CHAPTER IV: TEAMS

SUPERFICIAL AND SUBSURFACE

OF PRODUCTION
Eng. Alizon Triny Huallpara Lliully
 1.

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION

• A production system is one that has the capacity to transport

reservoir fluid to the surface and separate it into oil, gas and
water.
• The basic mechanical elements of the production system are:
1. Wells
2. Driving Lines
3. Production Collector
4. Separators and process
equipment
5. Measurement tools
6. Storage Containers
1.
INTRODUCTION
 1.

EQUIPMENT USED
INTRODUCTION

• The production equipment for gas and oil wells is installed

once the completion and the following works have been
completed:
– Taking production records
– Training tests
• The basic equipment is grouped into two groups:
– Subsurface equipment that ranges from the bottom of the well to the
wellhead.
– Surface equipment that includes all the facilities that range from the
wellhead, with the Christmas tree passing through the discharge and
flow lines, gas-oil separators, processing facilities and storage tanks.
EQUIPMENT FUNCTIONS

• Allow the circulation of formation fluids from the bottom of

the well to the surface.
• Withstand the pressures of fluid flow.
 1.
• Control circulationspeeds through
INTRODUCTION the pipe.
• Control production flows through the Christmas tree.
• Control the flow rates and circulation pressures through the
flow and discharge lines with surface equipment.
• Carry out an efficient gas – oil – water separation in the
separator batteries.
• Carry out efficient processing of oil or gas produced.
 EXHIBITIONS
• SURFACE EQUIPMENT
1. Production head (31 October)
Christmas tree (October 31)
2. Chokes or flow restrictors (November 7)
Separators and processing facilities (November 7)
3.
• SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
4.
5. Production pipeline (November 10)
6. Valves (November 10)
7. Nipples and blind plug (November 14th)
8. Filters and packers (November 14th)

Prepare the exhibitions taking into account the following parameters:

overview, features,
classification,
operations, practical application.
 4

2 . J.
 2. SURFACE EQUIPMENT

SURFACE EQUIPMENT
• The surface equipment is installed and assembled from the
wellhead once the installation of the subsurface equipment is
completed.

• The objective of surface equipment is to control the

circulation of fluids leaving the bottom of the well with
pressures and flows programmed and oriented towards the
surface circulation systems.
 2. SURFACE EQUIPMENT

COMPONENTS
• Production head (wellhead)
• Christmas tree
• Flow lines which are collection lines and discharge lines.
• Flow choke or surface shock.
• Control manifold.
• Oil gas separation batteries used in oil, gas and condensate
fields.
• Processing facilities.

GROUP ACTIVITY 1
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Form groups of 4 people.
 2. SURFACE EQUIPMENT
2. Make a diagram of a production tree (chritsmas-tree)
considering:
– The flow of fluids to the surface
– Flow and pressure control needs
– Intervention needs
- others
3. Activity time: 15 minutes
4. Compare and exchange ideas with another group: 5 minutes
5. Present your outline in class
 2.1. WELL HEAD

WELLHEAD-WELLHEAD
 2.1. WELL HEAD

At what stage is
find this
well?

Source: schlumberger
2.1. WELL HEAD

At what stage is
find this
well?
Source: schlumberger
 2.1. WELL HEAD

Once the pipe is installed:

Blowout
Christm Preventers
as tree Retired
Christmas Tree is
installed to
control well flow
well
head

Do not place pressure

gauges or small accessories
directly on the flanges

Source: schlumberger
 2.1. WELL HEAD

PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS

Support tension loads of suspended tubular

contain the pressure

Allow monitoring of well safety

Provide a base for the Christmas tree

 2.1. WELL HEAD

CASINGHEAD
It is the lowest section of the
wellhead assembly During drilling
a well, as each casing is deployed,
it is necessary to install surface
accessories to which the casing is
supported.
Each part of the casing head
provides items for
support the weight of the casing.
• Serves as a connection between
the
conductor pipe and well control
equipment and the following Wellhead_systems_for_land_drilling
heads.
INDICATE WHAT THE CASING HEAD
IS

CASINGHEAD
Operational characteristics
 2.1. WELL HEAD
• Supports casing. Inside is the casing hanger that
centers and seals the annular space between the well
wall and the casing pipe.
• The casing head allows you to connect or adapt to the
well control equipment and isolate it from the
atmosphere.
• When the stress on the casing is too much, a baseplate
can be used for more effective weight distribution.
 2.1. WELL HEAD
CASINGHEAD
Operational characteristics

• Supports casing. Inside is the casing hanger that

centers and seals the annular space between the well
wall and the casing pipe.
• The casing head p
atmosphere
control equipment
• When effort can
use an effective
weight plan

Taken from Veteo Gray Training Manual.

 2.1. WELL HEAD
CASINGHEAD
Operational characteristics

Er da

T
“

CASINGHEAD
 2.1. WELL HEAD
CLASSIFICATION

Depending on the operating characteristics,

configuration and completion, the classification
guidelines are:
• Nominal size
• Work pressure
• Connection type (flanges, welding, others)
CASINGHEAD
BASIC REQUIREMENTS

• API Flanged Top Connection

•Bottom connection with welding or thread
 2.1. WELL HEAD
arrangement
• API outlet (bolted, flanged or threaded)
2.1. WELL HEAD
CASINGHEAD
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
 2.1. WELL HEAD
CASINGHEAD
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
The most common in Heads Generally

P • Top connection

CASING HEAD
 2.1. WELL HEAD
casing hanger
A casing hanger is a retaining/packing mechanism that supports,
centers, and usually seals a string of tubing at the wellhead.

There are three primary categories of equipment that perform the

primary operation of supporting the weight of the casing:

• Enveloping casing wedges that bite into the tube walls and
support the weight without providing any type of seal.
• Wraparound hangers that use shims to support the weight of the
casing and have an automatic sealing mechanism.
• Mandrel type hangers which are threaded into the casing to
support the weight of the pipe which also have a sealing
mechanism.
 2.1. WELL HEAD
CASING HEAD
casing hanger
A casing hanger is A retainer/packer mechanism seals a
string of tubing in the

s of equipment that performs the

casing operation:

ing that bite into the walls of the tube

provide any type of seal.
• Wraparound hangers that use
wedges to support the
casing weight and have an automatic sealing mechanism.
• Mandrel type hangers which are threaded into the casing to
support the weight of the pipe which also have a sealing
mechanism.
 2.1. WELL HEAD
CASING SPOOL

It is installed on Isolates the Upper and

Or mn annulus of the
previously
lower to
accommodate
each string of
C pipe installed dP previously
• intermediate casing using installed
insulating seals header, BOP
(pack off) (boring) and
other header.
INDICATE WHAT THE CASING SPOOL IS
IN l
 2.1. WELL HEAD

