Veterinary Pathological Anatomy PDF

TEACHING
GUIDE
Veterinary Pathological
Anatomy
2010-2011 academic year
22/06/2010
Veterinary Pathological Anatomy Teaching guide
AUTHORS
Ana Mª Bravo del Moral
Luis Daniel Faílde García
Monica Lopez Pena
Ana Paula Losada García
María Isabel Quiroga Berdeal
Sonia Vazquez Rodriguez
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TEACHING GUIDE
VETERINARY PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
INDEX OF CONTENTS
P.
TEACHING GUIDE................................................................................................................1
TEACHING GUIDE.........................................................................................................3
VETERINARY PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY............................................................3
I - DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF THE SUBJECT................................................................7
1.3. Professors who teach the subject........................................................................7
Contracted Professor Doctor Full time.........................................................................7
II - THE SUBJECT IN THE CURRICULUM..................................................................8
2.1. Training block.....................................................................................................8
2.2. Importance of the subject in the training block..................................................8
VETERINARY TRAINING.................................................................................................9
2.3. Interest of the subject for the exercise of the profession....................................9
III – OBJECTIVES OF THE SUBJECT...........................................................................9
3.1. Objectives related to knowledge of the subject..................................................9
3.2. Objectives related to general competencies......................................................10
IV – CONTENTS OF THE SUBJECT...........................................................................11
V – TEACHING METHODOLOGY.............................................................................11
Recommendations for the study of the subject:..............................................................11
VI - ECTS LOAD ALLOCATION.................................................................................12
VII – EVALUATION.....................................................................................................12
VIII - GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.......................................................15
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................15
Study material and guidance:......................................................................................15
Recommended working method:.................................................................................15
Related practices:.........................................................................................................15
Main difficulties:.........................................................................................................15
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................15
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................16
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Bibliography:...............................................................................................................16
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................17
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................18
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................19
Special difficulties in preparation:...............................................................................19
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................19
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................20
Special difficulties in preparing the chapter:...............................................................21
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................21
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................22
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................22
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................23
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................24
IX - SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY............................................................25
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................25
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................26
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Chapter summary:........................................................................................................27
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................31
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................33
Difficulties in preparation:...........................................................................................34
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................34
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................35
Necessary material:......................................................................................................36
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................36
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................37
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................37
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................38
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................38
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................39
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................39
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................40
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................40
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Bibliography:...............................................................................................................41
Chapter summary:........................................................................................................41
Bibliography:...............................................................................................................42
X - PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY PRACTICES........................................................43
VET.................................................................................................................................43
Bibliography................................................................................................................47
XI - ANNEXES...............................................................................................................48
Annex chapter V:.........................................................................................................48
The injury to the intestine has occurred as a result of septicemia. What does that
mean?...........................................................................................................................49
Annex chapter VII:......................................................................................................51
Annex Chapter VIII:....................................................................................................53
Annex Chapter IX:.......................................................................................................53
Annex Chapter X:........................................................................................................53
Annex chapter XI:.......................................................................................................53
Practice No. 1: DYSTROPHIES.................................................................................55
Practice No. 2: DISCYCLIAS.....................................................................................56
Practice No. 3: INFLAMMATIONS...........................................................................57
Practice No. 4: NEOPLASMS.....................................................................................58
XII – STUDENT NOTES...............................................................................................61
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I - DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF THE SUBJECT.

1.1. General data.
Subject name Veterinary Pathological Anatomy
Code 131301
Character/Cycle Trunk / 2nd cycle
3rd
Course / Semester course / Annual
Number of credits 9 theoretical credits and 6 practical credits
1.2. Prerequisites.
Mandatory : None.
Advisable : it is very advisable to have previously studied Anatomy and
Embryology I and II , Physiology and Cytology and Histology , to previously
know the structure and normal function of tissues and organs, as a previous
step to understand the lesions and their functional consequences in the
animal. sick. Given that students must prepare and present a practical
clinical case, basic computer knowledge to navigate the Internet and to use
word processors (Microsoft Word,...) and image processors (Microsoft
PowerPoint,...) is very advisable. Many research articles and books
recommended in the bibliography are in English , so a medium level in this
language is recommended.
1.3. Professors who teach the subject.
All professors belong to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences. The

offices are located in the Veterinary Pathological Anatomy Teaching Unit, on the
upper 1st floor of pavilion III.
ANA Mª BRAVO del MORAL

University Professor
Full time
Tel: 982 252 231 Ext.: 22303
e-mail: ana.bravo@usc.es
Tutoring hours: Monday to Thursday, from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.
LUIS DANIEL FAÍLDE GARCÍA
Interim Replacement Professor
Part time
Tel: 982 252 231 Ext.: 22305
e-mail: luisdaniel.failde@usc.es
Tutoring hours: Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, from 4 to 6 p.m.
MONICA LÓPEZ PEÑA .
Contracted Professor Doctor
Full time
Tel: 982 252 231 Ext.: 22329
e-mail: monica.lopez@usc.es
Tutoring hours: Monday, Wednesday and Friday, from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m.
ANA PAULA LOSADA GARCÍA

Researcher. María Barbeito Program Scholar
Part time
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Phone 982 252 231 Ext.: 22307

e-mail: anapaula.losada@rai.usc.es
Mª ISABEL QUIROGA BERDEAL
University Professor
Full time
Tel: 982 252 231 Ext.: 22304
e-mail: misabel.quiroga@usc.es
Tutoring hours: Monday to Wednesday, from 12 to 2 p.m.
SONIA VÁZQUEZ RODRÍGUEZ .
Contracted Professor Doctor
Full time
Tel: 982 252 231 Ext.: 22327
e-mail: sonia.vazquez@usc.es
Tutoring hours: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, from 12 to 2 p.m.
II - THE SUBJECT IN THE CURRICULUM.

2.1. Training block.
Veterinary Pathological Anatomy is a subject integrated into the “Pathology

of domestic animals” block, along with closely related subjects such as
Pathophysiology and Clinical Propedeutics. The subject is divided into two very
different halves: in the first semester the general part of the subject ( General
Pathological Anatomy, GPA ) is explained, which studies the general theory of
injury, bringing together morphological alterations by groups (dystrophies,
dyscyclias, inflammations and pathological growth) highlighting the general
principles common to each type of injury and relating them to the determining
causes. In the second semester, the special part of the subject ( Special
Pathological Anatomy, APE ) is explained, which is responsible for the study of
lesions in the different organs, systems and systems, relating them to the
etiological agent and clinical picture of the disease, and considering the
particularities relating to the different species of domestic animals.
2.2. Importance of the subject in the training block.
Veterinary Pathological Anatomy (VPA) is an essential discipline in the

Veterinary Medicine Degree. Through the APG and together with the General
Pathology, the student is introduced to the knowledge of the disease, learning
to differentiate the normal from the pathological, ultimately the healthy animal
from the sick one. Therefore, the foundations of the clinic are laid and it serves
as a link between basic or preclinical subjects (Anatomy, Histology, Physiology)
and the purely clinical and more applied subjects (Medical and Nutritional
Pathology, Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Radiology, Diseases
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infectious diseases, Parasitic Diseases, Obstetrics and Reproduction...). For

its part, the APE relates symptoms and injuries so it has a clear link with clinical
subjects but also with Hygiene, Food Inspection and Control and Ethics, Legal
Medicine and Veterinary Legislation and Animal Production (figure 1).
VETERINARY TRAINING
Pathological Pathological
anatomy anatomy
Special
health/illness injury/symptoms
General Clinic
Pathology
ANATOMY P
P. MEDICAL E. INFECTION
HISTOLOGY MEDICINE AND SURGERY E. PARASITIC
PHYSIOLOGY
... Figure 1: importance of APV in the training block
2.3. Interest of the subject for the exercise of the profession.
This subject is taught in the third year and introduces the student, for the
first time, to the specific language of veterinary pathology. Its adequate
knowledge will be very useful for the clinical veterinarian, since it will allow him
to diagnose many non-infectious diseases and pathologies derived from the
handling of animals, he will be able to adopt a therapeutic action plan and will
serve as an instrument for taking decisions. samples and laboratory diagnosis of
infectious and parasitic diseases. A clinical veterinarian cannot be a good
professional if he is not capable of performing a necropsy and a presumptive
diagnosis of the cause of the animal's death. Furthermore, knowledge of Special
Pathological Anatomy is considered essential for the veterinary slaughterhouse
inspector as an effective instrument when ruling on the confiscation of animals,
carcasses or organs, in order to guarantee their health and contribute to public
health.
III – OBJECTIVES OF THE SUBJECT.

3.1. Objectives related to knowledge of the subject
With the study of the subject Veterinary Pathological Anatomy we intend for
the student to achieve the following specific objectives:
■ Know the concept of injury and differentiate it from post-mortem
alteration.
■ Know the major injury groups: dystrophies,
dyscyclias,
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inflammations, growth disorders and tumors .

■ Know and understand the mechanisms by which different injuries are
generated.
■ Know the morphological and pathogenic particularities of lesions in
different animal species , thus beginning in Comparative Pathological
Anatomy.
■ Apply knowledge about lesions and lesion pathogenesis to the most
common diseases of domestic animals , learning to make a correct
morphopathological diagnosis.
■ Know the necropsy technique in different animals, especially those that
are the most frequent work material among veterinarians: mammals,
birds and fish.
■ Know the technique of taking samples to carry out complementary
analyzes to the necropsy: bacteriological, virological, serological,
parasitological, toxicological,...
■ Know the fundamentals and language of the histopathological technique,
so that you can interpret the results of the study of samples.
■ Be able to interpret and synthesize the results of a morphopathological
study, coordinating them with the results of other complementary
analyses, in order to make a correct definitive diagnosis of the problem
and determine the cause of death or illness of the animal.
3.2. Objectives related to general competencies

In the development of practical classes, especially in the case resolution
practice module, the following objectives related to general skills are pursued:
1. To bring students closer to professional reality , training them in practical
tasks (case resolution) close to what their professional development
requires.
2. Have students take more responsibility for their own learning .
3. Promote the use of bibliographic sources (internet, books, databases,
magazines...).
4. Enhance teamwork .
5. Improve the capacity for exposition and synthesis .
6. Promote interdisciplinary visions of the problems they will have to face.
7. Improve the rapprochement between students and teachers , promoting
tutorial activity.
8. Train students in decision making
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IV – CONTENTS OF THE SUBJECT.
GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY HOURS
Chapter I: Generalities 3
Chapter II: Cellular Pathology 4
Chapter III: Metabolism disorders 8
Chapter IV: Circulatory disorders (Dysciclias) 8
Chapter V: Inflammation and repair 10
Chapter VI: Immunopathology 3
Chapter VII: Growth disorders and Oncology 6
TOTAL 42
SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY HOURS
Chapter VIII: Lymphoid system 6
Chapter IX: Respiratory system 9
Chapter X: Nervous system 5
Chapter XI: Digestive system 10
Chapter XII: Circulatory system 4
Chapter XIII: Urinary system 4
Chapter XIV: Male genital system 1
Chapter XV: Female genital system 2
Chapter XVI: Locomotor system 3
Chapter XVII: Integumentary system 4
TOTAL 48
V – TEACHING METHODOLOGY
Students will receive 3 weekly theoretical classes on Pathological Anatomy
along the course.
The practices will take place from Monday to Friday, from 12 to 3 p.m. They will
be taught:
1) Necropsy practices and observation of macroscopic lesions.
2) Basic Histopathology Practices.
3) Practices for resolving cases received in the Necropsy Room for diagnosis
(monitoring of clinical cases).
The methodology used in each practical module is specified in section 10.
Recommendations for the study of the subject:

• Class attendance.
• Active participation, both in theoretical and practical classes.
• Constant study throughout the entire course.
• Use of the material provided by the teaching staff as a study guide:
outlines, notes, image CDs, images from the subject's website...
• Use of recommended bibliographic sources: textbooks, image atlases,
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web pages...
• Regular use of tutoring hours.
VI - ECTS LOAD ALLOCATION
ECTS LOAD face-to-face Factor Non-face- Total

time to-face time
Master classes 90 1,5 135 225

Practical classes 60 0,5 30 90
Exams 4 4
TOTAL 319
VII – EVALUATION
We will take a partial written liberatory exam in February (excluding subject

for the final exam in June if they obtain a minimum grade of 5 points out of 10)
and a final exam in the month of June. Students who do not pass the subject in
the June session must take the entire subject exam in September. Those
students who have passed the practices will have their grades saved for
September and for the following year.
The evaluation of the theoretical contents will take place as follows:
□ Continuous evaluation of the students throughout the course that will
collect the student's personal work in the theoretical class schedule through
different tests (written exercises - programmed or not -, active participation in
class, works proposed through the virtual USC review of simple scientific
articles, clinical cases, etc.). This continuous evaluation will account for 20%
of the total theoretical grade.
□ Theoretical Exam: The theoretical exams will consist of the answer to
questions about the syllabus and development of the classes that are
carried out through the system of multiple choice forms, short questions,
and/or essays, using the appropriate graphic supports.
The evaluation of the practical contents will take place on an ongoing basis
taking into account factors such as the student's attention, dedication,
participation, aptitude and learning. The total of the practices are 10 points (to
pass the practices, students must obtain at least 5/10):
□ 3 points: learning the necropsy technique (assessed during
the first week of internship). See Annex (p. 55).
□ 3 points: basic histopathology practices (activity
performed by students during the four histopathology practices:
dystrophies, dyscyclias, inflammations, tumors) See Annex (p. 50).
□ 4 points: corresponding to the work performed during the two
last weeks of practices and which collects the score of the autopsy
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reports carried out during that week and the preparation and oral
presentation of the practical case .
The evaluation of the practices will account for 30% of the total grade for the
subject.
The final grade for the subject is obtained by applying the following formula:
Theoretical content evaluation grade x 0.7 +

practical content evaluation grade x 0.3
Recommended bibliography:
GENERAL PART
• CHEVILLE, N.F. (2006). Introduction to Veterinary Pathology. 3rd

Edition. Blackwell Publishing. Ames. Iowa. USES.
• KITT, T.H. & SCHULTZ, L.C. (1985). Treatise on General
Pathological Anatomy for Veterinarians and Veterinary Students.
Ed. Labor, Barcelona.
• KUMAR, V., ABBAS, AK, FAUSTO, N., ASTER J. (2010). Robbins
and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease, 8th Edition. Saunders,
Elsevier. Philadelphia.
• McGAVIN, MD & ZACHARY, J.F. (2007). Pathological basis of
Veterinary Disease. 4th Edition. Ed. Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri.
• ROBBINS SL (1999). Manual of Structural and Functional
Pathology. 7th Edition. Ed. McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Madrid.
• SLAUSON DO, COOPER BJ (2002). Mechanisms of Disease. A
Textbook of Comparative General Pathology. 3rd Edition. Ed.
Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri.
• THOMSON, R.G. (2001). General Veterinary Pathological
Anatomy. Acribia. Saragossa.
SPECIAL PART
> DAHME, E. & WEISS, E. (1989). Veterinary Special Pathological

Anatomy. Ed. Acribia, SA Zaragoza.
• JONES, T.C., HUNT, R.D. KING, N.W. (1997). Veterinary
Pathology. 6th Edition. Ed. WILLIAMS & WILKINS. Baltimore. USES.
• JUBB, KVF; KENNEDY, P.C. & PALMER, N. (2008). 3 volumes.
Pathology of Domestic Animals. Ed. M Grant Maxie. 5th ed. Ed.
Saunders Elsevier. Edinburgh.
• McGAVIN, MD, CARLTON, WW & ZACHARY, J.F. (2001).
Thomson's Special Veterinary Pathology, 3rd Edition. Ed. Mosby, Inc.
St. Louis, Missouri. USES.
• McGAVIN, MD & ZACHARY, J.F. (2007). Pathological basis of
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Veterinary Disease. 4th Edition. Ed. Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri.

• MEUTEN, D. J. (2002). Tumors in domestic animals. 4th ed. Iowa
State Press.
ATLAS
• BLOWEY, RW, WEAVER DA, BLOOD, DC (2006). Color atlas of

diseases and disorders of cattle. 2nd edition. Madrid. Elsevier.
• DIJK, J. E., GRUYS, E., MOUWEN, JMVM (2007). Color atlas of
veterinary pathology: general morphological reactions of organs and
tissues. 2nd Edition. Saunders-Elsevier, Edinburgh.
• LINKLATER, K.A. & SMITH, M.C. (1993). Color Atlas of
Diseases and Disorders of the Sheep and Goat. Wolfe Publishing.
England.
• MOUWEN, JMVM & GROOT, ECBM (1982). A color atlas of
veterinary pathology. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd.
• RANDALL, C.J. & REECE, RL (1996). Color atlas of avian
histopathology. London. Mosby-Wolfe.
• SMITH, WJ, TAYLOR, DJ, PENNY, R.H.C. (1990). Color atlas of
swine pathology. Inter-American McGraw-Hill. Madrid.
ONLINE RESOURCES
■ http://seapv.org/index.asp
■ http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/
■ http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/anatomia-y-anat-patologica/
atlas/indice.htm
■ http://www3.unileon.es/personal/wwdmavpp/Casos2002.htm
■ http://atlas.fmv.utl.pt/atlas/intro_geral.htm
■ http://people.upei.ca/lopez/
■ http://www.uch.ceu.es/anatomia_patologica/
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VIII - GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
Chapter I. GENERALITIES
Topic 1
Anatomy Pathological.Concept of matter. Evolution historical. Goals.
Study methods: Necropsy and post-mortem alterations, biopsy and cytology.
Presentation of a video in which the necropsy technique is explained.
Chapter summary:
The Pathological Anatomy syllabus begins with the generalities section where
we fundamentally explain the historical evolution, the current concept of
Pathological Anatomy, the study methods and the importance of the subject in
the veterinary profession. We will also make reference to the basic bibliography
that must be handled in the subject and we will comment in a general way on
how the course will progress.
Study material and guidance:

A dossier will be provided with the general bibliography recommended for the
development of the subject throughout the course and the standards of the
subject.
Recommended working method:

Attendance at the necropsy technique video is very important, as it makes it
easier to understand and take advantage of the first practical necropsy session.
Related practices:
We will use a theoretical session to present a video where the necropsy
technique is explained in detail, specifying the particularities according to the
different species, the taking of samples and the preparation of an
anatomopathological report. This part approaches what will unfold in the
practical necropsy sessions.
Main difficulties:
This topic does not present any notable difficulties.
Bibliography:
For the preparation of this topic we recommend the books by Kitt (1985),
Thomson (2001) and McGavin and Zachary (2007) on General Pathological
Anatomy, in which the historical evolution of the subject can be reviewed. For
the development of the concept of Pathological Anatomy, the book by Slauson
and Cooper (2002) is also recommended.
To expand the information provided by the video we recommend the article:
Necropsies in small animals. Canis et felis. No. 57, June 2002, and same
mode, HE can Consult the page Web
http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/Necropsy/TOC.html
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Chapter II CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
Topic 2 The adapted cell. Autophagy, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia ,

agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia. Regressive alterations.
Theme 3 Reversible and irreversible cell injuries (I). Concept of injury and types of injuries.
Degeneration cell phone : Causes, mechanisms
general and
morphological manifestations.
Theme 4
Reversible and irreversible cell injuries (II). Cell death. Necrosis : manifestations
morphological and importance in Pathology. Apoptosis :
demonstrations morphological and importance in Pathology. Alterations
subcellular in cellular damage: morphological manifestations. Tissue death: types.
Chapter summary:
In the Cellular Pathology section we begin the knowledge of the phenomena of
cellular adaptation (topic 2) and then the elementary lesions of the cell at a
structural and ultrastructural level are explained (topics 3 and 4). Irreversible
cellular injuries (cell death) including necrosis and apoptosis, as well as their
morphological characteristics, impact on tissues, organs, causes and evolution
will be analyzed in topic 4.

As a reference for the study of the chapter, class notes and images placed in
the virtual USC will be provided.

It is important to prepare a file that includes the new terminology to become
familiar with it.
Related practices:
This topic is completed with the first practical module of histopathology of
dystrophies. You must know the different concepts of this block to obtain
adequate performance in the practical session.
Main difficulties:
The main difficulty lies in the amount of terminology unknown until now and its
proper use. Understanding the mechanisms of cell injury, necrosis, and
apoptosis can also be complicated.
Bibliography:
You can study and complete this chapter with any of the General Pathological
Anatomy books, but the books by Cheville (1999), Kumar (2004), Robins
(2000) and Slauson (2001) are especially interesting.
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METABOLISM DISORDERS
Chapter III
Disorder of water and carbohydrate metabolism: cloudy, vacuolar, hydropic and

Topic 5
vesicular degeneration and glucogenic dystrophies.
Topic 6
Protein metabolism disorder: intracellular and extracellular hyalinosis , fibrinoid
degeneration, amyloidosis , protein metabolism pathology ( uric gout ) and
keratinization disorders.
Topic 7
Lipid metabolism disorders. Liposis (due to alteration of fatty deposits and
steatosis ) and lipoidosis.
Topic 8 Deposits of pigments. Deposit of pigments endogenous: pigments

hemoglobinogens (porphyrins, hemosiderin and bilirubin - jaundice -), non-
haemoglobinogen pigments (melanin and lipofuscin). Deposit of exogenous
pigments.
Topic 9 Calcium metabolism disorders. Pathological calcifications: dystrophic and

metastatic calcification . Lithiasis : concept, types, formation, morphology.
Pseudoconcretions.
Chapter summary:
Metabolism disorder includes 5 topics in which we will study different metabolic
alterations from the point of view of etiopathogenesis, morphology and
evolution. As the most important points within this chapter we highlight:
- Differentiate the different types of degenerations of water metabolism
(topic 5).
- The most important types of hyalinosis, amyloidosis (which stands out
for its frequency, variety of causes that cause it and clinical repercussion), and
the pathology associated with the metabolism of nucleoproteins (visceral gout
due to its relevance in avian and reptile pathology), all of this collected in topic
6.
- In topic 7 we will focus attention on the different types of steatosis.
- In topic 8 that we dedicate to the study of pathological pigmentations,
we highlight the study of jaundice.
- Finally, in topic 9 we will establish the main differences between
dystrophic and metastatic calcifications and we will make special reference to
urolithiasis.

