Doctopic: Mechanical Engineering

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ARTICLE IN PRESS [m5GeSdc; v1.340] P.1 (1-9)
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2 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 68
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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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7 journal homepage: https://www.sciencedirect.com 73
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12 Microconvection of MHD solarized nanofluid in the presence of double slip 78
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14 and surface suction 80
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16
Khaled S. AlQdah a ,
Naseer M. Khan b , Dania Qaiser b , Habib Ben Bacha c,∗ , Y.M. Mahrous d , 82
17 Soliman Alkhatib e 83
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a
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
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b
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China
20 c
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Alkharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University, P.O. Box 655, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia 86
21 d
Department of Studies and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Community, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia 87
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e
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt 88
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25 A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T 91
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27 Keywords: Refrigeration systems are becoming more efficient as a result of nanofluids. Cooling and heating process 93
CFD improvements can lead to enhanced industrial efficiency, reduced processing times, energy conservation, and
28 94
MHD improved heating and cooling processes. A study is being conducted on the effects of magnetohydrodynamics
29 Nanofluid 95
30
(MHD) in nanofluids by adding double slip and thermal radiation to the governing model. It is numerically 96
Suction
Linear and quadratic slip
simulated using bvp4c code in MATLAB. Analyzing temperature, concentration, and velocity requires the
31 97
evaluation of multiple parameters. A more uniform distribution of temperatures can be achieved by increasing
32 98
the Biot number, thermal radiation, and thermophoretic motion parameters. The use of suction is an effective
33 99
method of controlling the rate of temperature reduction in various manufacturing processes. A product’s
34 mechanical properties and overall quality can be enhanced if one is able to control how quickly it cools during 100
35 the process of melting and condensing raw materials. As a consequence of the emergence of quadratic and linear 101
36 slip factors, the flow velocity decreases. A distinguishing feature of this research is the use of boundary conditions 102
37 that are tailored to the geometry that is being investigated. 103
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41 1. Introduction in solar thermal systems has been ramping up due to the properties of 107
42 nanoparticles such as Brownian motion and radiation that can be ex- 108
43 The world is facing a significant challenge with regard to the reli- ploited. Active compounds that increase nanoparticle suspension ther- 109
44 ability of energy as it heavily depends on nonrenewable sources such mal conduction have contributed to interesting advances in this sector 110
45 as oil and natural gas, which are finite resources. To address this is- [1–3]. 111
46 sue, a transition to renewable energy sources is crucial for sustainable Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a scientific field that explores the 112
47 growth. Solar power exemplifies sustainability, being eco-friendly, in- behavior of electrically conductive fluids under the influence of mag- 113
48 exhaustible, and constantly releasing radiation. It has gained popularity netic fields. It is based on the dynamo theory, which explains the 114
49 due to its abundance, estimated at 6,000 GWh annually, surpassing hu- generation and maintenance of global magnetic fields in the universe. 115
50 man energy needs. While installation costs may be high, solar energy’s The applications of MHD flow are extensive, spanning industries such as 116
51 environmental benefits, long-term viability, and effectiveness make it plasma engineering, the chemical industry, and oil refineries. In addi- 117
52 the optimal choice. Throughout history, people have harnessed solar tion, MHD plays a crucial role in domains like nuclear power plants and 118
53 radiation and thermal energy using emerging technologies. aerodynamics by mitigating boundary layer effects [4–9]. MHD flows 119
54 In order to provide clean energy solutions, nanoparticles play an have gained an increasing level of interest due to the increasing appli- 120
55 important role. These 1–100-nanometer particles are smaller than the cation of nanofluids in a variety of technological and industrial fields. 121
56 de-Broglie wavelength. Although nanoparticles are small in size, they Ongoing research focuses on investigating the impact of MHD (mag- 122
57 have the ability to absorb a lot of light energy. The use of nanofluids netohydrodynamics) on the transportation of both heat and mass. The 123
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59 125
60 * Corresponding author. 126
61 E-mail address: h.benbacha@psau.edu.sa (H. Ben Bacha). 127
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102398
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Received 17 April 2022; Received in revised form 16 June 2023; Accepted 5 July 2023
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65 2090-4479/ 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 131
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Please cite this article as: K.S. AlQdah, N.M. Khan, D. Qaiser et al., Microconvection of MHD solarized nanofluid in the presence of double slip and surface suction, Ain Shams
Engineering Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102398
 Doctopic: Mechanical Engineering
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ARTICLE IN PRESS [m5GeSdc; v1.340] P.2 (1-9)
K.S. AlQdah, N.M. Khan, D. Qaiser et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal ••• (••••) ••••••

1 objective of this study is to analyze the rate at which heat and mass 67
2 are transported across expanding and contracting surfaces in incom- 68
3 pressible and viscoelastic fluids using MHD systems. The fluids under 69
4 investigation include acidic water, liquid metals, and other practical in- 70
5 dustrial uses. Noteworthy contributions in this field include the work 71
6 of M. Ijaz [10] and Alwawi [11], who examined the impact of thermal 72
7 radiation on temperature and velocity distribution in a moving liquid 73
8 film between plates that expand or contract. M. Ijaz [12–16], recog- 74
9 nized for his significant impact on nanofluid research, introduced novel 75
10 techniques involving microscopic organisms to explore heat transfer 76
11 rates in nanofluids. It is widely recognized in the literature that engi- 77
12 neering problems often involve highly nonlinear differential equations, 78
13 making exact solutions challenging to obtain. Consequently, researchers 79
14 frequently employ numerical or approximate methods to analyze such 80
15 complex problems. 81
16 In order to explore the robustness of flows in Maxwell nanofluids, 82
17 Turkyilmazoglu [17–19] employed numerical solutions. In his study, 83
18 he investigated the effects of the Biot number and surface suction 84
19 on the transportation of heat and mass, concluding that as these two 85
20 factors were increased, the rate of heat and mass transport was en- 86
21 hanced. In a separate investigation, NM Khan [20–22] used MATLAB’s 87
22 bvp4c algorithm to investigate whether chemical reaction parameters 88
23 and thermal radiation parameters could improve the flow properties 89
24 of MHD nanofluids moving over stretching surfaces. Additionally, Ku- 90
Fig. 1. Visual representation of fluid flow.