CASING SPOOL
PARVEEN CASING HEADSPOOL(PCHS) DIMENSIONS

Bolljar 0E Flange Top

0A Bore (ZB)
11 X2ÜW 10 31/32
11X200 10 31/32
10 31/32
morning
1 1 X3000

1 1X3001
11X5006 ngo
13 5/8X 10 31/32
om ession
13 5/8X:
13 5/8 x:
1031/32
13 5/8 x: come
163/4
16 3/4X
out
16 3/4x; 10 31/32
16 3/4 x: 10 31/32
10 31/32
Cas ID YMM 10 31/32
16 3/4 x: AIIIIIE nexio
13 19/32
21 1/4X1
Parveen Casing Head Spout teral
21 1/4 x:
(PCHS) ior, his
13 19/32
13 19/32
2.1. WELL HEAD

CASING SPOOL
 2.1. WELL HEAD

CASING SPOOL
PARVEEN CASING HEAD SPOOL (PCHS) DIMENSIONS

"ph A
Bolljam
Flange Sizes Tap EN PECIFI Height(H)
Dimensions
Side Outlets S linimum
CATION
{h} Flange Top
6 1 1 X 2000 11 X 2000 20 1/8 10 1/16
Bure (A)
0
Bure (ZB)
10 31/32
1 1 X 2000 11X3000 20 5/3 10 1/16 0
6
10 31/32
11 X 3000
11X3000 21 10 1/2
1031/32
1 1 X 3000 11 X 5000 23 3/4 105/3 0 rigging and
Size 11 X 5000 25 1/2 123/3
— 103/16
of rank of
13 5/8 X 11 X20 Type /model
103/16 Work
0 15/16
10 31/32
nominal 11X3000 20 3/4
0 15/16 pressure
1031/32 of
13 5/8X3000 11X3000 21 1/2 11 0 15/16 output
13 5/8 X 3000 11 X 5000 25 1/3 12 0 15/16
k' 13 5/8 X 5000 11 X10000 25 1/2 123/8 0 15/16 10 31/32
16 3/4 X 2000
163/4 X 2000
11X2000
11X3000
21 1/3
22 3/4
11 1/16 0 15/16 10 31/32
10 3/4 0 15/16
10 31/32
163/4 X 3000 11X3000 24 5/16 125/16 0 15/16
10 31/32
16 3/4X3000 11 X 5000
13 5/8 x 2000D
26
design 1 and
123/0 0 15/16 Connection
16 3/4 X 11 1/16 121/2 1319/32
ID Casing 13 5/8 » espe ifications 11 15/16
121/2 sides,
163/4 X 3000 13 5/0 x 5000 27 1/16 11 15/16 121/2 inf erior, r
21 1/4 X 2000 13 5/8 X 2000 22 1/16 11 7/8 121/2 13 10/32
k 21 1/4 X 2000 13 5/8 x 3000 23 3/4 11 3/0 121/2 13 10/32 Yo

W
2.1. WELL HEAD

CASING SPOOL
2.1. WELL HEAD

CASING SPOOL
 2.1. WELL HEAD
CASING SPOOL
insulating seal (pack off)

• It seals the casing annulus with two o-rings that are

contained in grooves on the inside and outside.
• The internal seals against the outer diameter of the
casing
• The external seals against the casing spool wall
2.1. WELL HEAD
CASING SPOOL
insulating seal (pack
off)
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING HEAD
Preventer set -

Pipe Reel Head

Casing Spool Head

Coater Head Cover

-•■T—
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING HEAD
– There is often confusion with the terms tubing head and
tubing spool. These terms are frequently used
interchangeably.
– The tubing head is mounted directly on the conductor
section, and the spool is a head that is mounted on the
top of a previous wellhead assembly.
– According to this definition, tubing heads are those used
in wells with a single casing string (usually low pressure
wells).
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL

O Last reel 2 Tubing spool O Top: BOP in

installed • next to the E R completion
pack off seal Christmas
tree and
pumping
equipment
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL
2.1. WELL HEAD

SPOOI
TUBING
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL

Hold pipe Seal area between

production pipe and tubing

Goals

Provide connections Allow control of

on surface gas and liquid flow
Asing Hanger
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL
6 m
2
Bottom
Flange Sizes
Top
SPECIFICATIONS
Overall
Height(H)
Height Of
Side Outlets (h)
Minimum
Bore (A)
Flange Top

Bare (B)
Y 9X2000 7 1/16 X 2000 16 7 15/16 6 1/2 71/32
9X2000 7 1/16 X 3000 16 7 15/16 6 1/2 71/32 Size
9X2000 7 1/16 X 3000
7 1/16 X 5000
16
16
7 15/16 £ 13/16 71/32 an
Size 7 1/16 X Tip 81/16 resion of rank d
11X20 o/model 81/16
613/
Lock
____71/32
nominal 7 1/16 X 3000 16 81/16 jo pressure dan
1 1 X 3000 7 1/16 X 3000 19 1/2 10 1/2
6 13/10 exit
1 1 X 3000 7 1/16 X 5000 22 7/0 123/8 6 13/16 71/32
\ 1 1 X 5000 7 1/16 X 5000 23 1/2 10 3/4
6 13/10 71/32
1 1 X 2000 9 X 2000 16 81/16 8 1/16 83/4
1 1 X 2000 9 X 3000 16 81/16 8 1/16
83/4
1 1 X 3000 9 X 3000 10 1/2 10 1/2 8 1/16
83/4
1 1 X 3000 9 X 5000 22 7/0 123/8 Connectionnes 83/4
OD pipe
) pipe 9 X 5000 design and 123/4
81/1
superior
83/4
that that sides,
) 7 1/16 ecification 12 3/4
inferiorres 8 3/4 in
1 1 X 5000 9 X 10000 25 123/4
inferior, I riv r
1 1 X 10000 7 1/16X 10000 26 3/8 12 3/4 63/8 71/32
1 1 X 10000 7 1/16 X 15000 27 3/8 123/4 63/8 71/32
\ 1
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL

Flang Flange Top

Bottom Bure
9X2000 (2B)
9X2000
9X2000

by hand 71/32 no
71/32

yes
1 1 X 2000

omina
1 1 X 3000
Ali
71/32
1 1 X 3000
1 1 X 5000
7 1/32

1 1 X 2000
1 1 X 2000
1 1 X 3000
1 1 X 3000

D ) pipe
D
) pipe
p 2
1 1 X 5000
Y
1 1 X 10000
o
1 1 X 10000

inferior 7 1/32
71/32
71/16X100 0 0 26 3/8 12 3/4 6 3/8

7 1/16X15000 273/8 123/4 63/8

 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL
Tubing
hanger
Features

center
the
string of
pipeline
2.1. WELL HEAD
bear the

)
2.1. WELL HEAD
weight of
tubing
a primary seal
to avoid the
ring connection
in the head of the
well
 2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL
Tubing hanger
• It is installed in the upper rate of the
tubing head or tubing spool and is
run through the BOP
• They are available for any type of
production completion
• There are two types
– Wraparound wedges
– Mandrel

http://es.scribd.com/doc/25988915/07-Cabezal-Del-Pozo-y-Arbol-de-Navidad
 2.1. WELL HEAD
http://petrowiki.org/Wellhead_systems_for_land_drilling
2.1. WELL HEAD

TUBING SPOOL
Tubing hanger

Pipeline Reel type.. .

