REVIEWER ETHICS

Love of Neighbor

Neighbor
 Is every person apart of oneself: parents, relatives, friends, acquaintance, classmates,
employers, superior and servant.

Principle of Neighborly Relationship

 Our relationship with others is expressed negatively by the golden rule" DO NOT DO
UNTO OTHERS WHAT YOU DO NOT WANT TO BE DONE WITH YOU. The aim
principle is expressed positively " LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOR AS YOU LOVE
YOURSELF"

The different application of justice

 St. Thomas Aquinas define justice as the firm and constant will to give to each one of his
due. this means giving to one his own or his right, by right we meant that which is strictly
owed according to equality, the equality of proportion.
Types of Justice
1. Commutative Justice
2. Distributive Justice
3. Legal Justice
4. Social Justice

The Goal of Social Justice

 The goal of social justice is the promotion of equal chances and opportunities in life. It
looks forward to the development of man, " a development which is for each and all the
transition from less human conditions to those which are more than human".

The Development of people

1. The development of people must begin with the fulfillment of basic education.
2. The family contributes the social foundation of development.
3. Professional organization contributes likewise to the development of man.
4. The promotion of culture is no less an important factor in the success of human development.

Duties to our Neighbor on the basic Justice

 Those pertaining to their body
(DUTIES TO OUR NEIGHBORS BODY)

 Those pertaining to their soul and

(DUTIES TO OUR NEIGHBORS SOUL)

 Those pertaining to their property

(DUTIES TO OUR NEIGHBORS PROPERTY)

Restitution Demand by Justice

 Restitution is the reparation of the violated right of another.
 Restitution is a difficulty to do.
 In the case where the damage inflicted is materially quantifiable, the duty of restitution is
measured by the amount to be restored. Therefore the greater the damage, the greater
the heavier is the duty to make restitution.
 Punishment of crime's takes the form of restitution , especially in those cases that entail
irreparable damage. THE TALMUDIC CONCEPT OF RESTITUTION IS THAT OF" AN
EYE FOR AN EYE". The Filipino sense of justice though crude in the perception of
some, is expressed in adage:" BUHAY ANG INUTANG, BUHAY ANG IBAYAD".

THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF DEFENSE

1. The attack is unjust.
2. The attack is serious in nature.
3. The defense must be simultaneous to the attack.
4. The means employed are reasonable.
5. The end of the defender is honest.
THE PROS AND CONS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
 The constitute of the Philippines has abolished capital punishment,but does not prohibit
congress to impose death penalty for " heinous crimes"

THE Pro OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

 Jst as an individual may evoke self-defense, the state, charged with the care of society
has the right and the power to defend the citizens from criminals.
THE CONS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
 While there are indeed numerous text from the scripture supportive of capital
punishment such are not acceptable since they were written at a time when blood
vengeance was exacted from murder and it was believe that the blood of a victim cried
out from the earth until it had been avenged by the blood of the murderer .
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
 Is a destructive action which needs a special justification, a special pleading. Capital
punishment should never be compared in surgery where the intention is to preserve life
and not the extinction of life

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

MARRIAGE
•Persons acquire special duties on account of their moral and legal relationship to one another

Nature of Marriage
• Marriages is a moral and legal contact between a man and a woman
•The subject of marriages is the man and woman giving their respective consent to live together
as a husband and wife for Christians marriage is divine institutions.

Guy Marriage
•Or the marriage between two same sex though legalized in some countries is not strictly a
marriage in its moral sense.

Legal Requirements for Marriage

1. Contracting parties must be a male and female of legal age both are atleast 18 years old free
from any legal impediments as define by the law
a.Existing previous Marriage

b.Mental or Psychological incapacity

c.Consaguinity such as that between a brother and sister

d.Treachery or deceit such as pretending that one is single

2. Free and voluntary consent must be expressed in the presence of a solemnizing officer.

The purpose of marriage

• Marriage is has the two fold purpose of establishing a conjugal life (companionship) and the
establishing of family ( procreation and the support of children

Marriage as Sacred
• It is sacred union of the souls of spouse.

The indissolubility of Marriage

•The indissolubility of Marriage derives from the expressed commitment of the spouse given
themselves to one another wholly and completely forgot the rest of their earthly life.