25 mar [23–26] made notable contributions to the field of nanofluids by 91
developing a novel nanofluid model and elucidating the significance ( ) ([ ) ] ( )
26 ( ) 𝜕𝑢𝑒 𝛽𝐶 (𝐶 − 𝐶∞ ) ̄ 0 2 𝑢𝑒 − 𝑢
𝜎𝐵
92
of Stefan blowing and thermal convection. These advancements were 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
27 𝑢+ 𝑣= 𝑢𝑒 + 1 + 𝑔+ 93
achieved by considering the nonlinearly stretching sheet through which 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝛽𝑇 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝜌
28 ( 2 ) 94
29 the nanofluid flows. 𝜕 𝑢 95
+ 𝜈𝑓 , (2)
30 Ghasemi [27] has devoted a considerable part of his research efforts 𝜕𝑦2 96
to the identification of natural agents that can enhance the thermal ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
31 ( ) 𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 2 97
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶
32 conductivity of nanofluids in a cost-effective manner. In order to re- 𝑢+ 𝑣 =𝛼 2
+𝜏 + 𝐷𝐵 98
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
33 solve problems found in earlier studies regarding the two-dimensional, 99
( )
34 steady, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid, we are planning to do 1 𝜕𝑞 𝑟 100
− , (3)
35 a numerical study of the fluid. This investigation takes into account the (𝜌𝑐)𝑓 𝜕𝑦 101
36 roles of suction, nonlinear thermal radiation properties, and quadratic ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 102
𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 𝐷 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝐶
37 velocity slip. When there is a Knudsen number greater than one, the 𝑢+ 𝑣= 𝑇 + 𝐷𝐵 . (4) 103
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑦2
38 Boltzmann solution does not take the same form as the outcome that 104
39 first-order slip models predict. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an In the Cartesian plane, the letters 𝑢 and 𝑣 stand for rectangular compo- 105
40 improved slip model capable of providing accurate estimations even nents of velocity, whereas the symbol 𝑔 stands for gravitational accel- 106
41 at higher Knudsen numbers. The investigation focuses on analyzing eration. The letter 𝑢 denotes motion on the x-axis, whereas the letter 107
42 the temperature, concentration, and velocity of nanofluids by consid- 𝑣 does the same for the y-axis. 𝜏 can be obtained by dividing the heat 108
43 ering various physical parameters such as suction, magnetic induction, capacity of the nanoparticles, (𝜌𝑐)𝑝 , by that of the base fluid, (𝜌𝑐)𝑓 . 109
44 thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The findings have potential ap- The symbols 𝜈, 𝐷𝑇 , 𝛽𝑇 , 𝐷𝐵 , 𝐵0 , 𝑞𝑟 , 𝜌𝑓 , 𝛼, 𝛽𝐶 , and 𝜎̄ are used to denote 110
45 plications in diverse fields, including wire tinning, wire annealing, and the kinematic viscosity, thermophoresis, thermal expansion coefficients, 111
46 metal production and purification. Proper regulation of the cooling rate Brownian diffusion coefficient, magnetic field, heat flux (radiation), 112
47 can significantly enhance the quality of the end product [28]. fluid density, thermal diffusivity, solutal expansion coefficients, and 113
48
electrical conductivity, respectively. If one applies the Rosseland ap- 114
49 2. Problem formulation proximation to a medium with high optical thickness, one can derive 115
50
the resultant radiant heat flux as [31,32]: 116
Fig. 1 illustrates a two-dimensional flow of incompressible, MHD, so- ( )
51 4 𝜎 𝜕𝑇 4 117
larized nanofluids where the flow occurs in the plane where 𝑦 > 0. This 𝑞𝑟 = − , (5)
52 3 𝑘∗ 𝜕𝑦 118
53
problem assumes that the Reynolds number is not significant, as stated 119
in reference [29]. Therefore, the effects related to the induced magnetic 𝑘 and 𝜎 are the symbols that represent the average absorption coeffi-
54 120
field will not be taken into account. The magnetic field (0, 𝐵0 , 0) applies cient and Stefan-Boltzmann constant. A functionalization of the Taylor
55 121
at a right angle to the fluid flow. The constant 𝑎 determines a sheet’s series may be used to reduce the complexity of radiant heat 𝑇 4 if we
56 122
stretchability, and the equation 𝑢𝑒 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥, where 𝑥 corresponds to the assume 𝑇∞ is the central point.