 2.1. WELL HEAD

Christmas tree
• Also known as valve tree or production tree
• Control equipment consisting of valves,
connections and other accessories located
above the production head that has the
purpose of controlling the flow of oil and gas
from the well and providing access to the
production tubing.
• In addition to manually operated valves, many
saplings have one or more remote controlled
valves.
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

Christmas tree

It refers to how
is
Vertical section

ID = tubing ID

Refers to the
sides

It

can be from
smaller size than
the tubing ID
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

Christmas tree
Gauge Valve

Top Connection

Swabbing Valve

Flow Fitting

Choke Wing Valve

Wing Valve Choke

Master Valve

Tubing Head Adapter

 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

Christmas tree
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

Christmas tree
Pressure gauge

Top connection

Maneuver valve

Valve
choke Valve side choke
side
Master valve

Flow Accessory
2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

tubing adapter
head
 -MANCMETER

PORTAE5FNANSULATOR STKANGULATOR • VALVE

MANOMETER HOLDER
(SURVEY)

VAL,VLA
PR, TDMA- DE M!

ESTRA

MASTER
VALVES

TP HANGER

T HEAD F
SECONDARY STAMPS19 $ ----------1
HARA "Ie
—ER HANGER.

TP INTERMEDIATE HEAD

SECONDARY SELLS----------------------

FARK TF.
OLGDORDETR.

.TR LOWER HEAD

— TR, SUPERFIOlAL
—=TR. INTERMEDIATE
—TR. EXPLOITATION
—ITB
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

Chritmas tree
• A typical Christmas tree is made up
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

Master valve
Controls the entire system with sufficient capacity to
withstand maximum well pressures

It must be of the maximum opening type, with a

clearance (passage) equal to or greater than the
internal diameter of the pipe.
• to allow the passage of different tools, such as packers,
production shot guns, etc.

In high-pressure wells, two master valves connected

in series are used.

This valve is often left completely open and is not

 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

used to control flow.

 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

FLOW FITTING

Cross connection that serves to direct the flow

Tree cap and meter
axle adapter

to the sides Side valve to choke

{kill) the well
Soft valve (piston)
Side production valve

•• On each side of the connection are the side

Side 2—- Surface choke

valves. choke
connectio
= To the I—>production facilities
Upper master valve
n

Lower master valve

Production Tubing Head Adapter

Production string
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

SIDE VALVES
They are incorporated into
the "wings" of a Christmas
tree to provide access to the I Shaft I ™ Cap and Meter
production tubing for Side valve to choke
axle adapter
Soft valve (neo piston)
production and well control {kill) the well
Side production valve
purposes.
Connection —>
1
H Surface choke
choke side
, To the facilities
They can be gate or ball I— > production

type Upper master valve

Lower master valve

Production Tubing Head Adapter

When the well is shut in,
this valve can be used to
read the tubing pressure. Production string
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

SIDE VALVES
May be restricted
opening I Shaft I ™ Cap and Meter
axle adapter
Side valve to choke Soft valve (neo piston)
{kill) the well
Side production valve

Smaller diameter than the

master valve, without Connection —>
1
H Surface choke
side of
causing an appreciable dP , To the facilities
I— > production
Upper master valve

Most Christmas trees have Lower master valve

two wings.
Production Tubing Head Adapter

From production connected to

Production string
surface production facilities
Choke or used when maintenance is
carried out on the other wing
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

MANEUVER VALVE
Used to access wellbore for wireline
operations, interventions and other
procedures

Tree cap and meter

axle adapter
Soft valve (neo piston)
Side production valve

I aasa - suaa

4,
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

MANEUVER VALVE
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

CLASSIFICATION
• Christmas trees are available in a wide range of sizes and
configurations, such as configurations with low or high
pressure capability and with single or multiple
termination capabilities.
• According to the type of completion, there are the
following types for which API standards specify ranges of
working pressures and production flow rates as well as
the diameters that must be considered based on the
arrangement of pipes in the well.
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

CLASSIFICATION
Christmas tree for simple completion
They have upper connection flanges for a single pipe head where a single column is
installed to produce a single producing sand, be it low, medium or high pressure, for
an oil or gas well.

Christmas trees for double endings

consisting of the pipe heads to install two columns of
production and simultaneously exploit two levels that can be arenas of
low, medium or high pressure, the two gas or oil levels, or levels
combined between gas and oil.

Christmas tree for triple or multiple endings

equipped with three pipe heads to install three production columns
and simultaneously produce three levels, which can be high, medium or low
pressure, combined or simple oil or gas sands.
 CLASSIFICATIO
N

Single Campietion Single Campietian

Dual Completion
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

FIRST CHECK
CHAPTER 4
1. The basic production equipment is divided into two
main groups. What are they? Describe
2. Indicate 3 components of surface equipment
3. What function does the wellhead perform and what are
its main components?
4. What function does the casing hanger serve?
5. What is the difference between tubing head and tubing
spool?
6. List the main parts of a Christmas tree.
SELECTION CRITERIA
• The selection and design of Christmas trees appropriate
to the working conditions of the wells is carried out
based on the following data:
– Types of completion according to the number of
producing sands.
– Depth of the producing sands.
– Well pressures, that is, P Fo , P Fp , P w , P bp .
– Types of well fluids (gas or oil)
– Diameter of the pipes (guide, surface, intermediate,
casing pipe and pipe diameter)
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

APPLICATION PRESSURES
• When the Christmas tree is installed, it is subjected
at two types of pressures:

Test pressure (rated duty)

check their resistance to
maximum pressure ranges
pressure at which the shaft and their
Christmas is submitted in the
sensitivity to fluid leaks
factory
through their
gaskets

Work pressure
real pressure value with which
the christmas tree will work P =P
T well surge +F s

In the well
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE
F = Variable safety factor between 25 – 50 and up to 100% of the maximum well pressure
s
 2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE

APPLICATION PRESSURES
• Christmas tree of:

Low
•1 – 3000 psi.
pressure
• 3000 – 5000
Medium pressure psi

• older
High than
pressure 5000psi
2.2. CHRISTMAS TREE
CHOKE (FLOW CHOKE)
Choke (Flow Choke)
INTRODUCTION
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

A flow choke is a mechanical device used to provide a

restriction to flow.

Why is it necessary to restrict the flow?

http://es.scribd.com/doc/86178431/Stranglers

Choke (Flow Choke)

What are flow restrictors needed for?

