JORGE BASADRE GROHMANN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF LEGAL AND BUSINESS SCIENCES

MARXISM

Authors' notes

Andree Nina Mamani 2018 127029

Karla Rojas Quispe 2018 127031

Eduardo Huanca Cáceres 2018 127025

Luis Cari Llanque 2018 127005

Erick Tacora Castro 2018 127046

Katherine Huere Mamani 2018 127004

School of Law, Jorge Basadre Grohmann National University

This project has been financed by the students themselves

Correspondence regarding this project should be addressed to Miguel Guisa Bravo

Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Avenida Miraflores S/N, Miraflores,
Tacna 23000

Contact: eduardo_benj@hotmail.com
INDEX
I. EMERGENCE..............................................................................................................................4
1.1. Great revolutionary turn:.............................................................................................6
II. SCIENTIFIC COMMUNISM.........................................................................................................9
2.1. Foundations of scientific communism.............................................................................10
2.2. Object of scientific communism......................................................................................11
2.3. The world historical mission of the working class, the proletariat, gravedigger of the
bourgeoisie.............................................................................................................................12
Why precisely should the proletariat bury capitalism?....................................................12
Scientific communism the class struggle that liberates the working class.......................12
III. PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS...........................................................................................................14
IV. MARX AND ENGELS...............................................................................................................20
V. LENIN.....................................................................................................................................21
SAW. LEGAL MARXISM...............................................................................................................22
VII. SOVIET MARXIST PHILOSOPHY.............................................................................................24
VIII. CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................................29
 INTRODUCTION

This report was carried out through a work plan and a diagnosis, which provided

us with the information for its development.

In each chapter, the topic to be discussed in this case, Marxism, is indicated in

detail. We call Marxism the set of political, economic and philosophical ideas that were

born with the work of Karl Marx, but that are linked to worker activism and that have

subsequently been developed by many authors. Marxism is the doctrine or ideological

body that crowns with brilliant coherence the three most advanced ideological sources of

19th century Europe: French socialism (Saint-Simon, Fourier, Proudhon), classical

German philosophy (Feuerbach, Hegel) and English political economy (David Ricardo,

Adam Smith).
 I. EMERGENCE

Marxism emerged in the 1840s , had as its cradle the liberating struggle of the working

class and became a theoretical expression of the fundamental interests of said class, a

program of its struggle for socialism and communism .

Karl Marx Born in 1818 in Treves (Prussia). Son of an economically well-off, cultured,

non-revolutionary family. His father was a Jewish lawyer. His brother became minister

of the interior and he married a childhood friend who belonged to the aristocracy. He

did not therefore come from a "proletarian" family, although much of his life was spent

in misery. This allowed him to study jurisprudence, history and philosophy at

universities in Bonn and Berlin.

He participates in the circle of left-wing Hegelians, who strive to extract atheistic

conclusions from Hegel's philosophy. He still does not seriously criticize Hegel. He

writes his final thesis on Epicurus (ancient Greek materialist). He began to follow

Ludwig Feuerbach's criticism of theology and idealism, orienting himself towards

materialism.

At that time (1843) he was appointed editor-in-chief of "La Gaceta Renana", a left-wing

newspaper that was continually censored and ultimately closed by the government.
After this experience he realizes that his knowledge of political economy is insufficient

and he dedicates himself to the study of this science.

He settled in Paris, where he wrote articles for a clandestine magazine, in which he

showed himself to be more revolutionary and already addressed the masses of

proletarians. A year later Friederich Engels arrived in Paris. They become close friends

fighting bourgeois socialism and developing the theory and tactics of revolutionary

proletarian socialism or Communism.

Expelled from Paris as a revolutionary, he settled in Brussels (Holland). He and Engels

joined the clandestine League of Communists, at whose 2nd Congress they wrote the

Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848). In it they reveal with brilliant clarity a new

vision of the world, reasoned with indisputable coherence, explaining the role that class

struggle plays in history.

When the period of revolutions that confirm and spread Marxist revolutionary theory

breaks out, Karl Marx is successively expelled from Belgium, Germany and Paris.