57 123
flow direction, expresses ambient velocity. The sheet’s velocity can be ( )4 ( )3 ( )2
58 𝑇 4 = 𝑇∞ + 4(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑇∞ + 6(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )2 𝑇∞ + ⋯ (6) 124
59
mathematically expressed as 𝑢𝑤 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝛾𝑥, with “𝛾” denoting the degree 125
60
of stretchability exhibited by the sheet. Indicators for convective fluid As higher powers of 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ do not have a significant impact on the 126
61
temperatures, wall temperatures, and ambient temperatures are 𝑇𝑓 , 𝑇𝑤 , overall flow field, they have not been evaluated (there is only a small 127
62
and 𝑇∞ . MHD nanofluids’ stagnant flow in two-dimensional planes can difference between 𝑇 and 𝑇∞ ). 128
be explained based on the assumptions of the boundary layer, as de-
63
4
( 4
) ( )3 129
scribed in reference [30]. 𝑇 +3 𝑇∞ ≅ 4 𝑇∞ 𝑇 (7)
64 130
65 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ = 0, (1) As a result of what we learned from the literature study [33], the flow 131
66 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 model equations must meet the following boundary conditions. 132

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 Doctopic: Mechanical Engineering
JID:ASEJ AID:102398 /FLA
ARTICLE IN PRESS [m5GeSdc; v1.340] P.3 (1-9)
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( )
1 𝜕𝑇 ⎫ Assuming that 𝑦 = 0, the variables 𝑞𝑚 , 𝜏𝑤 , and 𝑞𝑤 are precisely defined 67
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑤 (𝑥) + 𝑢slip (𝑥), 𝑣 = 𝑣0 , 𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇 ), ⎪
2 ( ) ( ) 𝜕𝑦 ⎪ on the surface. These variables are highly regarded in fluid mechanics. 68
𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶 ⎬ (8) These variables represent mass flow, heat flow, and shear stress as 𝑞𝑚 ,
3 + 𝐷𝐵 = 0 at 𝑦 = 0 69
𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ⎪
4 ⎪ 𝑞𝑤 , and 𝜏𝑤 respectively. 70
𝑢 → 𝑢𝑒 (𝑥), 𝑇 → 𝑇∞ , 𝐶 → 𝐶∞ as 𝑦 → ∞ ⎭
5 [ ] 71
6 Based on findings from recent research publications, it is possible to de- 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜇
𝜕𝑢 ⎫ 72
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 ⎪
7 scribe the nonlinear slip velocity on a surface in the following manner. ⎪ 73
8 ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) 1 ⎪ 74
2 3 − 𝜎 ⋆ 𝑙2 3 1 − 𝑙2 1 4 2 2 𝜕𝑇 𝑎 2 ( ) ⎪
9 𝑢slip = − 𝛿𝑢 𝑦 − 𝑙 + (1 − 𝑙 ) 𝛿 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑞𝑤 = −𝑘 + 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 (1 + 𝑅𝑑 ) 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ 𝜃 ′ (0) ⎬ (14) 75
10 3 𝜎⋆ 2 𝐾𝑛 4 𝐾𝑛2 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜈𝑓 ⎪ 76
11 = 𝑎⋆ 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑏⋆ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 ( )1 ⎪ 77
( ) ( ) 𝑎 2( ) ′ ⎪
12 𝑞𝑚 = −𝐷𝐵 𝐶𝑦 𝑦=0 = −𝐷𝐵 𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ 𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ 𝜑 (0) ⎪ 78
13
A nanoparticle’s characteristic length is 𝑙 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(1∕𝐾𝑛 , 1), and its ac- 𝜈𝑓 ⎭ 79
commodation coefficient for momentum is 𝜎 ⋆ , where 1 ≥ 𝜎 ⋆ ≥ 0. The
14 It is possible to transform the previously mentioned set of equations 80
Knudsen number is demonstrated by the parameter 𝐾𝑛 . The 𝛿 repre-
15 (14) into a non-dimensionalized representation of Sherwood number, 81
sents the molecular mean free path, which is the distance a particle
16 skin friction, and local Nusselt number by substituting the values of 𝑞𝑚 , 82
travels between two subsequent collisions. The fact that 𝑙 (0 ≤ 𝑙 ≤ 1) can
17 𝑡𝑎𝑢𝑤 , and 𝑞𝑤 . 83
18 assume any value between 0 and 1 for a given 𝐾𝑛 indicates that 1 − 𝑙2 84
19 is greater than or equal to 0 and 𝛿 (𝛿 ≥ 0) is greater than or equal to 0. 1∕2
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝐶𝑓 = −𝑓 ′′ (0) ⎫ 85
20 This results in a negative value for the slip parameter b. −1∕2 ⎪ 86
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = −𝜑′ (0) ⎬ (15)
To achieve the nondimensionalization of equations (1)-(4) and their
21 −1∕2 ⎪ 87
22 boundary conditions (8), the following variables are used: 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = − (1 + 𝑅𝑑) 𝜃 (0) ⎭
′
88
23 √ √ 89
𝑎 2
24 Ψ = 𝜈𝑓 𝑎𝑥2 𝑓 (𝜂), 𝜂 = 𝑦 , (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ )𝜃(𝜂) + 𝑇∞ = 𝑇 , 3. Numerical procedure 90
𝜈𝑓
25 91