 2.3. Choke (flow choke)
* To control the flow rate
* To control the flow pressure
* For blast cleaning operations
* To impose back pressures during well circulation
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Choke (Flow Choke)

It is a restriction in a flow line
The two fundamental
that causes a pressure drop constraints found in a
or reduces the flow rate. production system are:
choke and SSSV
A device provided with an
orifice, used to control the
flow rate or pressure of the
downstream system.

CHOKE
When the well is in production,
the pressure relationship in the
discharge lines is as follows:
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)
Without choke:

P1 = P2 Uncontrolled production.

With choke:

P ≠P 1 2 Controlled production.

OBJECTIVES OF USE
Its objectives of use are the following:

• Maintain production with controlled pressures and flows according

to the program.
• Minimize risks of damage to formations through rational flow control.
• Protect surface equipment.
• Control possibilities of water or gas coning in oil wells.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)
• It allows obtaining representative information to calculate the
productivity index and control the stability of pressure and flow.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Choke (Flow Choke)

a
back pressure or extra
friction in the system,
which allows a single
B method of controlling
an' . . flow rate and well
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

CLASSIFICATION
• There are two common types of chokes

Positive
• • A hole with a fixed diameter
•Disassembled to change the choke

Adjustable
•Hole diameter can be changed by
external adjustment
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

positive choke
– Also called fixed, because to
change the diameter you have to change the entire unit
– They house parts that can be
replaced
– Their operating ranges according
to the working pressure in the valve
inlet and outlet connections
– There are positive chokes in
variable dimensions, from 1/64'',
2/64’’, 3/64'',….,
126/64'' diameter.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

positive choke
1. Output connections.
2. Hole length.
3. Removable flow choke
4. Diameter of the flow area.
5. Valve cover.
6. Valve body.
7. Flow direction.
8. Input connection.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Adjustable choke
• To change its dimension it is not necessary to
dismantle the choke unit, it is only adjusted in its
same installation according to the specifications
that are indicated in the respective catalogs which
indicate the number of turns that must be
performed to increase or decrease the choke
dimension
• Like the previous types, they exist in the
dimensions from 1/64’’, 2/64’’, 3/64’’,….,
126/64'' diameter.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Adjustable choke
1. Maximum available hole diameter
2. Removable seat.
3. Tip of the spike.
4. Valve Body.
5. Closing cap.
6. Mechanism indicator (optional).
7. Output connection.
8. Valve hole area.
9. Controller pin.
10. Input connections.
11. Flow direction
12. handwheel
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Flow through restrictions

CRITICAL that medium
• It occurs when the SUB CRITICAL
speed of the fluid in • Occurs when the
the smallest section speed of the fluid is
(restriction) is equal to less than the speed of
the speed of sound in sound
SUPERCRITICAL
• It occurs when the speed of the fluid is greater
than the speed of sound
Flow through restrictions
• The basic difference between critical and
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

subcritical flows is how the flow rate through the

restriction is affected by the pressure drop across
the restriction.
• If the flow is subcritical, the flow rate is related to
the pressure drop due to the restriction
• If the flow is critical, the flow rate is only related to
the upstream pressure.
• Reducing downstream pressure does not affect flow

Flow through restrictions

• In a subcritical flow, for a given upstream pressure,
the reduction in downstream pressure will result in
a subsequent increase in flow.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

• Once the critical flow at the restriction is reached,

subsequent pressure reduction does not affect the
flow rate.
• For critical flow, the only way to increase the flow
rate is by increasing the upstream pressure.
Flow through restrictions
• So:
– If the purpose is to isolate downstream fluctuations from
upstream conditions, it is a good idea to operate the
restriction under critical conditions
– If the purpose, on the other hand, is only to control the
flow, or to use safety equipment to close it in an
emergency, the pressure drop across the restriction
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

must be minimized. Any additional pressure drop across

the restriction can affect the performance of the entire
system.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

M
a 0)

ss
Fl
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Choke (Flow Choke)

The “Choke” is a direct derivation of the Venturi Tube.

Increased fluid speed,

decreased internal pressure.

Bernoulli calculus
http://fisicaiiunefa.blogspot.com/2006/11/bienvenidos-en-la-actualidad-
la.html
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Choke (Flow Choke)

FLOW --------*-

A?GH
RECOVERY

LOW
RECOVERY

Comparison of Pressure
Profiles for High and Low Pecovery
Valves
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Selection criteria

The following criteria are used:

a) Static pressure (P) and flowing pressure (P) of the well, programmed.
( *)
b) Production flow rate based on pressures. (*)
c) RGP and RAP relationship.
d)Type of Christmas tree, Christmas tree discharge lines

* More important
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

ISSUES
• The greater the difference between the inlet and outlet
pressures, the greater the potential for damage to the choke.

• Problems that can occur are:

• Flashing: does not cause significant damage

• Cavitation: erosion of the surface in and around the
choke
• Erosion: Solids, drops, bubbles at high flow rate
• Freezing: due to the expansion of gases
2.3. Choke (flow choke)

Flashing

Light components vaporize, but do not cause

significant damage in this region, since the
bubbles do not condense.

Pressure recovery occurs downstream

2.3. Choke (flow choke)

CAVITATION
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)
immediately after the choke causes the
formation of bubbles of the vaporized liquid.

T ultra-low pressure region in e

h

Bubbles Rapid phase change causes high

and shock speed movement and damage to
surroundings
waves
Pressure recovery limit, damage limit
2.3. Choke (flow choke)
Pressure recovery causes liquid formation
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

FREEZING
The expansion of gas (and solutions containing gas) cools the
surroundings. Excessive
temperature loss and the
presence of water vapor can
also form hydrates, plugging
the flow channel.
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

EROSION

Damage caused by the impact of particles, drops, bubbles,

even liquid on any solid
surface at high speed
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

CALCULATIONS
Wellhead pressure

P = 17.4

gas wells

Cd: discharge coefficient, function of the Reynolds number and generally the value of 0.865 is taken
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)
Q/ ) : Gas flow in ft 3 /D

M g) : Viscosity of the gas in cp.

// p Surface gas temperature °R.

