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Lesson 3. Steel Design

Calculus 1 (Mapúa University)

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BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS

1. The beam shown has a length of 9m and is not restrained against lateral buckling. The
beam is A36 steel with yield strength Fy = 248 MPa. The beam is a W 21 x 248 steel shapes,
whose relevant properties are as follows:
Weight = 369.4 kg/m
Area = 46,968 mm2
Depth, d = 603 mm
tw = 27.9 mm
bf = 324.5 mm
tf = 505.5 mm
rt = 87.63 mm
St = 9,332.4 x 103 mm3
a. Determine the bending coefficient due to moment (gradient) acting on the beam.
b. Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c. Determine the permissible value of moment, M.

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SOLUTION
Allowable bending stress in tension.
Fb = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(248) = 148.80 MPa

Allowable bending stress in compression

L 9000
= = 102.70
R t 87.63

M1 = 0
M2 = 1.4M

M1 M1 2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.30 ( )
M2 M2
Cb = 1.75 + 0 + 0
Cb = 1.75 → Part a

703,270 Cb
√ = 70.45
Fy

3,516,330 Cb
√ = 157.52
Fy

703,000 Cb L 3,520,00`0 Cb
Since √ ≤ ≤√
Fy Rt Fy

Fb = Larger of (Fb1 and Fb2 ) ≤ 0.60Fy

L 2
2 F y ( )
Rt
Fb1 = − F
3 10.55 x 106 Cb y
[ ]
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2 (248)(102.7)2
Fb1 =[ − ] (248) = 130.197 MPa
3 10.55 x 106 (1.75)

82,740 Cb
Fb2 =
Ld
bf t f
82,740 (1.75)
Fb2 = = 437.22 MPa
(9,000)(603)
(324.5)(50.5)

0.60 Fy = 148.8 MPa

Therefore, the allowable bending stress in compression is Fb = 148.8 MPa

Moment capacity
M
Fb =
Sx
M
148.8 =
9,334.4 x 103
M = 1,389 x 106 Nmm
M = 1,389 kNm

Value of M
1.40M = 1,389 kN − m
𝐌 = 𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

2. A simply supported beam with span of 8m is subjected to a counterclockwise moment at

the left support and a counterclockwise moment at the right support equal to 150% of the
moment at the left support, both acting in the plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam
is not restrained against lateral buckling. The beam is A36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa. The beam
is W 21 x 62 whose relevant properties are:

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RT 0.053 m
D 0.533 m
bf 0.21 m
tf 0.016 m
S 0.002077 m3

a. Determine the slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral
buckling.
b. Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c. Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

SOLUTION
L 8
= = 151
R t 0.053

M1 M1 2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.30 ( )
M2 M2
M1 = M
M2 = 1.50 M
M1 M
= +( )
M2 1.5 M
M1
= 0.667 (positive because "reverse curvature")
M2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(0.667) + 0.30(0.667)2
Cb = 2.58 > 2.3, use Cb = 2.3

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703,270 Cb 703,270 (2.3)

√ =√ = 80.76
Fy 248

3,516,330 Cb 3,516,330 (2.3)

√ =√ = 180.6
Fy 248

a. Slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral buckling.

703,270 Cb 703,270 (2.3)

√ =√ = 80.76
Fy 248

b. Allowable bending stress in compression

703,000 Cb L 3,520,000 Cb
Since √ ≤ ≤√
Fy Rt Fy

Fb = Larger of (Fb1 and Fb2 ) ≤ 0.60Fy

L 2
2 F y R )
(
t
Fb1 = − F
3 10.55 x 106 Cb y
[ ]
2 (248)(151)2
Fb1 = [ − ] (248) = 107.54 MPa
3 10.55 x 106 (2.3)

83,000 Cb
Fb2 =
Ld
bf t f
83,000 (2.3)
Fb2 = = 150.43 MPa
(8,000)(533)
(210)(16)

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0.60 Fy = 148.8 MPa

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐅𝐛 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚

c. Maximum moment at left support

Allowable bending stress
In tension:
Fb = 0.60 Fy = 148.8 MPa

In compression:
Fb = 148.8 MPa

Use Fb = 148.8 MPa

M
Fb =
Sx
M
148.8 =
0.002077 x 103
Mmax = 309,057,600 Nmm
Mmax = 3090.6 kNm = M2 = moment at right
309
Mleft = = 𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦
1.5

3. A cantilever beam having a 4m span carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its
length. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength Fy = 248 MPa. The beam is not restrained
against lateral buckling. The beam is a W 21 x 62 steel shape, whose relevant properties for
this problem are:
RT 0.053 m
D 0.533 m
bf 0.21 m
tf 0.016 m
S 0.002077 m3

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a. Determine the slenderness ratio, below which the beam is long with respect to lateral
buckling.
b. Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c. Determine the maximum value of the moment at the fixed support.

