Forensic Ballistics Monograph

CRIMINALISTICA – BALISTICA FORENSE
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PNP STUDENT MAMANI SAAVEDRA EDISON
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BALLISTIC
S
FORENSIC
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my teacher SOS PNP CASTRO
MORGADO WALTER, who with his knowledge instills in
me and gives us special dedication and likewise to my
family who supports me every day.
THANK YOU.
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GRATITUDE
GRATITUDE
To God, for giving us the joy of physical and spiritual

health and well-being.
To our parents, in gratitude for their effort, love and
unconditional support, during our personal and
professional training.
To the police officers, non-commissioned officers
and our teachers, for providing us with their guidance
and wisdom in the development of this work.
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INDEX
GENERALITIES……………………………………………………………
BALLISTICS CLASSIFICATION……………………………………………….
INTERIOR BALLISTICS…………………………………………………………….
EXTERNAL BALLISTICS……………………………………………………………
ELEMENTAL BALLISTICS………………………………………………………….
PROJECTILE BEHAVIOR………………………………………..
MOTION OF THE PROJECTILE IN THE AIR……………………………………
AREAS OF EXPERT STUDY…………………………………………………
CRIMINALIST TECHNICAL INSPECTION (ITC)……………………………..
SEARCH FOR INDICATIONS…………………………………………………………
SAMPLE COLLECTION………………………………………………………….
FIREARMS…………………………………………………………………
CLASSIFICATION OF WEAPONS IN
GENERAL……………………………………
CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS………………………………….
FOR ITS CALIBER……………………………………………………………..
FOR ITS CHARGING SYSTEM……………………………………………………..
FOR ITS OPERATION…………………………………………………………..
FOR YOUR
EMPLOYMENT……………………………………………………………………..
CALIBER………………………………………………………………………………
AMMUNITION…………………………………………………………………………..
BALLISTIC
EXAMINATION………………………………………………………………
DETERMINATION OF DISTANCES……………………………………….
BALLISTIC IDENTITY……………………………………………………………
COMPARATIVE MICROSCOPIC STUDY………………………………….
BUSHING IDENTIFICATION………………………………………………
BALLISTIC CHEMISTRY………………………………………………………………
RESEARCH AREAS…………………………………………………………..
ENTRY HOLES…………………………………………………………
SPECIAL ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………
CONSIDERATION THAT THE POLICE SHOULD
HAVE…………………………...
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE REFERENCE OF
SAMPLES...............................
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FORENSIC BALLISTICS
GENERALITIES
Forensic Ballistics is an essential part of Criminalistics and General

Ballistics, which aims to study firearms, their ammunition and the
phenomena produced by their firing, including, among others, the effect
and direction of the projectiles, determines tion of the inlet and outlet
holes, the presence of characteristic close -range shooting (tattoos, singeing,
smoking), the confrontation projectile and shell casing them, determines travel
tories, as well as all the details and circumstances that were useful and possible
for the clarification of a criminal act in an investigation. Police and/or Judicial
gation.
The study technique is based on demonstration tion of the ballistic identity

established between a firearm and its projectiles; therefore, the characteristics
ristics or striae presented by a projectile or cartridge fired by a firearm and
observed under a comparison microscope, will present similarity of
characteristics of originality and constancy; that is, they will be like two digital
impressions them coming from the same digit. There are no firearms that
produce a similar shot, despite their mass production.
EVOLUTION
We can briefly point out that the evolution of firearms begins in the
"Quaternary" anthropozoic era (Man after the monkey), where man groups
together due to the impossibility of fighting the animal, and cleverly makes up for
his ability to defend himself.
Let us remember that man is the only being that has the power to launch
projectiles; This is how throwing weapons are born to ward off enemies; The
rudimentary knife also appears. bone or thorn. In the Upper Paleolithic, the spear
appears, which was a stick selected with a stone tied with plant fibers or leather.
In the Neolithic, man continued his evolution process and based on his power,
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speed and distance, he designed a "leather sling" with which he threw or threw
his stones.
In the Middle Ages, man continued to fight and with the use of the horse gave
rise to the "knights", who used personal weapons.
The creative dynamics of the human mind did not cease and projectiles such
as the "Pedernal", "La Romana", "La Michellet", "La Florentina", "El Forsyth"
appeared by the Reverend Alexander Forsyth in 1807 that used a mercury
detonator, a situation that revolutionized the firearms industry.
Forensic Ballistics is a relatively new science, the first works date back to
1912 when Professor Baltahazard of the University of Paris, presented at the
Second Congress of Forensic Medicine, identified it tion of firearms by their
bullets, through photography evidence taken of the incriminated projectile and the
test shot fired with the suspect weapon. These photographs were enlarged and
then compared. The method was extremely expensive and the photographs were
obtained using a pantoscopic camera. This method gave good results only when
the projectile examined had no deformations.
The first attempts to establish whether a projectile had been fired from a
firearm date back more than a hundred years; It is possible that in some cases
these identifications have been successful, given that at that time, the projectiles
were manufactured by the shooter himself, who printed a particular stamp on
them that individualized them. But when ammunition began to be produced by
factories, the chances of identification became less and less.
Currently, the identification of weapons by the comparative study of the

projectiles fired two, it has reached a great boom, with the application of
appropriate instruments, such a study having reached 100% effectiveness.
BALLISTICS CLASSIFICATION
Ballistics is divided into three large parts: Interior Ballistics, Exterior Ballistics
and Effects Ballistics, depending on how the projectile travels inside the weapon,
in space or in its encounter with the object, which may be accidental or intended.
For strictly academic reasons, a fourth part is considered to be called Elemental
Ballistics.
INTERNAL BALLISTICS
It studies the movement of projectiles inside firearms, from the moment the
striker hits the cartridge cap, when the effect of the gunpowder gases begins
internally, until the projectile leaves the gun. the firearm through the muzzle.
This part of Ballistics includes the study of the transformation of
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gunpowder, the pressure of the projectile on the walls of the cannon bore, the
speed it acquires and develops. lla the projectile from the breech to the
muzzle, the result being that at range and penetrates tion mean smooth or
rifled bores and the possible use of the effects of a shot, to facilitate the
automatic loading of the same weapon.
But, to date, this part makes its technical study difficult because the
phenomena it comprises are characterized two for big several tions of
pressure and temperature in a minimal fraction of time.
EXTERNAL BALLISTICS
It studies the movement of the projectile during its journey through space,
that is, from when it leaves the mouth of the cannon until it finds the intended
or casual target; in consideration of gravity, air resistance, and obstacles that
may arise. The speed of the projectile at the moment of leaving the muzzle is
called Initial Velocity, and the imaginary line that describes its center of gravity
is called Trajectory.
EFFECTS BALLISTICS
It studies the effects that the projectile produces from the moment it leaves
the muzzle of the cannon (rebounds, collisions, perforations, etc.), until it hits
the intended target or another that is randomly determined by deviation from
the trajectory, or until it is lost. its impulse or energy reaches the state of rest.
ELEMENTAL BALLISTICS
PROJECTILE BEHAVIOR
When firing a shot, the projectile propelled by the gases from the
combustion of gunpowder, travels through the interior of the gun barrel and,
animated by an initial velocity, is projected forward, traveling a trajectory,
which is affected by two fundamental elements. : first, the force of gravity
that attracts it towards the center of the plane ta, slowing down his journey;
and second, the atmosphere that consumes little by little, the kinetic energy
that animates the projectile.
As a consequence of these two factors, the projectile loses speed and