(p CK : Choke diameter in inches

Qi O \ : Oil production flow in BPD

RGP. Gas - oil ratio (p CK : Choke diameter in inches
 2.3. Choke (flow choke)

EXERCISE 1
Carry out the following calculations, and indicate what
happens with the flow in relation to the variations in RGP,
pressure at the wellhead and choke diameter.
a) Determine the flow rate of a well in which a choke diameter of 8/64” is
used. The RGP is 1500 scf/stb and the wellhead pressure is 1000 psi.
b) Determine the flow rate of a well in which a choke diameter of 8/64” is
used. The RGP is 2000 scf/stb and the wellhead pressure is 1000 psi.
c) Determine the flow rate of a well in which a choke diameter of 15/64” is
used. The RGP is 1500 scf/stb and the wellhead pressure is 1000 psi.
d) Determine the flow rate of a well in which a choke diameter of 15/64” is
used. The RGP is 1500 scf/stb and the wellhead pressure is 2000 psi.
 3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT

SECOND CONTROL
1. Mention 3 criteria for selecting the Christmas
tree
2. What is a choke?
3. Indicate the types of chokes
4. How is the opening diameter regulated in an
adjustable choke?
5. Indicate two choke selection criteria
6. What is cavitation?
3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
 3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
The subsoil equipment has the
purpose of bringing fluids
from the training
producer until he
head of the well, in
safe way for staff and the
facilities.
 3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
• There must be thousands of pieces of
equipment available, this if one considers that
there are numerous components and variants,
and also each equipment supplier has its own
particular design.
• It is understandable then that for the less
experienced this design part of the process can
be somewhat confusing.
 3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
• Like all services, the alternatives are narrowed down to
using (the operating company) a particular supplier or
one that has considerable experience with specific types
of components.
• Equipment selection should be made on the basis that
the components provide a specific facility considered
necessary for the successful performance and operation
of the well under a range of operating scenarios.
• Each component adds unwanted complexity to the
completion and this must be offset by the fact that it is
necessary or provides desirable flexibility.
 tree cap wing valve

swab valve

-—Choke
Hydraulically actuated
upper master valve (safely
velve)

Lower master valve

-*To control
Tubing bead spool
panel

Tubing hanger
Casing-tubing annulus
side outlet

Subsurface - Tubing
safety valve
Subsurface Safely
— ■ vaivenydraull control
Crossover line

■ Tubing
-------Casing

liner badger

Circulating
valve

packer

Tubing

Landing nipple

Tubing guide
shoe

Liner
Perforations

Fig.3.1 Flowing well, one pay zone (Source: ENSPM Formation Industry).
 3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
In the wells, underground, there are usually the
following components:
To transport fluid from downhole to surface
Pipelin Choosing the pipe of the correct material and diameter contributes to safety and efficiency

e
Used to provide a seal between the pipe and casing
The selection of the type of packer has a considerable impact on the running and adjustment processes.
Ring or packer seal

• As slip sleeves and nipples

background accessories

• Designed to counteract any failure in the Christmas tree and wellhead

Security valve
• chuck
• Filters
• Perforated pipe

Other equipment
• Thick tubular components (flow coupling and blast joint)
• Safety joints

for • Slip joints

requirements
specific
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

PRODUCTION PIPING

• A well tube used to produce reservoir fluids

• Production tubing is generally assembled with other components
of the termination
to conform the string of
production
• The pipeline is used
together with a packer.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

PRODUCTION PIPING

• The best fluid flow is achieved by selecting the correct

internal diameter for the pipe.
• The pipe would have to be replaced to repair or adapt to
a change in production parameters
• The material and type of connection gives the pipe
certain resistance to chemicals and the transport of liquid
or gas.
• The grades of steel used and the thickness allow the pipe
to withstand mechanical stress and contribute to its
corrosion resistance.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

CHARACTERISTICS
1. Nominal diameter and geometric characteristics

2. Nominal Weight

3. steel grade

4. Connection type
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

1. NOMINAL DIAMETER AND

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
DIAMETER
DIAMETER DIAMETER
NOMINAL
INTERNAL MAXIMUM
• OD (inch) • Necessary to • Corresponds to
run tools the
connections,
depends on
the diameter
nominal and type
INTERNAL DIAMETER
PIPE LENGTH
AND
• It is the THICKNESS
diameter used to • Pipes have two length ranges
calculate pressure and •
velocity losses. •
•
These ranges must be appropriate for the lifting capacity of the mast.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

1. NOMINAL DIAMETER AND

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
DIAMETER
DIAMETER DIAMETER
NOMINAL
INTERNAL MAXIMUM
• OD (inch) • Necessary for • Corresponds to
run the connections
in 1.315
1.660 1.tool lie 2 7/8 3 depe nd 4 of 4 1/2

mm 33 42 48 60 73 the U
diametro 114

INTERNAL DIAMETER
PIPE LENGTH
AND
THICKNESS • Pipes have two length ranges
• It is the diameter used to
calculate pressure and •
velocity losses. •
•
These ranges must be appropriate for the lifting capacity of the mast.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

1. NOMINAL DIAMETER AND

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
DIAMETER
DIAMETER DIAMETER
NOMINAL
INTERNAL MAXIMUM
• OD (inch) • Necessary for • Corresponds to
run the connections
in 1.315
1.660 1.tool lie 2 7/8 3 depe nd 4 of 4 1/2

mm 33 42 48 60 73 the U
diametro 114

INTERNAL DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF THE PIPE

THICKNESS

• It is the diameter used to ra a n s go u s e d r e a los s ng e 32m

calculate pressure and in
tu e d you
velocity losses. length ranges )
suitable for the lifting capacity
of the mast
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

2. NOMINAL WEIGHT
• Corresponds to the average weight of a length of pipe,
including connections, expressed in pounds per foot
(lb/ft or #)

Table 3.1 Nominal weights for two thicknesses and two types of API connection
for a 3 1/2" tubing.
Nominal weight (#)
Thickness (mm) (in) with API EU
with API NU (or
connection
VAM) connection

6 45 0.254 9 20 9 30
952 0.375 12.70 12,95
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

3. STEEL GRADE

H2S resistant
(alloys)

CO2
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

3. STEEL GRADE
Table 3.2 Grades and mechanical properties of tubing pipe (Source: After APJ Std. 5 CT, March 15, 1988).
J55

1
Grade
H40 standa C75 r L801
1
N80 C90 ! P105

Properties rd API d e
1 black steel 1 degre
1

]
Color band identification
network
] grid 1 purple 1 white
and es 1 brown

Minimum yield stress 37 517

jorad
Stents to
H2S 4
STEEL 276 _
RADE (psi). . 40 9 ra os os 552
you 5: Resi leacione
............ 00G
0 000 80 000 ( s) 05,000
Maximum yield stress 620
552
(MPa) ........................... zero ) oxidiz 655 75» 724 930
(psi)....... 552
80,000 A in able e , 95,000 110000 105 000 135 000
Minimum tensile stress
(MPa).......................... the
to
eation tuber Ias CO2
517 « Yes 95655 689
689
827
(psi)..... 414
60000 7 espe cials
000
100 000
100 000
120 000
I Special corrosion
2 Special clearance couplings (smaller diameter) must have a black line at the center of the color band

STRESS ANALYSIS IN THE PIPE

 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

• Stress analysis is essential for completion design

• This analysis is carried out to:
– set the weight and grade of pipe
– Ensure that the pipe will support all the installations that are
required to be installed
– Help define the packer to use
– Help select surface equipment
– Ensure that the pipe can be run into the well, and can also be
removed from the well
STRESS ANALYSIS IN THE PIPE