SOLUTION
L 4
= = 75.47
R t 0.053

Cb = 1.0 (Cb may conservatively be taken as unity for cantilever beams)

703,270 Cb 703,270 (1.0)

√ =√ = 53.25
Fy 248

3,516,330 Cb 3,516,330 (1.0)

√ =√ = 119.07
Fy 248

a. Slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling.

3,516,330 Cb 3,516,330 (1.0)

√ =√ = 119.07
Fy 248

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b. Allowable bending stress in compression

703,000 Cb L 3,516,330 Cb
Since √ ≤ ≤√
Fy Rt Fy

Fb = Larger of (Fb1 and Fb2 ) ≤ 0.60Fy

L 2
2 F y R )
(
t
Fb1 = − F
3 10.55 x 106 Cb y
[ ]
2 (248)(75.47)2
Fb1 = [ − ] (248) = 132.13 MPa
3 10.55 x 106 (1.0)

82,740 Cb
Fb2 =
Ld
bf t f
82,740 (1.0)
Fb2 = = 130.40 MPa
(4)(0.533)
(0.210)(0.016)

0.60 Fy = 148.8 MPa

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐅𝐛 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚

c. Maximum moment at fixed support

Allowable bending stress
In tension:
Fb = 0.60 Fy = 148.8 MPa

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In compression:
Fb = 132.13 MPa

Use Fb = 132.13 MPa

M
Fb =
Sx
M
132.13 =
0.002077 x 103
M = 274,434,010 Nmm or 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦

4. A W 14 x 500 is used as a beam to support a concrete floor system. The floor is to carry a
total load of 250 kPa. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6m. The properties of the
section are as follows:
Depth, d 498 mm
Thickness of web 56 mm
Moment of inertia, Ix 3,417 x 106 mm4
Section modulus, Sx 13,730 x 103 mm3
Weight 7.32 kN/m

Assume the beam is laterally supported over its length and that the allowable stress in
bending is 0.66Fy and in shear on gross section is 0.40Fy. Use A36 steel with Fy = 250 MPa.
Allowable deflection is L/360.
a. Determine the center – to – center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
shear stress.
b. Determine the center – to – center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
bending stress.
c. Determine the center – to – center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
deflection.

SOLUTION
a. Center – to – center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable shear stress.
V
Fv = = 0.4Fy
dt w

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V = 0.4(248)(498)(56)
V = 2,766,489.6 N or 2,766.5 kN

This shear serves as the reaction R at the ends.

Since the beam is loaded uniformly. Then
WL W(6)
R= = = 2,766.5
2 2
kN
W = 922.17
m

The beam weighs 7.32 kN/m. The total load it can carry is
922.17 – 7.32 = 914.85 kN/m = Wnet.
Wnet = 250 x S
𝐒 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦

b. Center – to – center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable bending stress.
Mc M
Fb = = = 0.66 Fy
I Sx
M
= 0.66 (248)
13,730 x 103
M = 2,247,326,400 Nmm or 2,247.33 kNm

WL2 W(6)2
M= = = 2,247.33
8 8
kN
W = 499.41
m
499.41 – 7.32 = 492.41 kN/m = Wnet.
Wnet = 250 x S
𝐒 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 𝐦

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c. Center – to – center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable deflection.
L 6,000
δall = = = 16.67 mm
360 360
5WL4
δ=
384EI
5W(6,000)4
16.67 =
384(200,000)(3,417 x 106 )
kN
W = 674.96
m
674.96 – 7.32 = 667.64 kN/m = Wnet.
Wnet = 250 x S
𝐒 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝐦

5. The W 21 x 93 beam shown must transmit a total reaction of 1,000 kN to the steel base
plate over a concrete column. All steels are A36 with Fy = 248 MPa. The concrete has f’c = 27
MPa and the allowable bearing stress on concrete is 0.35f’c. It is required to determine the
size and thickness of the steel base plate. The beam has no bearing stiffeners.
a. Determine the required area of base plate.
b. Determine the minimum value of N.
c. Determine the required plate thickness.