falls towards the ground. This tour Sometimes incorrectly called a
"parabolic curve", it is called a "path", the first part of which is rectilinear,
and then begins a curved fall until reaching the point of arrival.
Depositing the cartridge in the chamber and pressing the tail of the
trigger, the hammer is released, which when acting on the firing pin
activates the primer, igniting it instantly, igniting the gunpowder, which also
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deflates instantly, giving rise to the shape tion of a large volume of gases in
a very small space No; Therefore, the pressure exerted by these gases in
all directions is of the order of many hundreds of kilograms. mos per square
centimeter of surface.
The weakest part of the cartridge projectile is the connection of the

projectile butt. til, the same one that is held by the crimp ment to the
bushing or sheath; When the explosion occurs, the movement of the
projectile begins, entering the barrel, which due to the difference in
hardness, "sticks" so to speak, in the rifling, producing the rotation
movement, reaching a rotation at the exit of the barrel. on its axis of several
hundred turns per second do. Everything said happens in an infinite
amount of time. evil.
Ideally, all the gunpowder in the cartridge ends up burning before the
bullet travels through the entire barrel. The greater or lesser regularity of
shots between long and short weapons will depend on this behavior of the
gunpowder, while in the former the length of the barrel allows the total or
almost total combustion of the gunpowder, in short weapons this does not
happen. therefore the shot resulted ta more irregular. Although the
pressure tends to decrease as the gunpowder burns, it is still sufficient to
push the projectile along the entire length of the barrel, until it exits through
the muzzle, at which point it immediately disappears.
MOTION OF THE PROJECTILE IN THE AIR
To analyze the movement of the project useful, the path it travels in a

vacuum is studied (without receiving the action of any force), the
modification of the path it travels due to the action of the earth's attraction
(gravity), the modification of previous paths due to the intervention of air
resistance, and finally, the true path that the projectile travels in the air.
As soon as the projectile leaves the muzzle of the cannon, it faces

forces that oppose its movement: the serious ity and air resistance.
The projectile, during its march through the air, sets it in motion, which
becomes more or less perceptible to our ears through a hiss or hum. Here
the projectile loses a considerable part of its energy, which is absorbed by
the air to put itself into action, consequently It also loses speed (air
resistance).
To make known an action of the influence of that resistance, it is made

known that a "Mau" rifle projectile ser" model 1909, caliber 7.65mm X57,
aerodynamic shapes my In modern cases, in a "vacuum" and with the sole
intervention of gravity, it has a range of approximately 64,300 meters, while
acting in the air it reaches only about 4,500 meters.
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Analytical studies have been carried out to compare experiences,

reaching the following conclusions:
to.A projectile with a large charge per cross section (weight in Kg. divided
by its cross section in cm), it loses range much less than another of
small load per cross section.
b. Of two projectiles of the same caliber, weight, initial velocity and angle of
elevation, fired from the same weapon, the one with the sharpest tip has
the greatest range.
c. The resistance of the air is proportional to its weight and that weight
depends on the height at which it is above the ground. Thus, air
resistance varies with height.
AREAS OF EXPERT STUDY
CRIMINALIST TECHNICAL INSPECTION (ITC)
It is the diligence carried out by the Ballistic Expert and that constitutes the
application of the Technical Police Inspection cial (ITP); is constituted It is the
set of activities carried out to search, detect and collect signs and/or evidence
that may be of ballistic interest.
When the Ballistics Expert carries out this procedure, he guides the
investigation in its investigation. so that he can carry out an investigation
objective and effective tion, tending to conclude in the identification fication of
the perpetrator(s) of the criminal act.
In the place where a criminal act involving a firearm has occurred, a

descriptive survey is carried out. photographic material and a technical-
scientific interpretation of both the material vestiges of the event and the
firearm, as well as objects and indicative elements rios related to other
disciplines (Medici forensic science, Chemistry, Biology, etc.), for the
determination nation of the cause of death or injury (accidental injuries, self-
harm, homicide, suicide) etc.
SEARCH FOR INDICATIONS
In an ITC, the following precautions must be taken into account: nes:
to.The weapon found at the crime scene is never taken without first being
searched. It shows its location and position, through photographs and
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rough sketches of approx. mation. If it was ra posi ble measurements will

also be taken. cas with the help of a gradual tape.
b. The vicinity of the place where the weapon was found may also be
important, for example in the event that there are footprints on the floor
that show the weapon having fallen.
c. In the collection of samples of interest However, special care will be

taken to isolate each one of them, to avoid altering or destroying the
evidence.
d. To transport a weapon, we will first proceed to verify if it is ba loaded or

prepared, later Appropriate packaging will be carried out do; For the
other study elements, a plastic bag with the corresponding dien you
eviden card cia, thus facilitating their identifi AC tion and post latest
study.
and. The location of bushings and impacts gunshot wounds on

clothing will also be recorded by photograph. fias and sketches.
F. Specify whether the polished surfaces of the weapon, receiver and stock
contain fingerprints.
g. When raising the gun, do not place a pencil or other similar object in the
barrel, although some recommend it. lie, because in this way important
signs can be destroyed, or grooves can be produced in the bore of the
barrel.
h. Check if there are blood stains, hair, fibers, etc., ensuring that such
signs are not altered or destroyed. yan for study in the laboratory.
Yo. Check if the weapon was loaded or unloaded, the cartridges it

contained, if there are signs of having been fired recently, the smell of
gunpowder, etc.
j. Handle the weapon as little as possible before handing it over to the

Laboratory. Do not shock it.
k. When looking for the make and number of the weapon, it must be
remembered that they are not always easily found. Sometimes they can
be located under the barrel of the gun or in places covered by bakeli. ta
or wood.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
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In investigations related to criminal acts nals in which firearms have

been used, special care must be taken to recover, mark and conserve var
everything that may constitute become an evidentiary element; Protective
precautions also refer to the handling of weapons, in order to avoid
accidental shooting.
It is understood that the collection of the samples will be done by the

Ballistics Expert. Next, the samples that are likely to be collected
are noted, with indications of the possible determinations by the Experts in
the laboratory. river.
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SAMPLES In the Laboratory it will be analyzed and

studied for the determination of:
PROJECTILES Structure, shape, caliber, type of weapon used,

manufacturer's name singing and other identifying
characteristics.
BUSHINGS
Structure, shape, caliber, type of weapon used,
manufacturer's name singing and other identifying
characteristics.
WEAPONS
Structure, type, brand, caliber, country of manufacture,
finish, state of conservation and functioning
characteristics of having been fired, model, serial number,
CARTRIDGES part number, etc.
Structure, brand, type, caliber, finished country of
manufacture, state of conservation and operation,
characteristics of the gunpowder.
POCKETS AND CUPS

Caliber of the pellets and the caliber of the weapon used
from the measurements of the wad.
FIREARMS
Of all the inventions made by man, nothing has fascinated him swimming
as much as the firearm. According to Oliver Winchester "it is a heat machine
for firing bullets." In general terms we will say that weapons are instruments,
devices or machines that serve not only to offend but also to defend oneself.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEAPONS IN GENERAL
to.Manuals, (for hand-to-hand combat)

b. Offensive or defensive
c. Individual or collective
d. For its effects:
(1) Overwhelming
(2) Cutting
(3) Piercing
(4) Cutting-piercing
(5) Blunt-piercing
(6) Blunt cutting
and. Firearms.
F. Blank weapons.
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g. Homemade weapons.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS
FOR YOUR DESTINY
(1) WEAPONS OF WAR
Those that are used for war (fu sil, bazooka, missile).
(2) HUNTING WEAPONS
Those that are used especially for this purpose, both for large
game and small game (carbine 22, 30, 38, 44; shotgun 12, 16, 20).
(3) PERSONAL DEFENSE WEAPONS
Within personal defense weapons, all short-range weapons are

considered, generally fist-fist weapons, such as pistols and
revolvers.
(4) SPORTS WEAPONS
They are all those used for this purpose, for example: ratatouille
the Olympic ones, skeet shooting shotgun, etc.
b. FOR ITS CALIBER
(1) LARGE CALIBER WEAPONS