• There are many methods of stress analysis covering a

range of details.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

• In some instances, collapse and burst calculations are

sufficient and can be performed manually.
• In most cases, an axial force analysis is required and may
involve iterative calculations.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

STRESS ANALYSIS IN THE PIPE

• There are loads along the length of a pipe that are
affected by several factors including:
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Pipe weight

• These loads can:

AXIAL RADIAL

• Strain • Collapse
• Compression • Burst
____________________________________________J. _>
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

STRESS ANALYSIS IN THE PIPE

EFFORT

ELONGATION
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

STRESS ANALYSIS IN THE PIPE

Stress (a)
(psia)

ultimate
Elastic limit Yield point tensile stress

limit
Proportional

Strain (E) (fraction)

 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

STRESS ANALYSIS IN THE PIPE

Table 9.1 API grades and strengths from API 5CT (2005)

croup pull Elongation Yield Stress (ksi)

Minimum
Maximum [ Iardness
Under Load Tensile
(Rockwell C)
(%) Minimum
Maximl
Strength (ksi)

1 H40 0.5 40 80 60 —
J55 0.5 33 80 75 —
K55 0.5 33 80 95 —
N80 0.5 80 110 100 —
2 M65 0.5 65 85 85 22
L80 0-5 80 95 95 23
L80 0-5 80 95 95 23
L80 0.5 80 95 95 23
C90 0.5 90 105 100 25.4
C95 0.5 95 IIO 105 —
T95 0.5 95 IIO 105 25.4
3 Pl 10 0.6 110 140 125 —
4 Q125 0.65 125 150 135
—
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

AXIAL LOADS
• They are forces along the length of the pipe and
are affected by a variety of factors including:
pressure, temperature and weight of the pipe.
• Axial forces can be tension (+) or compression (-)
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

AXIAL LOADS
• Axial force ei+nIN____N_____I A

Pipe weight

Piston forces
a variety
Temperature changes

fluid drag
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

Dubbing

Among others
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

WEIGHT
AXIAL FORCE OF THE
PIPELINE
• Maximum axial force before
exceeding the minimum pipe
stress limit
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

FORCES CHANGES OF
PISTON TEMPERATURE
C T=
AL, = CrATI

Coefficient of thermal expansion (°F )

-1

5.5 x10 °F carbon steel

-6 -1

6 x10 °F 13% Cr alloy

-6 -1

7.5x10 °F Duplex steel

-6 -1

A T= Change in average temperature from the initial

conditions to the analysis conditions
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

DRAG OF
FLUENT DOUBLING

Force axial
caused by the flow of fluid in the
pipe.

FRICTION
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

RADIAL LOADS
COLLAPSE BURST
• The pressures (stresses the internal pressures
generated from the to which it is subjected
outside in) to which it is cause he
subjected cause the bursting either
pipe to collapse. pipe burst (stresses
generated from inside
to outside
that
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

EXERCISE 2
Calculate the collapse resistance for a
section of API 2 7/8”, 6.4 lb/ft, GRADE J-55
pipe with an approximate length of 10,000
ft suspended at the head of a gas producing
well.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

EXERCISE 2

Oil flow rate (mid) (bbl/d) Gas flow rate

Nominal tubing
Nominal weight' (Ib/ft) Inside c liareter Say ift
diameter (in) (mm) (in} (mm) (in) (103S/3/d)(106cu fu/d) (P=15MPa)2
(m3/d)
(103Sm3/d) (hhl/d) (106cuft/d)

2 3/8" 4.6 50,7 1.945 48.3 1.901 ISO 900 5

27/8" 6.4 62 2.441 59.6 2.347
275 1 700
10
3 1/2" 9.2 76 2.992 72.8 2 86/ 450 2 800 16
4" 10.9 88J 3.476 85.1 3 351 700 4 400 25
4 1/2" 12.6 100,5 3.958 97.4 1833 1000 6 300 35
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

5 1/2"3 17 124.3 4.892 121.1 4.767 1 700 11 000 60

7"3 29 157.J 6.184 1519 6.059 30004 19 000 105
9 5/8"3 47 220.5 8.681 216.5 8.525
6000* 44000 210

EXERCISE 3
Calculate the collapse resistance for a
section of API 3 1/2”, 9.2 lb/ft, GRADE H-40
pipe with an approximate length of 12,000
ft suspended at the head of a gas producing
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

well.
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

EXERCISE 4
Consider a 2 7/8” API pipe 6.4 lb/ft, grade
P105 anchored with a packer at 10000ft. The crude oil
production through the pipeline from the bottom of the well
is 1000 STB/day. At the same time, there is a KCl termination
fluid with a weight of 9.8 LPG. Assuming a surface
temperature of 60°F and a geothermal gradient of 0.01°F/ft,
determine the tension required to prevent bending of the
pipe considering the temperature variation.
The pipe material is carbon steel
E=30x10 6 psi
 3.1. PRODUCTION PIPING

EXERCISE 5
Consider a 3 1/2” 9.2 lb/ft API pipe, grade N80 anchored
with a packer at 12000ft. The crude oil production through
the pipeline from the bottom of the well is 1500 STB/day.
At the same time, there is a KCl completion fluid with a
weight of 9.6 LPG. Assuming a surface temperature of 75°F
and a geothermal gradient of 0.01°F/ft, determine the
tension required to prevent bending of the pipe
considering the temperature variation.
The pipe material is an alloy with 13%Cr
E=30x10 6 psi
 3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
In the wells, underground, there are usually the
following components:
To transport fluid from downhole to surface

Pipelin Choosing the pipe of the correct material and diameter contributes to safety and efficiency

e
Used to provide a seal between the pipe and casing
The selection of the type of packer has a considerable impact on the running and adjustment processes.
Ring or packer seal

• As slip sleeves and nipples

background accessories

Security valve • Designed to counteract any failure in the Christmas tree and wellhead

Other equipment • chuck

for •
requirements
Filters

specific
• Perforated pipe

• Thick tubular components (flow coupling and blast joint)

• Safety joints

• Slip joints
 3.2
PACKERS

PACKERS

• A downhole device used in completions to

isolate the annulus, enabling a controlled
production, injection or treatment process.
 3.2
PACKERS
PACKERS

• Protects ring elements from

corrosion
• Limits the pressure in the annulus,
so that the casing and cement are
not subjected to large variations in
stress
 3.2
PACKERS
PACKERS
• A typical packer arrangement includes:

– a mechanism for securing the packer against the

casing wall, such as a clamp arrangement

– a mechanism for generating a hydraulic seal that

isolates the annular space, generally by means of
an expandable elastomeric element.
 3.2
PACKERS

Flow Mandrels: It is an internal conduit that

allows all sections of the packer to be maintained
as an individual system (seal units, cones,
wedges, valves and friction blocks)

Flow Mill
 3.2
PACKERS
Cones: They are devices that
They transmit either compression or tension movements from
the pipe to the wedges for expansion and anchoring to the
casing.

