CO2035

3. Z - Transform
CO2035 – Z-Transform 2

Contents
§ The z–Transform
▫ The Direct z–Transform
▫ The Inverse z–Transform

§ Properties of the z–Transform

§ Rational z–Transform
▫ Poles and Zeros
▫ The System Function of a LTI System

§ Inversion of the z–Transform

▫ Decomposition of Rational z – Transform

§ The One-sized z–Transform (Z+)

▫ Definiton and Properties
▫ Solution of Difference Equations

§ Analysis of LTI Systems in the z–Domain

CO2035 – Z-Transform 3

The z–Transform
§ The z–transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined as the power series
%$

𝐗(𝐳) = , 𝐱(𝐧)𝐳 #𝐧
𝐧"#$

▫ where z is a complex variable (z = a + jb or z = rejδ)

▫ For convenience, the z-transform of a signal x(n) is denoted by 𝐗 𝒛 = 𝐙{𝐱(𝐧)}

𝐳
▫ The relationship between x(n) and X(z) is indicated by 𝐱(𝐧) 𝐗(𝐳)

▫ The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z)

– Set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite value.
– ROC: {z│|X(z)|<∞}
CO2035 – Z-Transform 4

The z-Transform: Example

§ Determine the z-transform of the following signals
▫ 𝐱 𝟏 𝐧 = {𝟏↑ 𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟎 𝟏}

▫ 𝐱 𝟐 𝐧 = {𝟏 𝟐 𝟓↑ 𝟕 𝟎 𝟏}

▫ 𝐱 𝟑 𝐧 = {𝟎↑ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟎 𝟏}

▫ 𝐱 𝟒 𝐧 = {𝟐 𝟒 𝟓↑ 𝟕 𝟎 𝟏}

▫ 𝐱𝟓 𝐧 = 𝛅 𝐧

▫ 𝐱𝟔 𝐧 = 𝛅 𝐧 − 𝐤 𝐤>𝟎

▫ 𝐱𝟕 𝐧 = 𝛅 𝐧 + 𝐤 𝐤>𝟎
CO2035 – Z-Transform 5

The z-Transform: Example

§ Determine the z-transform of the following signal
§ x(n) = anu(n)
§ x(n) = -anu(-n-1)
CO2035 – Z-Transform 6

The z-Transform: Example

§ The z-transform of 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧 𝐮(𝐧)
%$ %$ %$ %$

𝐗 𝐳 = , 𝐱(𝐧)𝐳 #𝐧 = , 𝐚𝐧 𝐮(𝐧)𝐳 #𝐧 = , 𝐚𝐧 𝐳 #𝐧 = , (𝐚𝐳 #𝟏 )𝐧

𝐧"#$ 𝐧"#$ 𝐧"𝟎 𝐧"𝟎
𝟏
⇒𝐗 𝐳 = if az #0 < 1 i. e. 𝐳 > 𝐚 ≡ ROC
𝟏 − 𝐚𝐳 #𝟏
§ The z-transform of 𝐱 𝐧 = −𝐚𝐧 𝐮(−𝐧 − 1)
%$ %$ #𝟏 %$
𝐦
𝐗 𝐳 = $ 𝐱(𝐧)𝐳#𝐧 = $ −𝐚𝐧𝐮(−𝐧 − 𝟏)𝐳#𝐧 = − $ 𝐚𝐧𝐳#𝐧 = − $ 𝐚#𝟏𝐳 (𝐦 = −𝐧)
𝐧"#$ 𝐧"#$ 𝐧"#$ 𝐦"𝟏

𝐚#𝟏 𝐳 𝟏
⇒𝐗 𝐳 =− = if a#0 z < 1 i. e. 𝐳 < 𝐚 ≡ ROC
𝟏 − 𝐚#𝟏 𝐳 𝟏 − 𝐚𝐳 #𝟏
CO2035 – Z-Transform 7

Properties of the z-Transform

§ Linearity
▫ If 1
x0 n X0 (z) ROC3! (1)
1
x2 n X 2 (z) ROC3" (1)

▫ Then
𝐳
𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐱𝟏 𝐧 + 𝐛𝐱𝟐 𝐧 𝐗 𝐳 = 𝐚𝐗 𝟏(𝐳) + 𝐛𝐗 𝟐(𝐳)
ROC!(#) = ROC!! (#) ∩ ROC!" (#)