26 (𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ )𝜑(𝜂) + 𝐶∞ = 𝐶 Most numerical schemes, such as bvp4c, may not be able to solve 92
27 PDEs directly, which can be quite a hassle. So basically, we change 93
with 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0. the equations in the flow model into a bunch of ordinary differential
28 94
29 As a function of the stream function, 𝑢 = 𝜕𝑦 Ψ and 𝑣 = −𝜕𝑥 Ψ are the equations by using similarity variables. The obtained ODEs are highly 95
30 velocity components. nonlinear in most cases. Using MATLAB’s ‘bvp4c’ scheme, we can re- 96
31 duce the complexity of the equations by turning them into first-order 97
( )2
32 𝑓 ′′′ + 𝑓 ′′ 𝑓 − 𝑓 ′ − 𝑀𝑓 ′ + 𝜆(𝜃 + 𝑁𝜑) + (Ω + 𝑀) Ω = 0, (9) ODEs. By doing this, a suitable function replaces each variable and all 98
33 [( ) ] of its derivatives except the highest one. The procedure is explained 99
(1 + 𝑅𝑑) 𝜃 ′′ + 𝑃 𝑟 𝑁𝑡 𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑏 𝜑′ 𝜃 ′ + 𝑓 𝜃 ′ = 0, (10) below.
34 100
( )
35 𝑁𝑡 Let 𝑠(1) = 𝑓 , 𝑠(2) = 𝑓 ′ , 𝑠(3) = 𝑓 ′′ , 𝑠(4) = 𝜃, 𝑠(5) = 𝜃 ′ , 𝑠(6) = 𝜑, 𝑠(7) = 𝜑′ . 101
𝜑′′ + 𝜃 ′′ + 𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝜑′ = 0. (11)
36 𝑁𝑏 By aligning the grid points with the residual during bvp4c execution, 102
37 The corresponding boundary conditions adopt the form; you will be able to achieve precise error control. Putting a numerical 103
38 value in place of the outer boundary condition 𝜂∞ , located at infinity, 104
39 𝑓 (𝜂) = 𝑠, 𝑓 ′ (𝜂) = 𝛾 + 𝑎𝑓 ′′ (𝜂) + 𝑏𝑓 ′′′ (𝜂), 𝜃 ′ (𝜂) = −𝐵𝑖{1 − 𝜃(𝜂)}, 𝜑(𝜂) = 1 ⎫ is accomplished by setting 𝜂∞ to a fixed value of 10. It is dependent 105
⎪
40 at 𝜂 = 0 ⎬ on the quality of the initial guess whether bvp4c can be effective as 106
41 𝑓 (𝜂) → 1, 𝜃(𝜂) → 0, 𝜑(𝜂) → 0 at 𝜂 → +∞
′ ⎪ a computational tool. We offer superior results by providing an initial 107
⎭
42 guess that is as accurate as possible [34]. 108
(12)
43 109
44 The above system of equations includes several parameters such as 4. Results and discussion 110
𝜏𝐷𝐵 𝜏𝐷𝐵 (𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ ) ( ) ( )1
45 𝑐 ⋆ 𝑐 2 ⋆ 111
𝑁𝑡 = (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ ), 𝑁𝑏 = , 𝑏= 𝑏 , 𝑎= 𝑎 ,
46 𝛼𝑇∞ 𝛼 𝜈 𝜈 The MATLAB method “bvp4c” demonstrates a powerful means of 112
√
𝑔𝑥3 𝛽 𝜈 𝜈𝑓 ℎ 𝑥𝑢 (𝑥) solving equations (9)-(11) and their boundary conditions for steady
47
𝐺𝑟𝑥 = (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ ), 𝑃 𝑟 = , 𝐵𝑖 = , 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒 , and 𝜆 = 113
48 𝜈2 𝛼 𝛼 𝑘 𝜈 MHD two-dimensional flow of nanofluids in the presence of radiation. 114
𝐺𝑟𝑥
49 . These parameters are used to describe various aspects of the Based on the application of the “bvp4c” method, an account of the 115
(𝑅𝑒𝑥 )2
50 impact of various emerging parameters on the profiles of velocity, tem- 116
system being studied, including thermophoresis movement, Brownian
51 perature, and concentration was provided. These parameters include a 117
movement, Grashof number, Prandtl number, Biot number, Reynolds
52 1 value of 0.1 for a, -0.5 for b, 0.1 for N, 0.5 for 𝛾, 1.0 for Ω, 2 for 𝜆, 0.5 118
53 number, and mixed convection parameter. The parameter 𝑠 = −𝑣0 ∕(𝑐𝜈) 2 for M, 1.0 for S, 4 for Pr, 3 for Le, 0.5 for Nb, 0.5 for Nt, 2 for Rd, and 119
54 is used to represent suction or injection, where 𝑠 < 0 indicates injection 0.5 for Bi. In Tables 1 and 2, we tested our method’s accuracy and re- 120
55 and 𝑠 > 0 indicates suction. liability by comparing −𝜑′ (0), −𝜃 ′ (0), and 𝑓 ′′ (0) with prior studies. Our 121
56 In studies of nanofluid flow, it is evident that the Sherwood number approach was able to produce strikingly similar results, confirming its 122
57 𝑆ℎ𝑥 , the Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢𝑥 , and the skin friction 𝐶𝑓 hold substantial validity. 123
58 significance. In addition, these quantities are defined within the context Based on the linear slip parameter (𝑎) fluctuation, Fig. 2a analyzes 124
59 of that most significant thought. the velocity contour’s structural behavior. The primary slip parameter 125
60 was found to have an inverse relationship with velocity when examined 126
1 𝜏𝑤 ⎫
61 𝐶𝑓 = ⎪ in relation to velocity. As the primary slip parameter increases, momen- 127
(𝑢𝑒 )2 𝜌 ⎪
62 tum experiences a reduction in penetration depth. Fig. 2b illustrates the 128
𝑞 𝑥 ⎪
63 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝑤 ⎬ (13) changes in the velocity graph that occur as a result of variations in the 129
𝑘 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ )
64 ⎪ secondary slip parameter (𝑏). The quadratic slip value is required to 130
𝑞 𝑥 ⎪
65 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = 𝑚 ⎪ be negative in accordance with the definition. We therefore only ex- 131
𝐷𝐵 (𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ ) ⎭
66 amined velocity for negative values of b in our theoretical analysis. 132

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ARTICLE IN PRESS [m5GeSdc; v1.340] P.4 (1-9)
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1 Table 1 67
2 Table of 𝑓 ′′ (0) for various Prandtl numbers for consistency check. 68
3 69
Pr 0.1 1.0 7.0 10 20 40 60 80 100
4 70
Ishak [35] 1.7063 1.7063 1.5179 1.5179 1.4485 1.4100 1.3903 1.3774 1.3680
5 71
Tamim [36] 1.7063 1.6754 1.5179 1.4928 1.4484 1.4100 1.3902 1.3773 1.3680
6 Present work 1.7063 1.6849 1.5045 1.5018 1.4484 1.4113 1.3907 1.3816 1.3672 72
7 73
8 74
9 Table 2 75
10 −𝜃 ′ (0) and −𝜑′ (0) with respect to Prandtl numbers: A Consistency Check. 76
11 77
Nb 0.1 — — — 0.2 0.3 0.4
12 78
13 Nt 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 — — 79
14 Hsiao [37] −𝜃 ′ (0) 0.952 0.693 0.520 0.4026 0.5056 0.2521 0.1194 80
15 −𝜑′ (0) 2.129 2.274 2.528 2.7952 2.3819 2.4100 2.3997 81
16 82
Khan [38] −𝜃 ′ (0) 0.952 0.693 0.520 0.4026 0.5056 0.2522 0.1194
17 83
−𝜑′ (0) 2.129 2.274 2.528 2.7952 2.3819 2.4100 2.3997
18 84
19 current results −𝜃 ′ (0) 0.952 0.693 0.5205 0.4028 0.5055 0.2524 0.1191 85
−𝜑′ (0) 2.129 2.274 2.5287 2.7953 2.3821 2.4103 2.3996
20 86
21 87
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Fig. 2b appears to show that increasing the quadratic slip parameter (𝑏) or accelerates. It is evident that graphed temperatures improve with
23 89
thickens the viscous boundary layer and decreases velocity. Collisions the improvement of thermophoretic mobility and the thickening of the
24 90
between particles in a fluid and particles adhering to a surface can re- temperature boundary layer. Based on the results of this study, there
25 91
sult in the displacement of particles adhering to the surface. Taking the appears to be a correlation between thermophoretic motion intensity
26 92
continuum hypothesis into consideration, if a sufficient number of parti- and the difference in temperature profiles. Also, the temperature pro-
27 93
cles are present, we can observe that the fluid is unequivocally arrested files differ when shear gradients are increased, which further amplifies
28 94
at the boundary. the difference.
29 95
Based on suction speed variations, Fig. 2c illustrates the velocity A change in the radiant heat parameter’s value illustrates how the
30 96
characteristics graphically. On the profile, it can be seen that as the graph’s temperature changes (see Fig. 3d). There is agreement between
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suction speed on the surface increases, there is a decrease in the velocity this graph and widespread observations regarding the distribution of
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values. As a result of reducing the suction parameter, the penetration temperature with varying values of the radiant heat parameter 𝑅𝑑. By
33 99
depth of the momentum is increased. The phenomenon of suction was examining Fig. 3e, it becomes evident that the Biot number plays a
34 100
observed to cause a reduction in the velocity of the fluid. Strong suction significant role in influencing the temperature boundary layer. Specifi-
35 101
causes heated fluid to gravitate toward the boundary, which results in cally, an intriguing observation emerges: as the Biot number increases,
36 102
increased viscosity and fluid deceleration. The reduction in shear stress there is a notable expansion in the thickness of the temperature bound-
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occurs primarily in the low-velocity region of the boundary layer. ary layer. Therefore, in physical terms, an increase in the Biot number
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An illustration of the relationship between velocity characteristics leads to a rise in the fluid’s temperature due to improved heat transfer
39 105
and Prandtl numbers can be seen in Fig. 2d. In this graph, the Prandtl efficiency, allowing more heat to be conducted or convected away from
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number appears to be reducing the depth of penetration of momentum the object or fluid.