Flow Mill
 3.2
PACKERS
Wedges: They are pieces
steel metal covered withhigh hardness
(tungsten), are those that anchor the
packer to the casing, preventing its
movement.

Cones wedge
s

Flow Mill
 3.2
PACKERS
Friction devices: These are metal pieces of steel, they are an essential part of
many types of f packers to seat them and in some cases to recover them.
steel parts
Yo
. . . , , Each device provides the forces of material
support necessary to seat the packer. hardness n
those that cker
to
the
ing his
 3.2
PACKERS
Sealing elements: They are the fundamental systems to
achieve hydraulic isolation. They are made up of either one piece or
several up to three elastomer rings, made of nitrile and which can be
manufactured of different hardness according to the pressure ranges
and temperatures where they are going to be used.

friction device
 3.2
PACKERS
Friction devices: These are metal pieces of
steel, are an essential part of many types of f packers to break them in and in some cases to
recover them.
Yo

Each device provides the support forces necessary to seat the packer.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Resistance of the packer to mechanical and hydraulic

friction sitive
 3.2
PACKERS
stress
• Differential pressures, compression and tension, maximum temperature
for elastomers

Settlement and recovery process

Costs

Usage experience
 3.2
PACKERS
CHARACTERISTICS

packer bore
Compression and tension
 3.2
PACKERS
RECOVERABILITY
It is characterized by how easy it is to release the
packer, after it has been seated.

• This aspect is important since it not only affects the

degree of difficulty of the work in the well, but can
also reduce the applicability by introducing design
limitations in terms of the differential pressure that it
can withstand.
 3.2

RECOVERABILITY
PACKERS

RECOVERABLE PACKERS
It is a type of packer that is run and Production casing or

recovered in a production string liner

Production tubing

Retrievable packers are most commonly

used in well intervention activities, Hold-down briefs

although they are preferred in some Packer elements

completion designs. the Set-down briefs

packer
recoverable to permanent ones These Tail pipe and lower

are designed for low stresses

completion components

RECOVERABILITY
PERMANENT PACKERS
 3.2
• That cannot be easilyrecovered
PACKERS
• It is usually run and seated separately from the pipe.
• Subsequently, the pipe string is run and anchors the packer to
obtain a seal.
• To recover the packer it is necessary to grind the packed
interval so that the rubber elements collapse
 3.2

SETTLEMENT MECHANISM
PACKERS

Breaking in a packer can be achieved by

numerous mechanisms, all of them generate compression and
extrusion of sealing elements

Mechanically
•Compression
•Strain
 3.2

SETTLEMENT MECHANISM PACKERS

Hydraulically
• This mechanism uses the hydraulic pressure generated within the
completion string
• By necessity, the string is insulated or plugged below the packer to prevent
pressure being placed on the formation or annulus during setting.
The settlement procedure is as follows:

■ It is lowered with the pipe to the established depth.

■ Pressure is placed through the pipe which energizes pistons inside the packer.
■ Finally, the movement of these pistons anchors the wedges as well as the
expansion of the sealing elements against the casing.
 3.2

SETTLEMENT MECHANISMPACKERS

electrically
• With this mechanism, a special adapter is
connected to the packer, which allows the
packer to be lowered into the casing on an
electrically conductive cable and at the
required seating depth a small explosive
charge can be detonated, triggering the sealing
mechanism.

ABILITY TO WITHSTAND PRESSURE

 3.2
DIFFERENTIALS
PACKERS

Compression
• High pressure below the packer compared to the pressure
above counteracts the settling mechanism
• This type of packer is desirable for injection wells where the
differential pressure supports the settling mechanism.

Strain
• Supports settling mechanism

Tension and compression

• These packers can withstand pressure from any direction
 3.2

THE PACKER HOLE

PACKERS

• It is necessary that the packer have a hole for

each string of pipe.
• Packers for single, double, triple ending are
available
 )
Primary Yo
Yo
String Abov

ACK
ahole
• It is n
necessar , double,
y for ca
• Triple

Primary Stnng
Below Packer
 3.2

EXERCISE 6
PACKERS

Calculate the weight on the packer with Wwork = 171626 lb and find the
safety factor before starting production with the following data: depth
of 1822 m, with the packer anchored at 1803 m (G FE =0.38 psi/ft, G FO
=0.465 psi/ft).
Let the production pipeline to be used:

• 1 piece of 2 7/8” Hydrill Cs N-80 pipe 4.7 lb/ft, length 9.71 m.

• 1 piece of 2 7/8” Hydrill Cs N-80 pipe 4.7 lb/ft, length 9.52 m.
• 185 pieces of 2 7/8” 8RD N-80 6.5 lb/ft pipe, length 1765.48 m.
• 1 pieces of 2 7/8” 8RD N-80 6.5 lb/ft pipe, length 9.51 m.

pipe ID= 2 3/8” casing ID= 7”

OD= 2 7/8” OD= 7 7/8”
 3.2
PACKERS
EXERCISE 7
Calculate the weight on the packer with Wwork = 151826 lb and find the
safety factor before starting production with the following data: depth
of 7600 ft, with the packer anchored at 7530 ft (G FE =0.36 psi/ft, G FO
=0.465 psi/ft).

Let the production pipeline to be used:

• 1 piece of 2 5/8” Hydrill Cs N-80 pipe 4.7 lb/ft, length 9.64 m.

• 254 piece of 2 5/8” Hydrill Cs N-80 pipe 3.25 lb/ft, length 2420.56 m.
• 4 pieces of 2 5/8” 8RD N-80 4.7 lb/ft pipe, length 37.43 m.
• 1 pieces of 2 5/8” Cs N-80 pipe 3.25 lb/ft, length 9.66 m.

pipelin casing ID=4.92”

e ID= 2.42” OD=5 1/2”
OD= 2 5/8”
• Used to provide a seal between the pipe and casing
3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
• The selection of the type of packer has a considerable impact on the running and adjustment processes.

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
In wells, the following components are usually present in
the subsoil:
Pipeline
• To transport fluid from downhole to surface
• Choosing the pipe of the correct material and diameter contributes to safety and efficiency

Ring or packer seal

background • As sliding sleeves, nipples, mandrel

accessories
Security valve • Designed to counteract any failure in the Christmas tree and wellhead

• Filters
Other equipment • Perforated pipe

for
• Thick tubular components (flow coupling and blast joint)
• Safety joints

requirements • Slip joints

specific
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
BACKGROUND ACCESSORIES
Tools used above or
under the packer

Circulation tools
• They allow communication between the pipe
and the annular space

Nipples
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
CIRCULATION TOOLS

Circulation tools

• Slip-on shirts
• chuck
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
SLIDING SHIRT
• Also known as sliding side door or sliding sleeve SSD or
SS.
• It is a circulation valve that has a side window in its
body that works through an opening mechanism that
serves as a communication element between the
annular space and the production string to allow fluids
to pass.
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
SLIDING SHIRT
Landing nipple - can be used in conjunction with ower seal bore

I also knew liding

sleeve SSD or
SS. It is a valve Upper sleeve seal
body
and a window, and a
the Communication ports (valve is shonwm fully
open) to of
communication sac ta of
and production
Ros it km far collet when sleeve closed

mechanism for Position for collet when sleeve equalizing

Collet engaged in lower (open) recess

Lower polished bore

Figure lo.so Slidingsleeves.

