Here are the answers to questions 132 to 171 from the document:

**132. What is a robot? Define industrial robot.**

- A robot is a programmable machine capable of performing tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.

An industrial robot is a robot system used for manufacturing, which is programmable in two or more
axes and can be automated to perform tasks such as welding, painting, assembly, pick and place,
packaging, and lab testing.

**133. Write down different parts of a robot.**

- Different parts of a robot include:

1. Manipulator or Arm

2. End Effector

3. Actuators

4. Sensors

5. Controller

6. Power Supply

7. Software

**134. What are the major components of a robot?**

- Major components of a robot are:

1. Manipulator

2. End Effector

3. Actuators

4. Sensors

5. Controller

6. Power Supply

**135. What are the applications of a robot?**

- Applications of robots include:

1. Industrial Manufacturing
 2. Medical Field (surgery, rehabilitation)

3. Space Exploration

4. Military Applications

5. Agriculture

6. Entertainment

**136. Why are robots used in industries?**

- Robots are used in industries to:

1. Increase productivity

2. Improve quality

3. Reduce labor costs

4. Perform tasks that are dangerous for humans

5. Work in hazardous environments

6. Operate continuously without fatigue

**137. What are the trends and challenges of industrial robotics? State the possible enablers to face
those challenges.**

- Trends:

1. Collaborative robots (cobots)

2. Increased use of AI and machine learning

3. Improved safety features

4. Enhanced connectivity (IoT)

5. Advanced sensing and perception

Challenges:

1. High initial cost

2. Integration with existing systems

3. Maintenance and downtime

4. Skilled workforce requirement

 5. Rapid technological changes

Enablers:

1. Government incentives

2. Standardization

3. Training programs

4. Research and development

5. Public-private partnerships

**138. Draw a robot showing different parts.**

- [This would typically require a sketch. You can refer to diagrams in robotics textbooks or resources for
visual representation.]

**139. How are robots classified? Discuss them.**

- Robots are classified based on:

1. **Configuration**: Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical, Articulated, SCARA, Delta

2. **Control System**: Manual, Automated, Adaptive, Intelligent

3. **Application**: Industrial, Service, Military, Medical, Entertainment

**140. What is a robot control system? Write the functions of the controller.**

- A robot control system is responsible for managing the movements and operations of a robot.
Functions of the controller include:

1. Motion Control

2. Path Planning

3. Task Execution

4. Feedback Processing

5. Sensor Integration

6. Safety Monitoring
**141. How many types of robot control are there? Discuss them.**

- Types of robot control:

1. **Point-to-Point Control**: Movement between predefined points.

2. **Continuous Path Control**: Smooth path control.

3. **Adaptive Control**: Adjusts in real-time to changes.

4. **Intelligent Control**: Uses AI for decision-making.

**142. Robot is powered by what components?**

- Robots are powered by components like:

1. Electrical Motors

2. Hydraulic Systems

3. Pneumatic Systems

4. Batteries

5. Solar Panels (in some cases)

**143. Discuss the robot controller.**

- A robot controller is the brain of the robot, handling inputs from sensors and user commands, and
controlling actuators to perform tasks. It ensures precise movements and correct task execution.

**144. How can a robot be programmed?**

- A robot can be programmed using:

1. **Teach Pendants**: Manual programming via a handheld device.

2. **Offline Programming**: Using software to create and simulate tasks.

3. **Programming Languages**: Specific to robots like RAPID, VAL, KRL.

**145. Discuss two types of robot programming.**

- Two types:

1. **Teach Programming**: The operator manually guides the robot to perform tasks which are
recorded and repeated.
 2. **Offline Programming**: Tasks are programmed on a computer and then uploaded to the robot.

**146. Write the functions of a controller.**

- Functions of a controller include:

1. Interpreting input signals

2. Processing control algorithms

3. Generating output signals for actuators

4. Monitoring system status

5. Communicating with other systems

**147. What is the drive system of a robot? Describe the drive system used in a robot.**

- The drive system provides the power to move the robot. Types include:

1. **Electric Drives**: Using electric motors.

2. **Hydraulic Drives**: Using hydraulic actuators.

3. **Pneumatic Drives**: Using compressed air.

**148. What are the parameters of kinematics?**

- Parameters include:

1. Position

2. Orientation

3. Velocity

4. Acceleration

5. Joint Angles

**149. What are the functions of kinematics in a robot?**

- Functions include:

1. Determining the robot’s position and orientation.

2. Planning movements.

3. Ensuring smooth and precise motion.

**150. What are end-effectors?**

- End-effectors are devices at the end of a robotic arm designed to interact with the environment, such
as grippers, tools, or sensors.

