SCIENCE OF CROP

HOLISTICS
THE WHEAT____ CROWN OF CHAPATI
IMPORTANCE ,REQUIREMENT,GROWTH
IMPORTANCE

2nd. Most staple food of India after the rice.

Already fulfilled the requirement amount of nearly 65% Indian population.
Have vast varieties of selection …
Not categorised as fragile and sensitive to easily prone category..
Contributed in food security world wide with catering the Indian population .

DEV BENIWAL
REQUIREMENTS…

CLIMATE..
Cold with moderate rainfall.
Temperature..
Winter (10^c - 15^c) ,, summer ( 21^c-26^c)
RAINFALL….
Average 75cm( 50 to 100 cm)
SOIL …
Well drained, fertile, loamy and clayey soil
Also goes in black soil ( near Deccan plateau)
GROWING STAGES .
1. Germination.
2. Tillering.
3. Stem elongation.
4. Heading.
5. Flowering.
6. and Grain filling.
SOWING AND PLANTATION TECHNIQUE.
1. Drilling: The seed is sown using a seed drill or ferti-seed drill in this method. They
are either bullock- or tractor-powered. Seeds are dropped at depth using a drill,
resulting in uniform germination and a regular stand. Seed drills, also known as ferti-
seed drills, are widely available in the market.
2.

Depth of seed
; Average 23cm
Time of sowing…
October-november
WATER /IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE AND QUANTITY

Wheat – Irrigation Management

Forming Beds and Channel
Form beds of size 10 m2 or 20 m2. The irrigation channels are to be
provided sufficiently.
The crop requires 4 - 6 irrigations depending on the soil type and rainfall. Wheat crop
requires minimum of 5 irrigations at the following critical stages.
I – Immediately after sowing II – Crown root intiation : 15-20 DAS (;
DAY AFTER SOWING) III- Active tillering stage : 35-40 DAS IV-
Flowering stage : 50-55 DAS V- Grain filling stage : 70-75 DAS
1. Crown root initiation and flowering are the most critical stages.

2. Water stagnation should be avoided at the time of germination

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT..
INTRODUCTION
Nutrient deficiency can result in limited wheat crop yield, and an adequate balance is needed for
maximum benefit and health of the crop. The requirements for nutrients in wheat crops differ based
on different growth stages.
Nitrogen
During the establishment period, nitrogen can support the purpose of the crop's early and steady
rapid growth. During tillering, it can be used for healthy leaf development, eventually assisting rapid
growth of the overall plant and contributing to higher yields.
POTASSIUM
Proper use of potassium can help build superior photosynthesis efficiency, greater resistance to some
diseases, and proper water regulation and structural integrity of the plant throughout the growth
cycle.
SULPHUR
With sufficient sulphur reaching them, crops can see maximum yields and protein content availability.
WEED MANAGEMENT
Broad-leaf weeds can be controlled with 2,4-D. In fields infested with Bathu
(Chenopodium album), spray 2,4-D sodium salt (80%) or 2, 4-D ester (36%) at
the rate of 250g or 250 ml in 200 litres of water per acre with knapsack, sprayer
PEST CONTROL
METHODS
Crop Rotation: Rotating wheat with other crops can help disrupt pest cycles and reduce the build-up of specific
pests.
Biological Control: Introducing natural enemies of pests, such as predators or parasites, can help control pest
populations.
Chemical Control: Using pesticides selectively and responsibly can help manage pest infestations. It's essential to
follow safety guidelines and use recommended doses.
Cultural Practices: Practices like timely sowing, proper crop nutrition, and maintaining field hygiene can help
make wheat crops less susceptible to pests.
Resistant Varieties: Planting wheat varieties that are resistant to common pests can also help in pest management.
Monitoring: Regular monitoring of the crop for signs of pest damage can help in early detection and timely
intervention.
COMMON PESTICIDE USED
Chlorpyrifos: A broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide that targets a wide range of pests such as aphids,
grasshoppers, and caterpillars.
Cyfluthrin: A pyrethroid insecticide effective against aphids, sawflies, and other wheat pests.
Imidacloprid: A neonicotinoid insecticide used to control sucking insects like aphids and wireworms.
Tebuconazole: A triazole fungicide commonly used to control fungal diseases in wheat crops such as rusts and
powdery mildew.
Florasulam: A sulfonylurea herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds in wheat fields.
MONITORING METHODS
Field Scouting: Regular field visits to observe the wheat crop for signs of pest infestations,
diseases, nutrient deficiencies, and weed competition.
Remote Sensing: Using satellite imagery or drones to monitor crop health, detect stress factors,
and identify areas of the field that may need specific attention.
Phenological Observations: Tracking the wheat crop's growth stages to assess development
progress and plan management practices accordingly.
Soil Sampling: Conducting soil tests to monitor soil nutrient levels and pH, helping to adjust
fertilization practices for optimal crop growth.
Weather Monitoring: Keeping track of weather conditions such as temperature, rainfall, and
humidity, as these factors can influence crop development and the prevalence of pests and
diseases.
Record Keeping: Maintaining detailed records of observations, treatments applied, and
outcomes to track the effectiveness of management practices and inform decision-making in
future seasons.
By actively monitoring the wheat crop and responding proactively to any issues that arise,
farmers can optimize yield, minimize losses, and ensure the long-term health and sustainability
of their wheat production.
HARVESTING AND POST HARVESTING
Farmers are conscious of the fact that the harvested wheat should be dry enough for threshing and
storage. Artificial drying is uncommon. The manually harvested wheat crop is tied into small
bundles and stacked in bunches of 10 - 15 bundles, which are left in the field for one to three days
to dry…
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that wheat production
contribute significantly to farm
sustainability and contribute to alleviation of
malnutrition in the State. The actual
production constraints restrict the
sustainability of this important crop.