TRANSMISSION LINES Part 2

Transmission media and antenna system & design

ENGR. CHRISTIAN POQUIZ ENOVAL, MSc., ASEAN Eng., PECE, SMIEEE
 PREVIOUS TOPIC

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Prepared by Engr. Christian P. Enoval

 OUTLINE

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 VIi. Reflection coefficient
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 VIi. Reflection coefficient
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Prepared by Engr. Christian P. Enoval

 VIi. Reflection coefficient
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𝐸𝑟 𝐼𝑟
Γ = Γ𝑉 = Γ𝐼 = = Γ= reflection coefficient (unitless)
𝐸𝑖 𝐼𝑖 𝐸𝑖 = incident voltage (Volts)
𝐸𝑟 = reflected voltage (Volts)
𝐼𝑖 = incident current (amps)
𝐼𝑟 = reflected current (amps)
Γ𝑃 = (Γ𝑉 )2

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 VIi. Reflection coefficient
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𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑂 𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1

Γ= Γ= Γ=
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑂 𝑆𝑊𝑅 + 1
Γ= reflection coefficient (unitless)
SWR = Standing Wave Ratio
𝑍𝐿 = Load impedance (ohms)
𝑍𝑂 = Characteristic impedance (ohms)

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 VIi. Reflection coefficient
→ Γ
→ Γ ∠180°
∞
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑂 ∞ − 𝑍𝑂 ∞
Γ= = = = indeterminate, hence, we add multiplier = 1
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑂 ∞ + 𝑍𝑂 ∞
1 𝑍𝑜 𝑍𝑜
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑂 1− 1−
= 𝑍∞𝑜 = 1
𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐿 there is total reflection
Γ= [ ]=
1 𝑍𝑜
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑂 1+ 1+
𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐿 ∞

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 VIII. STANDING WAVE
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 VIII. STANDING WAVE

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 VIII. STANDING WAVE
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 VIII. STANDING WAVE

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 VIII. STANDING WAVE
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𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟
SWR =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 𝐸𝑖 − 𝐸𝑟
𝐸𝑖 = incident voltage (Volts)
𝐸𝑟 = reflected voltage (Volts)
𝐼𝑖 = incident current (amps)
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼𝑟 𝐼𝑟 = reflected current (amps)
SWR =
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 𝐼𝑖 − 𝐼𝑟

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 VIII. STANDING WAVE
1
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟 𝐸𝑖
𝑆WR = = 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑖 − 𝐸𝑟
𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑟
1+ 𝐸𝑟
SWR =
𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑡 Γ𝑉 = 1+Γ
1− 𝐸𝑖 Therefore 𝐒𝐖𝐑 =
𝐸𝑖 1−Γ
𝐸𝑖 = incident voltage (Volts)
𝐸𝑟 = reflected voltage (Volts)
Γ = reflection coefficient

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 VIII. STANDING WAVE
1+Γ 1+0
𝑺𝐖𝐑 = = = 1
Γ 1 − Γ 1 −0

1+1 2
Γ ∠180°
𝑺𝐖𝐑 = = =∞
1 −1 0

∞ 𝑺𝐖𝐑 =
1+1
=
2
=∞
Γ =1 = 1∠0° 1 −1 0

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 VIII. STANDING WAVE

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≥ 𝒁𝑶

𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑆WR =
𝑍𝑂
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑖 − 𝐼𝑟

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑖 − 𝐸𝑟 𝑍𝑂
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 𝑆WR =
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≤ 𝒁𝑶
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼𝑟

𝑅𝐿 𝑍𝑂
𝑆WR = if 𝑹𝑳 ≥ 𝒁𝑶 𝑆WR = if 𝑹𝑳 ≤ 𝒁𝑶
𝑍𝑂 𝑅𝐿

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
∅
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = used in terms of unit length
2𝛽

∅
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = used in terms of degrees °
2
∅ = direction of reflection coefficient 2𝜋
𝛽= phase delay constant 𝛽=
𝜆

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

∅+ 𝜋
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = used in terms of unit length
2𝛽

∅+ 𝜋
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = used in terms of degrees °
2
∅ = direction of reflection coefficient 2𝜋
𝛽= phase delay constant 𝛽=
𝜆

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

°ℓ = 100°

Zo = 150Ω ZL = 200-j100Ω

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

𝑍𝐿 −𝑍𝑂 200 −𝑗100 −150 1+Γ

Γ= = 𝐒𝐖𝐑 =
𝑍𝐿 +𝑍𝑂 200 −𝑗100+150
1−Γ
50−𝑗100 11 12 1+0.307
Γ= = − 𝑗 𝐒𝐖𝐑 =
350 −𝑗100 53 53
1 −0.307
Γ = 0.307 ∠-47.49° → capacitive 𝐒𝐖𝐑 = 1.89

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
∅ −47.49° + 360° ∅ −47.49° + 360°
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
2𝛽 360° 2 2
2
𝜆
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.4340𝜆 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 156.26°

∅ + 𝜋 −47° + 180° ∅ + 𝜋 −47° + 180°

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
2𝛽 360° 2 2
2
𝜆
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.815𝜆 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 66.5°

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
Ω 𝜆

𝑆𝑊𝑅 −1 2−1
Γ= = Γ = 0.33
𝑆𝑊𝑅+1 2+1
∅ ∅ ∅ = 288°
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.4𝜆 =
2𝛽 360° Γ = 0.33 ∠288° >> capacitive
2
𝜆

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑠 (1 − Γ𝑠 )
4𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑠
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 + 1
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = magnitude of the input power
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = magnitude of the output power
𝑃𝑠 = power at the source
𝑃𝐿 = power at the load
Prepared by Engr. Christian P. Enoval
2 2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝐿 (1 − Γ𝐿 )
4𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿
2 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝐿 2
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 + 1
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 = SWR at the source
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 = SWR at the load
Γ𝑠 = reflection coeff at the source
Γ𝐿 = reflection coeff at the load
 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = magnitude of the input power
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 10 log 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = magnitude of the output power
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑠 = power at the source
𝑃𝐿 = power at the load
4𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 = SWR at the source
𝑃𝑠 2
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 + 1 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 = SWR at the load
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 10 log S = length of the line
4𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿
𝑃𝐿 2
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 + 1
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 𝛼𝑆 − 10 log + 20 log 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 + 1

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑺𝑾𝑹𝑳 𝑺𝑾𝑹𝒔 1
1
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 + 1
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 𝛼𝑆 − 10 log + 20 log
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 + 1
0 0
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 𝛼𝑆 − 10 log 1 + 20 log 1 𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 𝛼𝑆
𝑺𝑾𝑹𝑳 𝑺𝑾𝑹𝒔
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 − 1 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 + 1
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 10 log
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 + 1 𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 − 1

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑺𝑾𝑹𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟓
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 = = 𝑺𝑾𝑹𝑳 = 4
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.5

𝑺𝑾𝑹𝑳 > 𝑺𝑾𝑹𝑺 (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠)

4
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 0.05 𝑑𝐵/𝑚 5𝑚 −10log
2.5
𝑇𝐿𝑑𝐵 = 1.31𝑑𝐵

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

4𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 4(2.5)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑠 2
= 10 2 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 8.16𝑊
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑠 + 1 2.5 + 1

4𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 4(4)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝐿 2
=8 2 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.12𝑊
𝑆𝑊𝑅𝐿 + 1 4+1

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑅𝑡
𝛼100 = 4.35 ; dB/100ft
𝑧0

1 1 d = diameter of the inner conductor (in)

𝑅𝑡100 = 0.1 + ( 𝑓) D = diameter of the outer conductor (in)
𝑑 𝐷 f = operating frequency (MHz)

𝑓
𝑅𝑡100 = 0.2
𝑑

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
Ω Ω

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
138 𝐷
𝑍𝑜 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑘 𝑑
𝑅𝑡
𝛼100 = 4.35 ; dB/100ft 138 0.4𝑖𝑛
𝑧0
50= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 1
1.0006 𝒅
𝑅𝑡100 = 0.1 + ( 𝑓)
𝑑 𝐷
𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒊𝒏

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
Convert the dB/100ft to dB/120ft:

1 1 20.53
𝑅𝑡100 = 0.1 + ( 𝑓) 𝑅𝑡120 = 𝑥 120𝑓𝑡
𝑑 𝐷 100𝑓𝑡.
𝑅𝑡120 = 24.64Ω
1 1
𝑅𝑡100 = 0.1 + ( 600)
0.17 0.4 𝑅𝑡 24.64
𝛼100 = 4.35 = 4.35
𝑧0 50
𝑅𝑡100 = 20.53Ω / 100ft
𝛼120 = 2.14𝑑𝐵/120𝑓𝑡

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑓
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝛽= =
𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑆 𝜆 𝑉𝑝

If 𝐙𝐋 𝐢𝐬 𝐮𝐧𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧
𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0
𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝑖𝑛 tan 𝛽𝑆

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

𝑍𝑜 +𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 = 𝑍0 = 𝑍𝐿
𝑍𝑜 +𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆

∞
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜𝑐 = −𝑗𝑍𝑜 cot 𝛽𝑆

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements

𝑍𝑜 = 𝑍𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑜𝑐
𝜆
𝛽𝑆 = 90° 𝑍𝑜 2
𝑍𝑖𝑛 =
𝑍𝐿
𝜆

𝛽𝑆 = 180° 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝐿

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
Ω
Ω

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑆
2𝜋 360° 𝑐 3𝑥108 360° 360°
𝛽= = but 𝜆 = 𝜆= =1 𝛽= = = 360°
𝜆 𝜆 300𝑥106 𝜆 1
𝑓

100 + 𝑗150 + 𝑗150tan(360)(5)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 150 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒋𝟏𝟓𝟎 Ω
150 + 𝑗(100 + 𝑗150)tan(360)(5)

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
Ω

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 Ix. Transmission line measurements
𝑍𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿
= 𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗2𝜋(0.5𝑥109 )(2𝑥10−9 )
𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑗6.28Ω (1)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆 (2)

𝑐 3𝑥108
Equate (1) and (2) 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan 𝛽𝑆 = 𝑗6.28 but 𝜆 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔
𝑓 0.5𝑥109
360
6.28 = 60 tan (𝑠) 𝑺 =0.06 m
0.6

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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 SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEM

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