**151. Classify end-effectors.**

- Types of end-effectors:

1. **Grippers**: Mechanical, vacuum, magnetic

2. **Tools**: Welding torches, spray guns

3. **Sensors**: Cameras, force sensors

**152. What is the purpose of end-effectors?**

- The purpose is to perform tasks such as gripping, manipulating objects, and executing specific functions
like welding or painting.

**153. What is a gripper? Classify grippers & sketch different types of grippers.**

- A gripper is an end-effector designed to grasp and hold objects. Types include:

1. **Mechanical Grippers**: Two-finger, three-finger

2. **Vacuum Grippers**: Use suction

3. **Magnetic Grippers**: Use magnetic force

**154. Write different applications of grippers.**

- Applications include:

1. Assembly

2. Packaging

3. Material Handling

4. Inspection

5. Machining
**155. What is a mechanical gripper? Write its application in industries.**

- A mechanical gripper uses mechanical fingers to grasp objects. Applications:

1. Picking and placing parts

2. Assembly line tasks

3. Sorting and packaging

**156. Write the differences between a vacuum gripper & a mechanical gripper.**

- **Vacuum Gripper**:

1. Uses suction

2. Ideal for flat, smooth surfaces

3. Gentle handling

**Mechanical Gripper**:

1. Uses mechanical fingers

2. Suitable for various shapes

3. Firm grip

**157. Which grippers are used to hold:**

- i. A hollow cube: Vacuum gripper

- ii. A hollow cylinder: Mechanical or vacuum gripper

- iii. A solid cylinder: Mechanical gripper

- iv. A solid rectangular object & a circular bar: Mechanical gripper

**158. Write down the different types of motion of a robot gripper.**

- Types of motion:

1. Linear Motion

2. Rotational Motion

3. Angular Motion
**159. Sketch a robot wrist & a human wrist.**

- [This would typically require a sketch. Refer to diagrams in textbooks or online resources for visual
representation.]

**160. What factors influence the design of a robot gripper?**

- Factors include:

1. Type of objects to be handled

2. Weight and size of objects

3. Required precision

4. Environment

5. Cost

**161. Sketch a figure showing a robot serving two CNC turning centers.**

- [This would typically require a sketch. Refer to diagrams in manufacturing system textbooks or
resources.]

**162. Define sensor.**

- A sensor is a device that detects and responds to changes in the environment and provides
corresponding output.

**163. Classify sensors. Discuss them.**

- Sensors can be classified into:

1. **Proximity Sensors**: Detect the presence of objects

2. **Temperature Sensors**: Measure temperature

3. **Pressure Sensors**: Measure pressure

4. **Vision Sensors**: Capture visual information

**164. Applications of sensors.**

- Applications include:
 1. Industrial automation

2. Medical devices

3. Consumer electronics

4. Automotive systems

5. Environmental monitoring

**165. What are the sensors used in robots? Write down their applications.**

- Sensors in robots include:

1. **Proximity Sensors**: Detecting objects

2. **Vision Sensors**: Object recognition

3. **Force Sensors**: Measuring force

4. **Temperature Sensors**: Monitoring temperature

**166. Define transducer. What are the applications of transducers in the industry?**

- A transducer converts one form of energy into another. Applications include:

1. Measuring physical quantities (pressure, temperature)

2. Control systems

3. Communication devices

**167. What is a force sensor? Write its applications.**

- A force sensor measures force exerted on it. Applications:

1. Robotics (grip force measurement)

2. Manufacturing (force control)

3. Medical devices (prosthetics)

**168. What is a tactile sensor? State the different types of tactile sensors.**

- A tactile sensor detects physical touch or pressure. Types include:

1. Resistive
 2. Capacitive

3. Piezoelectric

4. Optical

**169. What is the vision system? Write down its applications in robotics.**

- A vision system uses cameras and image processing to interpret visual information. Applications:

1. Object recognition

2. Quality inspection

3. Navigation

**170. What is the machine vision system? State its applications.**

- A machine vision system uses cameras and software to perform inspection and analysis. Applications:

1. Quality control

2. Sorting

3. Guidance

**171. Write down the major components of the machine vision system.**

- Major components:

1. Camera

2. Lighting

3. Image Processing Software

4. Frame Grabber

5. Computer or Processor

These answers are derived from the information found in the document you provided. If you need more
detailed explanations or specific sketches, referring to a textbook or resource with illustrations and in-
depth descriptions would be beneficial.