41 107
and velocity. An illustration of the relationship between velocity char- Fig. 4a depicts the dynamic variation of nanoparticle volume frac-
42 108
acteristics and stretching parameters can be seen in Fig. 2e. The surface tion for different Prandtl numbers (Pr). The graph exhibits a random
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stretches when 𝛾 exceeds zero, whereas it shrinks when 𝛾 is less than peak within the range of 0 to 3, representing the concentration of
44 110
zero. An adjustment to the value of 𝛾 can have a significant impact on nanoparticles with respect to the Prandtl number. Notably, as the
45 velocity profiles. A decrease in velocity profile can be achieved by in- Prandtl number increases, there is a corresponding increase in the pro- 111
46 creasing the absolute value of 𝛾 for negative 𝛾, while an increase in portion of nanoparticles. The entire region can be divided into two 112
47 velocity profile can be achieved by increasing the value of 𝛾 for posi- distinct regions based on the behavior of the graph. The first region cor- 113
48 tive 𝛾. responds to the range of 0 ≤ 𝜂 ≤ 0.85, where an increase in the Prandtl 114
49 According to Fig. 3a, Pr exhibits a linear relationship with both the number leads to an increase in the volume fraction of nanomateri- 115
50 temperature graph and the boundary layer of temperature. Both the als. On the other hand, the second region corresponds to the range of 116
51 thickness and temperature of the boundary layer exhibit an inverse 0.86 ≤ 𝜂 ≤ 3. In this region, the concentration of nanoparticles exhibits 117
52 proportionality with the Prandtl number. There is a physical explana- a negative correlation with the Prandtl number. The findings depicted 118
53 tion for this fact, which is that 𝛼, the thermal conductivity, and pr, the in Fig. 4b indicate that an escalation in the Lewis number is associated 119
54 Prandtl number, are inversely related. Thermal diffusivity and Prandtl with a decline in the nanoparticle concentration, resulting in a decrease 120
55 number are correlated, resulting in a decline in temperature profile in the thickness of the concentration boundary layer. This suggests that 121
56 with a decrease in thermal diffusivity. This relationship is important for through the modification of Lewis values, it is possible to optimize the 122
57 understanding how heat travels through different materials. It is also dispersion of nanoparticles. 123
58 useful for designing effective thermal management systems. Fig. 3b il- According to Fig. 4c, Brownian motion acceleration and deceler- 124
59 lustrates how 𝑁𝑏 will result in a reduction in temperature value on ation (𝑁𝑏 ) affect nanomaterial concentration under constant thermal 125
60 the graph when subjected to the velocity slip condition, along with a radiation. The graph depicts a positive correlation between nanoparticle 126
61 reduction in thermal boundary layer thickness. The enhancement of concentrations and Brownian motion development. When the Brownian 127
62 Brownian motion in nanoparticles leads to a rise in the collective kinetic motion is stronger, nanoparticles experience more frequent and ener- 128
63 energy of the system. Consequently, the outcome of this phenomenon getic collisions, leading to increased dispersion and mixing within the 129
64 is an increase in the system’s kinetic energy, which subsequently leads fluid. Consequently, this results in a higher concentration of nanoparti- 130
65 to a rise in its temperature. The plot in Fig. 3c illustrates the changes in cles throughout the nanofluid. Fig. 4d presents the concentration varia- 131
66 temperature that occur as 𝑁𝑡 , the thermophoretic motion, decelerates tion of nanomaterials in response to the intensification and deceleration 132

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Fig. 2. Fluctuations in velocity profiles across various parameters.
