05 - 1 - Integumentary System

Chapter 5
Integumentary
System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 5-Integumentary System
• What does
integument mean? Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
covering
Hairs
Epidermis
• Components: Sebaceous
gland Skin
– skin
– hair
Arrector pili Dermis
(smooth muscle)
Hair follicle
– nails Nerve
Vein
Artery Subcutaneous tissue
– glands Sweat gland

Adipose tissue
(hypodermis)

Functions
1. Protection: water loss, microbes, UV light
2. Sensation: hot, cold, pain, pressure
3. Temperature regulation: helps maintain homeostasis
4. Excretion: removes waste
5. Vitamin D production: UV light stimulates production

3
• Two main regions
Epidermis
Dermis

Epidermis and Dermis
– Epidermis is avascular (no blood vessels)
– Dermis is highly vascular (has blood vessels)
– Epidermis receives nourishment from dermis
– Cells far away from nourishment die

Epidermis
• 1st major skin region (outside)
• Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
• Keratinization:
- process in which new cells (with keratin) push
old cells to surface
- 40-56 days for new cells to reach surface
6
Epidermis
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Four types of cells
– Keratinocytes – deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous
protein)
– Melanocytes - make dark skin pigment melanin
– Merkel cells – associated with sensory nerve endings
– Langerhans cells – macrophage-like dendritic cells

Epithelium: layers (on left) and cell types (on right)

Strata of Epidermis
• Stratum basale
– Also known as stratum germinativum
– Deepest stratum
– Consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo
mitotic divisions about every 19 days
9
Strata of Epidermis
• Stratum lucidum
– Clear, transparent layer
– Only in palms and soles
• Stratum granulosum
– Basal cells lose nuclei and cytoplasm appear
granulated
– Lipids are released to form a lipid barrier
• Stratum spinosum
– Basal cells become connected through desmosomes
and start produce lamellar bodies
10
Strata of Epidermis
• Stratum corneum:
- outermost layer of epidermis
- 20-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled
with keratin
- accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness
- dandruff is this layer flaking off scalp
11
Strata of Epidermis
• Stratum corneum
– Callus: forms when stratum corneum has
frequent friction
– Corn: cone-shaped structure over a bony
prominence
12
Dermis
• 2nd major skin region
• Dense connective tissue
• Contains collagen and
elastic fibers
• Contains fibroblasts, nerve
endings, smooth muscle,
glands, blood vessels, and
hair follicles
13
Layers of Dermis
• Papillary layer:
- thin connective tissue layer that contains
blood
vessels
- Dermal papillae:
- projections that extend up into
epidermis
- remove waste and help regulate body
temp.
- ridged on hands and feet (fingerprints)
- pattern is genetically determined 14
• Reticular layer:
- deepest layer of dermis
- accounts for 80% of
dermis
- contains hair follicles,
sweat glands, and
sebaceous glands
15
• Cleavage lines (Langer’s Lines):
- area where skin is most resistant to
stretching
- due to orientation of collagen fibers
- important in scarring
Stretch marks (striae) – overstretched
skin where dermis can be damaged

FYI
The dermis is the receptive

site for the pigment of tattoos

Hypodermis
• Below dermis
• Foundation of skin
• Attaches skin to underlying
muscle and bone
• Contains loose and adipose
tissue
• Contains ½ of body’s fat
• Body fat for females 21-30%,
males 13-25%
18
Skin Color and Variations
• Determined by:
- pigments
- genetics
- blood circulation
- thickness of stratum corneum
• Melanocytes of darker skinned

people produce more and
darker melanin than fairer
skinned people
• All races have same number

of melanocytes 19
Skin Pigments
• Melanin:
- produced by
melanocytes
- ranges from
yellow to reddish-
brown to black
- responsible for
hair and eye color
20
Skin Pigments
Freckles - accumulation of melanin
Albinism - absence of melanin
21
Tanning and Sunburns
• Exposure to UV light stimulates

melanocytes to increase
production of melanin
• A sunburn is the skin reacting to
UV exposure
• UV light causes elastic fibers to
clump and become leathery
• UV light can alter DNA in cells
causing them to mutate (cancer)
22
Skin Color and Disease
• Redness:
fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies
• Pallor:
anemia or low blood pressure
• Jaundice:
liver disorder (yellow)
• Bronzing:
Addison’s disease (kidney disease)
• Bruising:
broken blood vessels
23
Skin Color and Disease
• Cyanosis
- Bluish color of the skin
- Decrease in blood oxygen content
• Yellowish Skin
- Consumption of too much carotene
- Carotene – yellow pigment found in plants
can accumulate in lipids of stratum corneum and adipocytes of dermis
24
Hair Components
• Hair/shaft:
flexible strands of keratinized
cells
• Root:
below skin (scalp)
• Hair Bulb:
- base of root
- where hair is produced
• Hair Follicle:
- group of cells that surround
root and bulb
- gives hair different shapes 25
How is Hair Produced?
• Hair is produced in hair bulb
• Hair bulb rests on blood vessels to supply it with
nutrients
• Hair grows longer as cells are added to base of
hair bulb
26
Hair Muscles
• Arrector Pili:
- smooth muscle that surrounds each hair
follicle
- contracts and hair stands on end

(goose bumps)
27
Types of Hair
28
Glands
• Sebaceous glands:
- connected to hair follicle
- sebum: oily substance that lubricates
hair and skin to prevent drying
• Eccrine sweat glands:
- all over body and open into sweat pores
- simple, coiled, tubular glands
- release sweat by merocrine secretion
- water and salt secretions
29
Glands
• Apocrine sweat glands:

- open into hair follicle
- released primarily by merocrine
secretion, though some release through
holocrine secretion
- only in armpits and genitalia
- thick, rich secretions
- become active during puberty and
cause body odor
30
• Nail body: visual part
Nails • Nail root: covered by skin
• thin plate with • Cuticle: stratum corneum that extends into nail body
layers of dead
• Nail matrix: continuation of nail root and gives rises
stratum corneum
to most of nail
cells with hard
keratin • Nail bed: attaches to nail and is distal to nail matrix
• Lunula: whitish, crescent shaped area
- base of nail

Vitamin D Production

33
Temperature Regulation

Classification of Burns
• 1st degree:
- damages only epidermis
- redness, slight swelling, pain
- heals within 2-3 days (usually no scar)
- includes sunburns or exposure to cold
• 2nd degree:
- damages epidermis and upper dermis
- redness, swelling, pain, blisters
- heals in 2 weeks with some scarring
35
• 3rd degree:
Classification of Burns
- destroys epidermis and dermis
- burned areas are cherry red to black
- nerve endings are destroyed
- skin graft might be necessary
36
37
Partial- Full-
thickness thickness
First- Second- Third-

degree degree degree
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
tissue
38
Skin Cancer
• Most common cancer
• Mainly caused by UV light exposure
• Fair-skinned people more prone
• Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using
sunscreens
• UVA rays cause tan and is associated with
malignant melanomas
• UVB rays cause sunburns
• Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays
39
• Basal cell carcinoma:
- cells in stratum basale affected
- cancer removed by surgery
• Squamous cell carcinoma: Types of Skin Cancer
- cells above stratum basale affected
- can cause death
• Malignant melanoma:
- arises from melanocytes in a mole
- rare type
- can cause death
40
Aging and the Integument
• Blood flow decreases and skin becomes
thinner due to decreased amounts of
collagen
• Decreased activity of sebaceous and

sweat glands make temperature
regulation more difficult
• Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag

and wrinkle 41
42

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Chapter 5

Artery Subcutaneous tissue

– glands Sweat gland

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Sensation: hot, cold, pain, pressure

3. Temperature regulation: helps maintain homeostasis

4. Excretion: removes waste

5. Vitamin D production: UV light stimulates production

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The dermis is the receptive

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Melanocytes of darker skinned

• All races have same number

Freckles - accumulation of melanin

Albinism - absence of melanin

• Exposure to UV light stimulates

- contracts and hair stands on end

• Apocrine sweat glands:

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

First- Second- Third-

• Decreased activity of sebaceous and

• Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag

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