to memory. If this be so, it forms the
very highest tribute to his intuitive sense of the true functions of an orator, for there is not
one of all the many splendid conclusions of his speeches which might not, as it was
uttered, have been forged in the white heat of the moment.
No preparation, whatever labour it may have involved, ever tempted him to depart
from that strict simplicity of language which formed his crowning gift as a speaker. What,
for instance, could be more instinct with the mood of the moment, more directly inspired
by the passionate enthusiasm of the men he addressed, than that wonderful ending to his
speech in Glasgow delivered only two months before the address in St. James’s Hall at
which I was present.
“If a class has failed,” he said, “let us try the nation. That is our faith, that is our
purpose, that is our cry: let us try the nation. This it is which has called together this
countless number of people who demand a change, and as I think of it, and of these
gatherings sublime in their vastness and in their resolution, I think I see, as it were, above
the hill-tops of time, the glimmerings of the dawn of a better and a nobler day for the
country and for the people that I love so well.”
However careful in his custom of preparation, there were certainly occasions when
Mr. Bright could speak with equal effect on the spur of the moment. A splendid example
of his power in this respect was afforded at that same meeting at St. James’s Hall when,
on the conclusion of Mr. Bright’s address, some indiscreet remarks were offered by Mr.
Ayrton, which seemed to imply a reproach against the Queen for her indifference towards
the movement that was then in progress.
Without a moment’s pause Mr. Bright rose in sudden indignation, and in a few
passionate sentences vindicated the character of his sovereign.
“But Mr. Ayrton referred further,” he said, “to a supposed absorption of the
sympathies of the Queen with her late husband, to the exclusion of sympathy for and with
the people. I am not accustomed to stand up in defence of those who are possessors of
crowns, but I could not sit here and hear that observation without a sense of wonder and
of pain. I think there has been, by many persons, a great injustice done to the Queen in
reference to her desolate and widowed position. And I venture to say this: that a woman—
be she the Queen of a great Realm, or be she the wife of one of your labouring men—who
can keep alive in her heart a great sorrow for the lost object of her life and affection, is not
at all likely to be wanting in a great and generous sympathy with you.”
Although the dominant quality of Mr. Bright’s oratory lay in the almost biblical
simplicity and gravity of the spirit which inspired it, there were times when he could show
a quick command of a lighter mood.
I happened to be present in the House of Commons when he attacked with admirable
raillery Mr. Horsman and Mr. Lowe, who had retired into what Mr. Bright described as
their political Cave of Adullam. He kept the House in a mood of continual amusement,
which culminated at last in his well-known reference to the Scotch terrier.
Seizing upon the fact that Mr. Horsman’s party seemed at present to consist of only
two members, he added: “When a party is formed of two men so amiable, so discreet, as
the two right honourable gentlemen, we may hope to see for the first time in Parliament a
party perfectly harmonious and distinguished by mutual and unbroken trust. But there is
one difficulty which it is impossible to remove. This party of two reminds me of the
Scotch terrier which was so covered with hair that you could not tell which was the head
and which was the tail of it.”
Millais’s portrait of John Bright does less than justice to the dignity of his face. It may
be that the artist was confronted by his task at too late a period in Bright’s life; certain it is
that as I recall him in the years 1866 and 1867 there were elements of beauty in the face,
both as regards colouring and expression, that are not to be found in the later portrait.
In this respect it compares unfavourably, I think, with the great painter’s superb
representation of Mr. Gladstone’s features. I heard Mr. Gladstone many times in the
House of Commons, but I must frankly own that even in its highest moments his oratory
never to my thinking came to within even measurable distance with that of John Bright.
In readiness of debate I suppose he had no superior on either side of the House, but the
complexity of his mind, with its ever-watchful care to temper each direct and simple
statement with what the speaker conceived to be its necessary qualifications, was mirrored
in the often overburdened structure of his lengthened periods; and yet even in this defect
the unflagging energy and sustained intellectual agility of the speaker were constantly
exhibited.
I fancy no orator of his own or any other time could so safely conduct himself through
the sinuous ways of a prolonged sentence with a sense of such security to the hearers that
there would be no lapse or failure in the ordered arrangement of its many modifying
clauses. On constant provocation he often spoke with a fire that enabled him to liberate
himself from the entangled meshes of parenthesis which haunted him in his more
considered utterances, and I remember being present in the House during the dramatic
little scene between him and Disraeli which showed these two parliamentary gladiators at
their best.
Somewhat rashly, perhaps, Disraeli had indulged in a sarcastic reference to Mr.
Gladstone’s earlier adherence to Tory principles, and at the conclusion of his speech Mr.
Gladstone, springing to his feet, retorted upon his opponent with telling effect by
reminding the Conservative statesman that he himself had once sought to win the Liberal
vote.
The right honourable gentleman, secure I suppose in the knowledge of his own
consistency, has taunted me with the political errors of my boyhood. The right honourable
gentleman, when he addressed the honourable member for Westminster [J. Stuart Mill],
took occasion to show his magnanimity, for he declared that he would not take the
philosopher to task for what he wrote twenty-five years ago. But when he caught one who
thirty-five years ago, just emerged from boyhood and still an undergraduate at Oxford,
had expressed an opinion adverse to the Reform Bill of 1832, of which he had so long and
bitterly repented, then the right honourable gentleman could not resist the temptation that
offered itself to his appetite for effect. He, a parliamentary champion of twenty years’
standing, and the leader, as he informs us to-night, of the Tory party, is so ignorant of the
House of Commons, or so simple in the structure of his mind, that he positively thought
he would obtain a parliamentary advantage by exhibiting me to the public view for
reprobation as an opponent of the Reform Bill of 1832. Sir, as the right honourable
gentleman has done me the honour thus to exhibit me, let me for a moment trespass on the
patience of the House to exhibit myself. What he has stated is true. I deeply regret it. But I
was bred under the shadow of the great name of Canning; every influence connected with
that name governed the first political impressions of my childhood and my youth; with
Mr. Canning I rejoiced in the removal of religious disabilities from the Roman Catholic

