History of pharmacy

The history of pharmacy as an independent science

is relatively young. The origins of pharmaceutical
historiography date back to the first third of the 20th
century. XIX, which is when the first
historiographies appear that, although they do not
touch on all aspects of pharmaceutical history, are
the starting point for the definitive start of this
science.
Until the birth of pharmacy as an independent
science, there is a historical evolution, from classical
antiquity to the present day that marks the course of
this science, always related to medicine.

classical antiquity
In the third millennium BC, the simultaneous development began in: India,
Mesopotamia, Egypt and China. Among the drugs that were used were: rhubarb, opium
and ephedrine sinica.
In the case of India they were influenced by Vedic philosophy, so botany had a
prominent role and SOMA and KUSA were created. According to Buddhist philosophy,
the remedies were sweet (wolfsbane, ginger, flax...).
In Mesopotamia there are testimonies of the use and preparation of medicines dating
back more than four thousand years. In fact, in the Babylonian-Assyrian culture there
are the first signs of the use of drugs and they detected the danger and dosage of the
substances by administering them to slaves. They used ointments based on the haoma
plant for a sacred drink, belladonna against spasms or human excrement as curatives.
The Sumerians carried out the first pharmaceutical operations (drying, pulverizing,
grinding, pressing, filtration, decanting, etc. ) and proposed pharmaceutical forms such
as ointments, lotions, poultices, enemas, infusions, wines, plasters...
In Egypt, codices such as the Ebers Papyrus describe the symptoms and prescription for
a disease, as well as the active principles of plants, animals and minerals, the foods that
contain them (milk, wine, honey...) and the formulation and preparation of medicines. .
In addition, they established guidelines for the administration of medicines, namely, for
internal use (herbal teas, decoctions, macerations, pills...) and for external use
(poultices, ointments, plasters, eye drops, ointments, inhalations...). The most common
diseases were ophthalmic, parasitic and lower abdominal diseases that were treated with

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suppositories, enemas or laxatives. Thoracic procedures were treated with inhalations
and skin diseases with ointments. As work tools they used hand mills, mortars, sieves
made of papyrus, scales, and for conservation: clay, glass, alabaster and serpentine
containers, as well as wooden boxes.
In China, medicine is based on the thought of Taoism, with its fundamental objective
being immortality, apparently related not only to longevity but also to living in harmony
with nature or in the search for personal and collective progress. The first Chinese book
on plants, the Shennong Bencao Jing, compiled during the Han dynasty but dating from
a much earlier date, lists 365 medicinal plants and their uses—including ma-huang, the
shrub from which Ephedrine was originally obtained.
In Pre-Columbian America, medicine consisted of a mixture of empirical and magical
practices according to the conception of the world and the religious beliefs of each
people. The Muiscas, like the Incas, had herbalists, and like the Aztecs, they used the
urine bath. The list of American medicinal plants is long, but it is tiny if it is related to
the biological potential of regions such as the Amazon, which has 80,000 plant species.
The figure of the Shaman appears or the man in charge of connecting the earthly part
with the spiritual part by invoking spirits, with the power to predict events and exercise
healing practices.

Contemporary Age (1914-present)

A new discipline is created: experimental therapy.
Drugs are also developed as the main medical
resource. And comes the rise of biochemistry and
molecular biology with the technological revolution
applied to medicine and the development of the
pharmaceutical industry.
Pharmacists in the first half of the 20th century who
taught Pharmacy in faculties usually had double
degrees: Pharmacy-Natural Sciences (botany),
Pharmacy-Chemical Sciences (this was the most
common due to the high content of common
subjects) although there were also pharmacists.
dedicated to galenic. These pharmacists studied with the 1886 plan (which lasted 50
years). The degree consisted of five courses: the preparatory course was taken in a
Faculty of Sciences and studied Extension of Physics, Mineralogy and Botany, General
Chemistry and Zoology.
First Pharmacy course. - Instruments and apparatus of Physics applied to Pharmacy,
Applied Mineralogy, and Applied Zoology.

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Second Pharmacy Course. - Descriptive botany and determination of medicinal plants,
Inorganic Chemistry applied to Pharmacy.
Third Pharmacy Course. - Plant pharmaceutical matter, and Organic Chemistry applied
to Pharmacy.
Fourth Pharmacy Course. - Chemical Analysis and in particular of foods, medicines and
poisons, and Practical or Galenic Pharmacy, Legislation relating to Pharmacy, and
Practices of Animal, Mineral and Vegetable Matter.
Doctorate Course. - Biological Chemistry with its analysis was studied, and Critical
History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Bibliography.16
It was mandatory to complete internships to obtain the doctorate and defend a research
thesis.
The pharmacists of 1890 were perfectly informed of all the events that revolutionized
the science of Pharmacy (the advance of Chemistry and the appearance of Preventive
Medicine) with the contributions of scientists such as Edward Jenner (father of
microbiology and immunology who lived in the 19th century), Louis Pasteur (who
generalized Jenner's experiments on vaccination). Relevant chemists such as Claude
Louis Berthollet (b. 1748, doctor who dedicated himself to chemistry), Antoine
Lavoisier (ordered Chemistry so that it could be developed later), John Dalton and Jöns
Jacob Berzelius (the two great figures of modern chemistry), the ahead of his time
Dimitri Mendeleev (author of the natural periodic system.

University studies
In the first half of the 20th century, Spanish pharmacists reached very high levels in
fields such as Botany and Pharmacognosy, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Organic
Chemistry and Galenic Pharmacy. The greatest interest for Spanish pharmacists was
undoubtedly Biological Chemistry (Biochemistry) where they were leaders in its
implementation in the Pharmacy (and later Chemical, Natural Sciences and Medicine)
curricula. However, the military coup d'état and the subsequent Spanish civil war (1936-
1939) cut short the development possibilities of Spanish Pharmacy. Many of the exiled
pharmacists contributed to improving the pharmaceutical scientific level of many Latin
American countries.

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 NAME AGE
PAOLA 25
MEDINA

JESSICA 32
RAMIREZ

JOSELO 22
PEREZ

OSCAR 30
PERALTA

MARIA ESTER 42
SILVESTRE

STEFANY 15
MORALES

MARIA 19
VIZCAINO

MARITZA 20
MARTINEZ

NICOLE 24
ALVAREZ

PAMELA 29
SANTANA

NIOVIS 33
RACHEL

ANDRY DE 24
LOS SABNTOS

LDIA DIAZ 44

LORETO 55
ALVAREZ

FREDDY DE 56
LA ROSA

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 ciencia farmacia

antigüedad
desde la antiguedad
clásica

actualidad estudios y avances

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