Finally, he lives in exile in London, in the most absolute misery (which killed several of

his children), since he had given all his efforts to the revolutionary cause.

The financial help he received from his friend Engels allowed him to finish his

masterpiece: "Capital" (1867), at the height of the communist labor movements. That

same year, the International Workers Association was founded, of which it was the soul,

and in which it carried out the double task of unifying and at the same time combating

other social movements: Prohudonians, semi-right Lasallians, Bakuninists, liberal trade

unionists.
After the fall of the Paris Commune (a socialist experiment analyzed by Marx in a work

of the same title), the AIT It collapses, thanks to the split caused by the Bakuninists who

disagree with the need for a Communist Party that unifies the working masses and

guides them towards the emancipatory revolution. His dedication and intense activity

decisively undermined his health, until in 1883 he died while sleeping in his armchair.

1.1. Great revolutionary turn:

The birth of Marxism represented a great revolutionary turn in the science of nature and

society. The founders of Marxism carried out a scientific feat without equal in

Philosophy, Political Economy, the theory of socialism and other spheres of human

knowledge, they created an authentic revolutionary science, whose object was not

limited to correctly explaining the world, but rather to The purpose of modifying it was

also included.

Lenin indicated:

Marx's doctrine, Lenin indicated, is complete and harmonious. It provides man with a

complete conception of the world. It is omnipotent because it is exact.

The main thing, in Marxism, lies in the foundation of the world-historical role of the

working class as creator of the classless communist society.

The proletarian revolution or workers' revolution is a class revolution in which the

working class attempts to overthrow the ruling class from its position by taking over the

government and other political institutions. It is a concept with an important ideological,

socialist, communist and/or unionist component, so its use could be interchanged with

socialist revolution or communist revolution.

The Bolshevik revolution in Russia in October 1917 has historically been the most
transcendent example of proletarian revolution, without prejudice to its multiple and

different ideological and historiographical evaluations. The Chinese revolution and

Maoist thought introduced the demand for the peasant component, which in Leninism

was clearly defined as less revolutionary; The expression workers' and peasants'

revolution became common, which spread to other Third World countries, with a very

underdeveloped industrial sector.

Propaganda poster of the Cuban Revolution.

In the interpretation of Marxism, the proletarian revolution would occur through the

seizure of power by the proletariat, once the contradictions inherent to the capitalist

system had been revealed, leading to a radical separation between a minority of

capitalists and a majority. of proletarians who would achieve class consciousness. Once

power was taken, the phase of dictatorship of the proletariat would arrive in which the

proletarians would take control of the means of production and the State apparatus.

Theoretically, when a classless society had been achieved (communist society), the

State would be unnecessary, since the new socialist man would have been formed. The

concrete mechanism of the seizure of power is not predetermined by the thought of Karl

Marx, and is adapted by Lenin in his theory of the revolutionary vanguard party and

criticized by Trotsky and his followers as a phenomenon of counter-revolutionary

bureaucratic degeneration. Trotsky himself and Antonio Gramsci advocated the

proletarian revolution through the synthesis of the proletarian movement and the fight

against what they called the cultural hegemony of capitalism.

In the interpretation of revolutionary syndicalism and anarcho-syndicalism, the

proletarian revolution would be produced by mechanisms other than those of

conventional political action -political parties or elections-, which have been interpreted
in very different ways: from the use of mechanisms such as mobilizations of massive

protest and more or less spontaneous or organized demand, in some cases, of the so-

called propaganda for the fact.

 II. SCIENTIFIC COMMUNISM

The term scientific communism or scientific socialism is used to distinguish the

political theories enunciated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, whose theoretical

foundation lay in the doctrine of historical materialism, from the rest of the socialist

currents that existed in the 19th century, whose lack of “scientific” bases, as understood

by these two thinkers, turned them into unviable projects, deserving of the title of

“utopian socialism.”

The historical materialism proposed by Marx and Engels proposed that the reality of

societies was a consequence of the eternal struggle between the classes that compose it

to control the means of production, called “ class struggle .” This conflict mobilized

society towards change (it was the “engine of history”) and should lead towards the

Dictatorship of the proletariat, that is, the control of the means of production by the

proletariat, the industrial workers.|

Scientific communism, thus, differed from other currents in that they did not propose a

way to overcome capitalism , but were content with a critical reading of the system.

