NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

FEDERICO VILLAREAL

FACULTY : Electronic and Computer Engineering.

CAREER: Electronic Engineering

COURSE: Field Theory

Electromagnetic.

CYCLE: V

JOB: Report.

TOPIC: ELECTRIC MOTOR

TEACHER: Eng. Romero Soto Abraham

MEMBERS: ALARCON DURAN, Hamer.

CURAHUA MEJIA, Pedro.

VALENTIN MAGALLANES, Jhordan.

2015
 ELECTRIC MOTOR

INTRODUCTION
An electric motor is an electrical machine that transforms electrical energy into
mechanical energy through variable magnetic fields. Electric motors are made
up of two parts, a fixed one called the stator and a mobile one called the rotor.

These generally work under the principles of magnetism , which are developed
within the research , in addition to this, their classification will be specified,
which would be Direct Current, Alternating Current and Universal Motors and
according to the number of phases. in Single-phase, Two-phase and Three-
phase, the latter being the most used at an industrial level.

Electric motors are made up of several elements, which are defined in the
content of this research, however, the main parts are: the stator, the casing, the
base, the rotor, the connection box, the covers and the bearings. However, a
motor can run with just the stator and rotor.

On the other hand, the main connections with which it is possible to power the
electric motors are explained, detailing each one of them, the advantages they
usually provide, among others. Emphasis is also placed on a very important
topic for the conservation of electric motors, such as their preventive
maintenance , which investigates the extension of the useful life of the motor
and reducing losses and deformations of the same, concluding the
investigation. with a series of recommendations for the installation and
maintenance of electric motors.

ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electrical machine that transforms electrical energy into
mechanical energy through electromagnetic interactions. Some of the electric
motors are reversible, they can transform mechanical energy into electrical
energy by functioning as generators. Electric traction motors used in
locomotives often perform both tasks, if equipped with regenerative brakes.
They are widely used in industrial, commercial and private facilities. They can
operate connected to a power supply network or batteries. Thus, in automobiles
they are beginning to be used in hybrid vehicles to take advantage of the
advantages of both.

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

In magnetism, the existence of two poles is known: north pole (N) and south
pole (S), which are the regions where the lines of force of a magnet are
concentrated. To operate, a motor uses the forces of attraction and repulsion
that exist between the poles. According to this, every motor must be formed
with alternating poles between the stator and the rotor, since like magnetic
poles repel each other, and different magnetic poles attract, thus producing the
rotation movement . The figure shows how rotational movement is produced in
an electric motor.

An electric motor operates primarily based on two principles: Induction ,

discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831; which states that if a conductor moves
through a magnetic field or is located in the vicinity of another conductor
through which a current of varying intensity circulates, an electric current is
induced in the first conductor. And the principle that André Ampere observed in
1820, in which he establishes: that if a current passes through a conductor
located inside a magnetic field, it exerts a mechanical force or emf.
(electromotive force), on the conductor.
FUNDAMENTAL PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC MOTOR
Among the fundamental characteristics of electric motors, they are made up of
several elements, however, the main parts are: the stator, the casing, the base,
the rotor, the connection box, the covers and the bearings. However, a motor
can run with just the stator and rotor.

The stator is the element that operates as a base, allowing the rotation of the
motor to take place from that point. The stator does not move mechanically, but
magnetically.

There are two types of stators:

 Salient pole stator.

 Slotted stator.

The stator is mainly made up of a set of silicon steel sheets (and is called a
"package"), which have the ability to allow magnetic flux to pass through them
easily; The metal part of the stator and the windings provide the magnetic poles.
The poles of a motor are always even (they can be 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.), therefore
the minimum number of poles that a motor can have to operate is two (one
north and one south).

The rotor is the mechanical transfer element, since the conversion of electrical
energy to mechanical energy depends on it. The rotors are a set of silicon steel
sheets that form a package, and can basically be of three types:

 slotted rotor
 salient pole rotor
 Squirrel cage rotor

TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS AND CHARACTERISTICS

Direct Current [DC] or Direct Current [DC] Motors:

They are used in cases in which it is important to be able to continuously

regulate the speed of the motor, in addition, they are used in those cases in
which it is essential to use direct current, as is the case of motors powered by
cells or batteries. This type of motor must have the same number of poles and
the same number of carbons in the rotor and stator.