§ Example:
▫ Determine the z-transform and the ROC of the following signal
x(n) = anu(n) + bnu(–n–1)
CO2035 – Z-Transform 8

Example 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧 𝐮 𝐧 + 𝐛𝐧 𝐮(−𝐧 − 𝟏)

§ We have
𝐙 𝟏
𝐱𝟏 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧 𝐮 𝐧 𝐗𝟏 𝐳 = 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐳 > 𝐚
𝟏 − 𝐚𝐳 (𝟏
𝐙 𝟏
𝐱𝟐 𝐧 = −𝐛𝐧 𝐮 −𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐗𝟐 𝐳 = 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐳 < 𝐛
𝟏 − 𝐛𝐳 (𝟏
§ Then,

𝐙 𝟏 𝟏
𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐱𝟏 𝐧 − 𝐱𝟐 𝐧 𝐗 𝐳 = 𝐗𝟏 𝐳 − 𝐗𝟐 𝐳 = −
𝟏 − 𝐚𝐳 (𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐛𝐳 (𝟏

𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐚 < 𝐳 < 𝐛

CO2035 – Z-Transform 9

Properties of the z-Transform

§ Time Shifting
▫ If 𝐳
𝐱 𝐧 𝐗(𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂𝐗(𝐳)

▫ Then

𝐳 𝟎 𝐤>𝟎
𝐱 𝐧 − 𝐤 𝐳 $𝐤𝐗(𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂 = 𝐑𝐎𝐂𝐗(𝐳) − P
∞ 𝐤<𝟎

§ Example 𝐧$𝟐
𝟏
▫ Determine the z-transform and the ROC of the following signal 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐮(𝐧 − 𝟐)
𝟐
CO2035 – Z-Transform 10

Example
§ Determine the Z-transform of the following discrete-time signal

RST
1
x n = u(n − 2)
2
CO2035 – Z-Transform 11

Properties of the z-Transform

§ Scaling in the z-domain
▫ If
𝐳
𝐱 𝐧 𝐗(𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐫𝟏 < 𝐳 < 𝐫𝟐

▫ Then
𝐳
𝐚𝐧𝐱 𝐧 𝐗(𝐚$𝟏𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐚 𝐫𝟏 < 𝐳 < 𝐚 𝐫𝟐

▫ where a can be real or complex value

§ Example
𝐧
▫ Determine the z-transform of the signals 𝟏
𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧 𝐮(𝐧)
𝟐
CO2035 – Z-Transform 12

Example
§ Determine the Z-transform of the following discrete-time signal
𝐧
𝟏
𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧 𝐮(𝐧)
𝟐
CO2035 – Z-Transform 13

Properties of the z-Transform

§ Time reversal
▫ If
𝐳
𝐱 𝐧 𝐗(𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐫𝟏 < 𝐳 < 𝐫𝟐

▫ Then
𝐳 𝟏 𝟏
𝐱 −𝐧 𝐗(𝐳 $𝟏) 𝐑𝐎𝐂:
𝐫𝟐
< 𝐳 <
𝐫𝟏

§ Example
▫ Determine the z-transform of the signals 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝟐 𝐧 𝐮(−𝐧)
CO2035 – Z-Transform 14

Example
§ Determine the Z-transform of the following discrete-time signal

x n = 2 'u(−n)
CO2035 – Z-Transform 15

Properties of the z-Transform

§ Differentiation in the z-domain
▫ If
𝐳
𝐱 𝐧 𝐗(𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐫𝟏 < 𝐳 < 𝐫𝟐

▫ Then
𝐳 𝐝𝐗(𝐳)
𝐧𝐱 𝐧 −𝐳 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐫𝟏 < 𝐳 < 𝐫𝟐
𝐝𝐳

§ Example
▫ Determine the z-transform of the signals 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐧𝐚𝐧 𝐮(𝐧)
CO2035 – Z-Transform 16

Example
§ Determine the Z-transform of the following discrete-time signal

x n = naR u(n)
CO2035 – Z-Transform 17

Properties of the z-Transform

§ Convolution of two sequences
▫ If 𝐳
𝐱𝟏 𝐧 𝐗 𝟏 (𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂𝐗𝟏 (𝐳)
𝐳
𝐱𝟐 𝐧 𝐗 𝟐 (𝐳) 𝐑𝐎𝐂𝐗𝟐 (𝐳)

▫ Then
𝐳
𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐱𝟏 𝐧 ∗ 𝐱𝟐 𝐧 𝐗 𝐳 = 𝐗 𝟏(𝐳)𝐗 𝟐(𝐳)

𝐑𝐎𝐂𝐗(𝐳) = 𝐑𝐎𝐂𝐗𝟏 (𝐳) ∩ 𝐑𝐎𝐂𝐗𝟐 (𝐳)

CO2035 – Z-Transform 18

Properties of the z-Transform

§ The convolution property is one of the most powerful properties of the z-transform
because it converts the convolution of two signals (in time domain) to
multiplication of their transforms.