However, Marx and Engels recognized in their work the importance of “utopian”
antecedents such as Robert Owen, Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Luois Blanc

and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, among others.

Currently, there is no need for a distinction between scientific and utopian socialism,

since Marx's work forever changed the critical way of interpreting capitalist society,

giving rise to the different aspects of Marxism . For example, the one that prevailed in

the Soviet Union was Vladimir Ilyich's interpretation of “Lenin”, which is why it was

called “Marxism-Leninism”.

2.1. Foundations of scientific communism

The foundations of communism proposed by Marx and Engels can be summarized as

follows:

 The class struggle as the engine of history. As has been said, Marx understood

social change as a consequence of the tensions inherent to this confrontation

between social classes , to see which one would remain in control of the means

of production of the time.

 The exploitation of man by man. According to Marx, capitalism as a system

operated based on the use of the prevailing social class, the industrial

bourgeoisie , of the labor force of the proletariat. This is possible thanks to the

fact that the former control the means of production and in exchange for a

monthly salary , they buy the worker's effort to produce marketable goods,

keeping for themselves the surplus of the worker's labor (the surplus value),

since a worker produces daily. more than what you consume per month.

 The dictatorship of the proletariat. The advent of a classless society, communism

, was possible according to Marx only after going through the dictatorship of the
 proletariat, that is, a revolutionary transition in which the structures of

oppression would be destroyed and progress would be made towards communal

property, community production. and the injustices inherent to capital would be

overcome.

 Collectivization. Overcoming private property and the selfish and accumulating

principles of capitalism would lead to a plural and more just society.

2.2. Object of scientific communism

Scientific communism is the science about the class struggle of the proletariat and the

socialist revolution, about the socio-political regularities of the construction of socialism

and communism, and the process of world revolution, in general; In this way scientific

communism studies and substantiates:

1. The historical inevitability of the disappearance of capitalism and the victory of

communism.

2. The premises and conditions of the revolutionary transformation of capitalist

society into a socialist society.

3. The world historical mission of the working class, the place and role of the non-

proletarian masses leading the struggle in the revolution

4. The regularities, the ways and forms of the class struggle of the proletariat.

5. The historical necessity and tasks of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

6. The regularities and paths of the development of socialism.

7. The role of national liberation revolutions and democratic movements in the

current revolutionary process.

 8. The main directions and principles of the strategy and tactics of the Marxist-

Leninist communist and workers' parties.

2.3. The world historical mission of the working class, the proletariat,
gravedigger of the bourgeoisie

Marx and Engels, based on copious factual material, demonstrated in all aspects the

inevitability of the disappearance of capitalism and the triumph of communism; They

found in the proletariat the social force capable of carrying out the revolutionary

transformation of society, this great discovery is at the center of the Marxist-Leninist

doctrine "the fundamental thing in Marx's doctrine, Lenin pointed out, is the

clarification of the universal historical role of the proletarian as creator of socialist

society.

Why precisely should the proletariat bury capitalism?

First of all, because the working class is the most oppressed. The proletariat is a

class of modern salaried workers who, deprived of their own means of production,

are forced to sell their labor power to survive. The situation of the proletariat as an

exploited class objectively conditions its deep dissatisfaction with the bourgeois

regime, its desire to radically change the existing order of things and suppress

capitalism through revolutionary means, it has nothing but the chains of wage

slavery; as private ownership of the means of production constitutes the basis of the

exploitation of the worker by the capitalist, and its abolition and replacement by

social property is the only way to emancipate the working class.

Scientific communism the class struggle that liberates the working class
The history of all societies known to human civilization, starting with slavery, was

the history of the struggle of the exploited classes against the exploiters, of the

oppressed classes against the government; Under capitalism, the proletariat comes to

the historical stage, which, by freeing itself from the exploiting class, saves the

entire society from exploitation.