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SOLUTION
a. Area of base plate.
R 1,000,000
Plate Area = =
Fp 0.35(27)

𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓, 𝟖𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐

b. Minimum value of N.
R
≤ 0.66Fy
t w (N + 2.5k)
1,000,000
= 0.66(248)
14.7(N + 2.5(40.2))

𝐍 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐦

c. Required plate thickness.

N = 420 mm
105,820
B= = 252 mm
420

3fp n2
Plate thickness, t = √
Fb

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B
n= − k1
2
252
n= − 27.5
2
n = 98.5 mm

fp = actual bearing stress

R 1,000,000
fp = = = 9.448 MPa
Ab 420 x 252

Fb = 0.75(248) = 186 MPa

3(9.448)(98.5)2
t=√
186

𝐭 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟓 𝐦𝐦

6. W 21 x 62 steel is used as a beam simply supported over a span of 8m. The beam is laterally
unsupported over the entire span. Use Fy = 250 MPa.
The properties of the section are as follows:
Depth, H 533 mm
Flange width, bf 210 mm
Flange thickness, tf 15.6 mm
Web thickness, tw 10.2 mm
Radius of gyration, rt 53.34 mm
Section modulus, Sx 2,077 x 103 mm3

a. Determine the value of the ratio L/rt.

b. Determine the allowable bending stress.
c. Determine the safe uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry.

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SOLUTION
a. Value of the ratio L/rt.
L 8,000
= = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟖
R t 53.34

b. Allowable bending stress

Cb = 1.0 (for simply supported and no end moment)

703,270 Cb 703,270 (1.0)

√ =√ = 53.04
Fy 250

3,516,330 Cb 3,516,330 (1.0)

√ =√ = 118.59
Fy 250

703,000 Cb L 3,516,330 Cb
Since √ ≤ >√
Fy Rt Fy

1,172,100 Cb
Fb1 =
L 2
( )
Rt
1,172,100 (1.0)
Fb1 =
(149.98)2
Fb1 = 52.11 MPa

82,740 Cb
Fb2 =
Ld
bf t f
82,740 (1.0)
Fb2 = = 63.57 MPa
(8,000)(533)
(210)(15.6)
0.60 Fy = 150 MPa

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, 𝐅𝐛 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚

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c. Safe uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry.

M
Fb =
Sx
M
63.57 =
2,077 x 103
M = 132,034,890 Nmm or 132.034 kN. m
WL2 W(8)2
M= = = 132.034
8 8
𝐤𝐍
𝐖 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓
𝐦

7. A composite beam has a cross – section as shown. The moment due to dead load, prior to
concrete attaining strength is 580 kN – m. After concrete attaining its strength, an applied
load induces an additional moment of 410 kN – m and a vertical shear of 170 kN. Assume
that the beam is not shored when the slab was poured and assume that creep and shrinkage
stresses are negligible. Assume full composite action.
a. Determine the bending stress in the lower flange of the steel beam before concrete attains
strength.
b. Determine the maximum flexural stress in the lower flange of the steel beam when the
additional moment is applied.
c. Determine the maximum flexural stress in concrete when the additional moment is
applied.
d. Determine the longitudinal force at the junction of the slab and steel beam due to the
vertical shear.

SOLUTION
a. Bending stress in the lower flange of the steel beam before concrete attains strength.
Mc
fb1 =
I
910
(580 x 106 ) ( )
fb1 = 2
3,758.6 x 106
𝐟𝐛𝟏 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚

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b. Maximum flexural stress in the lower flange of the steel beam when the additional moment
is applied.
After concrete attains strength

Location of Neutral Axis

180(150)(x + 75) = 28,490(455 − x)
x + 75 = 480.11 − 1.055x
x = 197 mm
c = 910 − x
c = 713 mm

180(150)3
It = 3,758.6 x 106 + 28,490 (455 − 197)2 + + 180(150)(197 + 75)2
12
It = 7,703,201,360 mm4

Mc
fb =
It
(410 x 106 )(713)
fb2 =
7,703,201,360
fb2 = 37.95 MPa

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Total stress, fb = fb1 + fb2

Total stress, fb = 70.21 + 37.95
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬, 𝐟𝐛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚

c. Maximum flexural stress in concrete when the additional moment is applied.

