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P Block Element Group 14
P Block Element Group 14
CLASSES
s-
Block p – Block
d - Block
Gr.
14
150
Group 14
140
130
pm
120
70
C SiVANJARI CLASSES,Nasik Ge
(p - Block/group 14) Sn Pb 7
150 covalent radius of group 14
140
130
Ionic radius of group 14( M+2 ion)
120
Effective nuclear
110 charge increases with
100 decrease in number of
pm electrons
90
Ionic radius of M+4 ion
80
70
60
One shell is less in M+4 ion than that
50 in M atom and effective nuclear
40 charge increases as number of
electrons decreases
30
C SiVANJARI CLASSES,Nasik Ge
(p - Block/group 14) Sn Pb 8
1100 1st ionization enthalpy of group 14 elements are higher than
Gr14 that of corresponding group 13 elements because of greater
1050 effective nuclear charge in group 14 elements since electron is
1000 added in same shell with increase in nuclear charge in group 14.
950
900 1st IONIZATION ENTHALPY OF GROUP 13 &
GROUP 14
850
k J / mol Gr 13
800
750
700
Group 14
650
600
Group 13
550
500
B/C Al VANJARI
/ Si CLASSES,Nasik
Ga(p /- Block/group
Ge 14) In / Sn Tl / Pb9
6500 1st , 2nd , 3rd & 4th IONIZATION ENTHALPY
4th I. Enthalpy
6000 OF GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
5500
5000
3rd I. Enthalpy
4500
4000
k J / mol
3500
3000
2nd I. Enthalpy
2500
2000
1500
1st I. Enthalpy
1000
500
C Si Ge
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) Sn Pb 10
The melting and boiling
4200
points of group 14 4000
elements are much higher
3800
in comparison to group 13
3400 elements because the 3600
atoms of this group form
3000 covalent bonds with each
other and therefore have 3200
2600 strong binding forces
between their atoms in
2200 both solid and liquid states 2800
1800
2400
1400
1000
2000
600
200 1600
B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb
1100 Gr 14
1050
1000
950
900 Gr 13
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
B/C AlVANJARI
/ SiCLASSES,Nasik
Ga /(pGe In / Sn
- Block/group 14)
Tl / Pb 12
OXIDATION STATE
The common oxidation state exhibited by elements are +4 and +2.
Carbon show +4 oxidation state and silicon mostly shows +4
oxidation state and have covalent character because sum of first
four enthalpies of carbon is very high and silicon high.
6500 Down the group stability
6000 of +4 oxidation state
5500 decreases and stability of
5000
4500 +2 oxidation state increase
4000 due to increase in inert
3500 pair effect.
3000
2500 Down the group, due to poor
2000 shielding effect of intervening
1500 d and f orbitals, the increased
1000 effective nuclear charge holds
500 ns electrons tightly therefore
C Si Ge Sn Pb ns2 electrons do not participate
in bonding as a result of this
Germanium and tin show both +4 and +2 oxidation
only p-orbital electron may be
state involved in bonding. This is
Lead in +2 oxidation state are stable and in +4 state
called inert pair effect. 13
are strong oxidising agent. VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14)
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Pb/Tl 1.9/1.8 C Si Ge Sn Pb
Due to small size than corresponding elements of group 13, elements of group 14 are
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 14
slightly more electronegative than that of corresponding elements of group 13
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
6500
All group 14 elements are solid at room 6000
5500
1st , 2nd , 3rd & 4th
temperature. 5000 ionisation enthalpy
4500
Carbon and silicon are non metals, 4000
germanium is metalloid whereas tin and 3500
3000
lead are metals. 2500
2000
Carbon and silicon is hard while tin & lead 1500
is soft metals and melting point & boiling 1000
500
point decreases down the group due to
C Si Ge Sn Pb
decrease in interatomic forces.
4200
4000
3800
3400 3600
3000
3200
2600
2200 2800
1800
1400 2400
1000 2000
600
200 1600
B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb
These form mainly two types of oxides i.e monoxide (MO) and dioxide (MO2)
Group 14 Dioxide
Monoxide NATURE NATURE
Elements
Acidic
Si Do not exist SiO2
GeO2 Acidic
Ge GeO Acidic
SnO2 Amphoteric
Sn SnO Amphoteric
PbO2 Amphoteric
Pb PbO Amphoteric
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 16
Carbon do not react with water because reaction is
highly endothermic (∆H = +131.3kJ /mol)
Silicon forms SiO2 & germanium forms GeO2 as
protective oxide film.
ELEMENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Gr.14 4
3
C 2.5
Highest value
Si 1.8
Ge 1.8
Absence of d - orbitals
Sn 1.8
Structure of diamond