Marx mentions that: “as far as I am concerned, I do not take the credit for having

discovered the existence of classes in modern society or the struggle between

them. Long before me, some bourgeois historians had already exposed the

development of the class struggle and some bourgeois economists their

economic anatomy; What I have contributed again has been to demonstrate:

• That the existence of classes is only linked to certain historical phases of

development of production.

• That the class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the

proletariat.

• That the dictatorship itself is nothing more than the transition towards the

abolition of all classes and towards a classless society.”

 III. PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS

Marx's theories are studied from different social sciences and although here we will not

focus on a more philosophical aspect, it is important to refer to the triple influence of his

thought. On the one hand, the influence of the utopian socialists, a qualification that

Engels himself gave them to differentiate it from his own, scientific socialism. On the

other hand, the conceptual baggage of classical economists, especially the notion of

work to which Marx granted vital importance. Finally, the influence of Hegelianism,

from which he adopted some of its theories but from a strictly materialist perspective.

From his work we will highlight three books:

The economic and philosophical manuscripts

The manifesto of the communist party, which he wrote together with Engels

Capital, his great work that was partly published by Engels posthumously

In his theory Marx makes an analysis of social reality and tells us that what

differentiates man from the rest of other living beings is not thought but work.
Work is a specifically human activity in which men, through instruments, transform

nature into products capable of meeting their needs. A double relationship arises from

work: a social relationship, of cooperation between different men to achieve specific

ends, and a natural relationship, between man and nature.

Work products also arise from work, which have a use value incorporated, that is, they

are capable of satisfying a human need. With this analysis, what Marx intends is not to

analyze work itself, but to see how this activity is carried out, the way of working

depends on each society and to talk about this we have to refer to the modes of

production that are the different ways in which societies have organized production and

work, for Marx work is a natural fact but the way of working is a historical fact,

The production modes are characterized by:

The productive forces, which are the workers and the instruments of work

The social relations of production, which Marx would tell us are fundamentally

relations that occur between owners and non-owners.

From this perspective we can see that the factors that determine and characterize the

modes of production are essentially economic and this is something that Marx calls

infrastructure or economic structure, which is the base and foundation from which all

other strata of societies are explained. . However, on this basis there are also super

structures that help maintain the order of the infrastructure, these are the legal or

political superstructure, which administers and revives the organization of civil society

that represses individuals or groups that leave the established order. and the ideological

superstructure that refers to the way in which men represent themselves within the

social order in which they live.

Ideology is the social consciousness of men and Marx makes a distinction between the

dominant ideology, which expresses the voice of the ruling class, and the marginal

ideologies that express the need for change.

According to Marx, both the legal-political and ideological structures are manifestations

of social life and are responsible for maintaining the order established in the

infrastructure that is the foundation of society. This is one of the basic theses of Marx's

thought and implies a materialist conception of social reality because it tells us that what

determines society is the economic factor, as the determining factor of a society is the

economic factor, what best explains it is its mode of production. Marx will tell us that

throughout history there have been many different modes of production:

primitive communism

The slave mode of production

The feudal, etc.

But his object of interest will be the topic of analysis of capital, Marx dedicated much of

his life to studying the capitalist mode of production.

Let's see the most important points of your analysis

Marx tells us that one of the most significant characteristics of the capitalist mode of

production is that the products of labor are commodities. Commodities are the specific

products of capitalism and as a product they have a use value, but they also have an

exchange value. Because of their use value, they are objects of consumption and

because of their exchange value, their production is diversified and they are sold on the

market. Furthermore, Marx will tell us that within capitalism work is also a commodity.
Labor power as a commodity is bought and sold in the labor market, this means that it

has an exchange value and that for this value its owner, the worker, exchanges his labor

power for other commodities, money in the labor market. job.

In Capital he analyzes this issue in depth, the exchange between the worker and the

capitalist is unequal and the concept that best explains this difference is that of surplus

value, the worker in his working day sells a quantity of labor power and in exchange

receives a salary, The capitalist buys this labor power and consumes it. But Marx tells

us that this consumption is special since the capitalist incorporates it with other

commodities and the value of these is higher than the salary he has paid to the worker.

This difference is the surplus value and this is where the secret of capitalism is found.

Capital is capital gains accumulated by the entrepreneur, it is unpaid work from the

perspective of the worker, this contributes to the potential of another phenomenon.

Marx in his economic and philosophical manuscripts will tell us about the concept of

alienation.

Marx takes up the original idea of Feuerbach, who had spoken of religious alienation,

and gives it another meaning.

As we have said, work is a specifically human activity, it is where man expresses his

nature. The problem is that in industrial society, man does not control the product of his

work, the product does not belong to him, it is alien to him. It is an external product

because it actually belongs to the entrepreneur, and since work is also a commodity,

work also becomes something external.

Consequently, work is denatured, it is not voluntary but forced, it is alien to the worker.
The worker does not express his being at work, he does not affirm himself as a human

being, but rather he denies himself, work is no longer a satisfaction of a need but a

means to satisfy needs outside of work.

With this study, Marx reveals the nature and contradictions of the capitalist mode of

production, although production is basically social, the appropriation of products is

private. This divides society into social classes:

The dominant and the oppressed.

Based on his analysis, Marx will criticize the Hegelian philosophers, he will tell us that

the task of philosophy can no longer be to interpret the world, but we must transform

the world.

It is necessary to provoke historical change, because the unequal relations of

production: the ruling class and the bourgeoisie oppress the proletariat. The communist

manifesto tells us that the entire history of human society is a society of class struggle.

Thus, Marx's materialism is also reflected in his conception of history because for him,

the driving force of history and change is class struggle.

To explain this, Marx picks up the concept of dialectic, history is a succession of stages

that confront each other within this, the present situation of exploitation of the

proletarians by the bourgeoisie will change through the struggle of classes, of the

revolution of the proletariat, in which they will necessarily establish a dictatorship as a

form of provisional government to reach the final stage: “Communism”, a society

without classes, without a state and without private property.

This is the thesis defined by socialism, social change has to be based on a scientific

analysis of the economic foundations of society and with this we have completed the

outline of Marx's thought.

 IV. MARX AND ENGELS

Marx and Engels tirelessly continued their research into their theory, enriching it with

new theses and conclusions whose veracity they verified in the revolutionary experience

of the masses, in the new successes of science.

 V. LENIN

The new stage in the creative development of Marxism is inextricably linked to the

name of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, a faithful follower of Marx's theory. Lenin's

contribution to Marxist theory is so great that this theory is rightly called, currently,

Marxism-Leninism.

New historical era

The new historical epoch that began at the end of the 19th century – the era of

imperialism and socialist revolutions – posed new problems to the international

communist movement regarding the theory and practice of the revolutionary struggle.

Lenin applied Marxist dialectics with great mastery to the analysis of the phenomena of

the era that was beginning, he continued the analysis that Marx had made of capitalism,

he formulated a scientific theory about the imperialist stage of the capitalist mode of

production, he advanced the theory of Socialist Revolution and came to the conclusion

that the victory of Socialism was possible first in a single country.

 SAW. LEGAL MARXISM

Falsification of Marxism by the liberal bourgeoisie. “Legal Marxism” was born during

the nineties in the 19th century in Russia, among the intellectuals of the liberal

bourgeoisie (P. Struve, Tugan-Baranovski, S. Bulgakov, N. Berdiaev and other

provisional “travel companions” of the social movement of that time). At that time,

Marxism was spreading rapidly in Russia, and bourgeois intellectuals rushed to dress

themselves in Marxist clothing, having their articles published in legal magazines and

newspapers. Hence the name “legal Marxists.” Lenin spoke of them as bourgeois

democrats for whom breaking with populism (see) did not at all mean moving from

petty-bourgeois (or peasant) socialism to proletarian socialism, but rather to bourgeois

liberalism. Lenin characterized “legal Marxism” as the reflection of Marxism in

bourgeois literature. The first literary intervention of the “legal Marxists” was the book

by P. Struve, published in 1894, Critical Notes on the Economic Development of

Russia. Rising up against populism from the positions of the liberal bourgeoisie, Struve

exalted capitalism and tried to demonstrate that it would be stable and long-lasting in

Russia. He urged us to recognize Russia's lack of culture and accept the doctrine of

capitalism. In his book he reviewed all the fundamental theses of Marxism, and in

particular, what constitutes its essence, the doctrine of the proletarian revolution and the
dictatorship of the proletariat. Although admitting agreements with the “legal Marxists”

in the fight against the populists, Lenin severely criticized them and denounced their

anti-proletarian nature, their bourgeois liberalism. In philosophy, the “legal Marxists”

adhered to the Kantian point of view, subjective idealism and bourgeois objectivism. In

his work The Economic Content of Populism and its Criticism in the Work of Mr.

Struve, Lenin subjected bourgeois objectivism to relentless criticism, opposing it with

the militant party spirit of the revolutionary Marxists. After the revolution of 1905,

during the years of reaction, Struve, Berdyaev, Bulgakov and others published the

collection of articles Veji (Jalones), where they openly defended the terror unleashed by

autocracy, Great-Russian nationalism, idealism Philosophy and mysticism. Later, many

of the “legal Marxists” became cadets (the main party of the Russian bourgeoisie), and

during the civil war, white guards. Lenin showed the anti-Marxist essence of “legal

Marxism” and thoroughly criticized bourgeois objectivism, opposing it with the

partisanship of revolutionary Marxism. In philosophy, “legal Marxists” as a rule held

neo-Kantian positions.
 VII. SOVIET MARXIST PHILOSOPHY

“It arose after the October Socialist Revolution. In the first years of its existence, Soviet

Marxist philosophy developed in struggle against the vestiges of the old bourgeois

philosophy and also against the philosophical theories of Menshevism, Russian

machismo (Bogdanov and others), etc. In 1922, the first Marxist philosophical

magazine "Under the Banner of Marxism" ("Pod známienem marxisma") was founded,

in the third issue of which Lenin's article "On the meaning of militant materialism" was

published, dedicated to the objectives of the magazine and the development of Soviet

Marxist philosophy. This article of Lenin, like his other theoretical works, had a

decisive influence on all subsequent activity of Soviet philosophers.

The fundamental task of the first years was to train new philosophers closely

linked to the Communist Party and the fight for the socialist restructuring of the

country. The class struggle of the first period of the existence of the Soviet State found

its expression in all sectors of ideology, including philosophy.

At the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the next, criticism was deployed

against the relapses into mechanistic materialism (Nikolái Ivanovich Bukharin, A. YO.

Varioush, V. N. Sarabianov and others) and also against the manifestations of

Menshevist idealism (group of Abram Moiseievich Deborin), whose essence consisted

in identifying the Marxist dialectic with the Hegelian one, in separating theory from

practice, underestimating the Leninist stage in the development of philosophy , etc. The

first manuals appeared explaining the content of dialectical and historical materialism.

In the magazine "Under the Flag of Marxism" (it ceased publication in 1944) and other

publications, the philosophical problems posed by the construction of socialist society,

the cultural revolution, were studied; Starting from Marxist philosophy, the

corresponding interpretation of the history of the philosophy of the past was given, there

was a struggle to establish an alliance with the naturalists, to ensure that they adopted

the principles of dialectical materialism.

The works "Dialectic of Nature" by Engels and "Philosophical Notebooks" by

Lenin, first published in 1925 and 1929 respectively, promoted the investigation of new

questions. However, the progress of Soviet philosophy, as well as that of other social

sciences, was seriously hampered during the years of the personality cult of Stalin,

whose work "On Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism" was declared,

without no reason, culminating point of Marxist philosophy. The criticism of the cult of

personality carried out by the Party and the resolutions of the XX Congress of the

CPSU. They began a new stage in the development of Soviet philosophy. This stage is

characterized by the significant expansion of the topics object of philosophical research

and by the much more in-depth examination of the current problems of modern

philosophical science. The study of Lenin's philosophical heritage has begun to occupy

an important place. New texts and manuals have been written, overcoming the traits of

dogmatism linked to Stalin's personality cult.