§ Computation of the convolution of two signals, using z-transform, requires the

following steps:
▫ Compute the z-transform of the signals to be convolved Time domain ® Z domain
– X1(z) = Z{x1(n)}
– X2(z) = Z{x2(n)}

▫ Multiply the two z-transform Z domain

– X(z) = X1(z)X2(z)

▫ Find the inverse z-transform of X(z)

Z domain ® Time domain
– x(n) = Z-1{X(z)}
CO2035 – Z-Transform 19

Example
§ Compute the convolution x(n) of two signals
1, 0≤n≤5
x, n = {1 − 2 ↑ 1} x- n = P
0, elsewhere

X, z = z − 2 + z (, X - z = 1 + z (, + z (- + z (. + z (/ + z (0

X z = X, (z)X - z = (z − 2 + z (, )(1 + z (, + z (- + z (. + z (/ + z (0 )
X z = z − 1 − 𝑧 (0 + 𝑧 (1

𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐱𝟏 𝐧 ∗ 𝐱𝟐 𝐧 = 𝐙$𝟏 𝐗 𝐳 = {𝟏 − 𝟏↑ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 − 𝟏 𝟏}
CO2035 – Z-Transform 21

In-Class Hackathon
§ Determine the z-transform of the following signals

§ 𝐱 𝟏 𝐧 = {𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟔↑ 𝟏 − 𝟒} § 𝐱 𝟓 𝐧 = (−𝟏)𝐧 𝟐&𝐧 𝐮(𝐧)

𝟏 𝐧 𝟏 𝟏 𝐧&𝟏
𝐧≥𝟎 § 𝐱𝟔 𝐧 = 𝐧𝟐 +𝐧 𝐮 𝐧−𝟏
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
§ 𝐱𝟐 𝐧 = ,
𝟏 &𝐧
𝐧<𝟎 𝟏 𝐧
𝟐
§ 𝐱𝟕 𝐧 = 𝐮 𝐧 − 𝐮(𝐧 − 𝟏𝟎)
𝟐

§ 𝐱𝟑 𝐧 = 𝟏 + 𝐧 𝐮 𝐧
§ 𝐱 𝟖 𝐧 = 𝐧𝟐 𝐮(𝐧)
§ 𝐱 𝟒 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧 + 𝐚&𝐧 𝐮 𝐧 𝐚: 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥
CO2035 – Z-Transform 22

Rational z–Transform
§ The zeros of X(z) are the values of z for which X(z)=0.
§ The poles of X(z) are the values of z for which X(z)=¥.
▫ ROC does not contain any poles.

§ Example
▫ Determine the pole-zero plot for the signal

𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐳 (𝟏
𝐗 𝐳 = 𝐗 𝐳 =
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝐳 (𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐳 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝐳 (𝟐
CO2035 – Z-Transform 23

Analysis of LTI Sytems in z Domain

§ In order to determine y(n)
▫ Determine X(z) and H(z) x(n) y(n)
LTI System
▫ Compute Y(z) = X(z)H(z)
h(n)
▫ Determine Inverse z-Transform of Y(Z)
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
§ Impulse response *) z z z
𝐘(𝐳)
𝐇 𝐳 = = / 𝐡(𝐧)𝐳 $𝐧 Y(z) = X(z) H(z)
𝐗(𝐳)
𝐧($)

▫ H(z): system function in z domain

▫ h(n): system function in time domain

𝟏 𝐧 𝟏 𝐧
§ Example: 𝐡 𝐧 = 𝟐
𝐮(𝐧) and 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝟑
𝐮(𝐧)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐇 𝐳 = 𝐗 𝐳 = 𝐘 𝐳 =𝐗 𝐳 𝐇 𝐳 = .
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝐳 !𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐳 !𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐳 !𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐳 !𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
CO2035 – Z-Transform 24