As a reference for the study of the chapter, class notes and images placed in
the virtual USC will be provided.
We recommend personal completion of the practical cases that we will propose
at the end of each topic.
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Related practices:
This topic is completed with the first practical module of histopathology of
dystrophies. The use of the practices increases enormously if you have
previously studied the class notes or consulted the recommended texts.
Main difficulties:
One of the problems that students usually have in this topic is that they do not
remember the physiology and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
pigments... essential to understand the alterations. To avoid this problem, a
short summary is provided at the beginning of each topic that we recommend
reviewing.
Bibliography:
You can study and complete this chapter with any of the General Pathological
Anatomy books, but the books by Cheville (1999), Kumar (2004) and McGavin
and Zachary (2007) are especially interesting.
Image Web Pages:
http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/anatomia-y-anat-patologica/
atlas/principal.htm
http://www3.unileon.es/personal/wwdmavpp/
http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/
Chapter IV DISCYCLIES
Pathological anatomy of shock or collapse : pathogenesis, injuries, evolution.
Topic 10
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): own and associated injuries,
pathogeny. Anatomy Pathological lymphatic circulation:
lymphangiectasias,
lymphorrhages.
Topic 11
Pathological anatomy of congestion . Physiological congestion. Congestion
pathological: types, morphology, evolution and consequences. Pathological
Anatomy of Ischemia : types, evolution and consequences.
Anatomy Pathologicalof the edema . gap and

Topic 12
extracellular matrix: bases
physiological and morphological. Types of edema, morphology, evolution,
consequences.
Pathological anatomy of hemorrhages : types, evolution, consequences
Topic 13 Pathological anatomy of thrombosis : etiopathogenesis, evolution, consequences.
Topic 14 Pathological Anatomy of the embolism . Heart attack : anatomical and functional
bases
Determinants of heart attack, types, evolution, consequences.
Chapter summary:
Dyscyclias represent a set of lesions caused by alterations in lymphatic and/or
blood circulation. We will study: The accumulations of fluids in the extracellular
space (edema); the release of blood from the inside of the vessels to tissues or
cavities or outside (hemorrhages); the existence of blood in greater quantities
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than usual inside the blood vessels (hyperemia or congestion); the alterations
and consequences of coagulation pathology of the blood within the blood
vessels (thrombosis) and its possible complications (embolisms and heart
attacks).

The class notes and the diagrams that we will present will help us understand
this type of injuries. Familiarizing ourselves with the chapter in Slauson's book
will help us greatly.

First of all, study and understand the concepts and pathogenesis of each of the
types of dyscyclias. Next, study how to interpret the images that you will find
about these injuries in bibliographical references.
Related practices:
The regulated practices of Necropsy and Histopathology.
Special difficulties in preparation:

These chapters require that we first be clear about the concept of each of the
processes. Later we must understand that in practice, both are mixed. It is very
important to understand that these lesions are the basis of other more complex
pathological processes.
Bibliography:
The books by Slauson and Robbins should be considered basic to achieving a
good degree of knowledge of these topics. In them the student will find not only
an excellent description of, classification, etc. of each type of injury, but also
the mechanisms that cause them.
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Chapter V. INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR MECHANISMS
Topic 15 Inflammation. Concept and generalities. Causes. Classification .
Topic 16 Inflammation. Pathogenesis (1). Vascular changes: alteration of blood flow and
alterations of the permeability vascular. Phenomena leukocytes:
marginalization, migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis.
Topic 17 Inflammation. Pathogenesis (2). Inflammation mediators . Participation of

inflammatory cells.
Topic 18 Acute inflammation. Morphological patterns : serous inflammation, catarrhal

inflammation, fibrinous inflammation, hemorrhagic inflammation, purulent
inflammation, putrid or ichorous inflammation. Evolution of acute inflammation .
Topic 19 Chronic inflamation. Morphological patterns of chronic inflammation :

granulomatous inflammations . Peculiarities of inflammatory tissue depending
on location. Tuberculosis .
Topic 20 Repair. Regeneration . Healing pathology: fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Presentation of cases related to the chapter. Review of the most important

concepts with active participation of students
Chapter summary:
The chapter on inflammation and repair mechanisms (chapter V) begins by
explaining the concept, generalities and classification of inflammations. The
pathogenesis of inflammation is then addressed by describing the general
mechanisms of inflammation, its chemical mediators and the cells of the
inflammatory exudate (topics 15 and 16). In topics 16 and 17, the
morphological patterns of acute and chronic inflammation are studied. Finally,
the tissue repair mechanisms whose purpose is the recovery of their
anatomical and functional integrity are described.

To facilitate the study of the chapter, written notes will be provided. For a good
understanding, mainly of topics 17, 18 and 19, you should study using the
observation of images of injuries that you can see in the books recommended
in the bibliography and especially on the website http://w3.
vet.cornell.edu/nst/. You can also use the interactive CD of images made by
teachers of the subject.
In the annex to this teaching guide we attach practical cases similar to those
carried out in class and also a self-assessment test. The proposed examples
will be solved in class.
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Related practices:
It is important to know the general concepts of inflammation for correct use of
the inflammation practices module.
Special difficulties in preparing the chapter:

In this chapter you will find the main difficulty in the topics of pathogenesis
(topics 15 and 16) because, although an attempt is made to simplify the
contents quite a bit, they are somewhat complex. The proposed examples will
be solved in class. To correctly follow the review class it is necessary to have
attended the previous classes in the chapter and know the general concepts.
Bibliography:
To study humoral and cellular phenomena, we recommend the books by
Slauson and Cooper (2002), Cheville (2006) and Kumar et al. (2010). You can
find the forms of inflammation in any of the works General Pathological
Anatomy, although the books by Kitt and Schultz (1985) and Thomson (2001)
stand out in the structuring of this chapter. Web pages: http://w3.vet.
cornell.edu/nst/ http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/anatomia-y-anat-
patologica/atlas/principal.htm http://www3.unileon.es/personal/wwdmavpp/
See annex to Chapter V.
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Chapter VI IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Topic 21 Reactions of hypersensitivity . Concept and guys. Demonstrations

morphology and pathogenesis in the most frequent hypersensitivity processes in
domestic animals.
Topic 22 Autoimmune diseases. Morphological manifestations of the most common

autoimmune diseases in domestic animals. Immunodeficiencies.
Chapter summary:
In the topics of immunopathology, reference is made to the pathogenesis and
lesions of the most important groups of hypersensitivity reactions,
immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases with special dedication to the
most common manifestations in domestic animals.

As a reference for the study of the chapter, class notes and images of the
virtual USC will be provided.

In this chapter is recommendable the realization of a
scheme or table
comparison of the different types of reactions of hypersensitivity,
pathogenesis and main related diseases.
Main difficulties:
The main difficulty is in understanding and differentiating the different
pathogenic mechanisms, as well as knowing which diseases each of them is
related to.
Bibliography:
The book by Cheville (2006) or Slauson and Cooper (2002) is recommended to
prepare these topics, and for those students who are especially interested we
recommend the books by Halliwell, R. AND. W. (1992): Veterinary clinical
immunology. Acribia SA, Zaragoza and Tizard, I. R. (2009): Introduction to
Veterinary Immunology. 8th Ed. Saunders, Elsevier.
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GROWTH DISORDERS AND ONCOLOGY
Chapter VII.
Alterations general of the development.agenesis ,aplasia ,

Topic 23
hypoplasia ,
hamartoma , choristoma . Teratology: concept of malformation, causes and most
common types in domestic animals.
Topic 24 Neoplasia (I). Concept . Classification and terminology . The cancer cell.
Topic 25 Neoplasia (II). Tumor benignity and malignancy. Macroscopic and microscopic
characteristics of benign and malignant tumors .
Topic 26 Neoplasia (III). He stroma tumor. The vascularization. Growth and

metastasis .
Topic 27 Neoplasia (IV). Carcinogenesis . Chemical carcinogenesis. Oncogenic viruses.

Intrinsic causes. Physical carcinogenesis.
Presentation of cases related to the chapter. Review of the most important

concepts with active participation of students
Chapter summary:
The final chapter of the General Pathological Anatomy syllabus is dedicated to
the study of pathological growth and Oncology. In the first topic of the chapter,
general growth disorders and malformations are presented. Next, the concept
of neoplasia is explained, the terminology used in Pathological Anatomy in
Oncology and the main differences in benign and malignant tumors are
established. In topic 24, neoplastic growth and the general mechanisms
involved in metastasis are explained. The last topic addresses the main causes
of neoplasia and the mechanisms used in its development.

To facilitate the study of the chapter, written notes will be provided. In the
annex to this teaching guide we attach practical cases similar to those carried
out in class.
Related practices:
It is important to know the general concepts of oncology for correct use of the
inflammation practices module.

In this chapter you will find the main difficulty in the appropriate use of
terminology and in the morphological description of the lesions, so in the
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review class you will work with practical cases that will help you (see examples
in the annex of this guide). . The proposed examples will be solved in class. To
correctly follow the review class it is necessary to have attended the previous
classes of the chapter and know the general concepts.
Bibliography:
For additional information on the topic we recommend the books Cheville
(2006) and Kumar et al. (2010). Books that deal exclusively with Oncology are
Moulton (1990) or Meuten (2002).
Image Web Pages:
http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/anatomia-y-anat-patologica/
atlas/principal.htm
See Annex Chapter VII.
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IX - SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
Chapter LYMPHOID SYSTEM
VIII
Topic 28
Timo. Injuries associated with thymic development. Answer
inflammatory .
Tumors. Main lesions of the bursa of Fabricius.
Spleen. Atrophy and developmental lesions. Hyperplasia and depletion. Breaking
off.
Amyloidosis. Congestion , torsion, bruising . Splenitis. Tumors.
Topic 29 Lymphoid nodules and lymphoid formations associated with mucosa. Hyperplasias.
Reactive lymph node and chronic inflammatory lesions . Parasitic lesions.
Tumors: lymphomas in various animal species .
Chapter summary:
The interest in the study of lymphoid organs lies in their immunological and
draining function of organs or anatomical areas. In this group of topics we will
try to recognize which are specific to these organs and which are related to
other alterations of the tissues they drain, having the lymphoid follicle as a
fundamental reference.