鸟哥的Linux私房菜 基础学习篇 第四版 鸟哥 full chapter download PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

鸟哥的Linux私房菜 基础学习篇 第四版 鸟哥 full chapter download PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

鸟哥的Linux私房菜 基础学习篇 第四版 鸟哥 full chapter download PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

■■■Linux■■■ ■■■■■ ■■■ ■■

Visit to download the full and correct content document:

Chrestomathia Historica Vol 1 Diodori Liber IV et major

Die Staatskonkurs Aufgaben im Jahre Die Aufgaben in den

Anadolu da I s letmeye Ac ■lan I lk Demiryolu Hatt■ I

Hokhmat Sopher Melanges Offerts Au Professeur Emile

Orgia dos loucos 1st Edition Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa

Le Psautier Troisieme livre Ps 73 89 1st Edition R

Power Negara Syarifurohmat Pratama Santoso S Ip

Dealing With The Bad Boy Febriani Ad.

7.1 认识 Linux 文件系统

在知道了部分的 bash 功能后，在接着下来，我们还得了解一下什么是数据流

10.1 认识 BASH 这个 Shell

12.1 什么是 Shell Script

第十三章 Linux 帐号管理与 ACL 权限控制

13.1 Linux 的帐号与群组

14.1 磁盘配额 （Quota） 的应用与实作

16.1 什么是程序 （Process）

17.1 什么是 daemon 与服务 （service）

19.1 Linux 的开机流程分析

23.1 什么是 X Window System

这个网站的内容，是由鸟哥在刚刚接触 linux 的时候就开始写起的， 简单

数年前 VBird 因工作的需要，“被迫”得去学习 Unix 系统， 那个

咦！听说有另外一种可以在个人计算机 （ Personal Computer,

在还没有安装 Linux 之前，VBird 买了两三本书，每本都看了 N

在当时，由于知道 Linux 可以用来做为很多功能的服务器，而

好不容易使用了所有的知道的工具来架设好了我的 mail server

To face page 167.

To face page 169.

You might also like

鸟哥的Linux私房菜基础学习篇第四版鸟哥 full chapter download PDF

鸟哥的Linux私房菜基础学习篇第四版鸟哥 full chapter download PDF

鸟哥的Linux私房菜基础学习篇第四版鸟哥 full chapter download PDF

14.1 磁盘配额（Quota）的应用与实作

16.1 什么是程序（Process）

17.1 什么是 daemon 与服务（service）

这个网站的内容，是由鸟哥在刚刚接触 linux 的时候就开始写起的，简单

数年前 VBird 因工作的需要，“被迫”得去学习 Unix 系统，那个

咦！听说有另外一种可以在个人计算机（ Personal Computer,