The casing is the part that protects and covers the stator and rotor. The
material used for its manufacture depends on the type of motor, its design and
its application. Thus, the casing can be:

 Totally closed
 open
 drip proof
 explosion proof
 Submersible type
The base is the element where all the mechanical operating force of the engine
is supported, it can be of two types:

 Front base
 Side base

Connections Box
Generally, in most cases electric motors have a junction box. The connection
box is an element that protects the conductors that feed the motor, protecting
them from its mechanical operation, and against any element that could
damage them.

Tapas
In the vast majority of cases, they are the elements that will support the
bearings that support the action of the rotor.

Bearings
Also known as bearings, they contribute to the optimal operation of the rotating
parts of the engine. They are used to support and fix mechanical shafts, and to
reduce friction, which contributes to less power consumption. Bearings can be
divided into two general classes:

 Sliding bearings: They operate at the beginning of the oil film, that is, there
is a thin layer of lubricant between the axle bar and the support surface.

 Rolling bearings: These are used in preference to sliding bearings for

several reasons:

o They have a lower coefficient of friction, especially when starting.

o They are compact in design
o They have high operating precision.
o They do not wear as much as sliding type bearings.
o They are easily replaced due to their standard sizes
CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

Before listing the different types of engines, it is worth clarifying a basic concept
that must be known about an engine: the concept of operation with load and
operation without load.

A motor operates under load when it is dragging any object or supporting any
external resistance (the load) that forces it to absorb mechanical energy. For
example: a mixer encounters resistance when whipping mayonnaise; The motor
of a crane supports the loads it lifts, the cable itself, the mechanical elements of
the crane,...; The engine of an electric car supports numerous loads: the weight
of the passengers, the weight of the vehicle itself, the resistance offered by the
ground surface,…

A motor runs in a vacuum, when the motor is not dragging any object, nor
supporting any external resistance, the shaft is rotating freely and is not
connected to anything. In this case, the resistive torque is due solely to internal
factors.

DC motors are classified according to the way the inductor and induced coils
are connected to each other.

 Independent excitation motor:

They are those that obtain power for the rotor and stator from two
independent voltage sources . With this, the stator field is constant as it
does not depend on the motor load, and the force torque is then
practically constant. This excitation system is not usually used due to the
inconvenience of having to use an external current source.
 Engine series:

The armature windings and the inductor are placed in series and
supplied by the same voltage source. In this type of motors there is a
dependence between torque and speed; They are motors in which, by
increasing the excitation current, the speed is decreased, with an
increase in torque.

 Shunt motor:

The induced winding and inductor are connected in parallel and supplied
from a common source. They are also called shunt machines , and in
them an increase in the voltage in the armature increases the speed of
the machine.
  Composite engine:

Also called compound, in this case the excitation winding has part of it in
series with the armature and another part in parallel. The winding in
series with the armature is made up of a few large section turns, while
the other is made up of a large number of small section turns. Therefore,
it allows obtaining a motor with the advantages of the series motor, but
without its drawbacks. Its characteristic curves will be intermediate
between those obtained with series excitation and with shunt excitation.

There are two types of compound excitation. In the so-called additional

compound, the direction of the current that runs through the series and
parallel windings is the same, so their effects are added, unlike the
differential compound, where the direction of the current that runs
through the windings has the opposite direction and therefore the effects
of both windings are subtracted.

THE MAIN APPLICATIONS OF THE DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR ARE:

 Reversible rolling mills. The motors must withstand a high load. Normally
several motors are used that are coupled in groups of two or three.
 Konti Trains. They are hot rolling mills with several frames. In each one
the section becomes smaller and the speed increases.
 Shears in hot rolling mills. Shunt motors are used.
 Paper industry. In addition to a multitude of machines that work at
constant speed and are therefore equipped with direct current motors,
there are drives that require constant torque over a wide speed range.
 Other applications are machine tools , extractor machines, elevators,
railways.
 Detachable motors for paper mills , drawing machines, tension control in
winding machines, constant cutting speed in large lathes
  The direct current motor is used in cranes that require precision
movement with variable load (something almost impossible to achieve
with alternating current motors).