To correctly understand this group of topics we must start with our own
knowledge of immunology and anatomy. The images that will allow us to
recognize lesions of the lymphoid organs are easily found on the Cornell
University website and in the general bibliography of the subject; It is equally
important to consult the diagrams provided in class since they synthesize
diverse knowledge that may be difficult for us to understand when directly
consulting specialized bibliography.

From the normal images of the lymphoid organs, the various alterations can be
assessed. Those related to the reaction of the organs to aggression are of
special importance.
Related practices:
Those of Necropsy and Histopathology. We will make special reference to the
different response systems to aggression.
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The interpretation of lesions can be complex when the functional and
morphological bases of the immune system are not known. Once this is
overcome, the response patterns are relatively easy to understand and
therefore apply to the knowledge of Pathological Anatomy.
Bibliography:
The books by Dhame and Weiss, McGavin and Zachary, Jubb, Kennedy and
Palmer.
See Annex Chapter VIII.
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Chapter IX RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Topic 30 Introduction to morphopathology, response mechanisms to pathogenic agents .

Nasal cavity, sinuses, bronchi and bronchioles. Amyloidosis. Congestion. Epistasis.
Rhinitis and sinusitis: types, main lesions by animal species. Lesions due to the
presence of parasites. Tumors. Pharynx, larynx, trachea. Developmental anomalies.
Laryngeal paralysis. Hemorrhages. Edema . Inflammation. Lesions caused by
parasites. Tumors.
Topic 31
Lung. Particularities by species. Anomalies congenital. Calcification
pulmonary (calcinosis). Atelectasis and emphysema, EAC. Congestion.
Hemorrhages. Pulmonary edema. Pneumonia: classification, pathogenesis,
phases, evolution. Bronchopneumonia. Intestial pneumonia: pathogenesis,
phases. Embolic pneumonia. Granulomatous pneumonia. Parasitic lesions.
Topic 32
Lung (II). Considerations and main pneumonias of domestic species .
Tumors. Main injuries of the pleura and thoracic cavity:
pleural calcification, abnormal contents, pleuritis, tumors.
Chapter summary:
It is important to remember the fact that in this system there is a developed
gas-conducting and circulatory system, which is why the dissemination of
pathogenic agents is frequently multi-organ and sometimes has origins that
are not located in this system. We will study injuries to the upper respiratory
tract, although the organ to which we will devote the most attention will be
the lung. The main lesion of the lung is pneumonia, which we will analyze
from its various morphological forms, taking into account its cause and
pathogenesis.

The images that we will study in class come mainly from material from our
Teaching Unit and we have tried to ensure that they faithfully correspond to
the presentation of the topics. Web page images of
TEACHING GUIDE 1
TEACHING GUIDE 3
VETERINARY PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 3
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I - DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF THE SUBJECT. 7

1.3. Professors who teach the subject. 7
Contracted Professor Doctor Full time 7
II - THE SUBJECT IN THE CURRICULUM. 8
2.1. Training block. 8
2.2. Importance of the subject in the training block. 8
VETERINARY TRAINING 9
2.3. Interest of the subject for the exercise of the profession. 9
III – OBJECTIVES OF THE SUBJECT. 9
3.1. Objectives related to knowledge of the subject 9
3.2. Objectives related to general competencies 10
IV – CONTENTS OF THE SUBJECT. 11
V – TEACHING METHODOLOGY 11
Recommendations for the study of the subject: 11
VI - ECTS LOAD ALLOCATION 12
VII – EVALUATION 12
VIII - GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 15
Chapter summary: 15
Study material and guidance: 15
Recommended working method: 15
Related practices: 15
Main difficulties: 15
Bibliography: 15
Chapter summary: 16
Bibliography: 16
Chapter summary: 17
Bibliography: 18
Chapter summary: 19
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Special difficulties in preparation: 19
Bibliography: 19
Chapter summary: 20
Special difficulties in preparing the chapter: 21
Bibliography: 21
Chapter summary: 22
Bibliography: 22
Chapter summary: 23
Bibliography: 24
IX - SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 25
Chapter summary: 25
Bibliography: 26
Chapter summary: 27
Bibliography: 31
Chapter summary: 33
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Difficulties in preparation: 34
Bibliography: 34
Chapter summary: 35
Necessary material: 36
Bibliography: 36
Chapter summary: 37
Bibliography: 37
Chapter summary: 38
Chapter summary: 38
Bibliography: 39
Chapter summary: 39
Bibliography: 40
Chapter summary: 40
Bibliography: 41
Chapter summary: 41
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Bibliography: 42
X - PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY PRACTICES 43
VET 43
Bibliography 47
XI - ANNEXES 48
Annex chapter V: 48
The injury to the intestine has occurred as a result of septicemia. What does that
mean? 49
Annex chapter VII: 51
Annex Chapter VIII: 53
Annex Chapter IX: 53
Annex Chapter X: 53
Annex chapter XI: 53
Practice No. 1: DYSTROPHIES 55
Practice No. 2: DISCYCLIAS 56
Practice No. 3: INFLAMMATIONS 57
Practice No. 4: NEOPLASMS 58
XII – STUDENT NOTES 61
topics.

It will be very useful for us to study the concepts based on the images of each
of the injuries.
Related practices:
Those of Necropsies and Histopathology.

Difficulties that we can find center in the large amount of
agents (from chemicals to parasites) that cause injuries to the respiratory
system. TO Despite this, we must point that simplifying the
mechanisms of pathogenesis and interpreting that some frequently overlap and
mix with others, interpreting lesions of the respiratory system should not pose
any problem.
Bibliography:
In the pneumonia chapter I especially recommend consulting the book by
McGavin and Zachary (2007).
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See Annex Chapter IX.
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Chapter X CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Topic 33
Introduction to the structure and function of the central nervous system, neurons,
astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia. Reaction to hypoxia and pathogenic agents.
CP. Anomalies and malformations. Dystrophies, aminoacidopathy and
ganglioneurosis. Trauma. Hemorrhages. CNS edema. CNS infarction. Vessel lesions
in the CNS: atherosclerosis, fibrosis, mineralization. CNS necrosis: due to chemical
toxins, due to toxic plants, due to mycotoxins, due to nutritional deficiencies.
Hypomyelinogenesis and demyelination.
Topic 34 Injuries by diseases neurodegenerative.

Encephalopathies
spongiforms . Inflammation of the CNS : due to viruses, bacteria, protozoa,
fungi. Parasitic lesions. Tumors.
Chapter summary:
In this chapter we will review the function that the various elements of the
nervous system have in Pathology and how they participate in the genesis of
various lesions. In Veterinary Pathology, inflammatory processes are of special
interest due to their frequency; Their correct anatomopathological classification
will allow us to orient ourselves towards the causes that cause them. Due to its
relevance and social and economic impact, we will study the characteristics of
spongiform encephalopathies and how the anatomopathological criteria
represent a fundamental factor in their diagnosis.

In addition to the explanations of the classes, we can use the books and Web
pages recommended in the general bibliography of the subject. The regulated
practices of the subject will allow us to learn to extract and explore - from the
anatomopathological point of view - the various elements of the central and
peripheral nervous system.

Due to the complexity of the system, it is convenient to outline the numerous
pathological processes that can occur in Veterinary Medicine. In the
development of the classes we will refer to these aspects. For the
anatomopathological diagnosis of lesions of the nervous system, histopathology
is of great help, which is why working at the same time as studying with atlases
and/or histopathological preparations is of great help.
Related practices:
Those of Necropsy, especially in the aspects of extraction and
anatomopathological exploration of the nervous system, and those of
histopathology of the subject program.
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Difficulties in preparation:
The various anatomical peculiarities of the nervous system influence the
development of lesions. It is important that we remember – at least briefly –
these aspects in order to be able to take samples that allow us to correctly
carry out the diagnoses.
Bibliography:
The books by McGavin and Zachary, Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer, Dhame and
Weiss, are very useful for querying doubts on these topics.
See Annex Chapter X.
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Chapter XI DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, LIVER AND EXOCRINE PANCREAS
Topic 35 Defense mechanisms of the digestive system and their relationship with injury.
Mouth and pharynx. Malformations. Disciclias. Superficial and deep
stomatitis and pharyngitis . Tumors. Salivary glands. Calculations. Ranula.
Sialadenitis. Tumors. Teeth and dental sockets. Enamel hypoplasia. Cavities.
Pigmentations. Inflammations. Tumors. Tonsilas. Inflammations. Hyperplastic
and tumor lesions.
Esophagus. Malformations. Obstructions.

Topic 36
Esophagitis. Tumors. Maw.
Ingluvitis. Pre-stomachs of the ruminants. Alterations postmortem.
Lactoacidosis. Alterations of position. Parakeratosis. Inflammations. Strange
bodies. Breakups. Tumors.
Topic 37
Stomach and abomasum. Alterations cadaverous. Malformations.
Displacements. Dilations . Breaks . Strange bodies. Ulcers . Disciclias.
Nonspecific and specific gastritis. Tumors. Proventriculus of birds. Gizzard.
Topic 38
Intestine. Cadaveric alterations. Malformations. Alterations of the
position and content. Intestinal emphysema. Obstructions Foreign bodies.
Disciclias. Nonspecific enteritis: catarrhal, fibrinous, hemorrhagic and necrotic.
Most common viral and bacterial enteritis . Specific enteritis. Tumors.
Topic 39 Liver. Cadaveric alterations. Malformations. Dystrophies and necrosis .

Pigmentations. Disciclias . Nonspecific viral and bacterial hepatitis .
Specific hepatitis . Cirrhosis . Tumors. Gallbladder and bile ducts.
Topic 40 Exocrine pancreas. Cadaveric alterations. Malformations. Degeneration.

Contents abnormal in ways of excretion. Necrosis pancreatic.
Pancreatitis . Tumors. Peritoneum.Abnormal contents. Peritonitis .
Tumors.
Presentation of cases related to the chapter. Review of the most

important concepts with active participation of students
Chapter summary:
Chapter XI of the Special Pathological Anatomy is dedicated to the study of the
digestive system. In each of the topics, special emphasis is placed on the
macroscopic identification of the lesions without forgetting aspects related to
their differential diagnosis. In each section, the characteristics of each species
and the main diseases that they present are considered.
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Necessary material:
To facilitate the study of the chapter, written notes will be provided. It is
important to have studied General Pathological Anatomy for correct use of the
theoretical classes in the chapter.
In the annex to this teaching guide we attach practical cases similar to those
carried out in class. The proposed examples will be solved in class. To correctly
follow the review class it is necessary to have attended the previous classes in
the chapter and know the general concepts.
Related practices:
In the necropsy practices that take place during the second semester, you will
have the opportunity to observe injuries and processes that will be explained
during the theoretical classes.
Main difficulties:
The study of Special Pathological Anatomy in this curriculum is made difficult by
the fact that in the third year you do not yet know about infectious and parasitic
diseases and, therefore, the diseases that we explain to you are new to you. For
a better understanding of them, we recommend that you study them in a
general way and for this the book Jones et al (1997) is especially useful.
Bibliography:
The recommended basic textbook is Dhame and Weis (1989), but the books
that provide more information in this section are Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer
(2008), McGavin et al. (2001), and Jones et al. (1997).
Image Web Pages:
http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/anatomia-y-anat-
pathologica/atlas/principal.htm
See Annex Chapter XI.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Chapter XII
Topic 41
HEART (I). Cadaveric alterations. Malformations and their consequences.
PERICARDIUM. Content alterations . Dystrophies. Pericarditis .
HEART (II). ENDOCARDIUM. Hemorrhages. Dystrophies . Endocarditis : etiology,

Topic 42
pathogenesis, injuries and evolution. MYOCARDIUM.
Hypertrophy and Dilation .
Dystrophies. Disciclias. Myocarditis . Heart tumors. Parasitic lesions.
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Topic 43
BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS. Breaks. Dystrophies. Inflammations: arteritis ,
phlebitis, lymphangitis.
Chapter summary:
In this chapter we will study the most frequent injuries to the organs of the
circulatory system (heart and vessels), very common in domestic animals,
especially in dogs and pigs.

The fundamental material for the study of this topic are the class notes that the
teacher previously leaves on the photocopier.

You should refresh the physiology of the circulatory system that you studied the
previous year, especially the circulation of the major and minor blood circuits,
which will help you better understand injuries secondary to cardiovascular
disorders in the lung, kidney, liver, etc. .
It is advisable that you previously read the notes for each topic, provided by the
teacher, before entering class.
During necropsy practices on pigs and old dogs you will have the opportunity to
see many of the lesions that we study in this chapter.

The chapter does not usually present problems for study, except perhaps the
differentiation between Hypertrophy and cardiac dilation, whose etiology and
consequences are very different and, sometimes, the student confuses them.
Bibliography:
You can complete the study by consulting books such as McGavin and Zachary
(2007) and volume 3 of Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer (2008).
To have images of the lesions you can consult the atlas of lesions in pigs
(Smith), since circulatory disorders are very common in this species and you
can also consult the subject's website http://facvet.lugo.usc.es /anapato/
Or the Cornell Veterinary School Pathology website:
http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp
URINARY SYSTEM
Chapter XIII
Topic 44
Kidney (I) . Cadaveric alterations. Malformations. Disciclias: hyperemia,
hemorrhages and heart attacks . Dystrophies: glomerulonephrosis and
Tubulonephrosis .
Kidney (II) . Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis . Nephritis interstitial :

Topic 45
classification and
consequences. Granulomatous nephritis. Terminal kidney . Kidney failure and
uremia .
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Topic 46 Urinary tract. Hydronephrosis . Urolithiasis .

Inflammations . Tumors of the
urinary system. Parasitic lesions.
Chapter summary:
urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra), very common in
domestic females and in old dogs.


It is advisable that you review the physiology and histology of the urinary
system that you studied the previous year, especially the glomerular filtration
mechanisms, which will help you better understand the lesions secondary to
glomerulonephrosis, glomerulonephritis and glomerular sclerosis.
During necropsy practices on breeding sows and old dogs you will have the
opportunity to see many of the lesions that we study in this chapter.

The chapter usually presents problems for the study of the different dystrophies
and inflammations of the kidney (glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis),
so I recommend the preparation of diagrams in which you must summarize the
most important lesions of each of the types, to which time to study these
sections.
Bibliography:
(2007) and volume 2 of Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer (chapter 5).
To have images of the lesions you can consult atlases of lesions (Mouwen of
various species, Smith of pigs, Blowey of bovines, Linklater of sheep and goat),
and you can also consult the website of the subject http://facvet.lugo
.usc.es/anapato/
Or the Cornell Veterinary School Pathology website
MALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Chapter XIV
Topic 47
Malformations of the male genital system. Dystrophies. Orchitis . Epididymitis .
Balanoposthitis . Prostate hypertrophy/hyperplasia . Tumors.
Chapter summary:
male genital system (testicles, epididymis, prostate, penis and foreskin), which
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are very common in old dogs.


It is advisable that you first review the anatomy of the male genital system,
which will help you better understand the injuries secondary to disorders such
as prostate hypertrophy in dogs.
During necropsy practices on old dogs you will have the opportunity to see very
common lesions such as prostate hypertrophy or testicular tumors.

This chapter does not present any special difficulties.
Bibliography:
(2007) and volume 3 of Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer (chapter 5).
To have images of the lesions you can consult the atlas of lesions of the genital
system (Bruegelt) and you can also consult the subject's website
http://facvet.lugo.usc.es/anapato/
As a special bibliography we recommend BRUEGELT, CD Color Atlas of
Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Animals . Mosby St. Louis. 1997.
FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Chapter XV
Topic 48
Malformations of the female genital system. Position changes. Ovarian cysts.
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Inflammations. Tumors.
Topic 49 Mammary gland. Malformations. Mamitis . Breast tumors .
Chapter summary:
female genital system (ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina, vulva and mammary
gland), which are very common in domestic females, especially in dogs and
cats.

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It is advisable that you review the anatomy of the female genital system and its
differences in domestic females.
It is very useful to read the notes on each topic, provided by the teacher, before
entering class.
During necropsy practices in dogs and cats you will have the opportunity to see
many of the lesions that we study in this chapter (cystic endometrial
hyperplasia, pyometra, breast tumors).

This chapter does not usually present difficulties, except for the differentiation
of lesions in the different types of mastitis in domestic females. I recommend
that you prepare a simple diagram summarizing the type of characteristic lesion
in each of the mastitis to facilitate its study.
Bibliography:
(2007) and volume 3 of Jubb, Kennedy and Plamer (chapter 4).
To have images of the lesions you can consult the atlas of lesions of the genital
system (Bruegelt), and you can also consult the subject's website
As a special bibliography we recommend BRUEGELT, CD Color Atlas of
Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Animals . Mosby St. Louis. 1997.
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
Chapter XVI
Topic 50
MUSCLES. Congenital alterations. Dystrophies and degenerative myopathies.
Myositis. Tumors.
Topic 51 BONES. Disorders of the development. Dystrophies. Inflammations .

Proliferations non-tumorous. Tumors . JOINTS. Disorders
congenital and hereditary . Dystrophies: osteoarthrosis, osteochondrosis . Arthritis
.
Chapter summary:
locomotor system (muscles, bones, joints), which are very common in pigs and
old animals.


It is advisable that you review the normal histology of the bones and joints that
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you studied the previous year, to better understand osteochondrosis and

osteoarthritis.
During necropsy practices on pigs and old dogs you will have the opportunity to
see many of the lesions that we study in this chapter, especially the joints.

A common difficulty in this chapter is the differentiation between osteoarthritis
and osteochondrosis, so it is advisable to understand the pathogenesis of both
processes and not study the lesions by heart, so as not to confuse them.
Bibliography:
(2007) and volume 1 of Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer (chapter 2 –muscles and
tendons- page 183-266 and chapter 1 –bones and joints- page 1-182).
To have images of the lesions you can consult the atlas of lesions in pigs
(Smith), since locomotor disorders are very common in this species and you can
also consult the subject's website http://facvet.lugo.usc.es /anapato/
TEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Chapter
XVII
Topic 52
Skin (I) . Terminology in dermatopathology. Primary and secondary skin
lesions . The skin biopsy . Malformations. Dystrophies . Disciclias.
Topic 53
FUR (II). Dermatitis: due to physical causes, by chemical substances ,
immune-mediated, bacterial, dermatomycosis, parasitic. Skin tumors.
Chapter summary:
In this chapter we will study the most frequent lesions of the skin, and annexes
(hair, glands) of great importance in the clinic of small animals (dogs and cats)
in which the majority of consultations with the veterinarian occur as a
consequence of a skin problem.

The basic material for the study of this topic are the class notes that the teacher
previously leaves on the photocopier.

You should refresh the Skin Histology that you studied the previous year.
During necropsy practices on dogs and cats you will have the opportunity to see
many of the lesions that we study in this chapter (hormonal dermatoses,
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scabies, dermatomycosis, etc.).

It is advisable to study skin lesions with an atlas in which you can see the
images, which will help you become familiar with them and remember them
easily.
Bibliography:
You can complete the study by consulting skin pathology books such as Scott
and Yager, chapter 11 of McGavin (2001) and volume 1 of Jubb and Kennedy
(chapter 5).
To have images of the lesions you can consult atlases of skin pathology
(Wilkinson, Kummel, Willense) and you can also consult the subject's website
As a special bibliography we recommend:
- Hargis AM, Ginn PE. Chapter 11. Integumentary System in McGavin MD,
3rd
Carlton WW, Zachary JF Thomson's Special Veterinary Pathology . Ed.
Mosby Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, 2001.
- Harvey RG, McKeever PJ. A Color Handbook of Skin Diseases of the Dog and
Cat. A Problem-oriented Approach to Diagnosis and Management. Manson
Publishing Ltd. London. 1998.
- Kummel BA Color Atlas of Small Animal Dermatology. Mosby. St. Louis. 1990.
- Scott DW. Large animal dermatology . WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
1988.
- Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Small Animal Dermatology. 5th Ed. W.B.
Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 1995.
- Willemse T. Clinical dermatology of dogs and cats. Diagnostic and therapeutic
guide. Masson-Salvat Veterinary Clinic, Barcelona. 1992.
- Wilkinson GT. A Color Atlas of Small Animal Dermatology . Wolfe Medical
Publications Ltd. London. 1985.
- Yager JA, Wilcock BP. Color Atlas and Text of Surgical Pathology of the Dog
and Cat. Dermatopathology and Skin Tumors. Volume 1. Wolfe Publishing.
London. 1994.
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X - PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY PRACTICES