Greater than 75 mm.
(2) MEDIUM CALIBER WEAPONS

Those from 20 to 75 mm.
(3) SMALL CALIBER WEAPONS

Less than 20 mm.
c. FOR ITS CHARGING SYSTEM
(1) AVANCHARGING WEAPONS
They are those that are loaded through the mouth of the ca no N.
(2) BACKLOADING WEAPONS

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They are those that are loaded from the pole end barrel
(chamber), in general all modern weapons are considered in this
classification tion.
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d. FOR ITS OPERATION
(1) AUTOMATIC WEAPONS
They are those with automatic firing and loading, that is, all those
that, supplied and armed once, produce a continuous current. series
of shots, as long as the shutter release button is held down;
example: machine guns doras, etc.
(2) SEMIAUTOMATIC WEAPONS
They are those only with automatic loading, those that previously
supply foundation, armed and prepared, and the action of the finger
on the trigger The controller fires a single cartridge, carrying out the
operations extraction operations, bushing ejection llo, feeding and
automatic arming, without the direct intervention of the shooter,
remaining prepared for the new action upon shooting dor, being
impres It is essential to press it again for the shot to occur again;
example: fist guns: Browning, Star, BERETTA, etc.
(3) REPEATING WEAPONS
Those that, in order to fire the shot, require the shooter's action
on the closing and shutter mechanism (bolt) before and after each
shot, are properly mechanical weapons; Ahem plo: the MAUSER
Rifles.
and. FOR YOUR EMPLOYMENT
(1) COLLECTIVE WEAPONS
Those that, due to their firepower, require the intervention of

several individuals. viduos for handling; example: heavy machine
guns, etc.
(2) INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS
They are those whose employment is done by a single person na

and does not require the intervention of others; ehm : machine gun
pistols ras, rifles, re revolvers, semi pistols automatic, etc.
MANUFACTURING THE BARREL OF A FIREARM
It is of great importance for the Ballistics Expert or investigator to know

the manufacturing process of the firearm barrel, since the way in which it is
carried out will influence the results of an investigation. tion. Manufacturing
begins by drilling a solid steel bar from one end to the other to turn it into a
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detergent tube. mined length, polishing the interior, until the surface is
perfectly smooth, then the spiral grooves are carved along the inside of the
barrel, the spaces between one groove and another make a relief that is
called "field". The set of fields and grooves is called "scratching",
constituting the most important factor when it comes to the identification of
firearms and projectiles.
In order to correct these deficiencies, the bullets were lengthened to give

them a shape similar to the ones they currently have. With this modification
it was possible for the bullet to acquire greater weight and at the same time
the increase in the contact surface allowed greater proportions of the
driving force of the gases derived from the deflagration of the gunpowder.
Despite these improvements, the results were not entirely satisfactory; The
characteristics of the super inner surface of the barrel, the project til was
tilting and rapidly losing its speed.
to.LINED
The scratching process is currently carried out with the help of tools.
tas (machuelo), that automatic In a single operation, they carve the
spiral grooves inside the barrel, giving each weapon characteristic
characteristics. peculiar cases that, to the individuali zarla, they make it
different from any other; this, because in steel it constitutes tive of the
canyon, exis have portions that offer greater hardness and are
responsible bles of microscopic dents in the tap therefore in each of the
notches appears ce a series of fine striations left by the dent of the
machine it; stretch marks that vary in each operation tion and are
peculiar liars in every notch. Each projectile fired, as it travels inside the
barrel, will register on its coast two a series of grooves produced by the
roughness of the barrel, which due to their number and depth are
possible for identification, since only another projectile in similar
conditions will present the same characteristics.
It should be noted that each manufacturer has its own design for the
stripes and fields, these may be inclined two according to different
angles, the width, depth and degree of inclination may vary tion whether
to the right or to the left, the former prevailing.
Other weapon devices, such as the hammer tor, extractor and breech
walls, print look at both the bushing and the disc or its tail,
characteristics peculiar teristics that go to singu larize each weapon.
Taking into account what was previously described, we can say that,
upon finding a projectile into the victim's body or a shell casing in the
immediate vicinity nes of the place where the shot occurred, it will be
possible able to determine if it corresponds of the weapon that is being
identified, such as the one used in the criminal action that is the reason
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for the investigation tion.
CALIBER
The caliber of a rifled firearm is consi Derated almost always by the

measurement of the diameter between two opposite fields. However,
there are weapons whose caliber designation is based on the diameter
measured between two bottoms of the grooves or on the diameter of the
projectile in the cartridge corresponding to the weapon.
A bullet or projectile has a diameter greater than that of the barrel

bore measured between fields, so that the latter can bite the metal of the
bullet and produce its rotational movement. Although the caliber of a
weapon is based on the diameter of the bore between the fields, the
caliber designation does not always correspond exact weight mind to the
truth Given the diameter of the bore, there is often some difficulty in
determining the nominal caliber using a fired bullet or a cartridge that
does not have the caliber marked.
To determine the caliber, bas Measure in millimeters or inches the

space between the inner edges of the barrel. Calibers are calculated
differently in North American weapons Ricans and those of the
European continent. Two types of quality must be taken into account.
bre: real and nominal. The actual caliber is measured between two
opposite edges, the measurement is taken at the muzzle; while the
nominal caliber is sim Simply a conventional measurement is the
diameter of the bullet.
To convert inches to millimeters Others, multiply the inches by 25.4 or

divide by 0.039 37. To convert millimeters to inches you have to multiply
the mm. by 0.03937 or divide by 25.4. The gauge stops mine using a
micrometer calibrated in thousandths of millimeters or inches.
The following table can serve as a guide to determine ning the caliber
under certain conditions, gives us the designation tion of caliber for
weapons in millimeters threes, hundredths and thousandths of an inch,
comparing one to the other.
Hundredths of
mm Thousandths of an Inch Thousandths of an Inch
(European countries) (USA/Spain) (English)
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5.6 .22 .220

6.35 .25 .250
6.5 .25,.26
7.0 .28 .270,.250
7. 5;7.62 .30;.32 .300;,.320
7.63,7.65 7.79,8.0 .32
9.0 .35, .38 .348,.350
9. 3,9.5 .38
10.35,10.75 -40,.41,.49
11.0 .44,.45 .440,.450
The caliber of shotguns (weapons that do not have helical rifling) is

the internal diameter of the barrel, for those of small caliber; but, in the
scope For large caliber guns, the English system is used, which is based
on the number of spherical lead bullets of the caliber of the cannon
whose weight adds up to one pound (English measurement); If there are
twelve such bullets in a Pound, then the caliber will be 12.
Unlike what happens with short and rifled firearms (revolvers and
pistols), an Internal Commission tional Weapons in 1961, agreed to
establish fixed numbers to determine the caliber of shotguns.
AMMUNITION
(1) THE CARTRIDGE
The Cartridge is a cylinder of metal, cardboard or synthetic

material, composed of the casing, project tool, gunpowder and
percussion cap, which are used in breech-loading, repeating and
automatic weapons;
(2) CLASSIFICATION
(to) FOR ITS PERCUSSION SYSTEM
1 Central Percussion
In this type of cartridge, the primer is placed in the center

of the cartridge case. llo.
2 Ringfire
The primer is placed on the edge of the cap's bottom. llo,

and therefore the ignition of the powder can take place ra by
the impact of the firing pin at any point on the periphery.
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3 Spike
These cartridges have a stem on the side of the casing

that is filled on the outside. internal end of a small fulminating
capsule.
(b) FOR ITS CALIBER
1 Thick Gauge
Those cartridges whose projectile has a diameter greater

than 75mm.
2 Medium Caliber
Cartridges whose projectile has a diameter no greater

than 75mm, nor less than 20mm.
3 Small Caliber
Cartridges whose projectile has a diameter less than