Alternating Current [AC] Motors

They are the most used types of motors in the industry , since these equipment
are powered by "normal" energy distribution systems . Currently, the alternating
current motor is the one most used for most applications, mainly because they
achieve good performance, low maintenance and simplicity in their
construction , especially in asynchronous motors.

Particular characteristics of alternating current electric motors

The operating parameters of an engine designate its characteristics; it is

important to determine them, since with them we will know the determining
parameters for the operation of the engine. The main characteristics of AC
motors are:

 Power: It is the speed with which work is done.

 In physics Power = Work/ time , the International System unit for power
is the joule per second, and is called watt (W). However, these units
have the disadvantage of being too small for industrial purposes.
Therefore, the kilowatt (kW) and the horsepower (HP) are used, which
are defined as:

1 kW = 1000 W
1 HP = 747 W = 0.746 kW
1kW = 1.34 HP

 Voltage: Also called electrical tension or potential difference, it exists

between two points, and is the work necessary to move a positive charge
from one point to another:

E = [VA -VB]

Where:
E = Voltage or Voltage
VA = Potential of point A
VB = Potential of point B
 The voltage difference is important in the operation of a motor, since obtaining
better use of the operation will depend on this.
The most commonly used voltages are: 127V, 220V, 380V, 440V, 2300V and
6000V.

Current: Electric current [I] is the speed of charge flow [Q] that passes through a
given point [P] in an electrical conductor in a given time [t].

Where:
I = Electric current
Q = Flow of charge passing through point P
t = Time

The unit of electrical current is the ampere. One ampere [A] represents a flow of
charge with the speed of one coulomb per second, passing through any point.

Electric motors use different types of current, which are mainly: nominal current,
no-load current, starting current and locked rotor current.

Rated current : In a motor, the rated current value is the amount of current that
the motor will draw under normal operating conditions.

No-load current : It is the current that the motor will consume when it is not
operating with load and is approximately 20% to 30% of its nominal current.

Starting current: All electric motors consume a surplus current to operate,

greater than their rated current, which is approximately two to eight times
higher.

Locked rotor current: It is the maximum current that the motor will withstand
when its rotor is completely stopped.
Classification of AC motors
Due to its rotation speed:

 Asynchronous:
 They are those electric motors in which the rotor never rotates at the same
frequency as the magnetic field of the stator. The greater the motor torque, the
greater this frequency difference.

 Synchronous Motors :

They are those electric motors in which the rotor never rotates at the same
frequency as the magnetic field of the stator. The greater the motor torque, the
greater this frequency difference. This motor has the characteristic that its
rotation speed is directly proportional to the frequency of the alternating current
network that feeds it. It is used in those cases where a constant speed is
desired.

They are used to convert electrical power into mechanical rotation power. The
main characteristic of this type of motors is that they work at a constant speed
that depends only on the frequency of the network and other constructive
aspects of the machine. Unlike asynchronous motors, starting requires special
maneuvers unless there is an automatic starting system. Another peculiarity of
the synchronous motor is that when it operates in an overexcited manner it
consumes reactive power and improves the power factor.

Synchronous machines function as both generators and motors. In our

environment, its applications are minimal and are almost always related to the
generation of electrical energy. In the case of the synchronous rotating
machine, all Hydroelectric and Thermoelectric plants operate using three-phase
synchronous generators.
In the case of the motor, it is mainly used when the power demanded is very
high, greater than 1MW (mega watt).

Synchronous motors are further subdivided according to the type of rotor they
use, these being: smooth pole rotors (non-salient poles) and salient pole rotors.

Plain-pole or non-salient-pole rotor motors: These are used in two- and four-
pole rotors. These types of rotors are built flush with the rotor surface. Smooth
rotor motors work at high speeds.
Salient pole motors: Salient pole motors work at low speeds. A salient pole is a
magnetic pole that projects outward from the surface of the rotor.
Salient pole rotors are used in rotors with four or more poles.

BY ROTOR TYPE

 Slip ring motors: It is similar to the three-phase squirrel cage motor, its
stator contains the windings that generate the rotating magnetic field.

The goal of the pink ring motor design is to eliminate the excessively high
starting current and high torque associated with the squirrel cage motor.
When the motor is started a voltage is induced in the rotor, with the
added resistance of the external resistance the rotor current and
therefore the die can be easily controlled.