The meaning of conjugal Love

• It is rational response to a deeper meaning of life by sharing self with another in the spirit of
love.
Characteristics of conjugal love

1. It is human. It is not merely the appetite of the senses.

2.It is total. It is a special form of friendship of generous sharing of everything without under
reservation or selfish calculation.
3. It is faithful and exclusive until death.
4. It is fertile because it helps husband and wife grow in mutual respect and love and concern
for each other.

Sex and Marriage

•Sex is not that all important in a happy marriage.
•Sex is a normal biological needs.

Responsible Parenthood
• When marriage is blessed with children it becomes the primary responsibility of the parents to
care for them.

Rights and duties of husband and wife

1. The husband and wife are obliged to live together observe mutual help and support.
2. The husband and wife shal fix the family domicile in case of disagreement the court shall
decide.
3. The spouse are jointly responsible for the support of the family
4.When one of the spouses neglects his or her duties to union or commits acts which tend to
bring danger, dishonor or injury to the other or to the family the aggrieved party may apply to the
court for relief.
5. Neither spouse may exercise by legitimate profession,occupation business, or activities
without the consent of the other.

Authority of husband
• The family code affirm the equal sharing authority by husband and wife over the children and
the affairs affecting the family
• The Filipino differentiate between the function of the husband and wife the father is the ( Haligi
ng tahanan) or the pillar which supports and carries the weight of responsibility for the family
• The mother is (ilaw ng tahanan) the lights that gives life and moral guidance for the family.

Legal Separation
• Legal separation differs from annulment of marriage which nullifies the marriage contract
thereby allowing husband and wife to live separately and enter into marriage with another
partner.
1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a
common child, or a child of the petitioner.
2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political
affiliation.
3.Attempt of responded to currupt or induce the petitioner a common child or a child of the
petitioner to engage inprostitution or connivance in such curruption or inducenent .
4. Final judgement sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years even if
pardoned
5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondents.
6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent .
7. Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage whether in the
Philippines or abroad
8. Sexual infidelity or perversion
9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of the peti.tioner
10. Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year.

Adultery
• Adultery is commited when either the husband or the wife indulges in sexual intercourse with
any third person.
Concubinage
• Sexual intercourse between two person neither of whom is married is forminication.
Divorce
• Divorce is the legal act which dissolves the marriage contract and grants to the marriage
couple the right to remerry.

Society, in general, refers to a group of individuals who share common interests,

characteristics, or values and who interact with one another within a specific geographical area
or social structure.
In discussing society in general in the context of marriage and the family, several key points
emerge:
1. Social Norms and Expectations - Society plays a significant role in shaping norms and
expectations surrounding marriage and the family.

2. Legal Framework - Laws and regulations within a society dictate the legal aspects of
marriage, such as rights, responsibilities, and the dissolution of the marital bond.

3. Gender Roles and Equality - Societal attitudes towards gender roles and equality impact
marriages and families.

4. Family Structures - Society accommodates diverse family structures beyond the traditional
nuclear family, including single-parent families, blended families, and same-sex families.

5. Parenting and Child Welfare - Society's views on parenting practices, child welfare, and
education significantly impact family dynamics.

6. Cultural and Religious Influences Cultural and religious beliefs often shape societal
perspectives on marriage and the family.

7. Social Support Systems - The availability of social support systems, such as healthcare,
childcare services, and community resources, can affect the stability and well-being of families.

8. Challenges and Pressures - Societal pressures, economic challenges, and external factors
can strain marital relationships and family dynamics.

 Society's perceptions, values, and structures significantly influence the ethical

dimensions of marriage and the family. Understanding these societal dynamics is
essential for navigating the complexities of these relationships with integrity and
compassion.
Kinds of society under marriage and family
*Monogamy

*Polygamy

*Polygyny

*Extended Family

*Nuclear Family

*Patriarchal Family

A family is typically defined as a group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, or
adoption. It can be a nuclear family consisting of two parents and their dependent children, an
extended family including grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other relatives, or a
blended family formed through remarriage or adoption. Family is often seen as a fundamental
social unit that provides emotional support, care, and belonging.
ELEMENTS OF FAMILY

•Kinship: Family members are connected through biological ties or legal relationships.

•Interdependence: Family members rely on each other for emotional and practical support.

•Shared identity: Family members often share a common identity, values, and culture.

•Socialization: Family is often the primary institution for socializing children and transmitting
cultural values.

RELATED CONCEPT
 PARENTING: The role of parents in providing care, nurturing, and guidance to their
children.
 FAMILY DYNAMICS- The interactions and relationships within a family, including
conflicts, power struggles, and communication patterns.
 FAMILY STRUCTURE-The organization of family members, including nuclear,
extended, blended, or single-parent families.
 FAMILY STRUCTURE -The roles that family members play in supporting each other
emotionally, financially, and practically.
 FAMILY VALUES- The beliefs, principles, and norms that guide family decision-making
and behavior.
 FAMILY CULTURE- The unique customs, traditions, and practices that shape family life.
 FAMILY RESILIENCE -The ability of families to cope with challenges, stressors, and
adversity.
 FAMILY COHESION The degree of closeness and bonding among family members.
 FAMILY SATISFACTION -The overall sense of happiness and fulfillment among family
members.
 The relationships between family members across different generations.

LOVE OF GOD

 Love of God is a duty to God. The practices of religion is not only second nature to
Filipinos. It is the spiritual psychic of the Filipino to be religious.

Religion
 The word comes from the Latin “religare” or to bind back, also means connection – the
connection of man to God. Religion is a bond or a fellowship between man and his
Creator. Religion refers also to the community of believers with a hierarchy of officials.
In this sense, it is called a church or a sect.

SUBJECTIVELY
religion is a habit inclining a person to render
worship the Supreme Being. In this sense, man is
said to be religious by nature because he feels
himself duty bound to revere and adore God.

OBJECTIVELY
religion is a system of beliefs, rituals, moral
practices, and laws pertaining to the divine worship
of God. In this sense, religion is called a creed or
faith.
Acts of Religion are human acts pertaining to the
practice of religion.
They include:
Faith is the act of assenting to religious truths.
Devotion is the act of obedience to God’s will.
Prayer is the act of communicating with God.
Adoration is the act of proclaiming the glory of
God.
Sacrifice is the act of binding oneself in the
service of God.

Acts of religion
Actions which are contrary to religion include:
Blasphemy is the act of mocking God.
Presumption is the act of believing God, being all
loving, does not punish evil.
Fanaticism is excessive subservience to one’s
faith.
Sacrilege is the act of desecrating sacred objects.
Idolatry the worship of creatures other than of
God.

FREEDOM OF WORSHIP
It is a concept that affirms an
individual’s or community’s right
to express religion or belief
through teaching, practice,
worship, and observance,
whether public or private.
Additionally, many individuals
and most states see religious
freedom as a basic human right.

WORSHIP OF GOD
 An act of religion is a worship of God.
 The worship of God is the proclamation of the
glory to God, acknowledging God’s dominion
over the created universe.
 Worship is private when is done by a person
alone and by his own initiative.
 Worship is public when it is done by a group of
believers as communal manifestation of faith

 The first three commandments focus on our duties towards God, specifically how we are
.to worship and honour him as God.
 Commandment 1: Internal Worship
 Commandment 2: External Worship
 Commandment 3: Verbal Worship

The internal worship of god

 The first commandments deal with the heart
of worship: our inner loyalty to God.
 Since the Lord is the only true God, he deserves
the full allegiance of all people.
 God demands first place in our hearts. We may
not substitute anything for him.
 God demands first place in our hearts. I must love God more than

 myself - love of self

 money – love of things
  men - love of others
 muscles – love of power
The external worship of god
 We must not form idols to represent God, because He is invisible.
There are two kinds of idols:
a. Those intended to represents the Lord
b. Those intended to represents other gods
 We must not use idols or images as aids to our worship

The verbal worship of god

 God’s name represents all the he is. Therefore, we are to use his name with the full
reverence due his person.
 The Hebrew word for “misuse” in Exodus 20:7 refers to using his name in vain
 There are many ways in which we can misuse the name of the Lord

7 ways to misuse the name of the Lord

 We should not break an oath taken in the name of
the Lord
 We should not use God’s name as a proof of
Truthfulness
 We should not use God’s name as expression of
shock.
 We should not use God’s name as a swear word
 We should not use God’s name as a filler in prayer
 We should not perform spiritual services
without reverence
 We should be extremely cautious about
speaking in God’s name

WORSHIP OF GOD As the duty

involve the following;
 The Duty to know God
 The Duty to love God
 The Duty to serve Go

Rights & Duties

In ethics, rights and duties are fundamental concepts that guide moral behavior and decision-
making.
 Rights- refers to entitlements or claims that individuals have in society.
 Duties- are the moral obligations that individuals have towards others in society.

Main kinds of rights

 Civil Rights: Civil rights are those that protect individuals' freedoms from infringement by
governments, social organizations, and private individuals.
 Political Rights: Political rights refer to the rights that allow individuals to participate in
the political process and have a say in how they are governed.
 Economic Rights: Economic rights are those that relate to individuals' economic well-
being and include the right to work, the right to fair wages, the right to social security,
and the right to an adequate standard of living.
 Social Rights: Social rights are rights that ensure individuals' access to essential
services and resources for a decent standard of living.
 Cultural Rights: Cultural rights protect individuals' rights to participate in cultural life,
enjoy their own culture, and practice their own religion, language, and traditions without
discrimination.
 Environmental Rights: Environmental rights recognize the right of individuals to live in a
healthy environment, free from pollution and ecological harm. These rights encompass
the right to clean air, water, and land, and the right to participate in environmental
decision-making.
  Women's Rights: Women's rights focus on ensuring gender equality and protecting
women from discrimination, violence, and inequality.
 Children's Rights: Children's rights are rights that protect the well-being and
development of children, ensuring their right to education, healthcare, protection from
abuse, and the right to participate in decisions that affect them.

Characteristic of Rights
 Inalienable: Rights are inherent to individuals by virtue of their humanity and cannot be
taken away or transferred. They are fundamental and cannot be surrendered, sold, or
waived.
 Universal: Rights apply to all individuals, regardless of their race, gender, nationality,
religion, or any other characteristic. They are considered universal and apply to every
person equally.
 Indivisible: Rights are interconnected and interdependent. They form a comprehensive
framework that includes civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. These rights
are all essential for the full realization of human dignity and well-being.
 Interdependent: Rights are interrelated, meaning that the enjoyment of one right often
depends on the fulfillment of other rights. For example, the right to education may be
linked to the right to health or the right to work.
 Non-Discrimination: Rights should be enjoyed without discrimination of any kind.
Everyone is entitled to their rights without distinction of any kind, such as race, color,
sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth,
or other status.
 Enforceable: Rights are typically protected by law and enforceable through legal
mechanisms. Individuals have the right to seek legal remedies and redress if their rights
are violated.
 Accountability: Governments and other duty-bearers are accountable for respecting,
protecting, and fulfilling individuals' rights. They have a responsibility to uphold human
rights standards and ensure that rights are respected and promoted.
 Progressive: Rights are progressive in nature, meaning that they should be constantly
evolving and improving over time. States have an obligation to take steps to
progressively realize economic, social, and cultural rights to the maximum of their
available resources.

Subject of Rights
 Rights are vested only on persons, who may either be an individual or a juridical person.
An invidual person is every human being while juridical person any legal entity or
association of men, such are corporations, clubs, fraternities and unions.
 Animals do not have rights. But they should be cared for and should not be subjected to
cruelty and unnecessary harm. Cruelty to animals is not in accord with the dictate of
reason.

Bill of Rights
Is a list of rights pertaining to persons? These rights are recognized, guaranteed and protected
against invasion, reduction, or destruction.
 Section 1: NO person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of
law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
 Section 2: The right of the people to be secure in their persons houses, papers and
effects against
 unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable and no search of warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to
be determine personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complaint and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
search and the persons or things to be seized.
 Section 3:
(1)The privacy of communication and correspondence shall ve inviolable except lawful
order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by
law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section will be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Civil and Political Rights
The political rights in the Philippines are outlined in the 1987 Constitution, particularly in Article
V on Suffrage. These rights grant Filipino citizens the power to participate in the democratic
process through voting and running for public office.

1. Right to Suffrage
2. Right to Run for Public Office
3. Political Participation
4. Freedom of Association
5. Transparent and Democratic Elections
6. Equal Opportunities
7. Protection of Political Rights
8. Accountability and Good Governance
9. Citizen Empowerment

Civil and Political Rights

The civil rights in the Philippines encompass a broad range of fundamental liberties and
protections guaranteed to all individuals by the 1987 Constitution. These rights are crucial for
upholding democracy, ensuring equality, and safeguarding the dignity and freedom of every
Filipino citizen.

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Non-Discrimination
3. Freedom of Speech and Expression
4. Freedom of Assembly and Association
5. Right to Privacy
6. Right to Due Process
7. Right to Property
8. Right to Education
9. Right to Health
10. Protection of Civil Liberties

Meaning of Human Rights Today

Human rights refer to the basic rights and freedoms that all individuals are entitled to, regardless
of their nationality, race, gender, religion, or any other status. These rights are considered
inherent to all human beings and are protected by national and international laws.
The meaning of human rights today encompasses a wide range of principles and values that
promote dignity, equality, and justice for every person.
1. Universal
2. Inalienable
3. Equality and Non-Discrimination
4. Civil and Political Rights
5. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
6. Right to Life and Security
7. Freedom from Discrimination and Violence
8. Right to Privacy
9. Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion.
10. Right to Education

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
 Environmental ethics is a profound and complex field of philosophy that examines the
moral relationship between humans and the environment. It seeks to understand and
define the duties we owe to the natural world and the ethical considerations that should
guide our interactions with it.
MAIN THEORIES
 Anthropocentrism - This view holds that only human interests are morally significant, and
the environment has value only insofar as it serves human needs.
 Biocentrism - This perspective considers all living things, arguing that all life has intrinsic
value.
 Ecocentrism - This approach extends moral value to ecosystems as wholes, not just to
the individual organisms within them.

Environmental ethics tackles some challenging questions, these are includes:

- Should we preserve species from extinction, even if they have no apparent utility to humans?
- What obligations do we have to future generations regarding the environment?
- How should we balance economic development with environmental conservation?
CHALLENGES.

1. Climate Change: Recognized as a "perfect moral storm," climate change is a global

phenomenon with ethical issues of fairness and responsibility across nations and generations.
2. Biodiversity Loss: The worldwide loss of biodiversity poses ethical questions about our
responsibility to protect species and ecosystems for their intrinsic value.
3. Resource Depletion: The ethical implications of resource consumption patterns and the
need for equitable utilization are significant challenges.
4. Pollution: Addressing pollution and its disproportionate effects on overburdened
communities is a major ethical concern.
5. Deforestation: The ethical dilemma of deforestation involves balancing human needs with
the preservation of forests as ecological systems.
6. Global Warming: Ethical challenges arise from the need to mitigate global warming and its
impacts on vulnerable populations.
7. Equity Disparities: The disparity between northern and southern countries in terms of
environmental impact and responsibilities is a key ethical issue.
8. Urban-Rural Equity: The differences in environmental impact and access to resources
between urban and rural areas present ethical challenges.
9. Gender Equity: Ensuring gender equity in environmental decision-making is an ethical
imperative³.
10. Animal Rights: The rights of animals and their consideration against human interests is a
significant ethical debate.

Aspects of Environmental Ethics

 Intrinsic vs. Instrumental Value: A central question in environmental ethics is whether
nature has intrinsic value (value in itself) or merely instrumental value (value to us).
Some argue that natural entities like trees, rivers, and animals have value in their own
right, independent of their usefulness to humans.
 Anthropocentrism vs. Ecocentrism: Anthropocentrism places humans at the center of
moral concern, valuing nature primarily for its utility to people. In contrast, ecocentrism
argues for a nature-centered ethics that recognizes the inherent worth of all living beings
and ecosystems.
 Conservation vs. Preservation: Conservationists advocate for the sustainable use of
natural resources, while preservationists believe in protecting nature from human use
altogether, emphasizing the importance of maintaining wilderness areas in their pristine
state.

Future Generations: Environmental ethics also deals with our obligations to future generations.
It challenges us to consider the long-term impacts of our actions on the planet and the rights of
those who will inherit the Earth after us.

Moral Extensionism: This concept extends moral consideration to non-human entities. It

suggests that if we have moral obligations to other humans, we should also consider our
obligations to other forms of life and the environment as a whole.

Sustainability: The principle of sustainability is central to environmental ethics, advocating for

living in a way that maintains the health of the Earth's ecosystems, so they can support life for
the indefinite future.
Climate Change and Environmental Justice: These contemporary issues highlight the ethical
implications of global environmental changes. They raise questions about the fairness of the
distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, especially for marginalized communities and
developing countries.

Environmental ethics encourages a respectful and responsible attitude towards the

environment. It calls for actions that contribute to the health and sustainability of the planet,
recognizing the interconnectedness of all life and the importance of preserving the natural world
for its own sake and for the benefit of future generations.