M = 410 kNm
c = 150 + x = 697 mm
Mc
nfc =
It
(410 x 106 )(697)
10fc =
7,703,201,360
𝐟𝐜 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚

d. Longitudinal force at the junction of the slab and steel beam due to the vertical shear.
Q = Ay
Q = 180(150)(197 + 75)
Q = 7,344,000 mm3

VQ
q=
I
170,000(7,344,000)
q=
7,703,201,360
𝐪 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟏 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

8. The A36 steel W 6 x 20 column is pin connected at the top and fixed at the bottom (k =
0.7) and is subjected to the eccentric load P. The beam is laterally supported about its weak
axis.
The properties of W 6 x 20 relevant to this problem are as follows:
A = 3,790 mm2
Ix = 17,231,980 mm4

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d = 157 mm
Determine the maximum value of P. The allowable bending stress of the section is F b = 152
MPa.

SOLUTION
KL 0.7 (4,500)
Slenderness ratio, SR = =
rx 67.43
SR = 46.7
Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200,000 MPa

2π2 E
Cc = √
Fy

2π2 (200,000) KL
Cc = √ = 126.20 >
248 r

KL 2
) Fy (
Fa = [1 − r 2 ]
2Cc FS

KL KL 3
5 3 ( ) ( )
FS = + r − r
3 8Cc 8Cc 3
5 3(46.7) (46.7)3
FS = + −
3 8(126.2) 8(126.2)3
FS = 1.8
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(46.7)2 248
Fa = [1 − ]
2(126.2)2 1.8

Fa = 128.3 MPa

P
fa =
A
P
fa = = 0.0002638P
3,790

Mc
fb =
I
M = Pe = 750P
157
(750P) ( )
fb = 2
17,231,980
fb = 0.0034166P

fa
Assuming ≤ 0.15
Fa
fa fb
+ ≤ 1.0
Fa Fb
0.0002638P 0.0034166P
+ = 1.0
128.3 152
P = 40,760N
fa = 0.0002638P = 0.0002638(40,760 N)
fa = 10.75 MPa
fa 10.75
= = 0.084 < 0.15 ∴ ok
Fa 128.3

∴ 𝐏 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝐍

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9. Steel column 3.6m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an axial load of 1,000 kN.
The column is subject to end moments (reverse curvature) with M1 = 90%M2. Fy = 248 MPa,
E = 200 GPa. The allowable axial stress, Fa = 115 MPa and the allowable bending stress, Fb
= 149 MPa.
The properties of the section are as follows:
A = 0.013 m2
Sx = 0.00012 m3
rt = 94 mm
a. Determine the computed (actual) axial stress of the column.
b. Determine the computed (actual) bending stress of the column.
c. Determine the moment capacity of the column.

SOLUTION
a. Computed (actual) axial stress of the column.
P
fa =
A
1,000
fa = = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟗𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐨𝐫 𝟕𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
0.013

b. Computed (actual) bending stress of the column.

fa 76.923
= = 0.669 > 0.15 "large axial compression"
Fa 115
M1
Cm = 0.60 − 0.4 ( )
M2
0.9 M1
Cm = 0.60 − 0.4 ( )
M2
Cm = 0.24 < 0.40 (use Cm = 0.40)
12π2 E
F′e =
Klb 2
23 ( )
rb

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12π2 (200,000)
F′e =
(1)(3,600) 2
23 ( )
94
F′e = 702.16

fa Cmx fbx
+ =1
Fa (1 − fa ) F
F′ex bx
76.923 0.40fb
+ =1
115 76.923
(1 − ) 149
702.16
fb = 109.82 MPa

fa fbx
Also, + =1
0.60Fy Fbx
76.923 fb
+ =1
0.60(248) 149
fb = 71.97 MPa

∴, 𝐟𝐛 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚

c. Moment capacity of the column.

M
fb =
Sx
M
71.97 =
0.00012(1000)3
M = 8,636,400 Nmm or 𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦

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