VET
10.1 - Block 1: Basic histopathology practices
They are carried out in groups of 10 students and consist of individual

microscope observation of histological preparations stained using routine
techniques and/or other histochemical techniques. Students are provided with
histological preparations corresponding to several diagnostic cases, with a
script that includes the clinical history and several related questions that they
must resolve throughout the practical session. They are allowed the first three
minutes to recognize the tissue/organ and then the clinical history is discussed.
Next, they have approximately 20 minutes to solve and discuss each of the
proposed cases using the bibliography. The result (histopathological diagnosis)
is discussed and confirmed once the preparation has been discussed. See
Annex (p.50).
Duration : 12 hours of work in the microscope room. The duration of each
practice is specified in each of them.
Hours : Monday to Friday from 12 to 3 p.m. and 4 to 7 p.m.
Location : Microscope room
Objectives to achieve:
• Acquire a clear knowledge of the large groups of lesions (dystrophies,
dyscyclias, inflammations, necrosis, growth disorders and neoplasias)
and the morphological characters that serve for their identification and
differentiation, using the proper terminology to describe and define the
lesions.
• Know the fundamentals and language of histopathology
Assessment
• Assistance and participation at class
• Exam of each module
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Practice 1 (3 hours) Cellular pathology/Dystrophies

Hyperplasia
Amyloidosis
Jaundice
Steatosis
Dystrophic calcification
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Practice 2 (3 hours) Discyclias

Acute and chronic stasis
Hyperemia
Edema
Hematoma
Thrombus
Heart attack
Practice 3 (3 hours) Inflammations

Acute inflammation
Subacute inflammation
Chronic inflamation
Abscess
granulomatous inflammation
granulation tissue
Practice 4 (3 hours) Neoplasms

Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Undifferentiated carcinoma
Fibroma
Fibrosarcoma Mastocytoma Histiocytoma
Bibliography
■ Stevens, A., Lowe, J. S. (2002): Wheater's basic histopathology. A color

atlas and text. 4th ed. Elsevier Science. amsterdam
■ Cowell, R. L., Tyler, R.D., Meinkoth, J.H., De Nicola, D.B. (2009):
Cytological and hematological diagnosis. 3rd ed. Elsevier Mosby.
Barcelona.
10.2 - Block 2: Necropsy practices.

Students must attend the autopsy room in the week they choose from the
scheduled ones, provided with rubber gloves. Before carrying out the practice,
they must review the necropsy protocol provided to them. Animals received in
the Pathological Anatomy Service of the Veterinary Clinical Hospital are used,
and corpses from intensive breeding farms (rabbits, pigs, birds, fish,
ruminants...), from nearby veterinary clinics, from the “Marcelle natureza” zoo. ”
and from the Animal and Plant Protection Society of Lugo. On the first day of
practice the teacher performs the necropsy of the corpses received, explaining it in
detail, and from that moment on it is the students who are in charge of the
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necropsies and taking samples, always under the supervision and tutelage of the
teacher. At the end of the internship week, the student must submit a duly covered
necropsy protocol for each of the necropsies that have been performed. See Annex
(p. 55).
Duration : 15 hours
Hours : one week, Monday to Friday from 12 to 3 p.m.
Location : Necropsy room
• Know the necropsy technique in different domestic species.
• Learn to differentiate injuries from postmortem alterations
• Learn to take appropriate samples for histopathological, bacteriological,
parasitological, virological, toxicological and serological studies.
• Learn to write autopsy reports, with an adequate description of the
lesions observed.
Assessment :
■ Active participation in class
■ Necropsy protocols duly covered
Bibliography
■ Andrews, J. J. (1986): Necropsy Techniques. Veterinary Clinics of North
America Vol. 2, No. 1. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia.
■ De Aluja, A. S. (1985): Necropsies in domestic animals. Ed Company.
Continental SA of CU Mexico.
■ Lenet, J. L., George, C., Longeart, L., Lagourette, P. (1994): The
autopsy
domestic carnivores (1 part). Point Vétérinaire, 26:713-714.
■ Lenet, J. L., George, C., Longeart, L., Lagourette, P. (1994): The
autopsy
domestic carnivores (2 parts). Point Vétérinaire, 26:801-802.
■ Grief, L., Rodríguez, A. (2002): Necropsies in small animals. Canis
et Felis, 57: 31-60.
10.3 - Block 3: Case resolution practices.
The case resolution practice is carried out for two weeks/student in the second
semester. Each student must prepare a practical case that will later be
presented publicly. Finally, the students will deliver the complete necropsy
reports corresponding to all the animals studied, which must include the results
of the studies carried out, the morphopathological diagnosis, and when
possible, the definitive diagnosis.
Total block duration : 33 hours
• Learn to identify present injuries, knowing how to discern between what
is important and what is accessory.
• Learn to relate injury and clinical symptoms.
• Learn to carry out correct and adequate sampling.
• Learn to write correct autopsy reports that contain a brief clinical history,
a detailed description of the lesions, a pathological diagnosis and a
reference to the possible etiology of the lesions.
• Learn to integrate the results of anatomopathological studies with other
complementary analyses, in such a way that a correct diagnosis of the
process is achieved and the cause of the animal's death or illness is
determined.
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• Learn to know and use bibliographic sources.

• Learn to prepare and present a clinical case in public.
Assessment :
• Active participation in class
• Presentation of the clinical case and defense of it, with the correct
answer to the questions raised by the professor
• Delivery of duly covered necropsy protocols
First week: The students are personally in charge of carrying out the
necropsies (1-3 students per corpse). Once the necropsy is completed, they
present the observed macroscopic findings to the teacher and their classmates,
establishing a morphopathological diagnosis and the possible cause(s) of the
animal's death. The students are in charge of deciding the necessary samples
to be taken in order to establish the definitive diagnosis of the process. During
the autopsy, digital photographs of the most significant injuries are taken,
which are subsequently used to present the case. In addition, throughout this
week in one of the practical sessions the observation of injuries from
confiscated slaughterhouse parts is carried out. Duration : 15 hours
Hours : One week, Monday to Friday from 12 to 3 p.m.
Location : Necropsy room
Second week: In the second week of practices of this semester, students have
the histopathological preparations of the cases they have seen in the autopsy
room. Students are assigned a case that they study in groups of 2-3 people
using the recommended bibliography. Together with the teacher, the student
takes the necessary microscopic photos for the exhibition of
case. Besides, he teacher sets
issues about he case they must be resolved day of the public
presentation. Students are provided with the complete medical history (in those
cases where it is available) and the results of complementary analyzes so that
they allow greater integration of the process.
The preparation of the case will require 10 hours of supervised work by the
professor (during that time the student will be in charge of observing the
histopathological preparations, asking questions to the professor, consulting the
bibliography...) and approximately 5 hours of individual work by the student to
prepare the presentation of the clinical case in graphic support (PowerPoint,
transparencies...).
Duration : 15 hours
Hours : One week, Monday to Friday from 12 to 3 p.m.
Place : Pathological Anatomy Teaching Unit and personal work of the student
Presentation of cases: The oral presentation will be carried out in a

maximum of 10 minutes/clinical case, with the appropriate audiovisual means
for its correct presentation, and another 10-15 minutes for discussion and
debate. Attendance at this session is mandatory for students in the group and
will be open to students from other practice groups who are interested. On the
day of the oral presentation, students must present the complete reports of the
necropsies carried out and a copy of the presentation.
Duration : 3 hours
Schedule : To be agreed between students and teacher
Location : Microscope room or classroom.
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Bibliography
• http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/NST/
• Jubb, D. v. F., Kennedy, P. C., Palmer, N. (2008): Pathology of domestic
animals. 5th ed. Vol. 1 2 and 3. Ed. M Grant Maxie. Saunders Elsevier.
Edinburgh.
• Marcato, P. S., Rosmini, R. (1986): Pathology of the rabbit and hare.
Societá Editrice Esculapio. Bologna.
• McGavin, M. D., Carlton, W.W. and Zachary, J. F. (2001): Thomson's
Special Veterinary Pathology. 3rd ed. Mosby Inc. St. Louis.
• McGavin, M. d. & Zachary, J.F. (2007). Pathologic basis of Veterinary
Disease. 4th ed. Ed. Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri.
• Meuten, DJ (2002): Tumors in domestic animals. 4th ed. Iowa State
Press.
• Moulton, J. AND. (1990): Tumors in domestic animals. 3rd ed. University
of California Press. California.
• Randall, C.J. (1985): A color atlas of diseases of the domestic Fowl and
Turkey. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd. London.
• Randall, C. J., Reece, R. L. (1996): Color atlas of avian histopathology.
Mosby Inc. London.
• Scott, D. W., Miller, W. H., Jr., Griffin, C. AND. (2001): Muller and Kirk's
Small Animal Dermatology. 6th ed. W. b. Saunders Company.
Philadelphia.
• Summers, B. A., Cummings, J. F., Lahunta, A. (1995): Veterinary
neuropathology. Mosby. St. Louis.
• Yager, J. A., Wilcock, B. Q. (1994): Color atlas and text of Surgical
Pathology of the dog and cat. Vol 1. Dermatopathology and skin tumors.
Mosby. London.
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XI - ANNEXES
Annex chapter V:
The following multiple choice questions have a single answer:
An abscess:
• It is a collection of necrotic and hemorrhagic material well delimited by
the tissue that surrounds it.
• It is a collection of pus in a preformed cavity.
• It is a collection of pus without defined boundaries.
• When it is large it is surrounded by a pyogenic membrane.
A granuloma:
• It is a collection of pus well defined from the surrounding tissue.
• It is a type of acute inflammation characterized macroscopically by
presenting multiple granules.
• This compound mostly by cells inflammatory
polymorphonucleated neutrophils and eosinophils.
• It is a type of circumscribed inflammatory reaction produced against
agents that are difficult to eliminate.
Stable cells:
• They are cells present in various tissues and organs that constantly
multiply under normal physiological conditions.
• They are cells that do not have regenerative capacity.
• Within this category are the cells of most glandular tissues.
• Within this category are the cells of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue.
Sclerosis:
• It always has an inflammatory origin, the result of the replacement of th
tissues destroyed by newly formed connective tissue. e
• It can arise as a result of prolonged hypoxia in a
organ.
• It is not accompanied by obvious macroscopic changes.
• It consists of replacing dead cells with healthy cells derived from the of
parenchyma.
In chronic inflammation
• There is a predominance of polymorphonuclear neutrophils
• There is a predominance of polymorphonuclear eosinophils
• Fibrosis occurs
• There is a predominance of vascular phenomena
The exudate:
• It rarely has cells
• It has a high protein content
• It clots hard
• It could have a non-inflammatory origin
Macrophages:
• They are cells that participate in acute inflammation
• They present metachromatic granules in their cytoplasm.
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• Its main function is the production of abundant fibers in order to isolate

the causal agent.
• They participate in immune defense reactions
Fibrinous inflammations:
• They mainly affect parenchymal organs.
• They are normally produced by pyogenic bacteria
• The exudate is rich in connective fibers
• The deposited liquid coagulates on the surface in the form of a
membrane
Purulent inflammations:
• The deposited liquid coagulates on the surface in the form of a
membrane
• They are characterized because the exudate is rich in lymphocytes,
histiocytes and plasma cells.
• They are a type of granulomatous inflammation
• If they affect a parenchymal organ, they are called purulent catarrh.
Define what the following morphopathological diagnoses mean:

• Severe acute focally diffuse fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia
• Multifocal granulomatous lymphadenitis
• Severe subacute catarrhal tracheitis
• Focally serohemorrhagic gastritis diffuse
After viral hepatitis, normal recovery of the liver can occur. However, this does
not occur when bacterial infections responsible for the formation of abscesses
occur, resulting in sclerosis.
Which of the following factors explain these differences in the way the injury is
resolved and why?
• The nature of the etiological agent
• The extent of cellular damage
• Injury to the supporting connective tissue
• The extent of damage to the bile ducts
Case 1:
Six-year-old horse, which for several weeks

had been experiencing intermittent fever,
lethargy and weight loss, accompanied by
respiratory symptoms. The exam
radiologic revealed a
bronchopneumonia severe. He crop
Bacteriology of the tracheal aspirate, feces and
blood showed the presence of the bacteria
Rodococcus equi. The animal's death occurred
naturally. The postmotem examination
revealed the presence of circumscribed, encapsulated lesions with a yellowish
and creamy content in the lung (left slide), mesentery and lymph nodes of the
colon and cecum.
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The injury to the intestine has occurred as a result of septicemia. What

does that mean?
In the image on the right, the lesion is characterized by being large and located
deep in the lung parenchyma, while in the image on the left the lesion appears
spread on the pleural surface. Which has probably developed via the
aerogenous route and which via the pathogenic route? Because?
Case 2:
7 year old dog with cough and fever for approximately 1 month. Radiologically,
it shows a well-defined multifocal nodular lesion in both lungs. A transbronchial
biopsy revealed interstitial infiltrates with lymphocytes, plasma cells, and
epithelioid macrophages. Which of the following agents can cause this injury?
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Eimeria tenella
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Hemolytic mannhemia
Case 3:
Dog, 8 years old. The chest x-ray shows bilateral pleural effusion that has
occurred in the last 24 hours. HE performed thoracentesis
extracting 500 ml of a fluid yellowish that coagulated. The exam
Cytology of the fluid showed many neutrophils but no lymphocytes or red blood
cells. Which of the following mechanisms contributed to fluid accumulation in
the pleural space?
• Arteriolar vasoconstriction
• Release of lysosomes by neutrophils
• Endothelial contraction
• Inhibition of platelet adhesion
• lymphatic obstruction
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Annex chapter VII:
Case 1 :
Dog, 9-year-old crossbreed showing palpable lymphadenopathy in
retromammary lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are firm and not painful on
palpation. Possible cause:
□ acute mastitis
□ breast carcinoma
□ uterine leiomyosarcoma
□ cutaneous fibrosarcoma
Case 2 :
Boar approximately 2 years old that has a neoplasia in the region of the
scrotum measuring approximately 1 cm, well-defined and dark red in color.
Histologically, the lesion is circumscribed and is characterized by presenting
multiple vascular spaces of variable size surrounded by a simple layer of
endothelial cells, and filled with erythrocytes. Presence of organized thrombi
inside some cavities. Little amount of stroma. In some areas, larger and
sometimes pleomorphic endothelial cells are observed. The mitotic index is low.
Is it a neoplasm or a hematoma? Reason your answer. Possible diagnosis.
Case 3 :
12 year old male German Shepherd dog. Symptoms: intermittent vomiting for
months. Currently bloody vomiting. Euthanasia is decided.
Necropsy: Mass firm, solid of
approximately 5 cm creamy in color, affecting the
stomach wall and extending to the adjacent
omentum. Upon opening of the stomach,
ulceration of the mucosa and bloody contents are
observed. When cut, the mass shows solid growth
and an area of central necrosis.
Histologically, a non-encapsulated neoplastic
mass is observed consisting of densely packed
cells with an elongated nucleus, granular chromatin and abundant, eosinophilic
cytoplasm. Sometimes the cells show a mark of anisokaryosis and anisocytosis
and multinucleated giant cells appear. 1-2 mitoses are observed per field at
400X. Infiltration of the gastric mucosa associated with the ulceration area is
observed. Morphopathological diagnosis. Reason your answer.
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Case 4 :
6-year-old male Labrador dog showing an approximately 4 cm alopecic plaque
on the right side. The affected area is edematous and ulcerated.
Histologically, a large number of round to polygonal cells with a central round
nucleus and extensive cytoplasm are observed. Anaplastic cells of variable
shapes with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli are observed. Eosinophilic
polymorphonuclear infiltrates. Collagenolysis, edema and ulceration of the
adjacent epidermis are observed. The margins of the lesion are imprecise,
affecting the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Mitotic figures are abundant and
some are atypical. With the Giemsa technique, the presence of metachromatic
granules in the cytoplasm of some cells is evident. Diagnosis: grade III
mastocytoma.
Only one statement is correct:
□ This neoplasm is a metastasis
□ It is a poorly differentiated neoplasm
□ Probably healed after removal
It is a well differentiated neoplasm
□
Case 5 :
An 11-year-old male dog that, at necropsy, shows multiple grayish nodular
tumor masses in the liver parenchyma, ranging in size from 1 to 6 cm. The
border between the neoplasms and adjacent liver tissue is distinguishable but
irregular. When cut, several masses have a necrotic center filled with a bloody
fluid. Histologically, a proliferation of cells is seen that generally grow solidly
although sometimes they form ducts. Neoplastic cells are cubic or cylindrical
and have a variable amount of basophilic cytoplasm. In general, the nucleus is
rounded or oval and hyperchromatic, although cells with large, angular-shaped
nuclei are observed. The mitotic index is high, with the presence of atypical
mitotic figures. The adjacent liver tissue is normal although it contains
numerous hyperplastic bile ducts. Invasion of tumor cells is observed in nearby
lymphatic vessels. According to the macroscopic and histological description. Is
it a malignant or benign tumor? What criteria do you base this on? What would
be your morphopathological diagnosis? The report says: “cells with large nuclei
and angular shape are observed.” What term is used in Pathological Anatomy
to refer to this fact?
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Annex Chapter VIII:
As recommended activities we can make diagrams with the same entries for
each of the lesions of the lymphoid system (eg structure of lymphoid follicles,
cellularity, vessels, abnormal substances,...) and compare the different
responses to aggression.
Annex Chapter IX:
As work suggestions we propose to the student:
1) Reviewing the anatomical differences of the respiratory system in various

animal species and humans will help understand how injuries occur and
develop.
2) Work carefully with the sequence of events that occur during the course of
pneumonia and try to relate it to its causes, morphology and evolution.
Annex Chapter X:
As work suggestions, we propose that students review their anatomy diagrams

and locate the different nuclei and anatomical structures.
Annex chapter XI:
Case 1: Calf. Frisian. 10 months. Rumen. Clinical history:

abrupt change in diet in the last month with feed rich
in easily digestible carbohydrates. Morphopathological
diagnosis. Pathogenesis of the lesion. Consequences.
Great Dane Dog. 8 years. Sudden death. Stomach.

Case 2: Morphopathological diagnosis. Pathogenesis of the
lesion. Consequences.
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Case 3: German shepherd dog. 2 months. Medical history:

diarrhea for the last two days. High fever.
Morphopathological diagnosis. Possible cause(s) of
the injury.
Sheep,
Case 4:4 years old. Clinical history: Presents
Chronic diarrhea for months that does not respond to
treatment, cachexia. At necropsy, subcutaneous
edema, loss of fatty deposits, hydropericardium and
ascites were observed. The mesenteric lymphatic
vessels appear dilated and thickened and the
mesenteric lymph nodes appear enlarged. Upon
opening the ileum, the lesion of the
cause of the injury. As
right. Morphopathological diagnosis. Could you
confirm the diagnosis of the process?
Case 5: Piglet. Cavity abdominal. Diagnosis

morphopathological. Possible cause(s) of the injury.
Answer true or false:

□ Vesicular stomatitis is seen in foot-and-mouth disease.
□ Esophageal parasitosis caused by Spirocerca lupi can trigger
sarcomas
□ Congenital megaesophagus is usually due to persistent arch
aortic
□ In hypervitaminosis A, hyperkeratosis of the rumen can be observed.
□ Gastric ruptures are more common in horses
□ Gastric ulcers in pigs are most frequently located in the pyloric antrum.
□ In hemolytic jaundice the liver may appear normal
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Macular telangiectasias are relatively common tumor lesions in old cattle.

Granulomatous lesions generally occur in fungal hepatitis.
Tuberculous hepatitis is rare in birds
Bile duct hyperplasia is frequently observed in hepatic fasciolosis.
Liver cirrhosis always has an inflammatory origin
Acute pancreatitis is a chronic process that manifests with cachexia and
malabsorption syndrome.
Secondary tumors are more common in the liver than primary tumors.
Hydrocephalus in calves may be caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus
(BVD).
Encephalomalacia is an inflammatory lesion of the nerve parenchyma.
Non-purulent encephalitis is, above all, of bacterial origin.
Canine distemper can cause demyelination in the brain
In bovine spongiform encephalopathy, macroscopic lesions are of great help in
the diagnosis of the disease.
In bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the anatomical location of the lesions
mainly concerns nuclei of the brain stem.
Histopathology Practice Annex:
Practice No. 1: DYSTROPHIES
Each student is provided with 6 histological preparations in relation to different

cellular alterations and dystrophies. They must be observed under a
microscope for approximately 10 minutes each, then each of them is discussed
and a histopathological diagnosis is reached.
CASE 1: 3-year-old cat, recently given birth and lactating. What cellular
adaptation mechanism have the cells of this tissue used? Justify your answer.
CASE 2: 5-year-old dog with chronic infectious disease. Morphopathological
description of liver injury. Specific location. Type of dystrophy. What staining
would you perform to confirm the diagnosis?
CASE 3: Sheep, female, 2 years. Picture clinical consisted of anorexia,
hematuria, drip deaths on the farm. High quantities have been detected of
Cu in the feed administered to these animals.
Morphopathological description of the observed lesions. Location. Type of
pigmentary dystrophy. How does this lesion manifest macroscopically?
What other dystrophy is observed? What staining would you perform to confirm
the diagnosis?
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CASE 4: 8-month-old sow that after slaughter presents small, hard nodular
formations in different points of the striated muscles. Morphopathological
description. Location. Type of dystrophy. What previous myopathy can it be
related to?
CASES 5 and 6: What cell death phenomena predominate in each of these
tumors? Justify your answer.
Tumor 1: 11-year-old cat with a breast tumor diagnosed as simple
tubular adenocarcinoma.
Tumor 2: 5-year-old dog, with a tumor in the skin of the auricle
diagnosed as cutaneous histiocytoma.
Practice No. 2: DISCYCLIAS
Each student is provided with 4 histological preparations in relation to different

dyscyclias. They must be observed under a microscope
approximately 10 minutes each and try to answer the questions posed in the
practice script. Below we will comment on each of them.
CASE 1: Cow lung. Observe the preparation. Describes the present
histopathological findings related to the vascular component.
Which of the following lesions are you able to recognize in the histological
preparation? Reason your answer.
□ Passive congestion
□ Hyperemia
□ Hemorrhage
□ Necrosis
□ Edema
□ Heart attack
□ Infarction
□ Thrombosis
CASE 2 (183/02). Dog. Cause of death: septic shock. Observe the

histological sections of kidney and liver. Describe the lesions present in each of
the organs. Are these injuries compatible with shock? What are the lesions that
characterize shock from a histological point of view?
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CASE 3 (417/03). Dog. Describe the lesion present in the lung.