The basic direction that Soviet philosophy follows in its development is

conditioned by the objectives of communist construction as they have been defined in

the resolutions of the XX and XXII Congresses of the CPSU. and in his new program.
The resolutions of the Party, which generalize the practice of communist construction in

the USSR and all world development, are filled with profound philosophical content,

they scientifically reveal the laws of the development of society under current

conditions. Many Soviet philosophers, especially sociologists, work on the laws of

communist construction, on the dialectic of the passage from socialism to communism,

on the development of the Soviet State, on the fusion of the two forms of socialist

property in the communist form, on the overcoming of the [186] essential differences

between the city and the countryside, between physical and intellectual work, to the

progress of socialist culture and others. (G. M. Gak, G. YO. Glezerman, L. F. Ilichov, F.

V. Konstantinov, T A. Stepanian, V. Q. Tugarinov, P. N. Fedoseyev, V. TO. Fomina, G.

Q. Frantsev, D. YO. Chesnokov et al.

Although concrete social research still occupies an insufficient place in

philosophical publications, in recent years there have appeared works devoted to the

elevation of the cultural and technical level of the working class, to the disappearance of

the differences between the city and the countryside, to the overcoming of religious

survivals, &c. The questions of dialectical materialism occupy an important place in the

research of Soviet philosophers. The most important of all of them are those that are

related to the generalization of the results obtained by modern natural science, to the

further elaboration of materialist dialectics, to the new ways in which its laws appear in

socialist society, to the study of the problems of dialectical logic and the theory of

knowledge.

Guided by Lenin's indications, Soviet philosophers investigate the logic of "

Capital ", using it to study the problems of dialectical logic and the theory of

knowledge; They analyze the categories of dialectical materialism, they work on the

problem of the materialist system of categories, on the philosophical questions of

natural science (I. V. Ilenkov, B. M. Kedrov, P. V. Kopnin, I. Kolman, I. V. Kuznetsov,

V. YO. Omelianovski, M. N. Rutkievich, V. YO. Svicliersk, E. Q. Sitkovski, A. g.

Spirkin, B. S. Ukraintsev, V. Q. Chertkov et al. The work carried out by Soviet

philosophers in relation to Marxist research into the universal history of philosophy is

very important. In the course of recent years, serious work has been done in the study of

Russian materialist philosophy; A group of philosophers is dedicated to the critical

investigation of current bourgeois philosophy (V. F. Asmus, M. Q. Baskin. b. AND.

Bijovski, A. M. Deborin, M. TO. Dinnik, M. T. Iovchuk, I. S. Kon, G. TO. Kursanov,

M. EITHER. Makovielski, I. K. Melville, M. b. Mitin, J. N. Momdzhian, I. S. Narski, T.

YO. Oizerman, O. V. Traitenberg, B. TO. Chaguin, I. YO. Shchipanov et al.

The communist edification has raised as one of the most important tasks in the

field of philosophy, that of elaborating the problems of communist morality, of Marxist

ethics, of the fight against the survivals of capitalism in the conscience and in the

conduct of men, against the influence of the religious conception of the world, &c. The

works of several philosophers are dedicated to these problems (I. TO. Levada, A. F.

Shishkin et al). During recent years, Soviet philosophers have devoted great attention to

the examination of the problems of aesthetics: history of aesthetic ideas, of the

categories of aesthetics, of the theory of socialist realism, criticism of bourgeois

aesthetic conceptions, etc. (YO. b. Borev, A. g. Iegorov, M. TO. Lifshits, M. F.

Ovsiánnikov, Z. V. Smirnova, G. M. Friedländer et al). While previously Soviet

philosophers working in the sphere of formal logic were mainly concerned with

studying the questions of traditional logic, recently they have begun to deal primarily

with current questions of logical science that require generalization with a criterion

dialectical materialist the results of mathematical logic, semantics and others (K. S.
Bakradze, I. K. Voishvilo, D. Q. Gorski, A. TO. Zinoviev, P. S. Popov, P. V. Tavanets,

S. TO. Ianovskaya et al.

Works have appeared devoted to the philosophical analysis of cybernetics, to its

essence, to its relationship with other sciences, to the study of psychological issues in

general and social psychology in particular (B. g. Ananiev, A. N. Leontiev, S. L.

Rubinstein, B. M. Tieplov et al. Soviet philosophers are faced with great tasks, the most

important of which is to generalize more deeply the real processes of communist

construction, of the development of the new culture, of the formation of the man of the

communist society, of the great human morality of communism.”