20mm.
(c) FOR YOUR EMPLOYMENT
1 Of war
to Ordinary
Those that have a lead core in the project tool, steel

casing and coating copper.
b Drillers
Those whose projectile has a steel core and casing

Copper drill bits designed to drill steel plates.
c Explosives
Whose projectile has an explosive charge.
d Tracers
The projectile has pirò composition technique that

emits a light that serves to guide or run turn the shot.
p. 21
and Smoke-producing
With a projectile containing a tance or compound that

when fired leaves a trail of smoke.
2 Hunting
to Elderly
Cartridges designed to be used with rifles and/or

carbines and whose projectile corresponds to the type of
animal that is intended to be hunted.
b Minor
Designed to be fired by shotguns and present so

multiple projectiles, conte nien with slugs and pellets,
according to the type of prey you want to hunt, generally
birds or small animals.
3 For Personal Use
These cartridges are designed to be used in handguns in

general, even that the cartridge exists cho caliber 9mm
parabe llum that can be used by automatic and semi-auto
weapons matics.
(3) CARTRIDGE ELEMENTS
(to) Projectile or bullet
It is a compact body, little deformable or very hard, whose

manufacture was conditioned tioned to the need to load
weapons more quickly and easily, and to increase the precision
and effectiveness in firing firearms. Their hardness depends on
the type of alloy they are made of. set. Currently there are
plastic projectiles with more precision and effectiveness. You
can find take the following classes:
1 Naked Lead
Basic constitution mind for lead and this ño, to achieve

greater hardness, thus avoiding fragmentation men you the
pro ejectile.
p. 22
2 Lead with electro bath lithic
These projectiles apart from the configuration normal tion

of your mate ria prima, present an electrolysis bath made
with copper or another metal.
3 Jacketed Lead
Despite the hard lead foundation is not sufficient to resist

the current high speeds; to compensate weaken them
qualities of lead, it has been reinforced jacketed, that is, the
lead core has been covered with a metal that is more
resistant than itself.
Photo Nº 07.- 9mm caliber projectiles with metal coating.
4 Jacketed steel
This type of project til is used in perfo cartridges rifle

rivets. Example: Korean cartridges us that are used in AKM
rifles.
Most cartridges for firearms, except for shotguns or

compressed air weapons, have the oblong shape that they
are. the ones I prey on the argo mines more than the an
p. 23
cho. It consists of the yes who you even tes:
- Warhead
- Body
- Base
They take the following forms:
- Conical
- Semiconical
- Ogivals
- Semiojivales
- Snub nose/Wad-cutter
- Dum-Dum
(b) cap
The bushing, sheath or case, is a cylindrical body slightly

conical trunk that can be made of brass, cardboard or synthetic
material. It is the most important element of the cartridge, since
it houses the primer, gunpowder and projectile.
The cap has the following parts: the culotte , where the fulmi
is housed nante, the body that contains the gunpowder and the
lips where it is inserted the projectile.
(c) Fulminant
It is a small metal capsule that contains a highly sensitive

chemical substance, very easy to detonate by a blow. When the
firing pin acts on it, it produces a small detonation and
consequently the ignition of the gunpowder, causing a large
amount of gases. The fulmi nante comprises four parts:
capsule the, fulminating matter, tin sheet or cover and the anvil.
(d) Gunpowder or projection charge
The projection charge is the gunpowder that contains ne the

cartridge. Traditionally it is a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur and
coal, but currently it is manufactured from nitro cellulose and/or
nitroglycerin that, when inflamed by the detonation of the
detonator, generates a large amount of pre sion, temperature
and gases.
Gunpowder, due to its shape, can be granulated, cylindrical,

hollow, compact cylindrical or laminated ca.
p. 24
c. BALLISTIC EXAMINATION
Carrying out the ballistic examination is of vital importance, since the Police
and the Judicial authority use said report for investigations, which is a
technical-scientific contribution, based on a wealth of assessments that the
Expert expresses in the Expert Opinion. .
This examination is aimed at precisely determining the entry and exit hole
(if both exist) that the human body or object being examined presents, as well
as the location and shape of the wounds or impacts, determination of the
distance and direction. of the shot; Also determine the caliber and type of
weapon used. Each type of exam has a specific procedure fic be it in the
human body, in weapons, in ammunition, in clothing and in technical
inspections (properties and vehicles).
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF A WOUND PRODUCED BY A FIREARMS

PROJECTILE (PAF)
If you take a firearm (pistol or revolver) and fire a shot, you will see that
the following characteristics are stamped:
to.ENTRY HOLE
It is the solution of continuity produced by the passage of the

projectile through the support, which can be clothing, human body or
various objects, whose characteristics cas are sui generis for each case.
p. 25
Photo Nº 08.- Wound produced by a Firearm Projectile. An entrance hole

characteristic can be seen.
b. CONTUSION AREA
Constituted by the injury caused It hits the skin and is located after
the entry hole, it is produced by the impact and friction of the projectile
as it passes (erosion). This characteristic is appreciated when shooting
at any distance. tance.
c. DIRT AREA
It is produced due to the cleaning of the project Useful when rubbing

against the impacted surface, leaving residues of dust, earth or
gunpowder that destroy the inside of the barrel. Characteristic that is
seen when the shot has been taken at any distance.
d. SINGE ZONE
It is noticeable when the shot is fired from very close range. It occurs
when, as a result of the explosion of gunpowder, the contact surface
burns. This area is perennial, meaning it does not disappear when
cleaned. It can be seen in shots fired at no more than 10cm distance
between the muzzle of the cannon and the surface. surface to impact.
p. 26
Photo Nº 09.- Tangential wound on the human body, caused by a firearm

projectile, at a short distance, showing a charring area.
and. SMOKING AREA
It is produced by the impregnation of smoke or soot, a product of the

explosion of gunpowder; This area is not permanent, it can be cleaned.
It can be seen in effective shots placed no more than 30cm between the
muzzle and the surface of the skin.
F. TATTOO AREA
This appears when the affected surface is reached by gunpowder

remains, that is, the semicombus granules. cough and discomfort busts
that are impregnated forming what is called "tatua heh"; it is seen when
the shot is fired at a distance of no more than 50cm between the surface
of the skin and the muzzle of the gun. It can be classified into:
(1) FAKE TATTOO
Formed by gunpowder granules that are susceptible to falling or

detaching, because they have not adhered strongly to the surface.
Cie.
(2) TATTOO PROPER
Configured by durade impregnation ra of powder granules ra, as

well as by the burns caused by those gunpowder granules that do
not end rum from burning on the skin, having been projected while
still burning.
p. 27
Photo No. 10.- Entry holes in clothing (a) shot taken at