 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
SLIDING SHIRT
• They vary between 1 and 1.5 meters in
length in diameters
coincident in the production pipeline.
• It consists of two concentric sleeves
with elastomeric seals between them
and with slots or holes.
• The movement is carried out with a
tool lowered with a cable or coiled
tubing.
• The inner sleeve can be moved up or
down, so that the two sleeves are
aligned
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
SLIDING SHIRT
• Seals are expected to deteriorate once
the sleeve has been moved several
times.
• It is not recommended to operate
it, except in the initial stages of
completion or workover.
APPLICATIONS

• To drown the well

• Locate fluids in the pipe or annular space
by circulation
• To equalize pressures between an isolated
formation and the pipeline
• Completion of two production areas
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES

CHUCK (SIDE POCKET

MANDREL)

• A chuck is a permanent coupling on

the side of the completion.
• Allows the connection of valves
• Using cable or coiled tubing, a
valve can be installed allowing fluid
flow between the pipe and the
annulus.
MANDREL (SIDE POCKET MANDREL)

APPLICATIONS
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES

• Gas lift valves: allow gas injection into the pipe

• Chemical injection valves: chemicals as corrosion
inhibitors opening the valve by applying a certain
pressure on the annular
• Circulation: of fluids to drown the well, or to locate a
fluid cushion of lower density

ADVANTAGES
• Seals are easy to replace
• Does not cause restrictions on tubing diameter
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES

NIPPLE
It is a completion component manufactured
as a short section of thick-walled tubing with
an internal surface that provides a seal area
and attachment profile, used to receive
another wellbore tool.

Seat nipples are included in most completions

as predetermined intervals to allow installation of
control equipment
NIPPLE
Nipples are installed on the production string for the
following
operations:
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES

Put a plug

• pressure tests
• Locate hydraulic packers
• Zonal isolation

Install control equipment

• Regulators, safety valves

• Install bottom pressure recorders
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
NIPPLE ( Classificatio
n)

Selective Non-selective (no go)

• Essentially it has a full opening

• Several can be placed in a pipe • A nipple with a reduced diameter internal profile that
prevents the tool or device to be seated from passing
On the market, there are multiple
through it.
brands available, including OTIS,
with its X, XN, R and RN models.
 3.3. BACKGROUND
ACCESSORIES
PLUGS

Plugs "X", "XN", "H" are designed to block upper

and lower pressure, which is placed with a Wire
Line equipment. Each profile of plugs are designed
to be seated in nipples that have the same profile
as the plug.
• Used to provide a seal between the pipe and casing
3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
• The selection of packer type has a considerable impact on running and adjustment processes.

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
In wells, the following components are usually found
underground:
Pipeline
• To transport fluid from downhole to surface
• Choosing the pipe of the correct material and diameter contributes to safety and efficiency

Ring or packer seal

background • As sliding sleeves, nipples, mandrel

accessories
Security valve • Designed to counteract any failure in the Christmas tree and wellhead

• Filters
Other equipment • Perforated pipe

for
• Thick tubular components (flow coupling and blast joint)
• Safety joints

requirements • Slip joints

specific
 3.4. SAFETY VALVES

SAFETY VALVES
SUBSURFACE
A safety device installed at the top
of the well for emergency
shutdown of production ducts to
prevent a flow
uncontrolled.

They are normally hydraulically

actuated, although electrically
actuated valves may also exist.

Fig. 3.1 Rowing well, one pay zone (Source: ENSPM Formation Industry).
 3.4. SAFETY VALVES

SAFETY VALVES
SUBSURFACE
- Hydraulic

A safety device installed at the top of the well for emergencycontrol line to the
surface
shutdown of production ducts to prevent a flow
uncontrolled. Hydraulic pressure
vented to close valve

They are normally hydraulically actuated, although electrically

Control shirt

actuated valves may also exist. Fail-safe spring

mechanism

Pallett
e

Open Closed
 3.4. SAFETY VALVES

SAFETY VALVES
SUBSURFACE
They are the
most
used and
Operated more reliable
from the Pressure is
maintained through
surface a control line so that
(remote it is open Pipe: valve
control) as part of the
They production string
Safety can be
valves installe Cable: on a
d and nipple
recover
ed

It is designed for
Any increase
Powered stay open
with a differential of in pressure can
from cause the closure of
subsoil pressure
predetermined the
valve
 3.4. SAFETY VALVES

RECOVERED WITH
RECOVERED WITH CABLE
PIPELINE

Flapper open flapper dosed

• Used to provide a seal between the pipe and casing
3. SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
• The selection of packer type has a considerable impact on running and adjustment processes.

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT
In wells, the following components are usually found
underground:
Pipeline
• To transport fluid from downhole to surface
• Choosing the pipe of the correct material and diameter contributes to safety and efficiency

Ring or packer seal

background • As sliding sleeves, nipples, mandrel

accessories
Security valve • Designed to counteract any failure in the Christmas tree and wellhead

• Filters
Other equipment • Perforated pipe

for
• Thick tubular components (flow coupling and blast joint)
• Safety joints

requirements • Slip joints

specific
3.5. EQUIPMENT FOR SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

Filters Perforated pipes

 3.5. EQUIPMENT FOR SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

Flow couplings blast joint

• They are relatively A thick tubular located
small, thick-walled in the baleared
completion components interval.
installed in areas where The tubular wall is
turbulent flow is generally treated to
anticipated to occur. resist abrasion that
• Additional thickness can result near
prevents early breakage bearings.
due to erosion in areas
of turbulent flow
 safety joint
Slip joint
• Downhole tool designed Also called a slip joint,
to separate low a well completion
controlled conditions. component designed
to accept movement
• A joint allows a portion or length changes of
of the tool string to tubing.
remain in the hole while The size or length of
the string is retrieved. the slip joint depends
on wellbore
conditions and
completion
characteristics.

Slip joint.
 3.5. EQUIPMENT FOR SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

THIRD CONTROL
1. Indicate the characteristics of the production
pipeline
2. Indicate what the steel grade refers to
3. What types of stress occur in a pipe?
4. What is the function of a packer?
5. Describe the tool: slider sleeve
6. What function does the safety valve
perform?