Abstract

This text explores the place of humans in industrial research in the past year, particularly in
cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things in Industry 4.0. It provides a systematic
review of the literature to understand progress towards complex socio-technical systems,
using Industry 5.0 and systemic frameworks.

Introduction

Industry 4.0, focused on IoT and CPS, aims to enhance resource efficiency and address
societal challenges but often misses the human-centric aspect. Industry 5.0 complements it by
prioritizing human-centric design, sustainability, and resilience, integrating advanced
technologies to improve human safety, well-being, and work-life balance.

2 IoT and CPS : an overview

The concepts of CPS and IoT are essential in Industry 4.0. CPS focuses on integrating
physical systems with digital control, while IoT connects intelligent objects. Preferences for
these terms vary by region and discipline. Together, they enable complex system networks in
Industry 4.0, centered on machine interactions.

3 Methodology for Systematic Literature Review

This study follows Kitchenham’s SLR guidelines to review literature on the human dimension
in CPS and IoT within industrial contexts. Using 8 databases, search strings combine
keywords on CPS/IoT, industry, and human aspects. A rigorous three-step process filters
relevant, high-quality, English-language papers published from 1990-2021.

4 General analysis

5 Systemic and Technological analysis

This section analyzes a sample using systemic and technological frameworks. The systemic
analysis focuses on Interaction/Interrelations, Wholeness, System/Organization, and
Complexity. The technological framework for Industry 5.0 includes Human-centric solutions,
Bio-inspired technologies, Real-time digital twins, Cybersecurity, AI, and energy-efficient
technologies.

5.1 Systemic Framework analysis

. 5.1.1 Interaction/Interrelations
A system’s nature emerges from its components and their interactions, emphasizing influences
and exchanges of matter, energy, or information. In CPS and IoT, sociability models ease
human integration : peer-to-peer communication, human-inspired social relationships, and
Social-Network Services, with varying literature support.

5.1.2 wholeness

The concept of wholeness in systems theory emphasizes the interdependence and coherence
of system elements. It posits that systems are more than the sum of their parts, including their
interactions. However, most studies still treat human/social and technical systems as separate
entities rather than intrinsically socio-technical.

5.1.3 system/organization

The concept of system/organization focuses on the coherent arrangement of system elements,

dynamically interacting towards a goal. This organization can be modular or hierarchical,
influencing control architectures. A trend towards decentralized systems is noted, driven by
new socio-technical systems integrating Lean practices and modern technologies.

5.1.4 complexity

The concept of complexity highlights the challenges traditional analytical methods face in
understanding systems due to numerous interacting components, emergent behaviors, and
adaptive capabilities. Modern industrial systems, enhanced by computerization and cyber
elements, necessitate systemic approaches like Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and Knowledge
Management for effective analysis and management.

5.2 technological framework analysis

5.2.1 human-centric solution & human-machine-interaction

The Human-centric solutions & human-machine-interaction focus on enhancing human

physical and cognitive abilities. This includes technologies for speech, gesture, and intention
recognition, mental and physical strain tracking, augmented and virtual reality, exoskeletons,
and human-robot collaboration (cobotics) to improve interaction and capabilities in industrial
systems.

5.2.2 Bio-inspired technologies & smart materials

The Bio-inspired technologies & smart materials pole focuses on integrating bio-inspired and
green properties into industrial applications. Key areas include embedded biosensors for
Human System Integration, ergonomics for improved comfort and safety, and self-healing
materials for enhanced durability and error detection in systems.

5.2.3 real time based digital twins & simulation

The Real-Time Based Digital Twins & Simulation focuses on modeling and simulation of
products, processes, and systems for optimization, testing, and security. It highlights the use
of Digital Twins for design, monitoring, and optimization, especially for complex industrial
systems, and emphasizes the importance of multi-scale models.

5.2.4 cyber safe data transmission storage & analysis technologies

The integration of new data transmission, storage, and analysis technologies into industrial
systems requires interoperability. This includes organizational and technical aspects, such as
integrating cyber-physical systems through visualization interfaces. Managing and securing
large amounts of data generated by these technologies is crucial, with AI playing a key role in
processing and analyzing complex datasets.

5.2.5 artificial intelligence

The Artificial Intelligence pole focuses on advanced data analysis and learning technologies.
It distinguishes between correlation-based AI, which builds predictive models, and causality-
based AI, which aims for reliable decision-making models. Causal AI handles complex
mechanisms and underpins Swarm/Distributed intelligence technologies, fostering clever
behaviors through stigmergy among agents.

5.2.6 technologies for energy efficiency & trustworthy autonomy

The Technologies for energy efficiency & trustworthy autonomy pole aims to mitigate the
environmental impact of energy-intensive industrial systems by focusing on renewable
energy, hydrogen technologies, smart sensors, and low-energy data transmission. However, it
is the least covered aspect among the technological enablers for Industry 5.0, with only 5
papers (7%).

6.Discussion

This paper conducts a systematic literature review on the role of humans in industrial systems,
particularly in IoT and CPS developments. It highlights a strong global interest but a lack of
comprehensive vision. The analysis categorizes approaches into socio-technical systems types
and discusses technologies enabling human-centered design, emphasizing challenges like data
management and privacy.

7. Conclusion

This literature review emphasizes the importance of human-centricity in industrial research,

focusing on socio-technical systems’ development. It highlights the need for a generic
framework to integrate human aspects and suggests approaches like Human-System
Interaction and designing systems as human mechatronic societies. However, it acknowledges
limitations, such as filtering criteria and societal aspects not fully covered.

References

The references cover various aspects of Industry 4.0, including cyber-physical systems,
human-automation interaction, and social aspects. They discuss technologies like IoT, AI, and
robotics, emphasizing the importance of human-centric approaches. The papers also highlight
challenges, such as data-driven decision-making and integrating human factors into cyber-
physical systems.