5 cm., area of scorching and smoking can be seen, (b)
shot taken at 15 cm., area of smoking and tattooing
can be seen, (c ) shot taken at 35 cm. tattoo area can
be seen.
g. OUTLET HOLE
It is the solution of continuity produced by the projectile fired by

firearms, which presents a physical body once it has been pierced and
whose general dimensions They are usually larger than the entrance
hole, and in most cases their shape is irregular or oval.
d. DETERMINATION OF DISTANCES
The distance from which a firearm shot has been fired is determined on the
basis of the remains of completely or partially combusted gunpowder found on
the surface. impact cie. There are various classifications of shot distance,
such as those proposed by writers such as Hoyne Sneider, Israel Castellanos,
among others. Currently, the system designed by the Department of Forensic
Ballistics and Explosives is applied in the country, as follows:
1. FOR SHORT WEAPONS (PISTOL OR REVOLVER)

p. 28
to.Short distance
Shots produced when the distance between the muzzle of the cannon
and the impact surface is between 00cm and 50cmm.
b. Long distance
Shots produced when the muzzle of the cannon is at a distance

greater than 50cm from the surface at impact tar.
Photo Nº 11.- Entry holes in vehicles produced by long-distance firearm

projectiles.
2. FOR LONG GUNS :
to.Short distance
Shots fired between zero cm and 150cm between the muzzle of the
cannon and the surface to be hit.
b. Long distance.
Shot taken at a distance greater than 150cm.
p. 29
Photo Nº 12.- Hole produced by a firearm projectile in common glass
Photo Nº 13.- Hole produced by a firearm projectile in the windshield glass.
AND. MATERIALIZATION OF PATH
It is the application of the theoretical-practical knowledge of External

Ballistics, carried out by the Expert in the "reconstruction of the events" in
which firearms have been used.
Evidence of a ballistic nature is confronted, such as impacts on walls,

impacts on vehicles, entry and exit holes in injured people or corpses;
position, location, movements and distance of the people involved (witnesses,
accused, injured parties, etc.).
p. 30
The version of the people involved in the reconstruction is analyzed, the

way and circumstances in which the events occurred, the way and
circumstances of how the gunshot(s) occurred.
v. BALLISTIC IDENTITY
TO. IDENTIFICATION CLASSES
1. DIRECT IDENTIFICATION
It consists of analyzing and comparing the ca racterís identifying

techniques, on its own elements, through direct observation ta or with the
help of the microphone copy or magnifying glass, you can get a photo gra
fias or photomicro gra trusts for the document supporting tion for the peri-
study ballistic cial.
2. INDIRECT IDENTIFICATION
It is carried out when a two-dimensional record of the characteristics is

obtained, either in the positions on the micros I copy "side by side" or
"concomitant", "by juxtaposition" and "overprint" with a difference in colors
or tones. To carry out this expert work, a mi Binocular ballistic comparison
croscope.
3. IMMEDIATE IDENTIFICATION
It results from the mental process through the element by analysis czar.
It is assumed that you have prior knowledge of the element being analyzed.
For example, we can consider a firearm as a personal or patrimonial asset -
our property or the State's. In the case of having a firearm in sight, I will
analyze We know its origin and based on the numbering, series, factory
marks, test punches, we can make an immediate identification. Another
way can be through the weapon documents, license, invoice, purchase
bante, etc.
4. MEDIUM IDENTIFICATION
It is the action that is carried out through a relationship or contact

through an intermediary. diary; that is, by means of a witness element (in
the case of projectiles it will be the "incri mined").
b. BASIC REQUIREMENTS
All ballistic identification requires:
p. 31
1. ORIGINALITY
It means that the characteristics analyzed are not imitates tions of

something else since they come exactly from a firearm.
2. CONSTANCY
Also called "persistence", which means finding those original or unique

characteristics in the elements we are analyzing.
3. AMOUNT
The original and constant characteristics presented by the elements

being analyzed can be coincident tes or divergent.
Originality and consistency are required quality sites tatives, while

quantity is a quantitative requirement. In Ballistics, the Identity Proof must
be objective, perpetuated and materially demos trable by itself, through an
ideal record of fidelity and irrefutable precision, which reproduces the
characteristics originality theristics ity, constancy and quantity, in condition
tions of being easy and unconfusing able to be perceived given even by a
layman in the field, by direct vision of its reproduction.
c. THE BALLISTIC TEST
When carrying out the generic identification in the first instance, between
the elements it relates Two with firearms, mainly with the projectiles that are
fired by them, as well as the casings or sheaths, we must carry out the studies
with the help of the Comparison Microscope.
The analysis of the characteristics found in the project tool and bushing, are
made as follows:
1. Side-by-side or concomitant comparison, where the pros Projectiles are

placed in the adjustable support with reception for projectiles and through
the comparison tube, the shape of the projectiles will be noted on each
target.
2. Comparison by juxtaposition, where the continuity of characteristics

observed in the projectile of the left object is matched with the projectile of
the right objective.
3. Overprinting, where the filter is used to establish chromatic differences,

especially divergences in two projectiles compared tion.
d. EXPERIMENTAL SHOOTING
p. 32
When we have an "incriminated" projectile, the characteristics are engraved

on its useful surface. marks left by the firearm that fired him.
To determine the identity of the "incriminated" projectile, direct comparison

with other projectiles cannot be resorted to, nor can it be compared directly
with the barrel of the weapon, because the location of the barrel's rifling does
not allow direct observation. ta, also because the characteristics or identifying
details are very small, impossible to capture by direct means, we need an
adequate magnification system, which only a microscope can provide.
To obtain a projectile without alteration of any kind, an obstacle is required

that stops it without deforming it, that is an efficient braking action, capable of
progressively consuming increases the speed of the projectile, decreasing its
energy.
The speed reduction will be better used if we use a denser fluid such as
water. The liquid medium is ideal to obtain experimental projectiles in the best
condition. tion, another ideal fluid is glycerin oil.
The simplest device is a wooden box containing compressed cotton,

placed close-range paper or cardboard thin lines to locate the area where the
projectile remains.
1. PROCEDURE
When using the water device, the internal liquid placed in the tube stops
the projectile fired by a firearm and falls slightly to the deposit. placed at the
bottom of the tube, from where it is collected by a basket previously placed
mind for this purpose. The tube must have an adequate height, so that the
projectile does not suffer crushing. I lie when I hit the bottom hard.
Drawers or cylinders are also used, containing mattress nes filled with
cotton, tow and/or wool. The shot is fired at a safe distance, whose
projectile, due to its helical movement, is wrapped with the substance used,
forming a kind of ball or cocoon. Permanent caution must be taken that
after each shot, the fired projectile must be removed and then adjust and
accommodate the filling again.
The National Directorate of Criminalistics has designed a special table,

composed of two lateral guides that, in the lower area, have metal wheels
that fit into the support rails of the special table; The upper area
accommodates 6 drawers. wooden boxes, which have hollow lids on the
sides. Indus cotton has been packed inside each drawer. trial, pressed and
adjusted.
Each side in the area of the side covers that have open circles is used to
p. 33
place a piece of cardboard in each opening. In the initial area, one by one
wooden "v" shape, which serves to support the barrel of the firearm. When
the shot is fired, the drawer support slides slightly on the rail; Since each
drawer in the lower area also has metal wheels that fit into another upper
rail, the initial hit of the projectile on the area of the first drawer causes all
the drawers to move in the direction of the shot path; The purpose of these
wheels is for you to counter have the project penetration useful
Once the shot has been fired, the cardboard in each drawer is reviewed;
When one of them is found without a perforation, it will mean that the
"projectile" has lodged in the preceding drawer. We proceed to search
inside the drawer and remove the "ball" containing the experimental
projectile. such.
2. BUSHINGS
To obtain "exper "Imental weapons", fired by revolvers, remain inside the

drum of said weapons and can be easily removed. te, in this way we obtain
the "experimental cap" or "witness".
As for pistols, due to the effect produced by the release of the extractor
claw and the slide of these weapons, once the shot has been fired, the
action of the gases makes the slide recoil and the extractor claw propels
the case out. in the direction where the ejection window is located. With
the purpose that this "cas experimental quill" is not hit, a rubber support can
be placed on the floor or, instead, a "butterfly" can be placed on the side of
the ejection window of the weapon. ero", so that the casing does not hit
when being ejected.
3. RECOMMENDATIONS
Each experimentally obtained element, called a "projectile" or "cap",

must be placed in a small plastic tube or box, at the base of which there
must be a little cotton, which serves as a mattress and insulates "this
element", so that don't hit yourself.
In the container where the element is sent, the characteristics must be

noted. cases, such as:
to.Projectile: Caliber, number of helical stripes, direction of striping, weight,

measurements, etc.
b. Cap: Caliber, brand, signs or characteristics, length of the sheath, color,

etc.
AND. COMPARATIVE MICROSCOPIC STUDY
p. 34
Of all scientific technical procedures identification systems for casings or

projectiles, the most versatile and rich in possibilities of practices for use by
the Expert, is the Microsco Comparison pio that through it, after the study, the
photographic reproduction can be presented, obtaining an immediate and
faithful record of the coincident or divergent characteristics of the images of
the analyzed objects.
This microscope allows you to observe the captured image of two elements
at the same time, simultaneously, for which it has two beams of rays that
illuminate the study areas of projectiles and casings; They allow the
comparison of structures in mixed images or continuous images. They also
have a 35 mm photomicrography system, which allows obtaining registry
Photographic images of the elements analyzed two.
1. OPTICAL RESEARCH METHODS
to.MACROSCOPIC
The examination is carried out with the help of a simple magnifying

glass, in order to locate characteristics of the samples.
b. MICROSCOPIC
It is carried out with the help of stereoscopic magnifying glasses or

comparison microscopes.
c. STUDY PROCEDURE
The samples to be examined are placed on the plate supports. you

carry objects and proceed to locate the object. vo of lower increase. (It is
recommended to study the samples from the lowest to the highest
magnification).
The lights of the lighting system are turned on and the height of the
arms is adjusted, as well as their inclination (both must be located at the
same height and direction). tion).
The plates are graduated and the examination is carried out, first
locating the characteristics in the "experimental" then in the
"incriminating" do". The original characteristics have been established
and tes, the photomicro system is connected graphy and proceed to
take the photo graphics.
Once the study is completed, the photomicro system is removed from

the chassis. graphy and is sent to the Dept. Photography for
development; The samples are removed from the stage and the
p. 35
accessories used are put away, turning off the lighting system. tion.
Remember that at the end of the study, the cover must be placed on the
microscope to protect it from dust (enemy number one of objectives and
eyepieces).
F. PROJECTILE IDENTIFICATION
Projectiles are studied from two points of view: general and particular.
1. GENERAL
It can be within the aspects of weight, caliber, shape and chemical

composition.
2. PARTICULAR
The irregularities of the barrel bore are etched into the projectile as it
passes through it. The most visible are the features left by the solids and
the stripes, which can be distinguished with the naked eye.
Each manufacturer builds the cannon following its own standards; which
allows us to differentiate their origin taking into account the following:
to.NUMBER OF STRIPES
They vary according to the model and brand of the weapon.
b. SCRATCH ORIENTATION
Formed by the spiral of the helical groove, which can be on the right
(Dextrogyro) or on the left. left (Sinistrogiro).
c. INCLINATION OF THE SCRATCH
The angle of inclination of the scoring is varied, according to the

brand and model, and the measurement of the inclination can be carried
out with reference to the long axis of the projectile.
d. WIDTH OF STRIPES
p. 36
Each type and model of weapons presents so a different width.
Some particularities are of origin, produced in the course of

manufacturing; others, on the contrary, they want later, they add to the
previous ones and give the barrel an even more defined personality (due
to periodic or accidental deformations).
Photo Nº 14.- Microscopic study of compara tion in projectiles; See the

similar characteristics between the incriminated projectile and the
experimental one.
G. BUSHING IDENTIFICATION
Casings, like projectiles, can be identified from a general and particular

point of view.
1. GENERAL
They can be studied by their caliber, shape and chemical composition.
2. PARTICULAR
To understand the origin of each trace, it is necessary to know exactly

what happens to the cartridge in each firing phase. So we have that for a
p. 37
pistol provided with a magazine, first of all a cartridge must be passed into
the chamber. To do this, the mobile assembly must be pulled back, the
closure of which soon overflows the first ammunition from the magazine;
then the mechanism is released which, by its own impulse, returns forward,
pushing to the cartridge to the chamber. In this opera tion, parallel grooves
have been engraved the imprints on the walls of the cartridge by the lips of
the magazine and a crushing on the front edge of the rim, produced by the
impulse closure of the stock. Due to the action of the trigger, the firing pin is
violently projected against the primer, sinking it, crushing it against the anvil
making it explode. In this phase of the shot, the imprints of the firing pin
and the chamber are printed on the cap of the primer.
Photo Nº 15.- Microscopic study of comparison tion in bushings; See the

similar characteristics between the incriminated casing and the
experimental one.
SAW. BALLISTIC CHEMISTRY

TO. METHODS USED TO INVESTIGATE POWDER RESIDUE .
The investigation of traces of gunpowder in firearms, to establish whether

or not they have been used, and on what date, requires several procedures or
methods, taking advantage of the presence of nitrites, nitrates, or some
chemical elements. cos such as barium, antimony, lead, etc.; Residues are
also searched for on people, corpses or suspects, where gunshots have been
fired.
1. REAGENTS USED
to.TO DETECT NITRATES (Gutman's Reagent)

p. 38
(1) Diphenylamine 0.5 gr.

(2) Sulfuric acid 100 ml.
(3) Distilled water 100 ml.
b. TO DETECT NITRITES (Islovai Reagent)
(1) Alfanaphthylamine 0.2 gr.

(2) Acetic acid QP 15 ml.
(3) Distilled water 135 ml.
(Islovai or Peters Gries reagent)
(4) sulfanilic acid 0.5 gr.
(5) 10% acetic acid 150 ml.
c. TO DETECT BARIUM, ANTIMONY, LEAD
A swab is soaked with 5% nitric acid and passed over the area to be
investigated, be it the back or the palm. For packaging, one swab is
used for each area, plus a blank (neutral) swab and placed inside an
aseptic test tube.
2. HOW TO OBTAIN SAMPLES
to.PARAFFIN METHOD
(1) TRADITIONAL METHOD
Chemical paraffin melts pure mind in a bohemia or beaker glass

do; Once it has been diluted by the effect of heat, with the help of a
camel hair brush, it is applied to the suspicious area of the person,
whether on the back or palm.
Once the area is covered with a layer, a piece of gauze is placed

on top and a second layer is applied. second layer of paraffin, to
give it greater consistency tenancy. When it cools, the gauntlet is
carefully removed and it will be ready to apply the reagent. vo
chemist.
(2) CURRENT METHOD
Filter paper is used, with which a double cap of about 10 x 10 cm

is made.
The paraffin is placed in a container and melted with heat; once

melted, it is expected to cool a little, to the point that when seeing
throw it on the filter paper, do not pass the paper. Then proceed to
place the helmet te on the research area -back- palm; standing on
p. 39
the foot. Once cooled, it is removed and will be ready to apply the
chemical reagent.
(3) SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
Tests to detect chemical radicals compatible with gunpowder