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54 of thermophoresis movement (𝑁𝑡 ). The graph exhibits a direct correla- 5. Conclusion 120
55 tion between the concentration of nanoparticles and the development of 121
56 thermophoresis. As the thermophoretic parameters increase, the graph Based on solar radiation, a thorough study was conducted on the 122
57 demonstrates a random pattern. Initially, the nanoparticle concentra- magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) steady-state flow of Maxwell nanofluids. 123
58 tion rises rapidly, peaking near the wall, before gradually leveling off Based on its superior accuracy and convergence, the BVP4C solver in 124
59
parallel to the 𝜂-axis. The concentration of nanoparticles varies tran- MATLAB was chosen. This enabled the construction of an appropriate 125
60 solution for the fluid model under study. In this study, microconvec- 126
siently with fluctuating Rd values, as shown in Fig. 4e. The radiation
61 tion will be investigated as a possible method of increasing thermal 127
parameter Rd is associated with a rapid decline in the volume pro-
62 conductivity in a suspension of nanoparticles. The current flow model 128
63 portion of nanomaterials. Following a maximum value within a range facilitates the examination of microconvection effects when consider- 129
64 between 0 and 0.5, the volume fraction then decreases. Nanoparticles’ ing nanoparticles with an average diameter ranging from 2.8 to 9.5 130
65 volume proportion decreases within a range of 0.5 to 2 as the value of nm. In accordance with Pop [39], the results obtained are also consis- 131
66 Rd is elevated. tent. Due to its remarkable accuracy and user-friendliness, the ‘BVP4C’ 132

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52 Fig. 3. Temperature-dependent analysis of various parameters. 118
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55 solver shows exceptional utility in tackling engineering and fluid flow • A linear slip parameter enhancement as well as a quadratic slip 121
56 problems. A corresponding change in the stretching speed and in the parameter increase are imperative to improve the velocity distri- 122
57 velocity of the surrounding fluid can be observed with increasing dis- bution. 123
58 tance from the point of stagnation. In order to provide comprehensive • A surface’s stretching parameters influence the distribution of ve- 124
59 insights into the system’s behavior under changing conditions, graphi- locity regardless of whether they are assigned negative or positive 125
60 cal results illustrate variations in temperature, velocity, and concentra- values. 126
61 tion. • In addition, the Prandtl number (Pr) has a positive impact on the 127
62 concentration distribution, which results in better dispersion. A re- 128
63 • In this study, there is a significant influence of the suction param- verse effect, however, is observed in the case of temperature and 129
64 eter on the thermal boundary layer as well as the concentration velocity. The Brownian motion, on the other hand, has the tendency 130
65 boundary layer. The Nusselt number is a parameter associated with to reduce both the temperature and concentration distribution. In 131
66 convective heat transfer and can be enhanced by suction. contrast, thermophoresis motion facilitates these two distributions. 132

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52 Fig. 4. Concentration-dependent analysis of various parameters. 118
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54 • Initially, radiant heat flux reduces the concentration distribution der various boundary conditions can be explored to broaden the scope 120
55 and then contributes to it after a particular interval over the 𝜂- of the research. 121
56 axis. The letters and symbols of the Greek alphabet, as well as their mean- 122
57 • In an environment of increasing Biot numbers, the temperature ings, are explained in Table 3. 123
58 profile and the penetration depth of momentum are enhanced. Like- 124
59 wise, as the Lewis number decreases, so do the concentration graphs CRediT authorship contribution statement 125
60 and penetration depths of nanoparticles. 126
61 All authors listed in the article contribute ethically to the article. 127
62 Future work 128
63 Declaration of competing interest 129
64 In future studies, this article can be extended to encompass di- 130
65 verse nanofluids incorporating Marangoni convection and temperature- The authors certify that they have NO affiliations with or involve- 131
66 dependent viscosity. Furthermore, the impact of thermal radiation un- ment in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as 132

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1 Table 3 [7] Hussain A, Alshbool MH, Abdussattar A, Rehman A, Ahmad H, Nofal TA, et al. A 67
2 ??? computational model for hybrid nanofluid flow on a rotating surface in the existence 68
3 of convective condition. Case Stud Therm Eng 2021 Aug;26:101089. 69
Letters Unit and Description [8] Zhang L, Bhatti M, Shahid A, et al. Nonlinear nanofluid fluid flow under the con-
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𝛼 Fluid thermal diffusion index [m /s]
2 sequences of Lorentz forces and Arrhenius kinetics through a permeable surface: a
5 robust spectral approach. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021 Jul;124:98–105. 71
𝛽𝐶 Solutal expansion coefficient [K−1 ]
6 𝛽𝑇 coefficient of (thermal) expansion [K−1 ] [9] Abo-Elkhair RE, Bhatti MM, Mekheimer KS. Magnetic force effects on peri- 72
7 𝐵0 Magnetic flux caused by induction [T] staltic transport of hybrid bio-nanofluid (AuCu nanoparticles) with moderate 73
8 𝜎̄ Electrical conductivity [A2 s3 /kg.m3 ] Reynolds number: an expanding horizon. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 2021 Apr 74
C Proportion of volume occupied by nanoparticles 1;123:105228.
9 75
𝐶∞ The volume fraction of nanoparticles in the surrounding fluid [10] Khan MI, Alzahrani F, Hobiny A, et al. Modeling of Cattaneo-Christov double dif-
10 fusions (CCDD) in Williamson nanomaterial slip flow subject to porous medium. J 76
𝐶𝑤 Surface volume fraction of nanoparticles
11 𝑐𝑝 , 𝑐𝑓 Amount of specific heat (for nanoparticles and base fluid) [J/kg K] Mater Res Technol 2020 May 1;9(3):6172–7. 77
12 𝐷𝐵 Brownian motion’s coefficient of diffusion [m2 /s] [11] Alwawi FA, Alkasasbeh HT, Rashad AM, et al. MHD natural convection of Sodium 78
𝛿 Distance between two adjacent collisions Alginate Casson nanofluid over a solid sphere. Results Phys 2020 Mar 1;16:102818.