 Motors with collector : Collectors are also called rotating rings, they are
commonly found in alternating current electrical machines such as
generators, alternators, wind turbines, in which they connect the field or
excitation current with the rotor winding.

 They can deliver high power with reduced dimensions and weight.
 They can withstand considerable temporary overloads without
stopping completely.
 They adapt to overloads by reducing the rotation speed, without
excessive electrical consumption .
 They produce a high operating torque.

 Squirrel cage motors – An electric motor with a squirrel cage rotor is

also called a "squirrel cage motor." In its installed form, it is a cylinder
mounted on a shaft. Internally it contains longitudinal conductive bars of
aluminum or copper with grooves and connected together at both ends
by short-circuiting the rings that form the cage. The name is derived from
the resemblance between this ring-and-bar cage and a hamster's wheel
(similar wheels probably exist for house squirrels).
BY ITS NUMBER OF FEEDING PHASES:

Single phase motors

They were the first engines used in the industry. When this type of motor is in
operation, it develops a rotating magnetic field, but before rotation begins, the
stator produces a pulsating stationary field.

To produce a rotating field and starting torque, you must have an auxiliary
winding 90° out of phase with the main winding. Once the engine has started,
the auxiliary winding is disconnected from the circuit.
Because a single-phase alternating current (AC) motor has difficulty starting, it
is made up of two groups of windings: The first group is known as the main or
work winding, and the second is known as the auxiliary or auxiliary winding.
start. The windings differ from each other, physically and electrically. The work
winding is made of thick conductor and has more turns than the start winding.

It is important to note that the direction of rotation of the coils involves the
corresponding magnetic polarity, as can be seen in the figure

TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

Single-phase motors have been perfected over the years, from the original
repulsion type, into several improved types, and are currently known:

Split-phase motors: In general, they consist of a casing, a stator formed by

laminations, in whose slots it houses the coils of the main and auxiliary
windings, a rotor formed by conductors made of copper or aluminum bars
embedded in the rotor and connected by means of copper rings at both ends,
called what is known as a squirrel cage. They are called that because it
resembles a squirrel cage. They were one of the first single-phase motors used
in the industry, and their popular application still remains. These motors are
used in: machine tools, fans, pumps , washing machines, dryers and a wide
variety of applications; most of them are manufactured in the range of 1/30
(24.9 W) to 1/2 HP (373 W).
Capacitor starting motors: This type of motor is similar in construction to the
split phase motor, except that a capacitor is connected in series with the starting
winding to have a higher starting torque. Its operating range goes from fractions
of HP to 15 HP. It is widely used in many single-phase applications, such as
driving machine tools (drills, polishers, etc.), air compressors , refrigerators, etc.
The figure shows a capacitor starter motor.

Permanent motors: They use a capacitor connected in series with the start and
work windings. It creates a delay in the starting winding, which is necessary to
start the motor and drive the load.
The main difference between a permanent motor and a capacitor starter motor
is that no centrifugal switch is required. These motors cannot start and drive
loads that require high starting torque.
Induction-repulsion motors: Induction-repulsion motors are applied where
heavy loads need to be started without drawing too much current. They are
manufactured from 1/2 HP to 20 HP, and are applied with typical loads such as:
large air compressors, refrigeration equipment,
etc

Shaded pole motors: This type of motor is used in specific cases, which have
very low power requirements.
Their power range is from 0.0007 HP to 1/4HP, and most are manufactured in
the range of 1/100 to 1/20 HP. The main advantage of these motors is their
simplicity of construction, their reliability and their robustness, in addition, they
have a low cost . Unlike other single-phase AC motors, split-phase motors do
not require auxiliary parts ( capacitors , brushes, commutators, etc.) or moving
parts (centrifugal switches). This makes maintenance minimal and relatively
simple.
Three-phase motors

Three-phase motors are usually more used in industry, since in the three-phase
system a rotating magnetic field is generated in three phases, in addition to the
fact that the direction of rotation of the field in a three-phase motor can be
changed by inverting any two ends of the stator, which shifts the phases, so that
the magnetic field rotates in the opposite direction .

TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

Three-phase motors are used to drive machine tools, pumps, elevators, fans,
blowers, and many other machines.
They are basically constructed of three essential parts: Stator, rotor and caps.
The stator consists of a frame or casing and a laminated core of silicon steel, as
well as a winding made up of individual coils placed in their slots. They are
basically of two types:

The squirrel cage is the most used and gets its name because it looks like a
cast aluminum squirrel cage. Both types of rotors contain a laminated core in
contact on the shaft. The motor has covers on both sides, on which the
bearings on which the rotor rolls are mounted. These covers are fixed to the
casing at both ends using retaining screws. Bearings, ball bearings or bearings
can be roller or sliding.

Universal Motors : They have the shape of a direct current motor, the main
difference is that it is designed to operate with direct current and alternating
current. The drawback of this type of motors is their efficiency , since it is low
(around 51%), but since they are used in small power machines, this is not
considered important, in addition, their operation must be intermittent, otherwise
, this one would burn. These motors are used in drills, vacuum cleaners,
blenders, etc.

CONNECTION DIAGRAMS
All three-phase motors are internally built with a certain number of electrical
coils that are always wound together, so that when connected they constitute
the phases that are connected to each other, in any of the three-phase
connection forms, which can be:

The delta connected windings are closed and form a triangle configuration.
They can be designed with six (6) or nine (9) terminals to be connected to the
three-phase power line.

Each winding of a three-phase induction motor has its terminals marked with a
number for easy connection. In Figure 4.4, a 6-terminal motor is shown with the
internal windings identified to connect the motor for delta operation. The
terminals or tips of the windings are connected so that A and B close one end of
the delta (triangle), also B and C, as well as C and A, to thus form the delta of
the motor windings.

Squirrel cage induction motors are also wound with nine (9) terminals to
connect the internal windings for delta operation. Six (6) internal windings are
connected to form a closed delta, three windings are marked 1-4-9, 2-5-7 and 3-
6-8, on these.
The windings can be wound to operate at one or two voltages.

The star windings of most squirrel cage induction motors are star connected.
The star connection is formed by joining one terminal of each winding, the
remaining three terminals are connected to the power lines L1, L2 and L3. The
star connected windings form a Y configuration.
A star-connected motor with nine (9) terminals has three ends of its windings
connected to form a star (7-8-9). The three pairs of tips of the remaining
windings are numbers: 1-4, 2-5 and 3-6.
The windings can be connected to operate at low or high voltage.
For low voltage operation, these are connected in parallel; For high voltage
operation, they are connected in series.

CONNECTIONS FOR TWO VOLTAGES

Some three-phase motors are built to operate on two voltages. The purpose of
making it possible for them to operate with two different supply voltages, and to
have the availability of the lines so that they can be connected interchangeably.
Commonly, the terminals external to the motor allow a series connection for the
higher voltage and a dual parallel connection for the lower voltage supply.

Conclusion
Any machine that converts electrical energy into movement or mechanical
work , through electromagnetic means , is essentially considered an electric
motor. Some electric motors are reversible and can transform mechanical
energy into electrical energy, functioning as generators.

The operating principle of every motor is based on the fact that it has to be
formed with alternating poles between the stator and the rotor, since like
magnetic poles repel each other, and different magnetic poles attract, thus
producing the rotation movement.

Among the fundamental characteristics of electric motors , we have that they

are made up of several elements, however, the main parts are: the stator, the
casing, the base, the rotor, the connection box, the covers and the bearings.
Electric Motors are classified as Direct Current Motors. They are used in cases
where it is important to be able to continuously regulate the speed of the motor,
they use direct current, as is the case of motors powered by cells or batteries,
Alternating Current Motors; They are the most used types of motors in the
industry , since these equipment are powered by "normal" energy distribution
systems and finally, Universal Motors have the shape of a direct current motor,
the main difference is that it is designed to operate with direct current and
alternating current. The drawback of this type of motor is its efficiency, since it is
low (around 51%).

To start motors, their installation is essential, but not only their installation but
also their connection. To change the direction of rotation of single-phase AC
electric motors, it is only necessary to invert the terminals of the starting
winding. This can be done manually or with relays. For three-phase motors, it is
only necessary to invert two of the power connections. corresponding to two
phases according to the three-phase sequence and For direct current motors it
is necessary to invert the starting torque contacts.