remains, in which paraffin and tape are used clinical practice,
because they are orientation tests, they are applied to the hands -
back and palm of the person In suspicious cases, in corpses or in
people who have suffered ballistic impacts, the following must be
taken into account:
(to) In the case of shots fired with a revolver, generally, the residue
becomes embedded in the hands, because between the drum
cylinder and the barrel tube, there is a small space that allows
the residue to escape in all directions.
(b) There are cases of false positives you, when other chemical
agents, generally rich in oxygen, intervene.
(c) Cosmetics, tobacco, ferti lysants, urine, etc., also They are well
compatible in this test ba, giving a color similar tion, when
carrying out the qualitative march.
(d) The working conditions of paraffin are important, the following
factors should be taken into consideration ration at the time of
using this input: granulometry, purity, color, foreign bodies,
density, melting point of 54 to 56C., ideal working temperature
of 48 to 49C.
(and) The last factor must be severely controlled, since a
greater or lesser amount of temperature can have an
unfavorable impact on the analytical performance; an adequate
temperature will cause the roots I chemized them cos, come to
the surface, facilitating the identification tification.
(F) When heating the paraffin, it should not be in contact to direct
with the source generates heat chlorination, but will be carried
out in a water bath, and the liquid fluid must be deionized and
soft.
(g) The reagent used for this type of evaluation is LUNGE, which
consists of a solution of:
Diphenylamine 1gr.
Sulfuric acid 200 ml.
If the result were positive, the action of this reagent would

give a characteristic blue color.
(h) Time is a vital factor in this type of samples, since the longer
the When shooting and sampling, the less accurate this
evaluation will be. tion, during that period the alleged suspect
p. 40
can evacuate or eliminate the substances under study, or in any

case contaminate himself voluntarily or involuntarily. tea.
b. CLINICAL TAPE METHOD.
You just have to place the clinical tape (depending on the size of the
sample to be taken) on the suspicious area, tighten it and then remove
it. apply the tape to the skin.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
(1) 3" wide clinical tape is used.

(2) It separates about 5 or 6 cm. and it is cut.
(3) The piece of tape is applied to the surface suspected of containing
gunpowder residue, applying pressure.
(4) With your hand, pressure is exerted on the tape, ensuring that the
entire side with glue adheres to the surface.
(5) The tape is then removed and is ready to be analyzed.
(6) More than a method, it could be called "re course" for certain
emergency cases.
(7) The name is also inappropriate, since the tape is a fabric

impregnated with resinous substances, which give it a strong
adhesion on solid surfaces, however cellulose-based papers, or
adhesive tapes, sivas, could also be used for this purpose.
In each exam, the physical property of "adhere" is used. ncia", of the

tape; however, there is the drawback that it does not penetrate human
tissue, and therefore the capture of residual gunpowder products is
incomplete. ta, it may be the case that people who have shot, when
carrying out the respective examination, the result is Negative.
(to) Its application is most suitable on hard surfaces, textile fabrics,

plastics, etc., where its ability to mechanically stick and detach can
"pull" products compatible with gunpowder.
(b) Unlike paraffin, whose chemical composition is known, as well as its

melting point, in paraffin drapo the chemical nature is not known ca
of the fabric and the res nas, in such a way that a priori I discover
We know what it may have, even though it is the so-called "clinical
tape", which has applied specific tion.
c. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER METHOD
Its application is to investigate remains of gunpowder in clothing two

p. 41
or clothes; a sheet of photographic paper is used current that is totally

desensitized you through the application tion of a bath with hyposulfite,
then the paper is washed and allowed to dry. It is then immersed in a
hot 5% solution of a photographic reagent (2-naphthylami na 4, 8
disulfonic acid).
It is spread on a table, a piece of cotton cloth or a towel and the

photographic paper is placed on it. fico already desensitized, face up.
On top of the paper, the article of clothing that sit the hole bullet head
with its external face downwards; Next, a portion of dry towel is placed
and finally a layer of towel slightly moistened with a 20% acetic acid
solution, covered in turn by another layer of dry towel; The entire
assembly sits with a slightly hot electric iron for 5 minutes.
The photographic paper will record a certain number of dark red dots,
which correspond to grains of partially or completely uncombust
gunpowder, and which are retained in the fabric of the fabric around the
entry hole of the projectile.
d. WASHING METHOD WITH SODIUM RHODIZANATE
It consists of washing or cleaning the hands (back and palm) chosos;

with a white flannel or canvas soaked with 5% hydrochloric acid.
Once this cloth is dry, drop a drop of Rhodizo on it. sodium nato; The
reaction of sodium rhodizonate in the presence of barium or lead
(detonator and projectile) is a fixed color, which is quite similar. ble.
and. WASHING METHOD FOR WEAPONS
A cotton swab is used and soaked with distilled water. gives.
Next, the bore and chambers of the weapon are cleaned, using a
swab for each cavity.
Then, each swab is placed in a test tube and the reagent to detect
Nitra is applied to it. cough or nitrites.
b. RESEARCH AREAS
1. HANDS OF THE SUSPECTS
At the moment of firing, the shooter's hand is hit by grains of unburned

or incompletely burned gunpowder, which sink into the skin. In reality, this
p. 42
phenomenon occurs only in revolvers or pistols of poor quality, and it is

essential to make experimental shots. them.
A gunpowder tattoo on an individual's hand shows that he was the

author of the shot (this problem has an interest essential to differentiate
Crime from Suicide, and even to identify the criminal among several
suspects you are).
But the problem is much more delicate than it seems at first glance.
Gunpowder does not have a specific reaction and its presence is revealed
only by the nitrates that enter its composition. But these in turn cannot
characterize are in a certain way and only offer the reactions common to all
oxidants. They certainly give a blue coloration with diphenylamine, but
chlorates and nitrites behave in the same way; For this reason, great
caution and certainty must be exercised. rta experience for the correct
interpretation of the results obtained.
2. ENTRY HOLES
The detection of the remains of combust and uncombustible gunpowder

in the entry holes is of utmost importance since it allows us to determine
the distance from which the shot was fired, helping to distinguish suicide,
aggression and legitimate defending.
3. OTHER SURFACES
The search for gunpowder residue is not only limited to hands or

wounds; but to all that surface that has come into contact near the spaces
that allow the leakage or escape of the remains of the deflagration. For
example, sometimes we have to use towels, cushions, pillows to reduce
noise, which will be impregnated with these remains.
On other occasions, the weapon rests on a door frame or at the height of

the window of a vehicle; It is also important to carry out the examination on
the clothing of injured people who manifest so that the weapon may have
been placed on them, for example: on the right flank of the abdomen
(remains of smoking must be found on them).
4. ON FIREARMS
The search for traces of gunpowder in firearms is obvious, since the

barrel and chamber are the most important. involved at the time of a shot.
p. 43
But we must not forget that for revolvers there is the internal part of the
frame, which houses the drum, an area close to the part of the barrel,
where the remains of the combustion of gunpowder will also be printed.
c. CHEMICAL TEMPERING
It corresponds to the restoration of numbers on firearms; We know that

most weapons are identified by their serial number, which is located in specific
areas for certain brands, models and parts; when, through various illicit
means, a weapon is available, and one chooses to alter the number tion,
eradicate them or re-record them with other numbers, their restoration can be
carried out. The act consists of subjecting the engraved area to the action of
some element that produces violent wear so that the numbers are not visible.
The owner of the weapon believes that it can no longer be identified, if
the depth is intense, the recovery process will become more difficult, and with
some frequency the total recovery of the number is no longer possible.
For the number recovery task nes, there are several types of products,
some of them developed and improved in the Dpto.de Balís tica of the Central
Criminalistics Laboratory Division. From a professional and expert point of
view, this task must be specifically carried out by an Engineer. Chemist and
Eng. Metallurgist, with knowledge of: Organic and Inorganic Chemistry nica,
Electrochemistry, Metallurgy, Physics, Corrosion, resistance materials,
otherwise they could deteriorate the structure of the weapon. Chemical attack
on the surface cie modifies given or eradicated, is carried out with inorganic or
mixed compounds, and consists of passing over the altered surface, with
swabs impregnated with the liquids already indicated, gently and continuously,
until part or all of the factory numbering appears. . There is no common
method for all types of weapons, it depends on the type of their alloys; Each
chemical composition corresponds to a specific type of reagent, which is why
it is important to know the chemical composition of the weapon you are
working with, in order to select nar its chemical aggressor.
p. 44
Care must be taken when handling liquids as they are toxic, irritating and
caustic, whose fumes can cause burns, headaches, dizziness and even
explosions.
Photo No. 16.- Serial Number of a Smith Wesson re-engraved revolver.
Photo Nº 17.- Procedure for the restoration of the eradicated serial number
on firearms;
p. 45
Photo Nº 18.- See the application of acids (exothermic process) and

electrolytic.
d. SPECIAL ANALYSIS
The identification of the perpetrator of a firearm shot is of utmost

importance for the investigator and the judge, mainly when as a result of that
shot, death or bodily injury occurs, for which it must be established whether it
was a homicide, suicide or an accident.
Scientific research in this area has recently developed special analyzes that
allow the detection of metallic components and remains of waste through
Active Analysis. Neutron cation, by Atomic Absorption or by Scanning Electron
Microscope.
VII. CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE OPERATIONAL POLICE

SHOULD HAVE TO REQUEST BALLISTIC EXAMS
This point is intended to guide the personnel who work in the Operational
Units, so that they properly request the exams that they actually require for their
investigations.
In principle, it is convenient to highlight that it is of vital importance for the

Ballistics Expert to have information about the events in which the samples that
are sent are involved, since this will allow them to guide their knowledge to carry
out an expertise in a much more precise way. ; Therefore, the requesting units
are required, when requesting the exam, to make a short preamble about the
facts being investigated.
p. 46
When requesting ballistic examinations, the operational police officer must

request the following:
TO. IN FIREARMS
1. Determination of the type of weapon (If it is a revolver, pistol, shotgun,

carbine, rifle or submachine gun; repeating, semi-automatic or automatic
weapon, etc.).
2. Determination of the number, brand and caliber of the weapon.
3. Determination of the number and direction of the helical rifling of the
weapon.
4. State of operation and conservation of the weapon.
5. Determine if the weapon has been fired, if so, how many times (capacity is
considered in the case of a revolver).
6. Microscopic comparison either with other samples that are submitted or
with pending cases you have a solution.
b. IN BUSHINGS
1. Determine what type of weapon it belongs to.

2. Determination of caliber.
3. Determination of the brand (national or foreign).
4. Microscopic comparison with samples submitted and with cases pending
solution.
c. IN PROJECTILES

3. Determination of the number and direction of helical scratching.
4. Microscopic comparison with samples submitted and with cases pending
solution.
d. IN CARTRIDGES

3. Determination of the brand (national or foreign).
4. Determine operating status
AND. IN CLOTHING
1. Determine the entry and exit holes (if any) and specify the trajectory of the
shot - If it has been caused by projectile useful
2. Determine the presence of gunpowder remains.
3. Determine the distance.
p. 47
4. Determine the caliber of the projectile that will cause the continuity solution
(hole).
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE REFERENCE OF SAMPLES
TO. FIREARM
1. Download them, exclusively operate the mechanisms for this purpose; Do

not clean the.
2. Note of the manufacturer's brand, model, type, caliber, and serial number.
3. Wrap it in clean, used cloth. For shipping it will be packed in a wooden box.
b. PROJECTILE
1. Avoid washing or cleaning. Take precaution tions so as not to alter the

surface.
2. Note the probable caliber, characteristics it offers and brands used for
identification. cation.
3. Wrap it in clean, absorbent cotton. If they were made of cotton, each one
separately. They will be packed in cardboard boxes or other resistant
material. It should not be wrapped in envelopes.
c. SHOCKED CAPS
1. Do not scrape, mutilate or hit the base of the decas quillo

2. Take note of the identification marks. The manufacturer's mark is printed on
the base.
3. Wrap with individual paper, or in clean, absorbent cotton. Pack in a
cardboard box or other sturdy material.
d. SHOT
p. 48
1. Collect as many as possible, place them in a glass jar or test tube.

2. Origin and position of the collected pellets; write down the number sent to
the laboratory.
3. Use a cardboard box or other resistant material for shipping.
AND. TACOS
1. Place them in cardboard boxes.

2. Take note of the place where they were collected, as well as the
identification marks used.
3. Use a cardboard box or other resistant material for shipping.
F. BUSHINGS AND CARTRIDGES HOUSED IN THE DRUM
1. Place them in cardboard or wooden boxes. If the cartridges are collected in

their original packaging, this will be included in the shipment, with its
identification mark.
2. Indicate the place where they were found. The manufacturer's markings are
on the base of the capsule.
3. Use wooden box for shipping.
4. Never handle a firearm, do not put pressure on the trigger tail (do not strike
the weapon).
p. 49

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CRIMINALISTICA – BALISTICA FORENSE

This work is dedicated to my teacher SOS PNP CASTRO

MORGADO WALTER, who with his knowledge instills in

me and gives us special dedication and likewise to my

family who supports me every day.

To God, for giving us the joy of physical and spiritual

Forensic Ballistics is an essential part of Criminalistics and General

The study technique is based on demonstration tion of the ballistic identity

Currently, the identification of weapons by the comparative study of the

This part of Ballistics includes the study of the transformation of

As a consequence of these two factors, the projectile loses speed and

The weakest part of the cartridge projectile is the connection of the

MOTION OF THE PROJECTILE IN THE AIR

To analyze the movement of the project useful, the path it travels in a

As soon as the projectile leaves the muzzle of the cannon, it faces

To make known an action of the influence of that resistance, it is made

Analytical studies have been carried out to compare experiences,

AREAS OF EXPERT STUDY

CRIMINALIST TECHNICAL INSPECTION (ITC)

In the place where a criminal act involving a firearm has occurred, a

SEARCH FOR INDICATIONS

In an ITC, the following precautions must be taken into account: nes:

rough sketches of approx. mation. If it was ra posi ble measurements will

c. In the collection of samples of interest However, special care will be

d. To transport a weapon, we will first proceed to verify if it is ba loaded or

and. The location of bushings and impacts gunshot wounds on

Yo. Check if the weapon was loaded or unloaded, the cartridges it

j. Handle the weapon as little as possible before handing it over to the

In investigations related to criminal acts nals in which firearms have

It is understood that the collection of the samples will be done by the

SAMPLES In the Laboratory it will be analyzed and

PROJECTILES Structure, shape, caliber, type of weapon used,

POCKETS AND CUPS

CLASSIFICATION OF WEAPONS IN GENERAL

to.Manuals, (for hand-to-hand combat)

FOR YOUR DESTINY

(1) WEAPONS OF WAR

(2) HUNTING WEAPONS

(3) PERSONAL DEFENSE WEAPONS

Within personal defense weapons, all short-range weapons are

(4) SPORTS WEAPONS

b. FOR ITS CALIBER

(1) LARGE CALIBER WEAPONS

(2) MEDIUM CALIBER WEAPONS

(3) SMALL CALIBER WEAPONS

c. FOR ITS CHARGING SYSTEM

(1) AVANCHARGING WEAPONS

(2) BACKLOADING WEAPONS

d. FOR ITS OPERATION

(1) AUTOMATIC WEAPONS

(2) SEMIAUTOMATIC WEAPONS

(3) REPEATING WEAPONS

and. FOR YOUR EMPLOYMENT

(1) COLLECTIVE WEAPONS

Those that, due to their firepower, require the intervention of

(2) INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS

They are those whose employment is done by a single person na

MANUFACTURING THE BARREL OF A FIREARM

It is of great importance for the Ballistics Expert or investigator to know

In order to correct these deficiencies, the bullets were lengthened to give

for the investigation tion.

The caliber of a rifled firearm is consi Derated almost always by the

A bullet or projectile has a diameter greater than that of the barrel