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𝐷𝑇 Thermophoretic motion’s coefficient of diffusion [m2 /s ] [12] Chu YM, Aziz S, Khan MI, Khan SU, Nazeer M, Ahmad I, et al. Nonlinear ra-
14 diative bioconvection flow of Maxwell nanofluid configured by bidirectional os- 80
𝜂 Similarity transformation variable
15 𝛾 Sheet expansion and contraction parameter cillatory moving surface with heat generation phenomenon. Phys Scr 2020 Sep 81
16 K A porous medium’s permeability 21;95(10):105007. 82
17 k Apparent thermal conductivity [W/K.m] [13] Khan MI, Qayyum S, Shah F, Kumar RN, Gowda RP, Prasannakumara BC, et 83
𝑘⋆ Average absorption coefficient al. Marangoni convective flow of hybrid nanofluid (MnZnFe2O4-NiZnFe2O4-H2O)
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𝜆 Mixed convection parameter with Darcy Forchheimer medium. Ain Shams Eng J 2021 Dec 1;12(4):3931–8.
19 [14] Ramesh K, Khan SU, Jameel M, Khan MI, Chu YM, Kadry S. Bioconvection assess- 85
𝜇𝑓 Dynamic viscosity [kg/s.m]
20 N Constant with no dimensions ment in Maxwell nanofluid configured by a Riga surface with nonlinear thermal 86
21 p Pressure radiation and activation energy. Surf Interfaces 2020 Dec 1;21:100749. 87
Pr Prandtl number [15] Chu YM, Shankaralingappa BM, Gireesha BJ, Alzahrani F, Khan MI, Khan SU. Com-
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𝜓 Stream function bined impact of Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion and radiative heat flux on bio-
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𝜙 Nanoparticles non-dimensional concentration convective flow of Maxwell liquid configured by a stretched nano-material surface.
24 (𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 A measure of a fluid’s heat capacity to its mass [m2 /s2 K] Appl Math Comput 2022 Apr 15;419:126883. 90
25 𝜌𝑓 Fluid’s density [𝑘𝑔∕𝑚3 ] [16] Nazeer M, Hussain F, Khan MI, El-Zahar ER, Chu YM, Malik MY. Theoretical study 91
26 (𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 Ratio between nanoparticle mass and heat capacity [m2 /s2 K] of MHD electro-osmotically flow of third-grade fluid in micro channel. Appl Math 92
𝜎 Stefan Boltzmann constant Comput 2022 May 1;420:126868.
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T Temperature [K] [17] Turkyilmazoglu M. Heat transfer enhancement feature of the non-Fourier Cattaneo–
28 Christov heat flux model. J Heat Transf 2021 Sep 1;143(9). 94
𝜃 Temperature with no dimension
29 𝑇∞ A measure of the surrounding fluid’s temperature [K] [18] Turkyilmazoglu M. On the transparent effects of Buongiorno nanofluid model on 95
30 𝑇𝑤 A measure of the surface temperature [K] heat and mass transfer. Eur Phys J Plus 2021 Apr;136(4):1–5. 96
31 u Fluid’s horizontal speed [m/s] [19] Turkyilmazoglu M. Velocity slip and entropy generation phenomena in thermal 97
𝑢𝑤 A measure of the flow speed at the surface [m/s] transport through metallic porous channel. J Non-Equilib Thermodyn 2020 Jul
32 98
𝑢𝑒 Velocity of the undisturbed flow [m/s] 1;45(3):247–56.
33 [20] Khan NM, Bacha HB, Pan K, Saeed T. Nonlinear Eyring–Powell bioconvective 99
v A measure of the flow speed in the vertical direction [m/s]
34 x, y A Cartesian plane’s horizontal and vertical components [m] nanofluid flow over a vertical plate with temperature dependent viscosity and sur- 100
35 face suction. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 2021 Nov 1;128:105602. 101
[21] AlQdah KS, Khan NM, Bacha HB, Chung JD, Shah NA. Marangoni convection of dust
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particles in the boundary layer of Maxwell nanofluids with varying surface tension
37 honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; mem- and viscosity. Coatings 2021 Sep 5;11(9):1072.
103
38 bership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity [22] Khan NM, Chu YM, Ijaz Khan M, et al. Modeling and dual solutions for magnetized 104
39 interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or mixed convective stagnation point flow of upper convected Maxwell fluid model 105
40 non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, with second-order velocity slip. Math Methods Appl Sci 2020 Sep 2. 106
[23] Varun Kumar RS, Gunderi Dhananjaya P, Naveen Kumar R, Punith Gowda RJ,
41 affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials dis- Prasannakumara BC. Modeling and theoretical investigation on Casson nanofluid
107
42 cussed in this manuscript. flow over a curved stretching surface with the influence of magnetic field and chem- 108
43 ical reaction. Int J Comput Methods Eng Sci Mech 2022 Jan 2;23(1):12–9. 109
44 Acknowledgements [24] Punith Gowda RJ, Naveen Kumar R, Jyothi AM, Prasannakumara BC, Nisar KS. 110
45 KKL correlation for simulation of nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet considering 111
magnetic dipole and chemical reaction. Z Angew Math Mech (Journal of Applied
46 This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdu- 112
Mathematics and Mechanics) 2021 Nov;101(11):e202000372.
47 laziz University project number (PSAU/2023/R/1444). [25] Manjunatha PT, Chamkha AJ, Punith Gowda RJ, Naveen Kumar R, Prasannaku- 113
48 mara BC, Naik SM. Significance of Stefan blowing and convective heat transfer in 114
49 nanofluid flow over a curved stretching sheet with chemical reaction. J Nanofluids 115
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65 131
66 132