p – BLOCK / Group 14 Elements VANJARI

CLASSES

s-
Block p – Block
d - Block

Gr.
14

General trend in ModernVANJARI

Periodic table & location of p – Block / gr.1 14
CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14)
CARBON(Diamond and graphite)

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 2

SILICON

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 3

Germanium

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 4

Tin

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 5

Lead

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 6

180
ATOMIC RADIUS OF GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
Group 13
170 Down the group atomic radius go on
160 increasing due increase in number of shells

150
Group 14
140

130
pm
120

110 Atomic radius of group 14 elements are less

than that of corresponding group 13 elements
100 since effective nuclear charge increases as
electron get added in same shell with increase
90
in nuclear charge
80

70
C SiVANJARI CLASSES,Nasik Ge
(p - Block/group 14) Sn Pb 7
150 covalent radius of group 14
140
130
Ionic radius of group 14( M+2 ion)
120
Effective nuclear
110 charge increases with
100 decrease in number of
pm electrons
90
Ionic radius of M+4 ion
80
70
60
One shell is less in M+4 ion than that
50 in M atom and effective nuclear
40 charge increases as number of
electrons decreases
30
C SiVANJARI CLASSES,Nasik Ge
(p - Block/group 14) Sn Pb 8
1100 1st ionization enthalpy of group 14 elements are higher than
Gr14 that of corresponding group 13 elements because of greater
1050 effective nuclear charge in group 14 elements since electron is
1000 added in same shell with increase in nuclear charge in group 14.

950
900 1st IONIZATION ENTHALPY OF GROUP 13 &
GROUP 14
850
k J / mol Gr 13
800
750
700
Group 14
650
600
Group 13
550
500
B/C Al VANJARI
/ Si CLASSES,Nasik
Ga(p /- Block/group
Ge 14) In / Sn Tl / Pb9
6500 1st , 2nd , 3rd & 4th IONIZATION ENTHALPY
4th I. Enthalpy
6000 OF GROUP 14 ELEMENTS

5500
5000
3rd I. Enthalpy
4500
4000
k J / mol
3500
3000
2nd I. Enthalpy
2500
2000
1500
1st I. Enthalpy
1000
500
C Si Ge
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) Sn Pb 10
 The melting and boiling
4200
points of group 14 4000
elements are much higher
3800
in comparison to group 13
3400 elements because the 3600
atoms of this group form
3000 covalent bonds with each
other and therefore have 3200
2600 strong binding forces
between their atoms in
2200 both solid and liquid states 2800

1800

2400
1400

1000
2000
600

200 1600
B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb

MELTING POINT BOILING POINT

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 11
METALLIC CHARACTER
On moving down the group, metallic character increases from carbon to lead due to
decrease in ionization potential down the group.

Carbon is typical non metal.

Silicon is non metal but germanium is metalloid.
Tin and lead are typical metals.
Elements of group 14 are less metallic than corresponding elements of group 13 due to
higher ionization potential of elements of group 14 elements than corresponding
elements of group 13.

1100 Gr 14
1050
1000
950
900 Gr 13
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
B/C AlVANJARI
/ SiCLASSES,Nasik
Ga /(pGe In / Sn
- Block/group 14)
Tl / Pb 12
OXIDATION STATE
The common oxidation state exhibited by elements are +4 and +2.
Carbon show +4 oxidation state and silicon mostly shows +4
oxidation state and have covalent character because sum of first
four enthalpies of carbon is very high and silicon high.
6500 Down the group stability
6000 of +4 oxidation state
5500 decreases and stability of
5000
4500 +2 oxidation state increase
4000 due to increase in inert
3500 pair effect.
3000
2500 Down the group, due to poor
2000 shielding effect of intervening
1500 d and f orbitals, the increased
1000 effective nuclear charge holds
500 ns electrons tightly therefore
C Si Ge Sn Pb ns2 electrons do not participate
in bonding as a result of this
Germanium and tin show both +4 and +2 oxidation
only p-orbital electron may be
state involved in bonding. This is
Lead in +2 oxidation state are stable and in +4 state
called inert pair effect. 13
are strong oxidising agent. VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14)
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Electronegativity down the group

decreases due to increase in atomic ATOMIC SIZE OF GROUP 13 AND
size. GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
ELEMENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY 180
170 Gr. 13
Gr.14/Gr.13
160
150 Gr. 14
C/B 2.5/2.0 140
130
Si/Al 1.8/1.5 120
110
Ge/Ga 1.8/1.6 100
90
Sn/In 1.8/1.7 80
70

Pb/Tl 1.9/1.8 C Si Ge Sn Pb
Due to small size than corresponding elements of group 13, elements of group 14 are
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 14
slightly more electronegative than that of corresponding elements of group 13
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
6500
All group 14 elements are solid at room 6000
5500
1st , 2nd , 3rd & 4th
temperature. 5000 ionisation enthalpy
4500
Carbon and silicon are non metals, 4000
germanium is metalloid whereas tin and 3500
3000
lead are metals. 2500
2000
Carbon and silicon is hard while tin & lead 1500
is soft metals and melting point & boiling 1000
500
point decreases down the group due to
C Si Ge Sn Pb
decrease in interatomic forces.
4200
4000
3800
3400 3600
3000
3200
2600
2200 2800
1800
1400 2400
1000 2000
600
200 1600
B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb

Melting point Boiling point

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 15
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(i)Reactivity towards Oxygen

These form mainly two types of oxides i.e monoxide (MO) and dioxide (MO2)

Group 14 Dioxide
Monoxide NATURE NATURE
Elements

C CO Neutral CO2 Acidic

Acidic
Si Do not exist SiO2

GeO2 Acidic
Ge GeO Acidic

SnO2 Amphoteric
Sn SnO Amphoteric

PbO2 Amphoteric
Pb PbO Amphoteric
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 16
Carbon do not react with water because reaction is
highly endothermic (∆H = +131.3kJ /mol)
Silicon forms SiO2 & germanium forms GeO2 as
protective oxide film.

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 17

MX4 are covalent in nature when central atom M undergoes sp3
hybridisation and the molecule is tetrahedral in shape.
X PbI4 do not exist because Pb-I
bond initially formed during the
reaction does not release enough
energy to unpair 6s2 electrons and
excite one of them to higher
orbital to have four unpaired
M electrons around the lead atom(
X X in short because of Inert pair
effect)
However down the group
ionic character increases.
X
Thus SnF4 & PbF4 are ionic
in nature.
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 18
ELEMENT HALIDE
C CX4
Si SiX4
Ge GeX4 , GeX2 GeX4 is more stable than
GeX2
Sn SnX4 , SnX2 SnF4 are ionic in nature.

Pb PbX4 , PbX2 PbX2 is more stable than

PbX4.
PbF4 are ionic in nature.
PbI4 does not exist.

Down the group stability of dihalides increases and stability of

tetrahalide decreases due to inert pair effect.
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 19
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 20
 Anomalous behaviour of carbon is due to following reasons
1 1100 2
180
170 1050 Highest ionization enthalpy
160 Smallest atomic size 1000
150 950
140 900
130 850
120 800
110 750
100
700
90
650
600
80 550
70 500
C Si Ge Sn Pb B/C Al / Si Ga / Ge In / Sn Tl / Pb

ELEMENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Gr.14 4
3
C 2.5
Highest value
Si 1.8

Ge 1.8
Absence of d - orbitals
Sn 1.8

Pb 1.9 VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 21

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 22
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 23
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 24
154pm

Structure of diamond

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 25

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 26
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 27
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 28
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 29
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 30
 Two

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 31

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 32
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 33
Feldspar is NaAlSi3O8
Mica is naturally occurring aluminium silicate [KH2Al3Si3O10]
VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 34
The chemical formula of sodium zeolite (hydrated sodium
alumino silicate) is Na2O.Al2O3.XSiO2.YH2O
Where x = 2 to 10 & y = 2 to 6

VANJARI CLASSES,Nasik (p - Block/group 14) 35