Morphopathological diagnosis. Is it a specific or non-specific lesion? Possible
causes.
CASE 4. Bitch. (See macroscopic photos of the necropsy). Observe the

preparation. Describes the present histopathological findings related to the
vascular component.
Which of the following lesions are you able to recognize in the histological
preparation? Reason your answer.
Passive congestion Hyperemia Hemorrhage Necrosis
□ Edema Embolism Infarction Infarction Thrombosis
□
□
□ Practice No. 3: INFLAMMATIONS
□ Students are provided with the histological preparations
□
□ corresponding to a diagnostic case with the corresponding clinical
history. The histopathological diagnosis is not given beforehand. The result is
confirmed to them once the preparation has been discussed. They have
approximately 20 minutes to solve each of the proposed cases using the
bibliography. They are allowed the first three minutes to recognize the
tissue/organ and then the medical history is discussed. The answers will be
prepared individually. Discussion and resolution of the case: 15 minutes.
CASE 1 (122/98): History: Mediastinal lymph node from a cow that tested
positive for tuberculin in the sanitation campaign. The mediastinal lymph node
showed multifocal whitish miliary nodules in both the cortex and the medulla.
No macroscopic lesions are seen in the lung. Are the histological lesions
present compatible with tuberculosis? Because? What other tests could you
perform to confirm the diagnosis?
CASE 2 (449/06): History: family sheep farm in which 3 sheep with nervous
symptoms have died for two months. The brain of the preparations is from one
of those sheep. Describes the lesions present in the brain stem.
CASE 3 (164/99): History: 8-year-old dog that has been showing depression
and anuria for two days. After sacrifice, a necropsy was performed, revealing
severe pulmonary congestion and edema, hemorrhagic gastritis, concentric
hypertrophy of the left ventricle and smaller kidneys, with an irregular and
granular-looking cortex. Describe the lesion present in the renal interstitium.
What is the predominant element: exudate, inflammatory cells, connective
tissue?
CASE 4 (168/99): History: Three-month-old puppy from the animal shelter
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that has had bloody diarrhea for two days. Observe the different histological
sections of the dog's intestine. Describes the intestinal villi, intestinal glands,
and lamina propria.
CASE 5 (210/98): History: Farming of 150 sheep with 2% chronic diarrhea.

Progressive weight loss. They do not respond to treatment. Euthanasia in the
final stage of the disease. Upon external examination, the animal has fleas and
poor fur. Abdominal distension and cachexia. Subcutaneous tissue: absence of
fat. Muscular atrophy. Thoracic cavity: presence of serohemorrhagic exudate in
both hemithoraxes (100 ml). Digestive system: thickening of the mucosa of
the distal small intestine, cecum and proximal colon. Mesenteric lymph nodes:
enlarged, pale,
edematous, especially in the marrow. Liver: Discrete hepatomegaly. Thickening
of bile ducts. Presence of parasitic trematodes inside. Describe the lesion
present in the intestine. What other tests could you perform to confirm the
diagnosis?
CASE 6. Cow lung. Describes the inflammatory lesions present in the lung.
Practice No. 4: NEOPLASMS
Students are provided with the histological preparations corresponding to a

diagnostic case with the corresponding clinical history. The histopathological
diagnosis is not given beforehand. The result is confirmed to them once the
preparation has been discussed. They have approximately 20 minutes to solve
each of the proposed cases using the bibliography. They are allowed the first
three minutes to recognize the tissue/organ and then the medical history is
discussed. The answers will be prepared individually. Discussion and resolution
of the case: 15 minutes.
CASE 1. The tumors in preparations 189/02 and 409/02 have the same origin.
Could you tell if they are neoplasms of epithelial or mesenchymal origin?
What cell type is the one that proliferates? Are they benign or malignant
neoplasms and why?
189/02: 8-year-old male Siamese cat. Nodule located near the right inguinal
breast. Not ulcerated. Slow growth. Well delimited (presents conjunctiva
capsule).
409/02: 9-year-old male dog with a slightly pigmented mass on the scapula of
approximately 6 cm in surface. The neoplasm appears ulcerated and infiltrates
the subcutaneous tissue (non-mobile mass on palpation), showing rapid growth
in the last two months.
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CASE 2.
452/08: 9-year-old German Shepherd, female. Ulcerated subcutaneous nodule
located on the costal wall near the axillary region.
Could you tell if it is a neoplasm of epithelial or mesenchymal origin? What cell
type is the one that proliferates? Is it a benign or malignant neoplasm and
why?
CASE 3.
149/02: 5-year-old boxer, male. Subcutaneous nodule attached to the internal
radio-ulnar surface. Rapid growth. He had previously undergone surgery for a
nodule in the periauricular region diagnosed as grade I mastocytoma).
Observe the histological section corresponding to the recently removed mass.
Is it also a mast cell tumor? In that case, do you consider it to be a recurrence,
a metastasis or a tumor independent of the one previously diagnosed and why?
CASE 4.
216/99: 6-month-old boxer dog with a white coat that has a 2 cm nodule at
the base of the ear with a tendency to ulcerate and bleed.
Is it a benign or malignant tumor? Could you tell the cellular origin of the
neoplasia?
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NECROPSY PROTOCOL
Student's name and surname:

CLUSTER:
Identification number:
Date:
1. Owner/origin details
2. Animal data:
Species: Race: Name:
Microchip: Age: Sex:
Castration: YES NO
3. Death details:
Euthanasia: YES NO Method:
Day/time of death: Conservation:
4. Clinic history:
5. Description of macroscopic findings:

• External inspection (skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, oral cavity...):
• Subcutaneous connective tissue, tissue adipose, muscles and lymph nodes

superficial:
• Mammary gland/testicles/penis:
• Joints:
Abdominal/pelvic cavity:
- Viscera situation/abnormal contents:
- Digestive system:
Stomach:
Small intestine:
Large intestine:
Mesenteric lymph nodes:
Liver:
Pancreas:
- Spleen
- Genito-urinary system:
Left kidney:
Right kidney:
Ureters/urethra:
Urinary bladder:
Prostate:
Ovaries/uterus/vagina:
-Adrenal glands
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Organs of the neck and thoracic cavity

- Abnormal viscera/contents situation:
Ribs:
Tongue, pharynx:
Salivary glands:
Regional lymph nodes (mandibular, pharyngeal):
Tonsilas:
Thyroid/parathyroid glands:
Thoracic esophagus:
Timo:
Heart
Respiratory system:
Larynx:
Windpipe:
Bronchi:
Lung:
Bronchial/mediastinal lymph nodes:
Cranial, nasal cavity and sinuses. brain
Rachis/spinal cord and peripheral nerves
6. Macroscopic diagnosis:
7. Taking samples for histopathology:
8. Taking samples for complementary analyzes (bacteriology, virology,

parasitology, toxicology, others)
9. Histopathological study:
10. Results of other complementary studies:
11. Morphopathological diagnosis:
12. Final diagnosis:
Date Signature
XII – STUDENT NOTES
6
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TEACHING

Ana Mª Bravo del Moral

Luis Daniel Faílde García

Monica Lopez Pena

Ana Paula Losada García

María Isabel Quiroga Berdeal

Sonia Vazquez Rodriguez

Study material and guidance:......................................................................................40

I - DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF THE SUBJECT.

1.3. Professors who teach the subject.

All professors belong to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences. The

ANA Mª BRAVO del MORAL

ANA PAULA LOSADA GARCÍA

Phone 982 252 231 Ext.: 22307

II - THE SUBJECT IN THE CURRICULUM.

Veterinary Pathological Anatomy is a subject integrated into the “Pathology

2.2. Importance of the subject in the training block.

Veterinary Pathological Anatomy (VPA) is an essential discipline in the

infectious diseases, Parasitic Diseases, Obstetrics and Reproduction...). For

2.3. Interest of the subject for the exercise of the profession.

III – OBJECTIVES OF THE SUBJECT.

inflammations, growth disorders and tumors .

3.2. Objectives related to general competencies

IV – CONTENTS OF THE SUBJECT.

GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY HOURS

Chapter II: Cellular Pathology 4

Chapter III: Metabolism disorders 8

Chapter IV: Circulatory disorders (Dysciclias) 8

Chapter V: Inflammation and repair 10

Chapter VI: Immunopathology 3

Chapter VII: Growth disorders and Oncology 6

Chapter VIII: Lymphoid system 6

Chapter IX: Respiratory system 9

Chapter X: Nervous system 5

Chapter XI: Digestive system 10

Chapter XII: Circulatory system 4

Chapter XIII: Urinary system 4

Chapter XIV: Male genital system 1

Chapter XV: Female genital system 2

Chapter XVI: Locomotor system 3

Chapter XVII: Integumentary system 4

Recommendations for the study of the subject:

VI - ECTS LOAD ALLOCATION

ECTS LOAD face-to-face Factor Non-face- Total

Master classes 90 1,5 135 225

We will take a partial written liberatory exam in February (excluding subject

Theoretical content evaluation grade x 0.7 +

• CHEVILLE, N.F. (2006). Introduction to Veterinary Pathology. 3rd

> DAHME, E. & WEISS, E. (1989). Veterinary Special Pathological

Veterinary Disease. 4th Edition. Ed. Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri.

• BLOWEY, RW, WEAVER DA, BLOOD, DC (2006). Color atlas of

VIII - GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Study material and guidance:

Recommended working method:

Chapter II CELLULAR PATHOLOGY

Topic 2 The adapted cell. Autophagy, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia ,

Study material and guidance:

Recommended working method: