AIRCRAFT

COMMUNICATION AND
NAVIGATION SYSTEM
AMTE 229

PREPARED BY: MS PAMELA BIANCA M. PALATINO 1

 AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Ground Proximity
Warning System
(GPWS)

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• Ground Proximity Warning System is a type of equipment carried by aircraft to

warn pilots if they are at a dangerously low altitude and in danger of crashing.

• The GPWS system generates aural and visual warnings, if the A/C adopts a
potentially hazardous configuration (excessive descent rate or unsafe terrain
clearance, below G/S)

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The purpose of GPWS is to warn the flight crew when the aircraft mistakenly comes
too close to the ground.

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• The Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) provides alerts in case of dangerous
flight path conditions which would result in inadvertent ground contact if
maintained.

• To achieve this function the GPWS generates visual (warning or caution light) or
aural (synthetic voice) warnings or cautions by processing signals supplied by other
A/C systems (air data system, radio altimeter, flaps, landing gear…)

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• The system generates alerts only between 50 ft and 2,500 ft AGL (Above Ground
Level). Six alert modes are established with defined danger envelopes:

• Mode 1 excessive sink rate .

• Mode 2 excessive terrain closure rate

• Mode 3 descent after take-off

• Mode 4 inadvertent proximity to terrain with landing gear or flaps not in

landing configuration (terrain clearance)

• Mode 5 descent below ILS glideslope

• Mode 6 descent below minimums

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Mode 1: Excessive Sink Rate

A GPWS warning light will illuminate and “SINK RATE, SINK RATE, SINK RATE” will be
heard. If the situation is not corrected “WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP, PULL UP” will be
heard.

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Mode 2: Excessive Terrain Closure Rate

Audio warnings will be generated “ TERRAIN, TERRAIN” “WHOOP, WHOOP, PULL UP,
PULL UP.
There may be no change in barometric altitude but the radio altitude is decreasing.

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Mode 3 : Altitude Loss After Take Off

If the aircraft sinks 10 percent of its radio altitude “DON’T SINK” will be heard.

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Mode 4: Terrain Clearance

Mode 4A: if the aircraft is too low and slow with landing gear retracted.

“TOO LOW GEAR”

If the airspeed is higher the warning will be “TOO LOW TERRAIN”

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Mode 4: Terrain Clearance

Mode 4B : when the gear is selected down and the flaps are still retracted

This warning can be cancelled by the pilot in the event of flapless landing

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Mode 5: Below Glideslope

Warns the crew of glideslope deviations.

When the aircraft receives a valid glideslope and sinks two dots below “GLIDESLOPE”
will be heard

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• Mode 6 : RA Call Outs/Bank Angle

• Mode 6 functions provides optional call outs as the aircraft descends through
predefined altitude below 2500 feet AGL or through the decision height set by the
pilot in PFD
• The call out “BANK ANGLE, BANK ANGLE advise an excessive roll angle. The EGPWS
provides several bank angle envelope supporting Air Transport or Commercial
Aircraft.

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Mode 7 : Windshear

Mode 7 compiles information from the aircraft's air data computer (ADC) and the
different barometric sources on board the aircraft to determine if the aircraft is in a
windshear condition, also know as a microburst.

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• The GPWS includes :

• A GPWS computer

• Two GPWS-G/S pushbuttons

• A GPWS FAULT amber light on CAP

• A GPWS switch

• The GPWS switch controls the whole system. FLAPS OVRD intermediate position
inhibits mode 4 and enables reduced flap landing configuration.

• The GPWS computer triggers Aural alerts through RCAU.

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• GPWS computer receives information from :

• Radio altitude transceiver

• SGU ½ (Decision Height)

• ADC1 data

• Glide deviation (ILS2)

• Landing gear lever position.

• CCAS (flaps position transmitter)

• Go Around Mode

• AFCS Back Course Mode

• Note : GPWS is inhibited in case of stall warning signals generated by the CCAS.

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Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS)

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• The Honeywell MK VIII Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) is

installed on ATR aircraft to comply with the FAA and JAA regulations. This requires
the installation of a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) to enhance the
basic GPWS.
• In addition to the basic GPWS functions (mode 1 to 5), the EGPWS incorporates the
following enhanced functions:
• Mode 4 update: Envelope & Aural Alerts
• Mode 6 update: Altitude and call-outs
• Terrain awareness Alerting and Display (TAD)
• Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) The new functions use information (position,
altitude) provided by the aircraft systems and a terrain database stored in
EGPWS.
• This information is processed in EGPWS computer to trigger aural and visual alerts,
supplying terrain information on EFIS, in addition to the basic GPWS modes.

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• The EGPWS basic architecture includes:

• An EGPWS computer

• Two GPWS-G/S pushbuttons

• A GPWS FAULT amber light on CAP

• An EGPWS pushbutton located on 2VU captain side

• The computer can be tested using the CAPT or F/O GPWS pushbuttons.

• The EGPWS switch controls the whole system. FLAPS OVRD intermediate position

inhibits mode 4 and enables reduced flap landing configuration.

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• The EGPWS switch controls the whole system. FLAPS OVRD intermediate position
inhibits mode 4 and enables reduced flap landing configuration.
• EGPWS computer receives information from :
• Radio altitude transceiver
• SGU 1 and 2 (Decision Height)
• ADC1 data
• Glide deviation (ILS2)
• Landing gear lever position.
• CCAS (flaps position transmitter)
• Go Around Mode
• AFCS Back Course Mode
• The EGPWS computer triggers Aural alerts through RCAU.

• Note : EGPWS is inhibited in case of stall warning signals generated by the CCAS.

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• EGPWS computer is a MARK VIII type and is supplied with 28VDC BUS1.
• “GPWS FAULT” amber light will illuminate on the CAP in case of loss of:
• GPS signal loss
• Weather radar loss
• AHRS loss
• Radio altitude signal
• Altitude rate signal
• Radio altimeter track monitor
• Computer DC input power (if required)
• Computer DC reference signal (if required)
• Gear switch (during self test only)
• Flap switch (during ground self test only)

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• Detected baro reference or rate faults inhibit only mode 1 and 3 and the altitude
gain feature of mode 2. These faults display on aircraft GPWS FAULT light after a
delay of 5 +/- 1s

• All other faults inhibit all modes and are displayed on aircraft GPWS FAULT light
after a delay of 5 +/- 1 second.

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THIS PRESENTATION IS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY

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