 VIII. CONCLUSIONS

 Marxist philosophical thought arises in a historical juncture, where man needs

concrete answers and not simple theoretical assumptions as philosophy offered

him until now. Marx is in charge of carrying out this task, explaining the

alienation of man and demonstrating that the march of human history is a

dialectical process that is expressed through class struggles.

 The founders of Marxism demonstrated that socialism is not a fiction invented

by dreamers, but the indispensable result of the workers' struggle to overthrow

capital power. Scientific communism as a science is the theoretical expression of

the position of the proletariat in the struggle and the generalization of the

conditions conducive to emancipating the proletariat.

 Carlos Max and Frederick Engels were the first to convert socialism from an

illusion to a truth, science about the general regularities, the ways and forms of

the class struggle that liberates the proletariat, about the socialist revolution and

the construction of socialism and communism. The theoretical basis for the

emergence of scientific communism in the 40s of the 19th century was based on

two great discoveries, namely: the materialist conception of history and the

theory of surplus value that revealed the enigma of capitalist exploitation; That

means that scientific communism is the logical and necessary continuation and

development of the philosophical theory and economics of Marx and Engels.

 Marxist philosophical thought arises in a historical juncture, where man needs

concrete answers and not simple theoretical assumptions as philosophy offered

him until now.

 Marx is in charge of carrying out this task, explaining the alienation of man and

demonstrating that the march of human history is a dialectical process that is

expressed through class struggles. Marx says that the last expression of this

struggle is the one carried out by the bourgeois class and the proletariat, since,

with the abolition of the bourgeois mode of production, the way is given to

communism, where the classes and therefore the struggle between them will

disappear.

 In this new social form, society itself is in charge of regulating the means of

production. Therefore, we can say that, for Marx, the history of man is the

process of alienation and the march towards its suppression, the process whose

goal is the rational organization of human life in full freedom.

 Marx's doctrine brought us to Marxism, which not only underestimated the

resistance of capitalism, but in doing so overestimated the capacity of ideology

to impact the consciousness of the proletariat. The process of historical change is

slow, especially when comparing people's lives, but the history of failures is also

the history of false illusions that are lost and the experience that is gained. There

is no reason to suppose that the proletariat cannot learn from experience, but it

will surely be forced to find a way to ensure its existence outside of capitalism.

The liberation of the working class from capitalism begins with their initiative

and such socialism can be achieved by eliminating class society through the end

of capitalist relations.
 In this chapter we can conclude that the great contributions of Marx and Engels

had a lot of influence on the revolution of the masses. Demonstrating their great

interest in the veracity of their theories, they contributed an important dose to

contemporary thought for the success of science.

 In this conclusion we emphasize the great contributions that Lenin makes,

because he continued with Marx's theory, also his contribution was so important

that he has a certain theory which is called "Marxism-Leninism", as we know

this theory It was the one that proposed a new revolutionary struggle, however,

Lenin's contribution with the application of dialectics adds an important axis in

our daily lives since it served a lot to advance the Socialist Revolutionary theory,

due to this we see that this type of practice only can occur in a certain country

 ON LEGAL MARXISM: “Legal Marxism” was the form of arrival of Marxism

in Bourgeois literature, which caused a distortion on the part of the Bourgeois,

due to the interests that they wanted to achieve, in the face of the great

expansion that was taking place. giving of the Marxist ideology. Lenin speaks

about this type of events that sought the permanence of capitalism: "The

dialectic of history means that the theoretical triumph of Marxism forces its

enemies to dress in Marxist clothing. Internally rotten liberalism tries to revive

itself in the form of socialist opportunism. It is implied about the struggle to see

which economic, social and political system will emerge victorious.

 ON SOVIET MARXIST PHILOSOPHY: In this part it was possible to mention

the influence that Marxist Philosophy had on the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (USSR) so that it could fight against the bourgeoisie and Menshevism

and thus be able to establish socialism. This tells us about what were the
guidelines that were taken to be able to start a change, what ideas were going

through the heads of those who wanted to achieve it and fought for it.