Inversion of the z-Transform

§ The inverse z-transform is formally given by
𝟏
𝐱 𝐧 = ; 𝐗(𝐳)𝐳 𝐧$𝟏𝐝𝐳
𝟐𝛑𝐣 𝐂
▫ where C can be taken as a circle in the ROC of X(z) in the z-plane
§ Notation: x(n) = Z–1{X(z)}

§ There are three methods that are often used for evaluation of the z-transform
in practice.
▫ Direct evaluation by contour integration.
▫ Expansion into a series of terms, in the variables z and z-1
▫ Partial-fraction expansion and table lookup
CO2035 – Z-Transform 25

Inverse z - Transform
§ Partial-fraction expansion and table lookup
▫ Principle
– If X(z) is represented as X(z) = a 1X 1(z) + a 2X 2(z) + … + a kX k(z)
– Then x(n) = a 1x 1(n) + a 2x 2(n) + … + a kx k(n)
N ( z ) b0 + b1 z -1 + ! + bM z - M
X ( z) = =
▫ Rational z-transform D( z ) 1 + a1 z -1 + ! + a N z - N
– X(z) is proper if aN≠0 and M<N
– if M ³ N N ( z) N ( z)
X ( z) = = c0 + c1 z -1 + ! + cM - N z -( M - N ) + 1
– It can always be written as D( z ) D( z )

N ( z ) b0 + b1 z -1 + ! + bM z - M
X ( z) = =
D( z ) 1 + a1 z -1 + ! + a N z - N
▫ Approach
– Partial-fraction expansion b0 z N + b1 z N -1 + ! + bM z N - M
=
– Table lookup for inverse z-transform z N + a1 z N -1 + ! + a N
X ( z ) b0 z N -1 + b1 z N - 2 + ! + bM z N - M -1
=
z z N + a1 z N -1 + ! + a N
CO2035 – Z-Transform 26

Inverse z - Transform
§ Partial-fraction expansion
▫ Determine poles (p1, p2, …, pN) by solving the equation: zN + a1zN-1+…+aN = 0
𝐗(𝐳) 𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐 𝐀𝐍
▫ If these poles are all different (distinct) = + + ⋯+
𝐳 𝐳 − 𝐩𝟏 𝐳 − 𝐩𝟐 𝐳 − 𝐩𝐍
(𝐳 − 𝐩𝐤 )𝐗(𝐳)
– Determine Ak by 𝐀𝐤 = :
𝐳
𝐳 = 𝐩𝐤

– If p2 = p1* (complex conjugates) then A2 = A1*

▫ Multi-order poles
– If pole pk is a pole of multiplicity L X ( z) A1 A2 A A2 k Alk AN
= + + ! 1k + + ! + + ! +
z z - p1 z - p2 z - pk ( z - pk ) 2 ( z - pk ) l z - pN

1 d l -i é ( z - pk ) l X ( z ) ù
– Determine Aik by Aik = ê ú i = 1,2,..., l
(l - i )! dz ë z û z = pk
CO2035 – Z-Transform 27

Inverse z - Transform
§ Table lookup to detemine inverse z-transform for each partial fraction
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
▫ If the poles are all different 𝐗(𝐳) = 𝐀 𝟏 + 𝐀 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝐀 𝐍
𝟏 − 𝐩𝟏 𝐳 $𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐩𝟐 𝐳 𝟏 𝐳 − 𝐩𝐍 𝐳 $𝟏
We have
𝟏 𝐩𝐧𝐤 𝐮 𝐧 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐳 > 𝐩𝐤 (𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐚𝐥)
𝐙$𝟏 =5 𝐧
𝟏 − 𝐩𝐤 𝐳 $𝟏 −𝐩𝐤 𝐮 −𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐳 < 𝐩𝐤 (𝐧𝐨𝐧 − 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐚𝐥)
Then
𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐀𝟏 𝐩𝐧𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐 𝐩𝐧𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝐀𝐍 𝐩𝐧𝐍 𝐮(𝐧)
▫ In case of complex-conjugate poles

𝐀 𝐤 = 𝐀 𝐤 𝐞𝐣𝛂𝐤 𝐧
If ; then 𝐱𝐤 𝐧 = 𝐀𝐤 𝐩𝐤 + 𝐀∗𝐤 𝐩∗𝐤 𝐧
𝐮(𝐧)
𝐩𝐤 = 𝐫𝐤 𝐞𝐣𝛃𝐤
𝟏 ∗ 𝟏 𝐧
𝐙$𝟏 𝐀𝐤 + 𝐀 𝐤 ∗ = 𝟐 𝐀 𝐤 𝐫𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛃𝐤 𝐧 + 𝐚𝐤 𝐮 𝐧 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐳 > 𝐩𝐤 = 𝐫𝐤
𝟏 − 𝐩𝐤 𝐳 $𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐤 𝐳 $𝟏
▫ In case of double poles
$𝟏
𝐩𝐳 $𝟏
𝐙 $𝟏 𝟐
= 𝐧𝐩𝐧 𝐮 𝐧 𝐑𝐎𝐂: 𝐳 > 𝐩
(𝟏 − 𝐩𝐳 )
CO2035 – Z-Transform 28

Exercise
CO2035 – Z-Transform 29

Inverse Z-Transform
1
X z =
(1 + z (, ) (1 − 𝑧 (, )-
CO2035 – Z-Transform 30

Inverse Z-Transform
Determine the causal signal x(n) if its z-transform is given

1 − 3𝑧 $*
X z =
1 + 3𝑧 $* + 2𝑧 $+
CO2035 – Z-Transform 31

Inverse Z-Transform
1 + z (,
X z =
1 − z (, + 0.5z (-
CO2035 – Z-Transform 32

Inverse Z-Transform
1 1
p, = +j
1 + z (, 2 2
X z = 1 1
1 − z (, + 0.5z (- p- = − j
2 2

X z A, A- A, A-
= + ⟹X 𝑧 = +
z z − p, z − p- 1 − p, 𝑧 (, 1 − p- 𝑧 (,

1 3
A, = − j
2 2
1 3
A- = + j
2 2
CO2035 – Z-Transform 33

Inverse Z-Transform
1
X z =
(1 + z (, ) (1 − 𝑧 (, )-
CO2035 – Z-Transform 34

Inverse Z-Transform
1 p, = −1
X z =
(1 + z (, ) (1 − 𝑧 (, )- p- = p. = 1

X z A, A- A. A, A- A . z (,
= + + ⟹X z = + +
z z + 1 z − 1 (z − 1)- 1 + z (, 1 − z (, (1 − z (, )-

1 3 1
A, = A- = A. =
4 4 2
CO2035 – Z-Transform 35

One-sided z-Transform
§ The one-sided or unilateral z-transform of a signal x(n) is defined by
,/
𝐗 , 𝐳 = R 𝐱(𝐧)𝐳 $𝐧
𝐧-𝟎
§ We aslo use the notation Z > {x(n)} and
𝐳(
𝐱(𝐧) 𝐗 ,(𝐳)
§ Charateristics
▫ Z+{x(n)} does not contain information about the signal x(n) for negative value of time (i.e. n < 0).
▫ Z+{x(n)} is unique only for causal signals because only these signals are zero for n < 0.
▫ Z+{x(n)} = Z{x(n)u(n)}
– It is not necessary to refer to their ROC when we deal with one-sided z-transforms.
CO2035 – Z-Transform 36

One-sided z-Transform
§ Properties
▫ The properties of the z-transform are correct for the one-sided z-trasnform except the time shifting
property.
▫ Time shifting in one-sided z-Transform
– if 𝐳.
𝐱(𝐧) 𝐗 > (𝐳)
– Delay
𝐤
𝐳!
𝐱 𝐧 −𝐤 𝐳 $𝐤 𝐗 * 𝐳 + / 𝐱 −𝐧 𝐳 𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐤 > 𝟎
𝐧(𝟏
– If x(n) is causal signal, we have x(n)
𝐳!
𝐱 𝐧 −𝐤 𝐳 $𝐤 𝐗 * 𝐳 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐤 > 𝟎
– Advance
𝐤$𝟏
𝐳!
𝐱 𝐧+𝐤 𝐳 𝐤 𝐗 * 𝐳 − / 𝐱 𝐧 𝐳 $𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐤 > 𝟎
𝐧(𝟎
CO2035 – Z-Transform 37

One-sided z-Transform
§ Solution of difference equation
▫ Use one-sided z-transform to solve the difference equation with non-zero initial condition.
▫ Procedure
– Determine difference equation described the system.
– Adopt the one-sided z-transform on both sides of the difference equation.
– Solve the equation in z-domain
– Adopt inverse z-transform to convert the response in z domain to time domain.
§ Example: determine the unit step response [x(n)=u(n)] of the following system
𝟏
§ y(n) = ay(n–1) + x(n) (|a|< 1) with the initial condition y(–1) = 1 𝐗* 𝐳 =
𝟏 − 𝐳 $𝟏
𝐘 > 𝐳 = 𝐚 𝐳 (𝟏 𝐘 > 𝐳 + 𝐲(−𝟏) + 𝐗 > 𝐳 ⟹ 𝟏 − 𝐚𝐳 (𝟏 𝐘 > 𝐳 = 𝐚𝐲 −𝟏 + 𝐗 > 𝐳
ay(−1) 1 a 1 1
⟹ Y> z = + >
X z = +
1 − az (, 1 − az (, 1 − az (, 1 − az (, 1 − z (,
𝟏 − 𝐚 𝐧>𝟏
⇒ 𝐲 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧>𝟏 𝐮 𝐧 + 𝐮(𝐧)
𝟏−𝐚
CO2035 – Z-Transform 38

One-sided z-Transform
§ Determine the response of a LTI System for an input signal x(n) and given system
function h(n).
x(n) y(n)
LTI System

1 Input-Output Description
𝐍 𝐌

Difference Equation 𝐲 𝐧 = − @ 𝐚𝐤 𝐲 𝐧 − 𝐤 + @ 𝐛𝐤 𝐱 𝐧 − 𝐤
𝐤'𝟏 𝐤'𝟎

2 Adopt z-Transform

Y(z) = H(z)X(z)

3 Adopt inverse z-Transform

System response y(n)

CO2035 – Z-Transform 39

Analysis of LTI Systems

§ Response of pole-zero systems
▫ Assume that
𝐁(𝐳) 𝐍(𝐳)
𝐇 𝐳 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐗 𝐳 =
𝐀(𝐳) 𝐐(𝐳)
𝐁(𝐳)𝐍(𝐳)
▫ If the system is relax (i.e. y(-1) = y(-2) = … = y(-N) = 0) 𝐘 𝐳 =𝐇 𝐳 𝐗 𝐳 =
𝐀(𝐳)𝐐(𝐳)
▫ Assume that
– The system has N single poles p1, p2, …, pN and X(z) has also L single poles q1, q2, …, qL
– pk ≠ qm (k = 1, …, N và m = 1, …, L)
– It can not adopt reduction for B(z)N(z) and A(z)Q(z)
𝐍 𝐋
𝐀𝐤 𝐐𝐤
𝐘 𝐳 =@ + @
𝟏 − 𝐩𝐤 𝐳 !𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐪𝐤 𝐳 !𝟏
𝐤'𝟏 𝐤'𝟏
𝐍 𝐋
▫ Apply inverse z-transform
𝐲 𝐧 = @ 𝐀 𝐤 𝐩𝐧𝐤 𝐮(𝐧) + @ 𝐐𝐤 𝐪𝐧𝐤 𝐮(𝐧)
𝐤'𝟏 𝐤'𝟏
The natural response The forced response
§ It can be generalized for the case X(z) and H(z) has same pole or multiple poles.
CO2035 – Z-Transform 40

Analysis of LTI Systems

§ Determine the response of the input signal x(n) thru a LTI system with initial
conditions for a given h(n) and non-zero initial conditions of the system.

x(n) y(n)
LTI System

1 Input-Output Description

Difference Equation

2 Apply One-sided z-Transform

Y+(z) = H+(z)X+(z) Decompose Y+zi(z) and Y+zs(z)

3 Apply Inverse z-Transform

System response: y(n) Decompose yzi(n) and yzs(n)

CO2035 – Z-Transform 41

Analysis of LTI Systems

§ Response of pole-zero system with non-zero initial condition 𝐍 𝐌

▫ Given a causal signal x(n) and initial conditions y(-1), y(-2), …, y(-N) 𝐲 𝐧 = − @ 𝐚𝐤 𝐲 𝐧 − 𝐤 + @ 𝐛𝐤 𝐱 𝐧 − 𝐤
𝐤'𝟏 𝐤'𝟎
+
▫ Adopt one-sided z-transform and X (z) = X(z)

∑𝐌
𝐤I𝟎 𝐛 𝐤 𝐳 (𝐤 ∑𝐍
𝐤I𝟏 𝐚 𝐤 𝐳 (𝐤 ∑𝐤
𝐧I𝟏 𝐲 −𝐧 𝐳 𝐧 𝐍𝟎 (𝐳)
𝐘> 𝐳 = 𝐍 𝐤 (𝐤
𝐗 𝐳 − 𝐍 𝐤 (𝐤
=𝐇 𝐳 𝐗 𝐳 +
𝟏 + ∑𝐤I𝟏 𝐚 𝐳 𝟏 + ∑𝐤I𝟏 𝐚 𝐳 𝐀(𝐳)
𝐍 𝐤
▫ The total response consits of two parts 𝐍𝟎 𝐳 = − @ 𝐚𝐤 𝐳 !𝐤 @ 𝐲 −𝐧 𝐳 𝐧
– The zero state response Yzs(z) = H(z)X(z) 𝐤'𝟏 𝐧'𝟏
– The zero input response (p1, p2, …, pN are poles of A(z))
– Since y(n) = yzs(n) + yzi(n)
𝐍
𝐍𝐨 (𝐳) 𝐙"
𝐘𝐳𝐢 𝐳 = 𝐲𝐳𝐢 𝐧 = @ 𝐃𝐤 𝐩𝐧𝐤 𝐮(𝐧)
𝐀(𝐳)
𝐤'𝟏

N L
Þ y (n) = å Ak' ( pk ) n u (n) + å Qk (qk ) n u (n) ( Ak' = Ak + Dk )
k =1 k =1
CO2035 – Z-Transform 42

Exercise (1)
§ Determine all possible signals that can have the following z-transform

𝟏
𝐗 𝐳 =
𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝐳 $𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝐳 $𝟐
CO2035 – Z-Transform 43

Exercise (2)
§ Determine x n = x, n ∗ x- n
where
'
1
x* n = u(n − 1)
4
'
1
x+ n = 1 + u(n)
2
CO2035 – Z-Transform 44

Exercise (3)
§ A LTI system is given by input-output description

𝟏
𝐲 𝐧 = 𝐲 𝐧 − 𝟏 + 𝟒𝐱 𝐧 + 𝟑𝐱(𝐧 − 𝟏)
𝟐

▫ Determine impulse response h(n) of the above system using Z and Z-1 Transform

𝟏 𝐧
▫ Determine 𝐲𝐳𝐬 𝐧 of the following LTI system where 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐮(𝐧) using one-
𝟐
sided Z Transform and Z-1 Transform
CO2035 – Z-Transform 45

Exercise (4)
§ If 𝐳
𝐱 𝐧 𝐗(𝐳)
§ Then, prove the followings

▫ Z x∗ n = X ∗ (z ∗ )

,
▫ Z Re x n = [X z + X ∗ (z ∗ )]
-

,
▫ Z Im x n = [X z − X ∗ (z ∗ )]
-

▫ Z ePQ1 R = X(ze(PQ1 )
CO2035 – Z-Transform 46
CO2035 – Z-Transform 47

In-Class Quiz
§ Use z-transform, one-sided z-transform and inverse z-transform to
determine the zero-input response 𝒚𝒛𝒊 (𝒏), the zero-sate response 𝒚𝒛𝒔 (𝒏), and
total response y(n) of the following systems.

𝟑 𝟏
𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒚 𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝒚 𝒏 − 𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝒙(𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝟒 𝟒
where 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒖 𝒏 and 𝒚 −𝟏 = 𝒚 −𝟐 = 𝟏.
CO2035 – Z-Transform 48

In-Class Quiz
§ Use z-transform, one-sided z-transform and inverse z-transform to
determine the zero-input response 𝒚𝒛𝒊 (𝒏), the zero-sate response 𝒚𝒛𝒔 (𝒏), and
total response y(n) of the following systems.

𝟑 𝟏
𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒚 𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝒚 𝒏 − 𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝒙(𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝟒 𝟒
where 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒖 𝒏 and 𝒚 −𝟏 = 𝒚 −𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝟏
𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒚 𝒏 − 𝟐 + 𝒙(𝒏 − 𝟐)
𝟒
𝒏
𝟏
where 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒖 𝒏 and 𝒚 −𝟏 = 𝒚 −𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝟑
𝟏
𝒚 𝒏 =𝒚 𝒏−𝟏 − 𝒚 𝒏 − 𝟐 + 𝒙(𝒏 − 𝟐)
𝒏
𝟒
𝟐
where 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒖 𝒏 and 𝒚 −𝟏 = 𝒚 −𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝟑