THEFAMI

LYCODEOF

THEPHI
LIPPI
NES

Real
i
tyMaeS.Taber
ner
o

JD
 THEFAMILYCODEOFTHE
PHI
LIPPI
NES

EXECUTIVEORDERNO.209.OnJul y6,1987,Presi
dentCorazonC.Aqui no
si
gnedintolaw Executi
veOrderNo.209,otherwi
seknownast he“Fami l
y
CodeofthePhili
ppi
nes.”Ther
easonandobjecti
veofthecodearecl
earlyset
outi
nit
swher easclauses,
towit
:

WHEREAS,almostf
ourdecadeshavepassedsi
ncet
headopt
ionoft
heCi
vil
Codeoft
hePhil
ippi
nes;

WHEREAS,experienceundersai dCodeaswellasper vasivechangesand

development
shavenecessi tat
edr evi
sionofit
sprovi
sionsonmar ri
ageandfamily
rel
ationstobri
ngt hem closertoFi l
ipi
nocustoms,valuesandi dealsandreflect
contemporar
ytrendsandcondi t
ions;

WHEREAS,t hereis a need toimpl

ementpoli
cies embodied i
nthe new
Const
itut
ionthatstr
engt
henmar r
iageandthefami
lyasbasi csociali
nst
it
uti
ons
andensureequal
it
ybetweenmenandwomen.

Thecommi t
teewhichdr
aftedtheFami l
yCodeincludedt
hreewell
-r
enowned
ci
vil
ist
s,namely:Just
iceJoseB.L.Reyes,Justi
ceEduardoP.CaguioaandJusti
ce
Ri
cardoC.Puno.

Subsequentl
y,Executi
veOr derNo.277wassi gnedbyPresi
dentAqui
noon
Jul
y17,1987.Thispart
icul
arexecutiveorderwassubjectedt
ofurt
heramendment
s
andmodificat
ionsspecifical
lyref
erringtoArti
cles26,
36and39.

OnAugust3,
1988,
theFami
lyCodeoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nesfinal
lyt
ookef
fect
.

1
 Thereaft
er,Republ
icActNo.6809waspassedbyCongressonOctober20,
1989andappr ovedbyPresidentAqui
no.I
ttookeff
ectonDecember18,1989.It
amendedTi t
leX oft heFamilyCodedeal
ingwit
hemancipat
ionandtheageof
major
ity.

TI
TLEI
.
MARRI
AGE
REQUI
SITESOFMARRI
AGE

Ar
t.1.1Mar
ri
agei
saspeci
alcont
ractofper
manentuni
onbet
weenaman

andawomanent
eredi
ntoi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
awf
ort
heest
abl
ishmentof

conj
ugalandf
ami
lyl
if
e.I
tist
hef
oundat
ionoft
hef
ami
lyandani
nvi
olabl
e

soci
ali
nst
it
uti
onwhosenat
ure,consequences,andi
nci
dent
sar
egov
ernedby

l
awandnotsubj
ectt
ost
ipuat
ion,exceptt
hatmar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
smayf
ixt
he

1
Ar
t.1,
EO209

2
pr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsdur
ingt
hemar
ri
agewi
thi
nthel
imi
tspr
ovi
dedbyt
hiscode.

(
52a)

Ar
t.2.2Nomar
ri
ageshal
lbev
ali
d,unl
esst
heseessent
ialr
equi
sit
esar
e

pr
esent
:

1.Legalcapaci
tyoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
eswhomustbemal
eandaf
emal
e;

and

2.Consentf
reel
ygi
veni
nthepr
esenceoft
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
cer
.(
53a)

Ar
t.3.3Thef
ormalr
equi
sit
esofmar
ri
agear
e:

1.Aut
hor
it
yoft
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
cer
;

2.Av
ali
dmar
ri
agel
icenseexcepti
nthecasespr
ovi
dedf
ori
nchapt
er2

oft
hist
it
le;
and

3.Amar
ri
agecer
emonywhi
cht
akespl
acewi
tht
heappear
anceoft
he

cont
ract
ingpar
ti
esbef
oret
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
cerandt
hei
rper
sonal

decl
arat
iont
hatt
heyt
akeeachot
herashusbandandwi
fei
nthe

pr
esenceofnotl
esst
hant
wowi
tnessesofl
egalage.(
53a,
55a)

2
Ar
t2
3
Ar
t.3

3
Whati
sLegalCapaci
ty?

- 4LegalCapaci
tyi
sthecapaci
tyofaper
sont
oent
eri
ntocont
ract
swi
th

l
egal
eff
ect
s.(
Par
as,
Civ
ilCodeoft
hPhi
l
ippi
nes,
2012)

Whocancont
ractmar
ri
age?

5
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheoneswhocancont
ractmar
ri
age:

1.Thecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esmustbeaMANandWOMAN;

2.Thecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esmustbeofl
egal
age(
atl
east
18y
ear
sofage)
;

3.Thecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esshoul
dnotber
elat
edt
oeachot
herupt
othet
hir
d

ci
vi
ldegr
eeofaf
fi
nit
yandconsangui
nit
yorel
seani
ncest
uousmar
ri
age

shal
lcommence.

4.Thosewhoar
ecohabi
ti
ngashusbandandwi
fei
nthesoci
etyf
or5y
ear
s

wi
thoutanyl
egal
impedi
ment
s(Par
as,
Civ
ilCodeoft
hPhi
l
ippi
nes,
2012)
.

Exampl
e1:Dav
eandShei
l
awentt
otheMay
or’
sOf
fi
cesot
hatt
heMay
or

cansol
emni
zet
hei
rMar
ri
age.Whent
heyr
eacht
heof
fi
ce,
thesecr
etar
ytol
dthem

t
hatt
heMay
ori
sin a meet
ing and t
heywer
easked t
o si
gn t
heMar
ri
age

Cer
ti
fi
cat
e.Af
tersi
gned,
thesecr
etar
ybr
ingi
ngt
hepaper
swentt
otheof
fi
ceand

l
ett
heMay
orsi
gnt
heMar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e.Then,t
hesecr
etar
ywentbackand

gav
etheMar
ri
ageCer
ti
fi
cat
edul
ysi
gnedbyt
heMay
orast
hei
rsol
emni
zi
ng

of
fi
cer
.Ist
heMar
ri
agev
ali
d?

4
Par
as,
NCC
5
Par
as,
NCC

4
 :6No,t
Answer heMar
ri
agei
sinv
ali
d becauset
her
ewasno Mar
ri
age

cer
emonywhi
ch wassupposed t
otake pl
ace.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
he cont
ract
ing

par
ti
esdi
dnotper
sonal
l
yappeart
othesol
emni
zi
ngof
fi
cert
ofr
eel
ygi
vet
hei
r

consentashusbandandwi
fe.I
nthi
sscenar
io,t
her
ewer
etwor
equi
sit
est
hat

wer
eabsent
.Thesecondessent
ialr
equi
sit
ewhi
chi
stheconsentf
reel
ygi
veni
n

t
hepr
esenceofsol
emni
zi
ngof
fi
cerandt
het
hir
dfor
malr
equi
sit
ewhi
chi
sthe

Mar
ri
ageCer
emony(
Par
as,
Civ
ilCodeoft
hPhi
l
ippi
nes,
2012)
.

7
I
ntheabsenceofanyoft
heessent
ialandf
ormalr
equi
sit
esofmar
ri
age,

t
hemar
ri
ageshal
lber
ender
edasVoi
dabi
nit
io.

Exampl
e2:

JamesandAngel
acont
ract
edt
hei
rMar
ri
aget
oaPr
iestwi
thoutknowi
ng

t
hatt
hepr
iestwassuspendedbyt
hechur
chf
rom hi
sdut
iesandobl
i
gat
ions

i
ncl
udi
ngt
hecel
ebr
ati
onofamar
ri
agecer
emony
.Ist
heMar
ri
agev
ali
d?

Answer
:Yes,t
heMar
ri
agei
sval
i
dbecausebot
hoft
hem bel
i
evedi
ngood

f
ait
hthatt
hesol
emni
zi
ngof
fi
ceri
saut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zet
hei
rMar
ri
age.The

v
ali
dit
yoft
hei
rmar
ri
agewi
l
lnotbeaf
fect
ed.

Mar
ri
agest
hatexempt
sfr
om t
hei
ssuanceofav
ali
dmar
ri
agel
i
censear
e:

1.Mar
ri
agesi
nremot
ear
eas;

2.Mar
ragesunderAr
i ti
cul
oMor
ti
s

6
Paras,
NCC,
7
Note:I
ntheabsenceofanyoftheessent
ial
andf
ormal
requi
sit
esofmar
ri
age,
themar
ri
age
shal
lberender
edasVoidabinit
io.

5
 3.Mar
ri
agesofi
ndi
genousgr
oups

a.Musl
i
ms

b.Et
hni
cgr
oups

8
Thei
rmar
ri
agemustbei
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
rcust
oms,t
radi
ti
onsand

pr
inci
plesoft
hei
rgr
oup.

4.Thosewho ar
ecohabi
ti
ngf
orf
ivey
ear
sashusbandandwi
fei
nthe

soci
etywi
thoutanyl
egal
impedi
ment
s.

9
Ar
t.4.Theabsenceofanyoft
heessent
ialorf
ormalr
equi
sit
esshal
lrender

t
hemar
ri
agev
oidani
nit
io,
exceptasst
atedi
nar
ti
cle35(
2).

A def
ecti
nanyoft
heessent
ialr
equi
sit
esshal
lrendert
hemar
ri
age

v
oidabl
easpr
ovi
dedi
nar
ti
cle45.

Ani
rr
egul
ari
tyi
nthef
ormalr
equi
sit
esshal
lnotaf
fectt
hev
ali
dit
yoft
he

mar
ri
agebutt
hepar
tyorpar
ti
esr
esponsi
blef
ort
hei
rr
egul
ari
tyshal
lbeci
vi
ll
y,

cr
imi
nal
lyandadmi
nist
rat
ivel
yli
abl
e.(
n)

8
Not e:
Thei
rmar
ri
agemustbei
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
rcust
oms,
tradi
ti
onsandpr
inci
plesoft
hei
r
group.
9
Art.4

6
 Thus,i
nthescenar
iogi
veni
nexampl
e2,t
heactwasj
ustani
rr
egul
ari
ty

butt
hesol
emni
zi
ngof
fi
cerwi
l
lbeci
vi
ll
y,cr
imi
nal
l
yandadmi
nist
rat
ivel
yli
abl
e.

Ar
t.5.10Anymal
eorf
emal
eoft
heageofei
ght
eeny
ear
sorupwar
dsnot

underanyoft
hei
mpedi
ment
sment
ionedi
nar
ti
cles37and38,maycont
ract

mar
ri
age.(
54a)

Ar
t.6.11Nopr
escr
ibedf
orm orr
eli
giousr
it
efort
hesol
emni
zat
ionoft
he

mar
ri
agei
srequi
red.I
tshal
lbenecessar
y,howev
er,f
ort
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
es

t
oappearper
sonal
lybef
oret
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
ceranddecl
arei
nthepr
esence

ofnotl
esst
hant
wo wi
tnessesofl
egalaget
hatt
heyt
akeeachot
heras

husband and wi
fe.Thi
s decl
arat
ion shal
lbe cont
ained i
nthe mar
ri
age

cer
ti
fi
cat
ewhi
chshal
lbesi
gnedbyt
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esandt
hei
rwi
tnesses

andat
test
edbyt
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
cer
.

I
ncaseofamar
ri nar
agei ti
cul
omor
ti
s,whent
hepar
tyatt
hepoi
ntof

deat
hisunabl
etosi
gnt
hemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e,i
tshal
lbesuf
fi
cientf
oroneof

t
hewi
tnessest
othemar
ri
aget
owr
it
ethenameofsai
dpar
ty,whi
chf
actshal
l

beat
test
edbyt
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
cer
.(55a)

Ar
t.7.12Mar
ri
agemaybesol
emni
zedby
:

10
Ar
t.5
11
Ar
t.6
12
Ar
t.7

7
 (
1)Anyi
ncumbentmemberoft
hej
udi
ciar
ywi
thi
nthecour
t'
sjur
isdi
cti
on;

(
2)Anypr
iest
,rabbi
,imam,ormi
nist
erofanychur
chorr
eli
gioussect

dul
yaut
hor
izedbyhi
schur
chorr
eli
gioussectandr
egi
ster
edwi
tht
heci
vi
l

r
egi
str
argener
al,act
ingwi
thi
nthel
imi
tsoft
hewr
it
tenaut
hor
it
ygr
ant
edbyhi
s

chur
chorr
eli
gioussectandpr
ovi
dedt
hatatl
eastoneoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
es

bel
ongst
othesol
emni
zingof
fi
cer
'schur
chorr
eli
gioussect
;

(
3)Anyshi
pcapt
ainorai
rpl
anechi
efonl
yint
hecasement
ionedi
n

Ar
ti
cle31;

Exampl
e:Di
no,whowasi
nat
ermi
nalst
ageofl
ungcancerandJane,hi
s

gi
rl
fr
iendwaswi
thhi
m.Theyboar
dedaf
li
ghtt
oL.
AforDi
no’
smedi
cat
ion.Whi
l
e

t
hepl
anewasonf
li
ght
,fear
ingt
hatDi
nomi
ghtnotmakei
ttot
heSt
ates,Jane

r
equest
edt
hechi
efpi
l
ott
osol
emni
zet
hei
rweddi
ng.Thechi
efpi
l
otgr
ant
edt
he

r
equestandt
heygotmar
ri
ed.

Quest
ions:

1.I
sthemar
ri
agev
ali
d?

2.I
fthechi
efcapt
ainr
efusedt
her
equestandhel
ett
heassi
stantpi
l
ot

sol
emni
zet
hemar
ri
age,
woul
ditst
il
lbev
ali
d?

3.I
fthemar
ri
agewassol
emni
zeddur
ingast
opov
er,
ist
hemar
ri
agev
ali
d?

Answer1:
Yes,
themar
ri
agei
sval
i
dbecause:

1.Themar
ri
agewasunderAr
ti
cul
oMor
ti
s

8
 2.Themar
ri
agewassol
emni
zedwhi
l
ethepl
anei
sonf
li
ghtasst
atedi
n

Ar
ti
cle31.

3.Thechi
efpi
l
oti
soneoft
heaut
hor
izedsol
emni
zi
ngof
fi
cer
stosol
emni
ze

mar
ri
ageunderAr
t.7

Answer2:No,t
hemar
ri
agei
sinv
ali
dbecauseoft
hepr
imar
yreasont
hatan

assi
stantpi
l
oti
snotaut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zeamar
ri
age.

Answer3.Yes,
itwi
l
lst
il
lbev
ali
dasst
atedi
nAr
ti
cle31.

AUTHORI
ZEDSOLEMNI
ZINGOFFI
CERS

1.JUDGESANDJUSTI
CES–cansol
emni
zemar
ri
ageswi
thi
nthei
rcour
t’
s

Jur
isdi
cti
on and i
tmustbei
ncumbentand notr
eti
red,suspended or

t
ermi
nat
edJudge.

2.PRI
EST,RABBI
,IMAM,ORMI
NISTEROFANYCHURCH ORRELI
GIOUS

SECT.

a.Mustbedul
yaut
hor
izedbyhi
sorherchur
chorr
eli
gioussect
;

b.Mustactwi
thi
nthel
i
mit
soft
hewr
it
tenaut
hor
it
ygr
ant
edt
ohi
m or

herbyt
hechur
chorr
eli
gious;

c.Mustber
egi
ster
edwi
tht
heci
vi
lregi
str
argener
al;

d.Atl
eastoneoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
eswhosemar
ri
ageheorshei
s

t
osol
emni
zebel
ongst
ohi
sorherchur
chorr
eli
gioussect
.

9
3.CAPTAI
NANDAI
RPLANECHI
EF

a.Themar
ri
agemustbei
nar
ti
cul
omor
ti
s.(
atl
eastoneoft
hepar
ti
es

i
satpoi
ntofdeat
h);

b.Themar
ri
agemustbebet
weenpassenger
sorcr
ewmember
s;

c.Gener
all
y,t
heshi
pmustbeatseaort
hepl
anemustbei
nfl
i
ght

Suchmar
ri
agescanbesol
emni
zeddur
ingst
opov
ersatpor
tsofcal
l

4.MI
LITARYCOMMANDER

a.HeorShemustbeami
l
itar
ycommanderofauni
t;

b.HeorShemustbeacommi
ssi
onedof
fi
cer
;

c.Achapl
ainmustbeassi
gnedt
osuchuni
t;

d.Thesai
dchapl
ainmustbeabsentatt
het
imeofmar
ri
age;

e.Themar
ri nar
agemustbeonei ti
cul
omor
ti
s;

f
. Thecont
ract
ingpar
ti
es,whet
hermember
soft
hear
medf
orcesor

ci
vi
li
ans,
mustbewi
thi
nthezoneofmi
l
itar
yoper
ati
on.

5.CONSUL–GENERAL,
CONSUL,
ORVI
CE–CONSUL

a.FOURCLASSESOFCONSULARPOSTS

. Cons
i ul
–Gener
al

. Cons
i
i ul

10
 i
i
i. Vi
ce–Consul

i
v. Consul
Agent
s

b.Thet
hreeaf
orement
ionedconsul
arpost
swer
etheonl
yoneswho

ar
eaut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zemar
ri
age,
thel
att
eri
snotaut
hor
ized.

c.Mustbeamar
ri
ageofFi
l
ipi
noci
ti
zensabr
oad.

6.MAYOR

TheMay
ori
saut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zemar
ri
agei
naccor
dancet
otheLocal

Gov
ernmentCode.

(
4)Anymi
li
tar
ycommanderofauni
ttowhi
chachapl
aini
sassi
gned,i
n

t
heabsenceoft
hel
att
er,dur
ingami
li
tar
yoper
ati
on,l
ikewi
seonl
yint
hecases

ment
ionedi
nAr
ti
cle32;

Exampl
e:Andr
ew andSi
l
viawer
ebot
hmember
soft
heAr
medFor
cesof

t
hePhi
l
ippi
nesandt
heyar
eal
so l
over
swho l
ovedeachot
herso dear
ly.I
t

happenedt
hatt
heywer
ebot
hdepl
oyedt
oami
l
itar
yoper
ati
onagai
nstt
heabu-

say
afgr
oup.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,dur
ingt
hebl
oodyencount
er,Andr
ew washi
tbya

bul
l
etont
hev
ital
par
tofhi
sbody
.Andr
ewwasdy
ingatt
hatt
imewhenSi
l
viasaw

hi
mly
ingwi
thbl
ood.Fear
ingt
hatAndr
ewwon’
tmakei
t,t
heycal
l
edPedr
o,t
hei
r

mi
l
itar
ycommandert
osol
emni
zet
hei
rmar
ri
ageandsot
heygotmar
ri
ed.I
sthe

Mar
ri
agev
ali
d?

11
 Answer
:Yes,
themar
ri
agei
sval
i
dfort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

1.Themar
ri sunderar
agei ti
cul
omor
ti
sasst
atedi
nar
t.31

2.Ami
l
itar
ycommanderi
saut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zeamar
ri
age;

3.Themi
l
itar
ychapl
ainwasabsentatt
hatt
imesi
ncet
heyar
einami
l
itar
y

oper
ati
ons;

13
The mi
l
itar
y commandercan onl
y be aut
hor
ized t
o sol
emni
ze a

mar
ri
agei
fther
eisanabsenceofachapl
ain.

4.Themar
ri
agei
sbet
weenmember
soft
hemi
l
itar
yfor
ce;

5.Themar
ri
agei
swi
thi
nthezoneofmi
l
itar
yoper
ati
ons

(
5)Anyconsul
-gener
al,consulorv
ice-
consuli
nthecasepr
ovi
dedi
n

Ar
ti
cle10.(
56a)

Ar
t.8.T14hemar
ri
ageshal
lbesol
emni
zedpubl
icl
yint
hechamber
sof

t
hej
udgeori
nopencour
t,i
nthechur
ch,chapelort
empl
e,ori
ntheof
fi
cet
he

13
Note:
Themili
tar
ycommandercanonl
ybeaut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zeamar
ri
agei
fther
eisan
absenceofachapl
ain.
14
Art
.8

12
consul
-gener
al,consulorv
ice-
consul
,ast
hecasemaybe,andnotel
sewher
e,

excepti
ncasesofmar
ri
agescont
ract
edont
hepoi
ntofdeat
hori
nremot
e

pl
acesi
naccor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cle29oft
hisCode,orwher
ebot
hoft
hepar
ti
es

r
equestt
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
ceri
nwr
it
ingi
nwhi
chcaset
hemar
ri
agemaybe

sol
emni
zedatahouseorpl
acedesi
gnat
edbyt
hem i
naswor
nst
atementt
o

t
hatef
fect
.(57a)

Exampl
e:Mi
chael
a and Dant
e wher
e Mi
chael
ais a sev
ent
h – day

Adv
ent
istwhi
l
eDant
eisaRomanCat
hol
i
c,t
heydeci
dedt
ogetmar
ri
edi
nthe

pr
esenceofaJudge.Howev
er,t
hei
rmar
ri
agewasnotcel
ebr
atedi
ntheopen–

cour
tori
nthechamberoft
hej
udgei
nst
ead,i
twascel
ebr
atedi
nthehouseof

Mi
chael
a.Theywr
otet
othehonor
abl
ejudget
hatt
hei
rweddi
ngbecel
ebr
atedi
n

t
heHouse.

Ar
t.9.Amar
ri
agel
icenseshal
lbei
ssuedbyt
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
aroft
he

ci
tyormuni
cipal
it
ywher
eei
thercont
ract
ingpar
tyhabi
tual
lyr
esi
des,excepti
n

mar
ri
ageswher
enol
icensei
srequi
redi
naccor
dancewi
thChapt
er2oft
his

Ti
tl
e.(
58a)

Ar
t.10.Mar
ri
agesbet
weenFi
li
pinoci
ti
zensabr
oadmaybesol
emni
zed

byaconsul
-gener
al,consulorv
ice-
consuloft
heRepubl
icoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes.

13
Thei
ssuanceoft
hemar
ri
agel
icenseandt
hedut
iesoft
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
ar

andoft
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
cerwi
thr
egar
dtot
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
ageshal
l

beper
for
medbysai
dconsul
arof
fi
cial
.(75a)

CONSULAROFFI
CIALS.Thedut
iesoft
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
arandt
hesol
emni
zi
ng

of
fi
cerar
eper
for
medby
:

1.Consul
-gener
al

2.Consul

3.Vi
ce-consul

He orshe i
ssues t
he mar
ri
age l
i
cense and l
i
kewi
se sol
emni
zes t
he

mar
ri
ageoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
es,whi
chmustbebot
hFi
l
ipi
noCi
ti
zen.The

mar
ri
agecer
emonymustbei
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
awsoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nesas

st
atedi
nAr
ti
cle17oft
heCi
vi
lCodeoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes.

Ar
t.11.Wher
eamar
ri
agel
icensei
srequi
red,eachoft
hecont
ract
ing

par
ti
esshal
lfi
lesepar
atel
yaswor
nappl
icat
ionf
orsuchl
icensewi
tht
hepr
oper

l
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
arwhi
chshal
lspeci
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

(
1)Ful
lnameoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ty;

(
2)Pl
aceofbi
rt
h;

(
3)Ageanddat
eofbi
rt
h;

14
 (
4)Ci
vi
lst
atus;

(
5)I
fpr
evi
ousl
ymar
ri
ed,how,whenandwher
ethepr
evi
ousmar
ri
age

wasdi
ssol
vedorannul
led;

(
6)Pr
esentr
esi
denceandci
ti
zenshi
p;

(
7)Degr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
poft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
es;

(
8)Ful
lname,
resi
denceandci
ti
zenshi
poft
hef
ather
;

(
9)Ful
lname,
resi
denceandci
ti
zenshi
poft
hemot
her
;and

(
10)Ful
lname,r
esi
denceand ci
ti
zenshi
p oft
heguar
dianorper
son

hav
ingchar
ge,i
ncaset
hecont
ract
ingpar
tyhasnei
therf
athernormot
herand

i
sundert
heageoft
went
y-oney
ear
s.

Theappl
icant
s,t
hei
rpar
ent
sorguar
diansshal
lnotber
equi
redt
oexhi
bit

t
hei
rresi
dencecer
ti
fi
cat
esi
nanyf
ormal
it
yinconnect
ionwi
tht
hesecur
ingof

t
hemar
ri
agel
icense.(
59a)

Ar
t.12.Thel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
ar,uponr
ecei
vi
ngsuchappl
icat
ion,shal
l

r
equi
ret
hepr
esent
ati
onoft
heor
igi
nalbi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
esor
,indef
aul
tther
eof
,

t
he bapt
ismalcer
ti
fi
cat
es oft
he cont
ract
ing par
ti
es orcopi
es ofsuch

document
sdul
yat
test
edbyt
heper
sonshav
ingcust
odyoft
heor
igi
nal
s.These

cer
ti
fi
cat
esorcer
ti
fi
edcopi
esoft
hedocument
sbyt
hisAr
ti
cleneednotbe

swor
ntoandshal
lbeexemptf
rom t
hedocument
aryst
ampt
ax.Thesi
gnat
ure

andof
fi
cialt
it
leoft
heper
soni
ssui
ngt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eshal
lbesuf
fi
cientpr
oofof

i
tsaut
hent
ici
ty.

15
 I
fei
theroft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esi
sunabl
eto pr
oducehi
sbi
rt
hor

bapt
ismalcer
ti
fi
cat
eoracer
ti
fi
edcopyofei
therbecauseoft
hedest
ruct
ionor

l
ossoft
heor
igi
nalori
fiti
sshownbyanaf
fi
dav
itofsuchpar
tyorofanyot
her

per
sont
hatsuchbi
rt
horbapt
ismalcer
ti
fi
cat
ehasnoty
etbeenr
ecei
vedt
hough

t
hesamehasbeenr
equi
redoft
heper
sonhav
ingcust
odyt
her
eofatl
east

f
if
teenday
spr
iort
othedat
eoft
heappl
icat
ion,suchpar
tymayf
urni
shi
nli
eu

t
her
eofhi
scur
rentr
esi
dencecer
ti
fi
cat
eorani
nst
rumentdr
awnupandswor
n

t
obef
oret
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
arconcer
nedoranypubl
icof
fi
cialaut
hor
izedt
o

admi
nist
eroat
hs.Suchi
nst
rumentshal
lcont
aint
heswor
ndecl
arat
ionoft
wo

wi
tnessesofl
awf
ulage,
set
ti
ngf
ort
hthef
ullname,
resi
denceandci
ti
zenshi
pof

suchcont
ract
ingpar
tyandofhi
sorherpar
ent
s,i
fknown,andt
hepl
aceand

dat
eofbi
rt
hofsuchpar
ty.Thenear
estofki
noft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esshal
lbe

pr
efer
redaswi
tnesses,or
,int
hei
rdef
aul
t,per
sonsofgoodr
eput
ati
oni
nthe

pr
ovi
nceort
hel
ocal
it
y.

Thepr
esent
ati
onofbi
rt
horbapt
ismalcer
ti
fi
cat
eshal
lnotber
equi
redi
f

t
hepar
ent
soft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esappearper
sonal
lybef
oret
hel
ocalci
vi
l

r
egi
str
arconcer
nedandsweart
othecor
rect
nessoft
hel
awf
ulageofsai
d

par
ti
es,asst
atedi
ntheappl
icat
ion,orwhent
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
arshal
l,by

mer
elyl
ooki
ngatt
heappl
icant
supont
hei
rper
sonal
lyappear
ingbef
orehi
m,be

conv
incedt
hatei
therorbot
hoft
hem hav
ether
equi
redage.(
60a)

Ar
t.13.I
ncaseei
theroft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
eshasbeenpr
evi
ousl
y

16
mar
ri
ed,t
he appl
icantshal
lber
equi
red t
ofur
nish,i
nst
ead oft
hebi
rt
h or

bapt
ismalcer
ti
fi
cat
erequi
redi
nthel
astpr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cle,t
hedeat
hcer
ti
fi
cat
e

oft
hedeceasedspouseort
hej
udi
cialdecr
eeoft
heabsol
utedi
vor
ce,ort
he

j
udi
cialdecr
eeofannul
mentordecl
arat
ionofnul
li
tyofhi
sorherpr
evi
ous

mar
ri
age.

I
ncaset
hedeat
hcer
ti
fi
cat
ecannotbesecur
ed,t
hepar
tyshal
lmakean

af
fi
dav
itset
ti
ngf
ort
hthi
sci
rcumst
anceandhi
sorheract
ualci
vi
lst
atusand

t
henameanddat
eofdeat
hoft
hedeceasedspouse.(
61a)

Ar
t.14.I
ncaseei
therorbot
hoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
es,nothav
ingbeen

emanci
pat
edbyapr
evi
ousmar
ri
age,ar
ebet
weent
heagesofei
ght
eenand

t
went
y-one,t
heyshal
l,i
naddi
ti
ont
other
equi
rement
soft
hepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cles,

exhi
bitt
othel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
ar,t
heconsentt
othei
rmar
ri
ageoft
hei
rfat
her
,

mot
her
,sur
viv
ingpar
entorguar
dian,
orper
sonshav
ingl
egalchar
geoft
hem,
in

t
he or
derment
ioned.Such consentshal
lbe mani
fest
ed i
n wr
it
ing byt
he

i
nter
est
edpar
ty,whoper
sonal
lyappear
sbef
oret
hepr
operl
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
ar,

ori
nthef
orm ofanaf
fi
dav
itmadei
nthepr
esenceoft
wowi
tnessesand

at
test
edbef
oreanyof
fi
cialaut
hor
izedbyl
awt
oadmi
nist
eroat
hs.Theper
sonal

mani
fest
ati
onshal
lber
ecor
dedi
nbot
happl
icat
ionsf
ormar
ri
agel
icense,and

t
he af
fi
dav
it,i
fone i
s execut
ed i
nst
ead,shal
lbe at
tached t
othe sai
d

appl
icat
ions.(
61a)

Ar
t.15.Anycont
ract
ingpar
tybet
weent
heageoft
went
y-oneandt
went
y-

f
iveshal
lbeobl
iged t
o askt
hei
rpar
ent
sorguar
dianf
oradv
iceupont
he

17
i
ntendedmar
ri
age.I
ftheydonotobt
ainsuchadv
ice,ori
fitbeunf
avor
abl
e,t
he

mar
ri
age l
icense shal
lnotbe i
ssued t
il
laf
tert
hree mont
hs f
oll
owi
ng t
he

compl
eti
onoft
hepubl
icat
ionoft
heappl
icat
iont
her
efor
.Aswor
nst
atementby

t
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
est
otheef
fectt
hatsuchadv
icehasbeensought
,toget
her

wi
tht
hewr
it
tenadv
icegi
ven,i
fany
,shal
lbeat
tachedt
otheappl
icat
ionf
or

mar
ri
agel
icense.Shoul
dthepar
ent
sorguar
dianr
efuset
ogi
veanyadv
ice,t
his

f
actshal
lbest
atedi
ntheswor
nst
atement
.(62a)

Ar
t.16.I
nthecaseswher
epar
ent
alconsentorpar
ent
aladv
icei
sneeded,

t
hepar
tyorpar
ti
esconcer
nedshal
l,i
naddi
ti
ont
other
equi
rement
soft
he

pr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cles,at
tachacer
ti
fi
cat
eissuedbyapr
iest
,imam ormi
nist
er

aut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zemar
ri
ageunderAr
ti
cle7oft
hisCodeoramar
ri
age

counsel
ordul
yaccr
edi
tedbyt
hepr
opergov
ernmentagencyt
otheef
fectt
hat

t
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
eshav
eunder
gonemar
ri
agecounsel
ing.Fai
lur
etoat
tach

sai
dcer
ti
fi
cat
esofmar
ri
agecounsel
ingshal
lsuspendt
hei
ssuanceoft
he

mar
ri
agel
icensef
oraper
iodoft
hreemont
hsf
rom t
hecompl
eti
onoft
he

publ
icat
ion oft
heappl
icat
ion.I
ssuanceoft
hemar
ri
agel
icensewi
thi
nthe

pr
ohi
bit
edper
iodshal
lsubj
ectt
hei
ssui
ngof
fi
cert
oadmi
nist
rat
ivesanct
ions

butshal
lnotaf
fectt
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hemar
ri
age.

Shoul
donl
yoneoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esneedpar
ent
alconsentor

par
ent
aladv
ice,
theot
herpar
tymustbepr
esentatt
hecounsel
ingr
efer
redt
oin

t
hepr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
aph.(
n)

18
 Ar
t.17.Thel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
arshal
lpr
epar
eanot
icewhi
chshal
lcont
ain

t
hef
ullnamesandr
esi
dencesoft
heappl
icant
sforamar
ri
agel
icenseand

ot
herdat
a gi
ven i
nthe appl
icat
ions.The not
ice shal
lbe post
ed f
ort
en

consecut
ive day
s on a bul
let
in boar
d out
side t
he of
fi
ce oft
he l
ocalci
vi
l

r
egi
str
arl
ocat
edi
naconspi
cuouspl
acewi
thi
nthebui
ldi
ngandaccessi
blet
o

t
hegener
alpubl
ic.Thi
snot
iceshal
lrequestal
lper
sonshav
ingknowl
edgeof

anyi
mpedi
mentt
othemar
ri
aget
oadv
iset
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
art
her
eof
.The

mar
ri
age l
icense shal
lbe i
ssued af
tert
he compl
eti
on oft
he per
iod of

publ
icat
ion.(
63a)

Ar
t.18.I
ncaseofanyi
mpedi
mentknownt
othel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
aror

br
oughtt
ohi
sat
tent
ion,heshal
lnot
edownt
hepar
ti
cul
arst
her
eofandhi
s

f
indi
ngst
her
eoni
ntheappl
icat
ionf
ormar
ri
agel
icense,butshal
lnonet
hel
ess

i
ssuesai
dli
censeaf
tert
hecompl
eti
onoft
heper
iodofpubl
icat
ion,unl
ess

or
der
edot
her
wisebyacompet
entcour
tathi
sowni
nst
anceort
hatofany

i
nter
estpar
ty.Nof
il
ingf
eeshal
lbechar
gedf
ort
hepet
it
ionnoracor
respondi
ng

bondr
equi
redf
ort
hei
ssuancesoft
heor
der
.(64a)

Ar
t.19.Thel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
arshal
lrequi
ret
hepay
mentoft
hef
ees

pr
escr
ibedbyl
aw orr
egul
ati
onsbef
oret
hei
ssuanceoft
hemar
ri
agel
icense.

Noot
hersum shal
lbecol
lect
edi
nthenat
ureofaf
eeort
axofanyki
ndf
ort
he

19
i
ssuanceofsai
dli
cense.I
tshal
l,howev
er,bei
ssuedf
reeofchar
get
oindi
gent

par
ti
es,t
hati
sthosewhohav
enov
isi
blemeansofi
ncomeorwhosei
ncomei
s

i
nsuf
fi
cientf
ort
hei
rsubsi
stenceaf
actest
abl
ishedbyt
hei
raf
fi
dav
it,orbyt
hei
r

oat
hbef
oret
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
ar.(
65a)chanr
obl
esv
irt
uall
awl
ibr
ary

Ar
t.20.Thel
icenseshal
lbev
ali
dinanypar
toft
hePhi
li
ppi
nesf
ora

per
iodofonehundr
edt
went
yday
sfr
om t
hedat
eofi
ssue,
andshal
lbedeemed

aut
omat
ical
lycancel
edatt
heexpi
rat
ionoft
hesai
dper
iodi
fthecont
ract
ing

par
ti
eshav
enotmadeuseofi
t.Theexpi
rydat
eshal
lbest
ampedi
nbol
d

char
act
ersont
hef
aceofev
eryl
icensei
ssued.(
65a)

Ar
t.21.Whenei
therorbot
hoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esar
eci
ti
zensofa

f
orei
gncount
ry,
itshal
lbenecessar
yfort
hem bef
oreamar
ri
agel
icensecanbe

obt
ained,t
osubmi
tacer
ti
fi
cat
eofl
egalcapaci
tyt
ocont
ractmar
ri
age,i
ssued

byt
hei
rrespect
ivedi
plomat
icorconsul
arof
fi
cial
s.

St
atel
essper
sonsorr
efugeesf
rom ot
hercount
ri
esshal
l,i
nli
euoft
he

cer
ti
fi
cat
eofl
egalcapaci
tyher
einr
equi
red,submi
tanaf
fi
dav
itst
ati
ngt
he

ci
rcumst
ancesshowi
ngsuchcapaci
tyt
ocont
ractmar
ri
age.(
66a)

Exampl
e:Andr
ew,
anAust
ral
i
annat
ional
mar
ri
edJasmi
neaFi
l
ipi
noci
ti
zen.

Pr
iort
othei
rmar
ri
age,Andr
ew submi
tt
edaf
akecer
ti
fi
cat
eofl
egalcapaci
tyt
o

20
t
heci
vi
lregi
str
yinor
dert
ocapaci
tat
ehi
mtomar
ry.So,
themar
ri
agel
i
censewas

i
ssued.Howev
er,af
tert
hemar
ri
age,i
twasf
oundoutt
hatt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
ewas

f
akedandt
heAust
ral
i
anembassywant
stopr
onouncet
hemar
ri
ageasv
oid.I
s

t
heAust
ral
i
anembassyr
ight
?

Answer
:No,
theAust
ral
i
anembassyi
sincor
rect
.Themar
ri
agei
sst
il
lval
i
d

becauset
hef
akedcer
ti
fi
cat
eofl
egalcapaci
tyi
sjustani
rr
egul
ari
ty.Undert
he

Phi
l
ippi
nel
aw,
ani
rr
egul
ari
tyoft
hef
ormalr
equi
sit
esofmar
ri
ageshal
lnotaf
fect

t
hev
ali
dit
yofmar
ri
agebut
,theper
sonwhoi
sli
abl
efort
hei
rr
egul
ari
tyshal
lbe

ci
vi
ll
y,cr
imi
nal
l
yandadmi
nist
rat
ivel
yli
abl
e.

Ar
t.22.Themar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e,i
nwhi
cht
hepar
ti
esshal
ldecl
aret
hat

t
heyt
akeeachot
herashusbandandwi
fe,
shal
lal
sost
ate:

(
1)Thef
ullname,
sexandageofeachcont
ract
ingpar
ty;

(
2)Thei
rci
ti
zenshi
p,r
eli
gionandhabi
tualr
esi
dence;

(
3)Thedat
eandpr
eci
set
imeoft
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age;

(
4)Thatt
hepr
opermar
ri
agel
icensehasbeeni
ssuedaccor
dingt
olaw,

excepti
nmar
ri
agepr
ovi
dedf
ori
nChapt
er2oft
hisTi
tl
e;

(
5)Thatei
therorbot
h oft
he cont
ract
ing par
ti
eshav
e secur
ed t
he

par
ent
alconsenti
nappr
opr
iat
ecases;

(
6)Thatei
therorbot
hoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
eshav
ecompl
iedwi
tht
he

21
l
egalr
equi
rementr
egar
dingpar
ent
aladv
icei
nappr
opr
iat
ecases;
and

(
7)Thatt
he par
ti
es hav
e ent
ered i
nto mar
ri
age set
tl
ement
,ifany
,

at
tachi
ngacopyt
her
eof
.(67a)

15
TheMar
ri
ageCer
ti
fi
cat
eisnotanessent
ialr
equi
sit
eofmar
ri
age.I
tis

j
ustapr
ooforr
epr
esent
ati
ont
hatt
hev
ali
dmar
ri
agewasv
ali
dlycel
ebr
atedand

cont
ract
ed.Fai
l
uret
osi
gni
nthemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
edoesnoti
nval
i
dat
ethe

mar
ri
age.

Ar
t.23.I
tshal
lbet
hedut
yoft
heper
sonsol
emni
zingt
hemar
ri
aget
o

f
urni
shei
theroft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
est
heor
igi
naloft
hemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e

r
efer
redt
oinAr
ti
cle6andt
osendt
hedupl
icat
eandt
ri
pli
cat
ecopi
esoft
he

cer
ti
fi
cat
enotl
atert
han f
if
teen day
saf
tert
hemar
ri
age,t
othel
ocalci
vi
l

r
egi
str
aroft
hepl
acewher
ethemar
ri
agewassol
emni
zed.Pr
operr
ecei
ptsshal
l

bei
ssuedbyt
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
art
othesol
emni
zingof
fi
cert
ransmi
tt
ing

copi
esoft
hemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e.Thesol
emni
zingof
fi
cershal
lret
aini
nhi
sfi
le

t
hequadr
upl
icat
ecopyoft
hemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e,t
hecopyoft
hemar
ri
age

cer
ti
fi
cat
e,t
heor
igi
naloft
hemar
ri
agel
icenseand,
inpr
opercases,
theaf
fi
dav
it

oft
hecont
ract
ingpar
tyr
egar
dingt
hesol
emni
zat
ionoft
hemar
ri
agei
npl
ace

ot
hert
hant
hosement
ionedi
nAr
ti
cle8.(
68a)

15
Note:
TheMar riageCert
if
icateisnotanessential
requisit
eofmarri
age.Iti
sjustapr
oofor
r
epr
esentat
ionthattheval
idmar ri
agewasv al
i
dlycelebratedandcontr
acted.Fai
lur
etosi
gni
nthe
mar
ri
agecerti
fi
cat edoesnotinval
idat
ethemar r
iage.

22
 Ar
t.24.I
tshal
lbet
hedut
yoft
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
art
opr
epar
ethe

document
srequi
redbyt
hisTi
tl
e,andt
o admi
nist
eroat
hst
oal
lint
erest
ed

par
ti
eswi
thoutanychar
gei
nbot
hcases.Thedocument
sandaf
fi
dav
itsf
il
edi
n

connect
ion wi
th appl
icat
ions f
ormar
ri
age l
icenses shal
lbe exemptf
rom

document
aryst
ampt
ax.(
n)

Ar
t.25.Thel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
arconcer
nedshal
lent
eral
lappl
icat
ionsf
or

mar
ri
agel
icensesf
il
edwi
thhi
minar
egi
str
ybookst
ri
ctl
yint
heor
deri
nwhi
ch

t
hesamear
erecei
ved.Heshal
lrecor
dinsai
dbookt
henamesoft
heappl
i
cant
s,

t
hedat
eonwhi
cht
hemar
ri
agel
icensewasi
ssued,
andsuchot
herdat
aasmay

benecessar
y.(
n)

Ar
t.26.Al
lmar
ri
agessol
emni
zedout
sidet
hePhi
li
ppi
nes,i
naccor
dance

wi
tht
hel
awsi
nfor
cei
nthecount
rywher
etheywer
esol
emni
zed,andv
ali
d

t
her
eassuch,shal
lal
sobev
ali
dint
hiscount
ry,exceptt
hosepr
ohi
bit
edunder

Ar
ti
cles35(
1),
(4)
,(5)and(
6),
3637and38.(
17a)

Wher
eamar
ri
agebet
weenaFi
li
pinoci
ti
zenandaf
orei
gneri
sval
idl
y

cel
ebr
ated and adi
vor
cei
sther
eaf
terv
ali
dlyobt
ainedabr
oadbyt
heal
ien

spousecapaci
tat
ing hi
m orhert
oremar
ry,t
heFi
li
pino spouseshal
lhav
e

capaci
tyt
oremar
ryunderPhi
li
ppi
nel
aw.(
AsamendedbyExecut
iveOr
der227)

Gener
alr
ulef
ort
hispr
ovi
sioni
sthedoct
ri l
neof“exl
ocicel
ebr
aci
oni
s”

23
whi
chi
sift
hemar
ri
agewasv
ali
dwher
eiti
scel
ebr
atedt
hen,
iti
sal
sov
ali
dher
e.

Exempt
ionwoul
dbemar
ri
agest
hatar
epr
ohi
bit
edunderAr
ti
cle35(
1,4,
5and6)
,

36,
37and38oft
heFami
l
yCode.

 Ar
t.35.Thef
oll
owi
ngmar
ri
agesshal
lbev
oidf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ng:

(
1)Thosecont
ract
edbyanypar
tybel
owei
ght
eeny
ear
sofageev
enwi
th

t
heconsentofpar
ent
sorguar
dians;

(
4)Thosebi
gamousorpol
ygamousmar
ri
agesnotf
ail
i
ngunderAr
ti
cle41;

(
5)Thosecont
ract
edt
hroughmi
stakeofonecont
ract
ingpar
tyast
othe

i
dent
it
yoft
heot
her
;and

(
6)Thosesubsequentmar
ri
agest
hatar
evoi
dunderAr
ti
cle53.

 Ar
t.36.A mar
ri
agecont
ract
ed byanypar
tywho,att
het
imeoft
he

cel
ebr
ati
on,was psy
chol
ogi
cal
l
yincapaci
tat
ed t
o compl
y wi
tht
he

essent
ialmar
it
alobl
i
gat
ionsofmar
ri
age,shal
lli
kewi
sebev
oidev
eni
f

such i
ncapaci
ty becomes mani
festonl
y af
teri
ts sol
emni
zat
ion.(
As

amendedbyExecut
iveOr
der227)

 Ar
t.37.Mar
ri
agesbet
weent
hef
oll
owi
ngar
eincest
uousandv
oidf
rom t
he

begi
nni
ng,whet
herr
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
he par
ti
es be l
egi
ti
mat
e or

i
l
legi
ti
mat
e:

24
 (
1)Bet
weenascendant
sanddescendant
sofanydegr
ee;
and

(
2)Bet
weenbr
other
sandsi
ster
s,whet
heroft
hef
ullorhal
fbl
ood.

(
81a)

 Ar
t.38.Thef
oll
owi
ngmar
ri
agesshal
lbev
oidf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ngf
or

r
easonsofpubl
i
cpol
i
cy:

(
1)Bet
weencol
l
ater
albl
oodr
elat
iveswhet
herl
egi
ti
mat
eori
l
legi
ti
mat
e,up

t
othef
our
thci
vi
ldegr
ee;

(
2)Bet
weenst
ep-
par
ent
sandst
ep-
chi
l
dren;

(
3)Bet
weenpar
ent
s-i
n-l
awandchi
l
dren-
in-
law;

(
4)Bet
weent
headopt
ingpar
entandt
headopt
edchi
l
d;

(
5)Bet
weent
hesur
viv
ingspouseoft
headopt
ingpar
entandt
headopt
ed

chi
l
d;

(
6)Bet
weent
hesur
viv
ingspouseoft
headopt
edchi
l
dandt
headopt
er;

(
7)Bet
weenanadopt
edchi
l
dandal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
doft
headopt
er;

(
8)Bet
weenadopt
edchi
l
drenoft
hesameadopt
er;
and

(
9)Bet
weenpar
ti
eswher
eone,
wit
hthei
ntent
iont
omar
ryt
heot
her
,ki
l
led

t
hatot
herper
son'
sspouse,
orhi
sorherownspouse.(
82)

25
 Chapt
er2.Mar
ri
agesExempt
edf
rom Li
censeRequi
rement

Ar
t.27.I
ncaseei
therorbot
hoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esar
eatt
hepoi
nt

ofdeat
h,t
hemar
ri
agemaybesol
emni
zedwi
thoutnecessi
tyofamar
ri
age

l
icenseandshal
lremai
nval
idev
eni
ftheai
li
ngpar
tysubsequent
lysur
viv
es.

(
72a)

Ar
t.28.I
fther
esi
denceofei
therpar
tyi
ssol
ocat
edt
hatt
her
eisno

meansoft
ranspor
tat
iont
oenabl
esuchpar
tyt
oappearper
sonal
lybef
oret
he

l
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
ar,t
hemar
ri
agemaybesol
emni
zedwi
thoutnecessi
tyofa

mar
ri
agel
icense.(
72a)

Ar
t.29.I
nthecasespr
ovi
ded f
ori
nthet
wo pr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cles,t
he

sol
emni
zingof
fi
cershal
lst
atei
nanaf
fi
dav
itexecut
edbef
oret
hel
ocalci
vi
l

r
egi
str
aroranyot
herper
sonl
egal
lyaut
hor
izedt
oadmi
nist
eroat
hst
hatt
he

mar
ri
agewasper
for
medi
nar
ti
cul
omor
ti
sort
hatt
her
esi
denceofei
therpar
ty,

speci
fyi
ngt
hebar
ri
oorbar
angay
,issol
ocat
edt
hatt
her
eisnomeansof

t
ranspor
tat
iont
oenabl
esuchpar
tyt
oappearper
sonal
lybef
oret
hel
ocalci
vi
l

r
egi
str
arandt
hatt
heof
fi
cert
ookt
henecessar
yst
epst
oascer
tai
ntheagesand

r
elat
ionshi
poft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esandt
heabsenceofl
egali
mpedi
mentt
o

t
hemar
ri
age.(
72a)

26
 Ar
t.30.Theor
igi
naloft
heaf
fi
dav
itr
equi
redi
nthel
astpr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cle,

t
oget
herwi
tht
hel
egi
blecopyoft
hemar
ri
agecont
ract
,shal
lbesentbyt
he

per
sonsol
emni
zingt
hemar
ri
aget
othel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
aroft
hemuni
cipal
it
y

wher
eitwasper
for
medwi
thi
ntheper
iodoft
hir
tyday
saf
tert
heper
for
manceof

t
hemar
ri
age.(
75a)

Ar
t.31.A mar
ri
age i
n ar
ti
cul
o mor
ti
s bet
ween passenger
s orcr
ew

member
smayal
sobesol
emni
zedbyashi
pcapt
ainorbyanai
rpl
anepi
l
otnot

onl
ywhi
let
heshi
pisatseaort
hepl
anei
sinf
li
ght
,butal
sodur
ingst
opov
ersat

por
tsofcal
l.(
74a)

Ar
t.32.Ami
li
tar
ycommanderofauni
t,whoi
sacommi
ssi
onedof
fi
cer
,

shal
lli
kewi
sehav
eaut
hor
it
ytosol
emni
zemar
ri
agesi
nar
ti
cul
omor
ti
sbet
ween

per
sonswi
thi
nthezoneofmi
li
tar
yoper
ati
on,whet
hermember
soft
hear
med

f
orcesorci
vi
li
ans.(
74a)

Ar
t.33.Mar
ri
agesamongMusl
imsoramongmember
soft
heet
hni
c

cul
tur
alcommuni
ti
es may be per
for
med v
ali
dly wi
thoutt
he necessi
ty of

mar
ri
age l
icense,pr
ovi
ded t
hey ar
e sol
emni
zed i
n accor
dance wi
tht
hei
r

cust
oms,
rit
esorpr
act
ices.(
78a)

Ar
t.34.Nol
icenseshal
lbenecessar
yfort
hemar
ri
ageofamananda

womanwhohav
eli
vedt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fef
oratl
eastf
ivey
ear
sand

wi
thoutanyl
egali
mpedi
mentt
omar
ryeachot
her
.Thecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esshal
l

st
atet
hef
oregoi
ngf
act
sinanaf
fi
dav
itbef
oreanyper
sonaut
hor
izedbyl
awt
o

admi
nist
eroat
hs.Thesol
emni
zingof
fi
cershal
lal
sost
ateunderoat
hthathe

27
ascer
tai
nedt
hequal
if
icat
ionsoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
esar
efoundnol
egal

i
mpedi
mentt
othemar
ri
age.(
76a)

Chapt
er3.Voi
dandVoi
dabl
eMar
ri
ages

Ar
t.35.Thef
oll
owi
ngmar
ri
agesshal
lbev
oidf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ng:

(
1)Thosecont
ract
edbyanypar
tybel
owei
ght
eeny
ear
sofageev
enwi
th

t
heconsentofpar
ent
sorguar
dians;

(
2)Thosesol
emni
zedbyanyper
sonnotl
egal
lyaut
hor
izedt
oper
for
m

mar
ri
agesunl
esssuchmar
ri
ageswer
econt
ract
edwi
thei
therorbot
hpar
ti
es

bel
iev
ingi
ngoodf
ait
hthatt
hesol
emni
zingof
fi
cerhadt
hel
egalaut
hor
it
ytodo

so;

(
3) Those sol
emni
zed wi
thout l
icense,except t
hose cov
ered t
he

pr
ecedi
ngChapt
er;

(
4)Thosebi
gamousorpol
ygamousmar
ri
agesnotf
ail
ingunderAr
ti
cle

41;

(
5)Thosecont
ract
edt
hroughmi
stakeofonecont
ract
ingpar
tyast
othe

i
dent
it
yoft
heot
her
;and

(
6)Thosesubsequentmar
ri
agest
hatar
evoi
dunderAr
ti
cle53.

28
VOI
Dvs.VOI
DABLEMARRI
AGE

Voi
dMar
ri
agesar
ethosemar
ri
ageswhi
chwer
enotv
ali
dfr
om i
tsi
ncept
ion

whi
l
eVoi
dabl
emar
ri
agesar
ethosewhi
chwer
eval
i
dunt
ilannul
l
ed.

Ar
t.36.A mar
ri
agecont
ract
edbyanypar
tywho,att
het
imeoft
he

cel
ebr
ati
on,waspsy
chol
ogi
cal
lyi
ncapaci
tat
edt
ocompl
ywi
tht
heessent
ial

mar
it
alobl
igat
ionsofmar
ri
age,shal
lli
kewi
sebev
oidev
eni
fsuchi
ncapaci
ty

becomesmani
festonl
yaf
teri
tssol
emni
zat
ion.(
Asamended byExecut
ive

Or
der227)

Exampl
e:Dav
eandTi
nagotmar
ri
edonFebr
uar
y14,2013.Ont
heni
ght

af
tert
hei
rmar
ri
age,Ti
nawasget
ti
ngr
eadyandwasexci
tedf
orherandher

husband’
ssexuali
nter
cour
se.Shewai
tedbutnot
hinghappened.Sheunder
stood

t
hatherhusbandwast
ir
edenought
hathewant
edt
osl
eepear
ly.Thenextni
ght
,

shewasmor
eexci
tedbecausesheknew t
hatherhusbandgotenoughr
estso,

shegotr
eady
.Herhusbandagai
n,wentt
osl
eepear
ly.Shewasal
i
ttl
ebi
t

di
sappoi
ntedbecauseofDav
e’sbehav
ior
.Thenextni
ght
,sheaskedherhusband

i
fher
eal
l
ywant
edt
ohav
eint
ercour
sewi
thherbut
,herhusbandanswer
ed

not
hingbutwentt
osl
eep.Shegotv
erydi
sappoi
ntedt
otheext
entoff
il
ingan

act
ionf
orannul
ment
.Shecont
endedt
hatherhusband,Dav
e,i
spsy
chol
ogi
cal
l
y

i
ncapaci
tat
edt
oconsummat
emar
ri
ageduet
oref
usalofsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
th

her
.

29
Quest
ion:
Cant
heact
ionf
orannul
mentpr
osperf
rom t
hisgr
ound?

Answer
:Yes,t
heact
ionf
orannul
mentcanpr
osperont
hisgr
ound.Oneoft
he

essent
ialmar
it
alobl
i
gat
ionsunderFami
l
yCodei
s“t
opr
ocr
eat
echi
l
drenbased

ont
heuni
ver
salpr
inci
plet
hatpr
ocr
eat
ionofchi
l
drent
hroughsexualcooper
ati
on

i
sthebasi
cendofmar
ri
age.
”Const
antnon-f
ulf
il
lmentoft
hisobl
i
gat
ionwi
l
l

f
inal
l
ydest
royt
hei
ntegr
it
y,orwhol
enessoft
hemar
ri
age.

Thesensel
essandpr
otr
act
edr
efusalofoneoft
hepar
ti
esofsexual

cooper
ati
on f
ort
he pr
ocr
eat
ion ofchi
l
dren i
s equi
val
entt
o psy
chol
ogi
cal

i
ncapaci
ty.(
ChiMi
ngTsoiv
s.CAandGi
naLa-TsoiGR119190,
78SCAD57,
Jan.

16,
1997)

VOI
DMARRI
AGES

1.Age–Bot
horoneoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
tyi
sbel
ow18y
ear
sofage.

2.Aut
hor
it
yoft
hesol
emni
zingOf
fi
cer–mustbei
ncumbentanddul
y

aut
hor
izedbyt
hei
rchur
chorr
eli
gioussectexceptbot
horoneoft
he

cont
ract
ingpar
tybel
i
evedi
ngoodf
ait
hthatt
hesol
emni
zi
ngof
fi
ceri
s

aut
hor
izedt
osol
emni
zet
hemar
ri
age.

3.LI
CENSE–Mar
ri
ageLi
censemustbev
ali
d,dul
yrel
easedbyt
heMuni
cipal

Ci
vi
lRegi
str
y.

4.BI
GAMOUSANDPOLYGAMOUSMARRI
AGES

30
 Ar
t.37.Mar
ri
agesbet
weent
hef
oll
owi
ngar
eincest
uousandv
oidf
rom

t
he begi
nni
ng,whet
herr
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
he par
ti
es be l
egi
ti
mat
e or

i
ll
egi
ti
mat
e:

(
1)Bet
weenascendant
sanddescendant
sofanydegr
ee;
and

(
2)Bet
weenbr
other
sandsi
ster
s,whet
heroft
hef
ullorhal
fbl
ood.(
81a)

Ar
t.38.Thef
oll
owi
ngmar
ri
agesshal
lbev
oidf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ngf
or

r
easonsofpubl
icpol
icy
:

(
1)Bet
weencol
lat
eralbl
oodr
elat
iveswhet
herl
egi
ti
mat
eori
ll
egi
ti
mat
e,

upt
othef
our
thci
vi
ldegr
ee;

(
2)Bet
weenst
ep-
par
ent
sandst
ep-
chi
ldr
en;

(
3)Bet
weenpar
ent
s-i
n-l
awandchi
ldr
en-
in-
law;

(
4)Bet
weent
headopt
ingpar
entandt
headopt
edchi
ld;

(
5)Bet
weent
hesur
viv
ingspouseoft
headopt
ingpar
entandt
headopt
ed

chi
l
d;

(
6)Bet
weent
hesur
viv
ingspouseoft
headopt
edchi
ldandt
headopt
er;

(
7)Bet
weenanadopt
edchi
ldandal
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldoft
headopt
er;

(
8)Bet
weenadopt
edchi
ldr
enoft
hesameadopt
er;
and

31
 (
9)Bet
weenpar
ti
eswher
eone,wi
tht
hei
ntent
iont
omar
ryt
heot
her
,

ki
ll
edt
hatot
herper
son'
sspouse,
orhi
sorherownspouse.(
82)

Ar
t.39.Theact
ionordef
ensef
ort
hedecl
arat
ionofabsol
utenul
li
tyofa

mar
ri
ageshal
lnotpr
escr
ibe.(
AsamendedbyExecut
iveOr
der227andRepubl
ic

ActNo.8533;Thephr
ase"
Howev
er,i
ncaseofmar
ri
agecel
ebr
atedbef
oret
he

ef
fect
ivi
tyoft
hisCodeandf
all
ingunderAr
ti
cle36,
suchact
ionordef
enseshal
l

pr
escr
ibei
nteny
ear
saf
tert
hisCodeshal
ltakenef
fect
"hasbeendel
etedby

Republ
icActNo.8533[
Appr
ovedFebr
uar
y23,
1998]
).

Ar
t.40.Theabsol
utenul
li
tyofapr
evi
ousmar
ri
agemaybei
nvokedf
or

pur
posesofr
emar
ri
ageont
hebasi
ssol
elyofaf
inalj
udgmentdecl
ari
ngsuch

pr
evi
ousmar
ri
agev
oid.(
n)

Av
oidmar
ri
agemustf
ir
stbedecl
aredv
oidf
orpur
posesofr
emar
ri
age.

Exampl
e:Pedr
o,18y
ear
sol
dandSi
ta,16y
ear
sol
dwer
elov
ersandgot

mar
ri
ed.Thei
rMar
ri
agewasobv
iousl
yvoi
ddueSi
ta’
slackofl
egalcapaci
tyt
o

cont
ractmar
ri
agef
orbei
ngami
nor
.Wi
thoutaj
udi
cialdecr
eedecl
ari
ngt
he

mar
ri
agev
oid,Si
tacont
ract
edasecondmar
ri
agewi
thLi
to,herex-boy
fri
end.I
s

Si
tal
i
abl
eforbi
gamy
?

Answer
:Yes.Al
thought
hemar
ri
ageofPedr
oandSi
tai
sincest
uousand

t
hus,VOI
D,i
tneedst
ohav
eaj
udi
cialdecr
eef
rom t
hecour
tpr
onounci
ngt
he

32
mar
ri
ageofPedr
oandSi
taasv
oid.Wi
thoutsuchdecl
arat
ion,t
hesubsequent

mar
ri
ageshal
lbedeemedBI
GAMOUS.

Ar
t.41.Amar
ri
agecont
ract
edbyanyper
sondur
ingsubsi
stenceofa

pr
evi
ousmar
ri
ageshal
lbenul
landv
oid,unl
essbef
oret
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
he

subsequentmar
ri
age,t
hepr
iorspousehadbeenabsentf
orf
ourconsecut
ive

y
ear
sandt
hespousepr
esenthasawel
l-
foundedbel
ieft
hatt
heabsentspouse

wasal
readydead.I
ncaseofdi
sappear
ancewher
ether
eisdangerofdeat
h

undert
heci
rcumst
ancessetf
ort
hint
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle391oft
heCi
vi
l

Code,
anabsenceofonl
ytwoy
ear
sshal
lbesuf
fi
cient
.

Fort
he pur
pose ofcont
ract
ing t
he subsequentmar
ri
age undert
he

pr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
apht
hespousepr
esentmusti
nst
it
uteasummar
ypr
oceedi
ng

as pr
ovi
ded i
nthi
s Code f
ort
he decl
arat
ion ofpr
esumpt
ive deat
h oft
he

absent
ee,
wit
houtpr
ejudi
cet
otheef
fectofr
eappear
anceoft
heabsentspouse.

(
83a)

Bef
oreasubsequentmar
ri
agei
sdone,t
hepar
tywhowi
l
lcont
ractasecond

mar
ri
agemustpr
oduceadecl
arat
ionofpr
esumpt
ivedeat
hwhi
chi
sdecl
aredbyt
he

cour
tst
hatherhusbandorhi
swi
fewaspr
esumeddeadaf
teracoupl
eofy
ear
sof

di
sappear
ance.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
eFi
l
ipi
nosv
ali
dlymar
ri
edi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.Lat
erAandB

wentt
oAust
ral
i
a,andobt
ainedadi
vor
ceconsi
der
edv
ali
dther
e,t
hegr
oundof

33
ment
alcr
uel
ty.Subsequent
ly,Amar
ri
edC,aFr
enchnat
ional
,themar
ri
agebei
ng

per
for
medi
nCanada,wher
ethemar
ri
agewasconsi
der
edv
ali
d.Lat
er,AandC

camet
oPhi
l
ippi
nes.I
sthemar
ri
agev
ali
d,andcanAbepr
osecut
edf
orBi
gamy
?

Answer
:

a.Themar
ri
agei
sVOI
Dforbei
ngbi
gamous.Thedi
vor
ceobt
ainedbybot
h

par
ti
esi
snotr
ecogni
zedi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.

b.No,Hcannotbepr
osecut
edher
eint
hePhi
l
ippi
nesbecauset
hecr
imeof

bi
gamy was commi
tt
ed out
side t
he Phi
l
ippi
nes.Ourcour
ts has no

j
uri
sdi
cti
onov
eri
t.

Ar
t.42.Thesubsequentmar
ri
ager
efer
redt
oint
hepr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cle

shal
lbe aut
omat
ical
lyt
ermi
nat
ed by t
he r
ecor
ding of t
he af
fi
dav
it of

r
eappear
anceoft
heabsentspouse,unl
esst
her
eisaj
udgmentannul
li
ngt
he

pr
evi
ousmar
ri
ageordecl
ari
ngi
tvoi
dabi
nit
io.

Aswor
nst
atementoft
hef
actandci
rcumst
ancesofr
eappear
anceshal
l

be r
ecor
ded i
nthe ci
vi
lregi
str
y oft
he r
esi
dence oft
he par
ti
es t
othe

subsequentmar
ri
ageatt
hei
nst
anceofanyi
nter
est
edper
son,wi
thduenot
ice

t
othespousesoft
hesubsequentmar
ri
ageandwi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
othef
actof

r
eappear
ancebei
ngj
udi
cial
lydet
ermi
nedi
ncasesuchf
acti
sdi
sput
ed.(
n)

COMMENT:
Thi
spr
ovi
sioni
ssel
f-
expl
anat
ory

34
 Ar
t.43.Thet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hesubsequentmar
ri
ager
efer
redt
oint
he

pr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cleshal
lpr
oducet
hef
oll
owi
ngef
fect
s:

(
1)The chi
ldr
en oft
he subsequentmar
ri
age concei
ved pr
iort
oit
s

t
ermi
nat
ionshal
lbeconsi
der
edl
egi
ti
mat
e;

(
2)Theabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyort
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,as

t
he case maybe,shal
lbe di
ssol
ved and l
i
qui
dat
ed,buti
fei
therspouse

cont
ract
edsai
dmar
ri
agei
nbadf
ait
h,hi
sorhershar
eoft
henetpr
ofi
tsoft
he

communi
typr
oper
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
tyshal
lbef
orf
eit
edi
nfav
or

oft
hecommonchi
ldr
enor
,ift
her
ear
enone,
thechi
ldr
enoft
hegui
lt
yspouseby

apr
evi
ousmar
ri
ageori
ndef
aul
tofchi
ldr
en,
thei
nnocentspouse;

(
3)Donat
ionsbyr
easonofmar
ri
ageshal
lremai
nval
id,
exceptt
hati
fthe

doneecont
ract
edt
hemar
ri
agei
nbadf
ait
h,suchdonat
ionsmadet
osai
ddonee

ar
erev
okedbyoper
ati
onofl
aw;

(
4)Thei
nnocentspousemayr
evoket
hedesi
gnat
ionoft
heot
herspouse

whoact
edi
nbadf
ait
hasbenef
ici
aryi
nanyi
nsur
ancepol
icy
,ev
eni
fsuch

desi
gnat
ionbest
ipul
atedasi
rr
evocabl
e;and

(
5)Thespousewhocont
ract
edt
hesubsequentmar
ri
agei
nbadf
ait
h

shal
lbe di
squal
if
ied t
oinher
itf
rom t
he i
nnocentspouse by t
est
ate and

i
ntest
atesuccessi
on.(
n)

Ar
t.44.I
fbot
hspousesoft
hesubsequentmar
ri
ageact
edi
nbadf
ait
h,

35
sai
dmar
ri
ageshal
lbev
oidabi
nit
ioandal
ldonat
ionsbyr
easonofmar
ri
age

andt
est
ament
arydi
sposi
ti
onsmadebyonei
nfav
oroft
heot
herar
erev
okedby

oper
ati
onofl
aw.(
n)

Ar
t.45.A mar
ri
agemaybeannul
ledf
oranyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcauses,

exi
sti
ngatt
het
imeoft
hemar
ri
age:

(
1)Thatt
hepar
tyi
nwhosebehal
fiti
ssoughtt
ohav
ethemar
ri
age

annul
ledwasei
ght
eeny
ear
sofageorov
erbutbel
ow t
went
y-one,andt
he

mar
ri
agewassol
emni
zed wi
thoutt
heconsentoft
hepar
ent
s,guar
dian or

per
sonhav
ingsubst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hepar
ty,i
nthator
der
,unl
ess

af
terat
tai
ningt
heageoft
went
y-one,
suchpar
tyf
reel
ycohabi
tedwi
tht
heot
her

andbot
hli
vedt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe;

(
2)Thatei
therpar
tywasofunsound mi
nd,unl
esssuch par
tyaf
ter

comi
ngt
oreason,
freel
ycohabi
tedwi
tht
heot
herashusbandandwi
fe;

(
3)Thatt
heconsentofei
therpar
tywasobt
ainedbyf
raud,unl
esssuch

par
tyaf
ter
war
ds,wi
thf
ullknowl
edgeoft
hef
act
sconst
it
uti
ngt
hef
raud,f
reel
y

cohabi
tedwi
tht
heot
herashusbandandwi
fe;

(
4)Thatt
heconsentofei
therpar
tywasobt
ainedbyf
orce,
int
imi
dat
ionor

unduei
nfl
uence,unl
esst
hesamehav
ingdi
sappear
edorceased,suchpar
ty

t
her
eaf
terf
reel
ycohabi
tedwi
tht
heot
herashusbandandwi
fe;

(
5)Thatei
therpar
tywasphy
sical
lyi
ncapabl
eofconsummat
ing t
he

36
mar
ri
agewi
tht
heot
her
,andsuchi
ncapaci
tycont
inuesandappear
sto be

i
ncur
abl
e;or

(
6)Thatei
therpar
tywasaf
fl
ict
edwi
thasexual
ly
-tr
ansmi
ssi
bledi
sease

f
oundt
obeser
iousandappear
stobei
ncur
abl
e.(
85a)

VOI
DABLEMARRI
AGES

1)Non-
age(
bel
ow18)

2)Unsoundnessofmi
nd

3)Fr
aud

4)For
ce,
int
imi
dat
ion,
orunduei
nfl
uence

5)I
mpot
ence

6)Sexual
l
yTr
ansmi
tt
eddi
sease(
ifi
ncur
abl
e)

Ar
t.46.Any oft
he f
oll
owi
ng ci
rcumst
ances shal
lconst
it
utef
raud

r
efer
redt
oinNumber3oft
hepr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cle:

(
1)Non-
discl
osur
eofapr
evi
ousconv
ict
ionbyf
inalj
udgmentoft
heot
her

par
tyofacr
imei
nvol
vi
ngmor
alt
urpi
tude;

(
2)Conceal
mentbyt
hewi
feoft
hef
actt
hatatt
het
imeoft
hemar
ri
age,

shewaspr
egnantbyamanot
hert
hanherhusband;

37
 (
3)Conceal
mentofsexual
lyt
ransmi
ssi
bledi
sease,r
egar
dlessofi
ts

nat
ure,
exi
sti
ngatt
het
imeoft
hemar
ri
age;
or

(
4)Conceal
mentofdr
ugaddi
cti
on,
habi
tualal
cohol
ism orhomosexual
it
y

orl
esbi
ani
sm exi
sti
ngatt
het
imeoft
hemar
ri
age.

No ot
hermi
srepr
esent
ati
on ordecei
tas t
o char
act
er,heal
th,r
ank,

f
ort
uneorchast
it
yshal
lconst
it
utesuchf
raudaswi
llgi
vegr
oundsf
oract
ionf
or

t
heannul
mentofmar
ri
age.(
86a)

Exampl
e:Juancour
tedMi
naf
or1mont
h.Juanshowedt
oMi
nat
hathei
s

r
ichandgi
veMi
naev
ery
thi
ngshewant
sinor
dert
ogetMi
na’
slov
eandat
tent
ion.

Subsequent
ly,Juanpr
oposedt
oMi
na.Thi
nki
ngt
hatJuani
sreal
l
yri
ch,she

consent
edandt
heygotmar
ri
ed.Af
tert
hei
rmar
ri
age,
Minaf
oundoutt
hatJuani
s

j
ustagar
denerofar
ichf
ami
l
yandt
hoset
hingsgi
venandshowedt
oherwer
e

j
ustami
srepr
esent
ati
on.Fi
l
ledwi
thangeranddi
smay
,Mi
naf
il
edanannul
ment

ont
hegr
oundoff
raud.Cant
heannul
mentpr
osper
?

Anwer
:No,t
heannul
mentcannotpr
osperasst
atedi
nthel
astpar
agr
aph

ofAr
ti
cle46.Noot
hermi
srepr
esent
ati
onordecei
tast
ochar
act
er,heal
th,r
ank,

f
ort
uneorchast
it
yshal
lconst
it
utesuchf
raudaswi
l
lgi
vegr
oundsf
oract
ionf
or

t
heannul
mentofmar
ri
age.

Ar
t.47.Theact
ionf
orannul
mentofmar
ri
agemustbef
il
ed byt
he

38
f
oll
owi
ngper
sonsandwi
thi
ntheper
iodsi
ndi
cat
edher
ein:

(
1)Forcausesment
ionedi
nnumber1ofAr
ti
cle45byt
hepar
tywhose

par
entorguar
dian di
d notgi
vehi
sorherconsent
,wi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
saf
ter

at
tai
ningt
heageoft
went
y-one,orbyt
hepar
entorguar
dianorper
sonhav
ing

l
egalchar
geoft
hemi
nor
,atanyt
imebef
oresuchpar
tyhasr
eachedt
heageof

t
went
y-one;

(
2)Forcausesment
ionedi
nnumber2ofAr
ti
cle45,
byt
hesamespouse,

whohadnoknowl
edgeoft
heot
her
'si
nsani
ty;orbyanyr
elat
iveorguar
dianor

per
sonhav
ingl
egalchar
geoft
hei
nsane,atanyt
imebef
oret
hedeat
hofei
ther

par
ty,
orbyt
hei
nsanespousedur
ingal
uci
dint
erv
aloraf
terr
egai
ningsani
ty;

(
3)Forcausesment
ionedi
nnumber3ofAr
ti
cle45,byt
hei
njur
edpar
ty,

wi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
saf
tert
hedi
scov
eryoft
hef
raud;

(
4)Forcausesment
ionedi
nnumber4ofAr
ti
cle45,byt
hei
njur
edpar
ty,

wi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
he t
ime t
he f
orce,i
nti
midat
ion orundue i
nfl
uence

di
sappear
edorceased;

(
5)Forcausesment
ionedi
nnumber5and6ofAr
ti
cle45,byt
hei
njur
ed

par
ty,
wit
hinf
ivey
ear
saf
tert
hemar
ri
age.(
87a)

GROUDS,PARTI
ES,PRESCRI
PTI
VEPERI
OD–Apr
escr
ipt
iveper
iodi
sthet
ime

wi
thi
nwhi
chacasecanbef
il
edi
ncour
t.Af
tert
hel
apseoft
hepr
escr
ipt
iveper
iod,

t
hecasecannotbef
il
edany
mor
e.Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sthel
i
stofgr
ounds,
par
ti
esand

39
pr
escr
ipt
iveper
iodf
orbr
ingi
nganact
ionf
orannul
ment
.

1.Nopar
ent
alconsent
.Thi
scov
ersany
onewhowasei
ght
een(
18)orov
er,

butbel
ow t
went
y-one (
21)att
he t
ime ofmar
ri
age,and t
he mar
ri
age was

sol
emni
zed wi
thoutt
he consentoft
he par
ent
s,guar
dian orper
son hav
ing

subst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hepar
ty.

Whomayf
il
etheact
ion:Thespousewhosepar
entorguar
diandi
dnot

gi
vehi
sorherconsent
.

Ti
mef
rame:Wi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
saf
terat
tai
ningt
heageoft
went
yone(
21)
.

Whomayf
il
e:Thepar
entorguar
dianorper
sonhav
ingl
egalchar
geoft
he

mi
nor
.

Ti
mef
rame:Atanyt
imebef
orehi
s/herchi
l
dreachest
heageoft
went
y

one(
21)
.

2.I
nsani
ty.Thi
smeansei
therpar
tywasofunsoundmi
nd,unl
esssuch

par
ty,af
tercomi
ngt
oreason,f
reel
ycohabi
tedwi
tht
heot
herashusbandand

wi
fe.

Whomayf
il
e:Thesanespousewhohadnoknowl
edgeoft
heot
her
’s

i
nsani
ty;byanyr
elat
ive,guar
dianorper
sonhav
ingl
egalchar
geoft
he

i
nsane.

Ti
mef
rame:Anyt
imebef
oret
hedeat
hofei
therpar
ty.

Whomayf
il
e:Thei
nsane.

40
 Ti
mef
rame:Dur
ingal
uci
dint
erv
aloraf
terr
egai
ningsani
ty.

3.Fr
aud.Theconsentofei
therpar
tywasobt
ainedbyf
raud,unl
esssuch

par
tyaf
ter
war
ds,wi
thf
ullknowl
edgeoft
hef
act
sconst
it
uti
ngt
hef
raud,f
reel
y

cohabi
tedwi
tht
heot
herashusbandandwi
fe.

Whomayf
il
e:Thei
njur
edpar
ty.

Ti
mef
rame:Wi
thi
nfi
ve(
5)y
ear
saf
tert
hedi
scov
eryoft
hef
raud.

4.For
ce.Thi
scov
ersa mar
ri
agewher
econsentofei
therpar
tywas

obt
ained byf
orce,i
nti
midat
ion orundue i
nfl
uence,unl
esst
hesame hav
ing

di
sappear
edorceasedsuchpar
tyt
her
eaf
terf
reel
ycohabi
tedwi
tht
heot
heras

husbandandwi
fe.

Whocanf
il
e:Thei
njur
edpar
ty.

Ti
mef
rame:Wi
thi
nfi
ve(
5)y
ear
sfr
om t
het
imeoft
hef
orce,i
nti
midat
ion

orunduei
nfl
uencedi
sappear
edorceased.

5.I
mpot
ence.Thi
sisasi
tuat
ion wher
ein ei
therpar
tywasphy
sical
l
y

i
ncapabl
eofconsummat
ingt
hemar
ri
agewi
tht
heot
her
,andsuchi
ncapaci
ty

cont
inuesandappear
stobei
ncur
abl
e.

Whocanf
il
e:Thei
njur
edpar
ty(
theonewhoi
snoti
mpot
ent
).

Ti
mef
rame:Wi
thi
nfi
ve(
5)y
ear
saf
tert
hemar
ri
age.

41
 6.STD(
Sexual
lyTr
ansmi
tt
edDi
sease)
.Ei
therpar
tywasaf
fl
ict
edwi
tha

sex
ual
l
ytr
ansmi
ssi
bledi
sease(
STD)f
oundt
obeser
iousandappear
stobe

i
ncur
abl
e.

Whocanf
il
e:Thei
njur
edpar
ty.

Ti
mef
rame:Wi
thi
nfi
ve(
5)y
ear
saf
tert
hemar
ri
age

UNSOUNDMI
ND

Exampl
e:Jakemar
ri
edMar
ie.I
ttur
nedoutt
hatMar
iewasi
nsaneatt
het
imeof

mar
ri
age.

a.I
fJakeknewofMar
ie’
sinsani
ty,
canJakef
il
eanact
ionf
orannul
ment
?

-
Nobecauset
hel
awcl
ear
lyst
atest
hathemustbei
nnocentormusthav
e

noknowl
edgeofMar
ie’
sinsani
ty.

b.I
fJakedi
dnotknowofMar
ie’
sinsani
tydur
ingt
hemar
ri
age,canhef
il
ean

act
ionf
orannul
ment
?Yes.

Ar
t.48.I
nal
lcasesofannul
mentordecl
arat
ionofabsol
utenul
li
tyof

mar
ri
age,t
heCour
tshal
lor
dert
hepr
osecut
ingat
tor
neyorf
iscalassi
gnedt
oit

t
oappearonbehal
foft
heSt
atet
otakest
epst
opr
eventcol
lusi
onbet
weent
he

par
ti
esandt
otakecar
ethatev
idencei
snotf
abr
icat
edorsuppr
essed.

I
nthecasesr
efer
redt
oint
hepr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
aph,
noj
udgmentshal
lbe

baseduponast
ipul
ati
onoff
act
sorconf
essi
onofj
udgment
.(88a)

42
Ar
t.49.Dur
ingt
hependencyoft
heact
ionandi
ntheabsenceofadequat
e

pr
ovi
sionsi
nawr
it
tenagr
eementbet
weent
hespouses,
theCour
tshal
lpr
ovi
de

f
ort
hesuppor
toft
hespousesandt
hecust
odyandsuppor
toft
hei
rcommon

chi
ldr
en.The Cour
tshal
lgi
ve par
amountconsi
der
ati
on t
othe mor
aland

mat
eri
alwel
far
eofsai
dchi
l
drenandt
hei
rchoi
ceoft
hepar
entwi
thwhom t
hey

wi
sht
oremai
naspr
ovi
dedt
oinTi
tl
eIX.I
tshal
lal
sopr
ovi
def
orappr
opr
iat
e

v
isi
tat
ionr
ight
soft
heot
herpar
ent
.(n)

Ar
t.50.Theef
fect
spr
ovi
dedf
orbypar
agr
aphs(
2),(
3),(
4)and(
5)of

Ar
ti
cle43andbyAr
ti
cle44shal
lal
soappl
yint
hepr
opercasest
omar
ri
ages

whi
char
edecl
aredabi
nit
ioorannul
ledbyf
inalj
udgmentunderAr
ti
cles40and

45.

The f
inalj
udgmenti
n such cases shal
lpr
ovi
de f
ort
he l
iqui
dat
ion,

par
ti
ti
onanddi
str
ibut
ionoft
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
hespouses,t
hecust
odyand

suppor
toft
hecommonchi
l
dren,
andt
hedel
iv
eryoft
hir
dpr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
mes,

unl
esssuchmat
ter
shadbeenadj
udi
cat
edi
npr
evi
ousj
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ngs.

Al
lcr
edi
tor
soft
hespousesaswel
lasoft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyort
he

conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pshal
lbenot
if
iedoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsf
orl
iqui
dat
ion.

I
nthepar
ti
ti
on,t
heconj
ugaldwel
li
ngandt
hel
otonwhi
chi
tissi
tuat
ed,

shal
lbeadj
udi
cat
edi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cles102and129.

Ar
t.51.I
nsai
dpar
ti
ti
on,t
hev
alueoft
hepr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
mesofal
l

43
commonchi
ldr
en,comput
edasoft
hedat
eoft
hef
inalj
udgmentoft
het
ri
al

cour
t,shal
lbedel
iv
eredi
ncash,
proper
tyorsoundsecur
it
ies,
unl
esst
hepar
ti
es,

bymut
ualagr
eementj
udi
cial
lyappr
oved,
hadal
readypr
ovi
dedf
orsuchmat
ter
s.

Thechi
ldr
enort
hei
rguar
dianort
het
rust
eeoft
hei
rpr
oper
tymayaskf
or

t
heenf
orcementoft
hej
udgment
.

Thedel
iv
eryoft
hepr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
mesher
einpr
escr
ibedshal
linno

waypr
ejudi
cet
heul
ti
mat
esuccessi
onalr
ight
soft
hechi
ldr
enaccr
uingupont
he

deat
hofei
therofbot
hoft
hepar
ent
s;butt
hev
alueoft
hepr
oper
ti
esal
ready

r
ecei
vedundert
hedecr
eeofannul
mentorabsol
utenul
li
tyshal
lbeconsi
der
ed

asadv
ancesont
hei
rlegi
ti
me.(
n)

Ar
t.52.Thej
udgmentofannul
mentorofabsol
utenul
li
tyoft
hemar
ri
age,

t
hepar
ti
ti
onanddi
str
ibut
ionoft
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
hespousesandt
hedel
i
ver
y

oft
hechi
ldr
en'
spr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
messhal
lber
ecor
dedi
ntheappr
opr
iat
eci
vi
l

r
egi
str
yandr
egi
str
iesofpr
oper
ty;ot
her
wise,t
hesameshal
lnotaf
fectt
hir
d

per
sons.(
n)

Ar
t.53.Ei
theroft
hef
ormerspousesmaymar
ryagai
naf
tercompl
iance

wi
tht
her
equi
rement
soft
hei
mmedi
atel
ypr
ecedi
ng Ar
ti
cle;ot
her
wise,t
he

subsequentmar
ri
ageshal
lbenul
landv
oid.

Ar
t.54.Chi
ldr
enconcei
vedorbor
nbef
oret
hej
udgmentofannul
mentor

44
absol
ute nul
li
ty oft
he mar
ri
age underAr
ti
cle 36 has become f
inaland

execut
oryshal
lbeconsi
der
edl
egi
ti
mat
e.Chi
l
drenconcei
vedorbor
noft
he

subsequentmar
ri
ageunderAr
ti
cle53shal
lli
kewi
sebel
egi
ti
mat
e.

Exampl
e:Xmar
ri
edYandhadachi
l
dZ.Lat
er,
thei
rmar
ri
agewasdecl
ared

v
oidduet
opsy
chol
ogi
cal
incapaci
ty.Whati
sthest
atusoft
hechi
l
d?

Answer
:IfZ wasconcei
vedorbor
nbef
oret
hedeci
sionoft
hecour
t

decl
ari
ng mar
ri
age VOI
D,becomes f
inaland execut
ory
,the chi
l
d woul
d be

consi
der
edl
egi
ti
mat
e.

45
 TI
TLEI
I
LEGALSEPARATI
ON

Ar
t.55.A pet
it
ion f
orl
egalsepar
ati
on maybe f
il
ed on anyoft
he

f
oll
owi
nggr
ounds:

(
1)Repeat
ed phy
sicalv
iol
ence orgr
ossl
y abusi
ve conductdi
rect
ed

agai
nstt
hepet
it
ioner
,acommonchi
ld,
orachi
ldoft
hepet
it
ioner
;

(
2)Phy
sicalv
iol
ence ormor
alpr
essur
eto compelt
he pet
it
ionert
o

changer
eli
giousorpol
it
ical
aff
il
iat
ion;

(
3)At
temptofr
espondentt
ocor
ruptori
nducet
hepet
it
ioner
,acommon

chi
l
d,orachi
ldoft
hepet
it
ioner
,toengagei
npr
ost
it
uti
on,orconni
vancei
n

suchcor
rupt
ionori
nducement
;

46
 (
4)Fi
nalj
udgmentsent
enci
ngt
her
espondentt
oimpr
isonmentofmor
e

t
hansi
xyear
s,ev
eni
fpar
doned;

(
5)Dr
ugaddi
cti
onorhabi
tualal
cohol
ism oft
her
espondent
;

(
6)Lesbi
ani
sm orhomosexual
it
yoft
her
espondent
;

(
7)Cont
ract
ingbyt
her
espondentofasubsequentbi
gamousmar
ri
age,

whet
heri
nthePhi
li
ppi
nesorabr
oad;

(
8)Sexuali
nfi
del
it
yorper
ver
sion;

(
9)At
temptbyt
her
espondentagai
nstt
hel
if
eoft
hepet
it
ioner
;or

(
10)Abandonmentofpet
it
ionerbyr
espondentwi
thoutj
ust
if
iabl
ecause

f
ormor
ethanoney
ear
.

Forpur
posesoft
hisAr
ti
cle,t
het
erm"
chi
ld"shal
lincl
udeachi
ldby

nat
ureorbyadopt
ion.(
9a)

HOMOSEXUALI
TY

Exampl
e:Ponci
anoandTi
kl
awer
emar
ri
edf
or1y
earal
ready
.Whi
l
eTi
kl
aisi
nthe

mar
ketbuy
ingt
hei
rdai
l
ycommodi
ti
es,Pedr
owentt
othei
rhouseasPonci
anos

kumpar
enotknowi
ngt
hatPedr
oandPonci
anower
elov
ersbehi
ndherback.

Unf
ort
unat
ely
,Ti
kl
afor
gotherwal
l
eti
nthei
rhouseso,
shehast
ogobackandget

i
t.Whenshear
ri
ved,shewasshockedonwhatsaw.Ponci
anoandPedr
ower
e

ki
ssi
ngpassi
onat
ely
.Af
teraweek,Ti
kl
afi
l
edapet
it
ionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on.Can

t
hepet
it
ionf
orl
egal
separ
ati
onpr
osper
?

47
Answer
:Yes,becausef
ir
st,t
hehomosexual
i
tyofPonci
anooccur
redaf
tert
hei
r

mar
ri
age;second,t
hei
nci
dentcl
ear
lyf
all
sont
hegr
oundsofl
egalsepar
ati
on,

andt
hir
d,Ti
kl
adi
dnotconsent
edont
heactofPonci
ano.

SEXUALI
NFI
DELI
TY

AandBwer
emar
ri
edbef
oreaPr
iest
.Af
terawhi
l
e,Bwentt
oUSAandobt
ained

di
vor
cef
rom herhusbandt
her
e.B t
hen,mar
ri
ed C aCanadi
an.B acqui
red

Amer
icanci
ti
zenshi
p.BandCwer
epr
esent
lyr
esi
dingi
nCanada.At
heni
nit
iat
ed

an act
ion f
orLegalSepar
ati
on i
nthe Phi
l
ippi
nes.Can t
he act
ion f
orl
egal

separ
ati
onpr
osper
?

Answer
:Yes,becauset
echni
cal
l
yspeaki
ng,B commi
tt
ed adul
ter
yasf
aras

hav
ingsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thherCanadi
anhusband.Thedi
vor
cet
hatshe

obt
ainedi
sNOTRECOGNI
ZEDher
eint
hePhi
l
ippi
nes.

Ar
t.56.Thepet
it
ionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
onshal
lbedeni
edonanyoft
he

f
oll
owi
nggr
ounds:

(
1)Wher
ethe aggr
iev
ed par
ty has condoned t
he of
fense oract

compl
ainedof
;

(
2)Wher
etheaggr
iev
edpar
tyhasconsent
edt
othecommi
ssi
onoft
he

of
fenseoractcompl
ainedof
;

48
 (
3)Wher
ether
eisconni
vancebet
weent
hepar
ti
esi
nthecommi
ssi
onof

t
heof
fenseoractconst
it
uti
ngt
hegr
oundf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on;

(
4)Wher
ebot
hpar
ti
eshav
egi
vengr
oundf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on;

(
5)Wher
ether
eiscol
lusi
onbet
weent
hepar
ti
est
oobt
aindecr
eeofl
egal

separ
ati
on;
or

(
6)Wher
etheact
ioni
sbar
redbypr
escr
ipt
ion.(
100a)

CONDONATI
ONmeanst
hatt
her
eisf
orgi
venesst
otheof
fenseei
therexpr
essl
y

ori
mpl
i
edl
y.

Exampl
e:GandHwer
emar
ri
edf
or5y
ear
sal
ready
.Gcommi
tt
edconcubi
nage

whenHcaughtGhav
ingsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thhi
spar
amouri
nthei
rconj
ugal

dwel
l
ing.Af
tert
hei
nci
dent
,GaskedH’
sfor
giv
enessandpr
omi
sednott
odoi
t

agai
n.Hf
orgav
eGf
rom hi
sact
.Af
tert
woday
s,HcaughtGagai
nwi
thanot
her

womani
nthei
rhouse.Af
tert
woday
s,Hf
il
edanact
ionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on.Can

t
heact
ionpr
osper
?

Answer
:No,t
he f
actt
hatH f
orgav
eG i
n hi
sfi
rstof
fense,i
tconst
it
utes

condonat
ion.

49
CONSENTmeansexpr
essedori
mpl
i
edagr
eementont
heact
.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Lat
er,Bl
eftAandl
i
vedwi
thanot
her

manF.Adi
dnot
hingt
oint
erf
eret
heaf
fai
rsofhi
swi
fe.BandFwentt
oUSand

whent
heycameback,
Afi
l
edadul
ter
yagai
nsthi
swi
fe.I
sBl
i
abl
eforadul
ter
y?

Answer
:Yes,
hei
sli
abl
eforadul
ter
y.Howev
er,
thef
actt
hatAdi
dnot
hingt
ost
op

t
heaf
fai
rsofhi
swi
fe,hei
mpl
i
edl
yconsent
edi
ntheactofhi
swi
fe.Ther
efor
e,B

mustbeacqui
tt
edduet
otheconductofAwhi
chconst
it
utesi
mpl
i
edCONSENT.

MUTUALGUI
LTmeanst
hatbot
hpar
ti
esar
einpar
idel
i
ctowher
ether
eisno

of
fendedspouse.

Exampl
e:Andyand Jona wer
ehusband and wi
fe.Af
tera whi
l
e,Andywas

t
empt
edwi
thanot
herwoman.Jonacaughtt
hem somewher
einSM.DueJona’
s

anger
;Jonadat
edanot
hermanandf
elli
nlov
ewi
thhi
m.WhenAndyf
oundout

aboutJona’
saf
fai
r,hef
il
ed an act
ion f
orl
egalsepar
ati
on.Can t
hisact
ion

pr
osper
?

Answer
:No.Bot
hAndyandJonaseemi
ngl
yact
edi
ngoodf
ait
htocommi
t

i
nfi
del
i
tyagai
nsteachot
her
.

COLLUSI
ON orCONNI
VANCEmeanst
hatei
therpar
tyagr
eedandpr
etendt
o

hav
ecommi
tt
edt
hegr
oundf
orl
egal
separ
ati
on.

50
Exampl
e:Br
yanandRi
nagotmar
ri
edi
nay
oungage.Theyseem t
obet
heper
fect

coupl
eint
hei
rtown.Oneday
,whi
l
eBr
yanwasi
nthest
ore,heacci
dent
all
ysaw

hi
sex-
gir
lf
ri
endwhoi
snow v
eryst
unni
ngandgor
geous.Hef
eltt
hathi
sey
es

wer
espar
kli
ngl
i
kest
arsandt
hathef
elli
nlov
eagai
ntohi
sex-gi
rl
fr
iend.Ont
he

ot
herhand,whi
l
eRi
nawaswai
ti
ngout
side,shesaw herchi
l
dhoodcr
ush.She

cal
l
edhi
sat
tent
ionandt
heyst
art
edt
otal
k.Shef
eltsomet
hingdi
ff
erentandshe

knewt
hati
tisl
ove.Whent
heygothome,Br
yanst
art
edshar
inghi
sexper
iences

i
nsi
det
hest
oreandsodoeswi
thRi
na.Theyagr
eedt
ofi
l
eanact
ionf
orl
egal

separ
ati
onont
hegr
oundofBr
yan’
ssexuali
nfi
del
i
ty.ThatRi
nasawBr
yanhav
ing

asexual
int
ercour
sewi
thhi
spar
amourwhoi
shi
sex-gi
rl
fr
iend.Cant
heact
ionbe

v
ali
d?

Answer
:No,
iti
snotv
ali
dbecause,
theyagr
eedwi
theachot
herandt
heypl
anned

t
hesi
tuat
ionsot
hatt
heycanhav
eaj
udi
cial
decr
eeofl
egal
separ
ati
on.

PRESCRI
PTI
ON

I
ntheexampl
eofPoci
anoandTi
kl
a,i
fTi
kl
afi
l
edt
hepet
it
ionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on

f
ivey
ear
saf
tert
he occur
rence ofPonci
anoshomosexual
i
ty,t
hen t
he l
egal

separ
ati
onwi
l
lnev
erpr
osperbecausef
ir
st,i
tal
readyl
apsedont
hepr
escr
ipt
ive

per
iod;second,consi
der
ingt
hatTi
kl
afi
l
edt
heact
ionbey
ondt
hepr
escr
ipt
ive

per
iod,
itwaspr
esumedt
hatTi
kl
aconsent
edont
heActofPonci
ano.

51
 Ar
t.57.Anact
ionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
onshal
lbef
il
edwi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
sfr
om

t
het
imeoft
heoccur
renceoft
hecause.(
102)

Ar
t.58.Anact
ionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
onshal
linnocasebet
ri
edbef
oresi
x

mont
hsshal
lhav
eel
apsedsi
ncet
hef
il
ingoft
hepet
it
ion.(
103)

Thepur
poseoft
hissi
xmont
hper
iodbef
oret
ri
ali
stogi
vechancest
othe

par
ti
est
ocool
offorpossi
bly
,reconci
l
e.I
tiscal
l
edt
hecool
i
ng–of
fper
iod.

Ar
t.59.Nol
egalsepar
ati
onmaybedecr
eedunl
esst
heCour
thast
aken

st
epst
owar
dther
econci
l
iat
ionoft
hespousesandi
sful
lysat
isf
ied,despi
te

suchef
for
ts,
thatr
econci
li
ati
oni
shi
ghl
yimpr
obabl
e.(
n)

Ar
t.60.Nodecr
eeofl
egalsepar
ati
onshal
lbebaseduponast
ipul
ati
on

off
act
soraconf
essi
onofj
udgment
.

I
nanycase,t
heCour
tshal
lor
dert
hepr
osecut
ingat
tor
neyorf
iscal

assi
gnedt
oitt
otakest
epst
opr
eventcol
lusi
onbet
weent
hepar
ti
esandt
otake

car
ethatt
heev
idencei
snotf
abr
icat
edorsuppr
essed.(
101a)

Can t
he cour
tissue a decr
ee ofl
egalsepar
ati
on based upon f
act
s

st
ipul
atedbyt
hespouses?

Answer
:No,
ifi
tissol
elybasedonst
ipul
ati
onoff
act
s.Ont
heot
herhand,
ift
her
e

ar
eot
herev
idencest
hatpr
ovet
heexi
stenceoft
hegr
oundf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on

t
hen,
thecour
tcani
ssueaj
udi
cial
decr
ee.

52
 Ar
t.61.Af
tert
hef
il
ingoft
hepet
it
ionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on,t
hespouses

shal
lbeent
it
ledt
oli
vesepar
atel
yfr
om eachot
her
.

Thecour
t,i
ntheabsenceofawr
it
tenagr
eementbet
weent
hespouses,

shal
ldesi
gnat
eei
theroft
hem orat
hir
dper
sont
oadmi
nist
ert
heabsol
ute

communi
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty.Theadmi
nist
rat
orappoi
ntedby

t
hecour
tshal
lhav
ethesamepower
sanddut
iesast
hoseofaguar
dianunder

t
heRul
esofCour
t.(
104a)

COMMENT:I
nlegalsepar
ati
on,t
hespouseswer
eent
it
ledt
oli
vesepar
atel
ybut

t
heyar
enotr
equi
redt
odoso.

Ar
t.62.Dur
ing t
hependencyoft
heact
ion f
orl
egalsepar
ati
on,t
he

pr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle49shal
lli
kewi
seappl
ytot
hesuppor
toft
hespousesand

t
hecust
odyandsuppor
toft
hecommonchi
ldr
en.(
105a)

Ar
t.63.Thedecr
eeofl
egalsepar
ati
onshal
lhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngef
fect
s:

(
1)Thespousesshal
lbeent
it
ledt
oli
vesepar
atel
yfr
om eachot
her
,but

t
hemar
ri
agebondsshal
lnotbesev
ered;

(
2)The absol
ute communi
ty ort
he conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p shal
lbe

53
di
ssol
vedandl
iqui
dat
edbutt
heof
fendi
ngspouseshal
lhav
enor
ightt
oany

shar
eoft
henetpr
ofi
tsear
nedbyt
heabsol
utecommuni
tyort
heconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
p,whi
chshal
lbef
orf
eit
edi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle

43(
2);

(
3)Thecust
odyoft
hemi
norchi
ldr
enshal
lbeawar
dedt
othei
nnocent

spouse,
subj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle213oft
hisCode;
and

(
4)Theof
fendi
ngspouseshal
lbedi
squal
if
iedf
rom i
nher
it
ingf
rom t
he

i
nnocentspousebyi
ntest
atesuccessi
on.Mor
eov
er,pr
ovi
sionsi
nfav
oroft
he

of
fendi
ngspousemadei
nthewi
lloft
hei
nnocentspouseshal
lber
evokedby

oper
ati
onofl
aw.(
106a)

EFFECTSOFLEGALSEPARATI
ON

1.Thespousesshal
ll
iv
esepar
atel
ybutt
hemar
ri
agebondst
il
lremai
ns

2.Di
ssol
uti
onofabsol
utecommuni
ty

3.Thecust
odyoft
hechi
l
dren

4.Di
squal
i
ficat
ionoft
heof
fendi
ngspouse

Exampl
e:

Kev
inandHazelwer
emar
ri
edf
or3y
ear
s.Af
ter3y
ear
sofmar
ri
age,Kev
inwas

t
empt
edandf
elli
nlov
ewi
thabeaut
if
ulwomanandHazelcaughtt
hem i
ntheact

hav
ingsexuali
nter
cour
sei
nthei
rconj
ugalhome.Hazelt
henf
il
edanact
ionf
or

54
l
egalsepar
ati
onandwasgr
ant
edbyt
hecour
t.Hazeli
mmedi
atel
ylef
tthei
r

conj
ugalhomeandl
i
vedwi
thherpar
ent
s.Asi
def
rom l
i
vingsepar
atel
ywhatel
se

canHazel
do?

Answer
:Shecan di
squal
i
fyherhusband f
rom i
nher
it
ingsomet
hing f
rom her

t
hroughani
ntest
atesuccessi
on.

Ar
t.64.Af
tert
hef
inal
it
yoft
hedecr
eeofl
egalsepar
ati
on,t
hei
nnocent

spousemayr
evoket
hedonat
ionsmadebyhi
m orbyheri
nfav
oroft
he

of
fendi
ngspouse,aswel
last
hedesi
gnat
ionoft
hel
att
erasbenef
ici
aryi
nany

i
nsur
ancepol
icy
,ev
eni
fsuchdesi
gnat
ionbest
ipul
atedasi
rr
evocabl
e.The

r
evocat
ionoft
hedonat
ionsshal
lber
ecor
dedi
nther
egi
str
iesofpr
oper
tyi
nthe

pl
aceswher
ethepr
oper
ti
esar
elocat
ed.Al
ienat
ions,l
iensandencumbr
ances

r
egi
ster
edi
ngoodf
ait
hbef
oret
her
ecor
dingoft
hecompl
aintf
orr
evocat
ioni
n

t
her
egi
str
iesofpr
oper
tyshal
lber
espect
ed.Ther
evocat
ionoforchangei
nthe

desi
gnat
ion of t
he i
nsur
ance benef
ici
ary shal
ltake ef
fectupon wr
it
ten

not
if
icat
iont
her
eoft
othei
nsur
ed.

Theact
iont
orev
oket
hedonat
ionundert
hisAr
ti
clemustbebr
ought

wi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
het
imet
hedecr
eeofl
egalsepar
ati
onbecomef
inal
.

(
107a)

Ar
t. 65. I
fthe spouses shoul
d r
econci
le,a cor
respondi
ng j
oint

55
mani
fest
ati
onunderoat
hdul
ysi
gnedbyt
hem shal
lbef
il
edwi
tht
hecour
tint
he

samepr
oceedi
ngf
orl
egal
separ
ati
on.(
n)

Ar
t.66.Ther
econci
l
iat
ionr
efer
redt
oint
hepr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
clesshal
lhav
e

t
hef
oll
owi
ngconsequences:

(
1)Thel
egalsepar
ati
onpr
oceedi
ngs,i
fst
il
lpendi
ng,shal
lther
ebybe

t
ermi
nat
edatwhat
everst
age;
and

(
2)The f
inaldecr
ee ofl
egalsepar
ati
on shal
lbe setasi
de,butt
he

separ
ati
onofpr
oper
tyandanyf
orf
eit
ureoft
heshar
eoft
hegui
lt
yspouse

al
readyef
fect
edshal
lsubsi
st,unl
esst
hespousesagr
eet
orev
ivet
hei
rfor
mer

pr
oper
tyr
egi
me.

Thecour
t’
sor
dercont
aini
ngt
hef
oregoi
ngshal
lber
ecor
dedi
nthepr
oper

ci
vi
lregi
str
ies.(
108a)

EFFECTSOFRECONCI
LIATI
ON

a)I
fthe pr
oceedi
ngs f
orl
egalsepar
ati
on i
s pendi
ng t
hen,i
tshal
lbe

t
ermi
nat
edr
egar
dlessoft
hest
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngs;

b)I
fthedecr
eei
sfi
nal
,thedeci
sionf
orl
egalsepar
ati
onshal
lbesetasi
de;

and

c)Ther
evi
val
oft
hepr
oper
tyr
egi
meoft
hespousest
hroughawr
it
tenoat
h;

56
 Ar
t.67.Theagr
eementt
orev
ivet
hef
ormerpr
oper
tyr
egi
mer
efer
redt
oin

t
hepr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cleshal
lbeexecut
edunderoat
handshal
lspeci
fy:

(
1)Thepr
oper
ti
est
obecont
ri
but
edanewt
other
est
oredr
egi
me;

(
2)Thoset
ober
etai
nedassepar
atedpr
oper
ti
esofeachspouse;
and

(
3)Thenamesofal
lthei
rknowncr
edi
tor
s,t
hei
raddr
essesandt
he

amount
sowi
ngt
oeach.

Theagr
eementofr
evi
valandt
hemot
ionf
ori
tsappr
ovalshal
lbef
il
ed

wi
tht
hecour
tint
hesamepr
oceedi
ngf
orl
egalsepar
ati
on,wi
thcopi
esofbot
h

f
urni
shedt
othecr
edi
tor
snamedt
her
ein.Af
terduehear
ing,t
hecour
tshal
l,i
n

i
tsor
der
,takemeasur
etopr
otectt
hei
nter
estofcr
edi
tor
sandsuchor
dershal
l

ber
ecor
dedi
nthepr
operr
egi
str
iesofpr
oper
ti
es.

Ther
ecor
ding oft
heor
der
ing i
nther
egi
str
iesofpr
oper
tyshal
lnot

pr
ejudi
ceanycr
edi
tornotl
ist
edornotnot
if
ied,unl
esst
hedebt
or-
spousehas

suf
fi
cientsepar
atepr
oper
ti
est
osat
isf
ythecr
edi
tor
’scl
aim.(
195a,
108a)

Ti
tl
eII
I

57
 RI
GHTSANDOBLI
GATI
ONS
BETWEENHUSBANDANDWI
FE

16
Ar
t.68.Thehusbandandwi
fear
eobl
igedt
oli
vet
oget
her
,obser
ve

mut
uall
ove,
respectandf
idel
it
y,andr
endermut
ualhel
pandsuppor
t.(
109a)

OBLI
GATI
ONSOFHUSBANDANDWI
FE

a)Li
vet
oget
her

b)Obser
vemut
ual
lov
e

c)Respectandf
idel
i
ty

d)Rendermut
ual
hel
pandsuppor
t(Par
as,
2012)

Ar
t.69.Thehusbandandwi
feshal
lfi
xthef
ami
lydomi
cil
e.I
ncaseof

di
sagr
eement
,thecour
tshal
ldeci
de.

Thecour
tmayexemptonespousef
rom l
iv
ingwi
tht
heot
heri
fthel
att
er

shoul
dli
veabr
oadort
her
ear
eot
herv
ali
dandcompel
li
ngr
easonsf
ort
he

exempt
ion.Howev
er,such exempt
ion shal
lnotappl
yift
he same i
s not

compat
ibl
ewi
tht
hesol
idar
it
yoft
hef
ami
ly
.(110a)

Exampl
e:Xt
hehusband,
fixedt
hef
ami
l
yresi
dencei
nhi
spar
ent
’shome.Y,

16
Ar
t.68-
69

58
t
hewi
feobj
ect
edandr
efusedt
oli
vewi
thhi
m andl
eftXwi
thnor
eason.Yal
l
eged

t
hatshecan’
taf
for
dtol
i
vewi
thherpar
ent
s– i
n– l
aw duet
oquar
rel
sand

mi
sunder
standi
ng.Shef
il
edanact
ionf
orsuppor
tagai
nstX.Cant
heact
ion

pr
osper
?

Answer
:No,
becausemi
sunder
standi
ngwi
thi
n-l
awsi
snotasuf
fi
cient

obst
acl
etol
i
vewi
thherhusband.

Ar
t.70.Thespousesar
ejoi
ntl
yresponsi
blef
ort
hesuppor
toft
hef
ami
ly
.

Theexpensesf
orsuchsuppor
tandot
herconj
ugalobl
igat
ionsshal
lbepai
d

f
rom t
hecommuni
typr
oper
tyand,i
ntheabsencet
her
eof
,fr
om t
hei
ncomeor

f
rui
tsoft
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es.I
ncaseofi
nsuf
fi
ciencyorabsenceofsai
d

i
ncome orf
rui
ts,such obl
igat
ions shal
lbe sat
isf
ied f
rom t
he separ
ate

pr
oper
ti
es.(
111a)

SOURCESOFEXPENSESFORSUPPORTANDCONJUGALOBLI
GATI
ONS

a)Communi
typr
oper
ty;

b)I
ncomeorf
rui
tsoft
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es;
and

c)Thei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es

Ar
t.71.Themanagementoft
hehousehol
dshal
lbet
her
ightandt
hedut
y

ofbot
h spouses.The expenses f
orsuch managementshal
lbe pai
din

59
accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle70.(
115a)

Ar
t.72.Whenoneoft
hespousesnegl
ect
shi
sorherdut
iest
othe

conj
ugaluni
onorcommi
tsact
swhi
cht
endt
obr
ingdanger
,di
shonorori
njur
y

t
otheot
herort
othef
ami
ly
,theaggr
iev
edpar
tymayappl
ytot
hecour
tforr
eli
ef.

(
116a)

Ar
t. 73. Ei
ther spouse may exer
cise any l
egi
ti
mat
e pr
ofessi
on,

occupat
ion,
busi
nessoract
ivi
tywi
thoutt
heconsentoft
heot
her
.Thel
att
ermay

obj
ectonl
yonv
ali
d,ser
ious,
andmor
algr
ounds.

I
ncaseofdi
sagr
eement
,thecour
tshal
ldeci
dewhet
herornot
:

(
1)Theobj
ect
ioni
spr
oper
,and

(
2)Benef
ithasoccur
redt
othef
ami
lypr
iort
otheobj
ect
ionort
her
eaf
ter
.

I
fthebenef
itaccr
uedpr
iort
otheobj
ect
ion,t
her
esul
ti
ngobl
igat
ionshal
lbe

enf
orcedagai
nstt
hesepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
hespousewhohasnotobt
ained

consent
.

Thef
oregoi
ngpr
ovi
sionsshal
lnotpr
ejudi
cet
her
ight
sofcr
edi
tor
swho

act
edi
ngoodf
ait
h.(
117a)

Exampl
e:BoyandGi
rlwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Gi
rlwant
stogoabr
oadt
o

wor
kandear
nfort
hei
rfami
l
y.Boydoesn’
twantGi
rlt
ogoabr
oadbecausei
t’
stoo

f
ar.Whi
l
eGi
rli
sint
hest
ore,
shemetherl
ongl
ostf
ri
end,
Abbyandt
oldherabout

t
hepr
obl
em.Abbyt
oldhert
hatshecanof
ferheraj
ob.Shecanbeapr
ost
it
utei
n

t
hef
orei
gncount
rywi
thbi
gsal
ari
es.Gi
rlt
oldBoyabouti
tbutsheconceal
edt
he

60
nat
ureoft
hewor
k.Boyt
hen,becauseofhi
slov
eforhi
swi
fe,consent
ed.Gi
rl

wentt
othef
orei
gni
slandofTi
mbukt
o.I
ndeed,sheear
nedsal
ari
est
hatar
e

bi
ggert
hatwhatsheexpect
ed.Shesentmoneyt
oBoyandf
ort
hei
rfami
l
yand

pai
d some oft
hei
rcr
edi
tor
s.Ot
hercr
edi
tor
s wer
e notpai
dyet
.So,t
hey

summonedBoyt
opayt
hei
rdebt
.Thei
rli
vi
ngi
snow bet
tert
hanbef
ore.Abby
,

r
uinedbyherconsci
ence,
tol
dBoyaboutt
henat
ureofGi
rl
’swor
k.Het
hen,
cal
l
ed

Gi
rlt
ogohomeandobj
ect
edt
othewor
kshehav
ehadi
nTi
mbukt
o.HeaskedGi
rl

t
opayot
hercr
edi
tor
sbutsher
efused.Thecr
edi
tor
sthen,
fil
edasui
tagai
nstt
he

spouses.Whosepr
oper
tywi
l
lbesacr
if
iced?

ANSWER:

a)I
fherhusbandknew andconsent
edont
hewor
kshehav
ehad,al
lthe

pr
oper
ti
eswi
l
lbel
i
abl
e.

b)Whent
hehusbandex
pressl
yobj
ect
edt
othewor
kofGi
rluponknowi
ngof

t
henat
ureofherwor
k,t
hei
rcommuni
typr
oper
tyandGi
rl
’spr
oper
tyshal
l

bel
i
abl
e.

61
 Ti
tl
eIV
PROPERTYRELATI
ONSBETWEEN
HUSBANDANDWIFE
Chapt
er1.Gener
alPr
ovi
sions

Ar
t.74.17Thepr
oper
tyr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenhusbandandwi
feshal
lbe

gov
ernedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngor
der
:

(
1)Bymar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
sexecut
edbef
oret
hemar
ri
age;

(
2)Byt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisCode;
and

(
3)Byt
hel
ocalcust
om.(
118)

Whati
sMar
ri
ageSet
tl
ement
?

17
Ar
t.74-
75

62
 I
tisacont
ractent
eredi
ntobyt
hef
utur
espousesf
ixi
ngt
hei
rpr
oper
ty

r
egi
met
hatshoul
dgov
erndur
ingt
heexi
stenceoft
hemar
ri
age(
Mar
ia,
2012)
.

Ar
t.75.Thef
utur
espousesmay
,int
hemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
s,agr
eeupon

t
her
egi
meofabsol
utecommuni
ty,conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns,compl
ete

separ
ati
onofpr
oper
ty,oranyot
herr
egi
me.I
ntheabsenceofamar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
,orwhent
her
egi
meagr
eeduponi
svoi
d,t
hesy
stem ofabsol
ute

communi
tyofpr
oper
tyasest
abl
ishedi
nthi
sCodeshal
lgov
ern.(
119a)

Exampl
e:DandEwi
l
lbeget
ti
ngmar
ri
edonFebr
uar
y14,
2015.OnJanuar
y

15,2015,t
heyexecut
edamar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
.Int
hei
rmar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
,the

f
utur
espousesagr
eedt
hat“
ther
ewi
l
lnotbeanyabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
ty

bet
weent
hem.
”Ther
ewasnoot
herpr
ovi
sion.Whatsy
stem woul
dpr
evai
l
?

Answer
: Thei
rint
ent
ion must be ascer
tai
ned f
rom t
hei
r act
ions

i
mmedi
atel
ybef
ore,
dur
ing,
andaf
tert
heexecut
ionoft
hecont
ract
.Iti
scl
eart
hat

t
heabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyshoul
dnotexi
st.Thepar
ti
escoul
dhav
e

i
ntendedt
heconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
porsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty.

Ar
t.76.18I
nor
dert
hatanymodi
fi
cat
ioni
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
smay

bev
ali
d,i
tmustbemadebef
oret
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age,subj
ectt
othe

pr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cles66,
67,
128,
135and136.(
121)

Exampl
e:M andNwer
emar
ri
edonMar
ch1,2015.OnFebr
uar
y27,t
hey

execut
edamar
ri
ageset
tl
ementst
ati
ngt
hat
,“t
hei
rpr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsshal
lbe

gov
ernedbyconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
pofgai
ns.
”OnMar
ch2,
2015,
theymodi
fi
edt
hei
r

18
Ar
t.76

63
mar
ri
ageset
tl
ementst
ati
ngt
hat
,“absol
utecommuni
tyshal
lnow gov
ernt
hei
r

pr
oper
tyr
elat
ions.
”Ist
hecont
ractv
ali
d?

Answer
:No,asi
tiscl
ear
lyst
atedi
nAr
t.76t
hat
,“modi
fi
cat
ionsmustbe

madebef
oret
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age.
”

Ar
t.77.Themar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
sandanymodi
fi
cat
iont
her
eofshal
lbe

i
nwr
it
ing,si
gnedbyt
hepar
ti
esandexecut
edbef
oret
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
he

mar
ri
age.Theyshal
lnotpr
ejudi
cet
hir
dper
sonsunl
esst
heyar
eregi
ster
edi
n

t
hel
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
ywher
ethemar
ri
agecont
racti
srecor
dedaswel
lasi
nthe

pr
operr
egi
str
iesofpr
oper
ti
es.(
122a)

I
ntheexampl
einAr
t.76,i
ftheyhav
emodi
fi
edt
hei
rmar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
,

t
hemodi
fi
cat
ionshal
lbev
oidbecausemodi
fi
cat
ionsmustal
so bedonei
n

wr
it
ingandmustbesi
gnedbybot
hpar
ti
esbef
oret
hemar
ri
agecel
ebr
ati
on.

Exampl
e:W and X wer
efut
urespouses.OnNov
ember3,2013,t
hey

execut
edamar
ri
ageset
tl
ementst
ati
ngt
hat
,“pr
oper
ti
est
obei
ncl
udedandbe

t
akent
omar
ri
agewer
epr
oper
ti
esgai
nedaf
tert
hemar
ri
age.
”OnNov
ember10,

2013,t
heymodi
fi
edt
hei
rset
tl
ementst
ati
ngt
hat
,“t
hepr
oper
ti
est
obet
akent
o

mar
ri
ageshal
lbe,
allpr
oper
ti
esbr
oughtt
othemar
ri
agei
ncl
udi
ngt
hoseacqui
red

t
hroughgr
atui
toust
it
le.
”Andt
heysubmi
tt
edi
ttot
heof
fi
ceoft
heci
vi
lregi
str
ar.

OnDecember1,
2013,
theygotmar
ri
ed.

I
nthi
sexampl
e,t
hemodi
fi
cat
ioni
scl
ear
lyv
ali
dbecauset
heydi
dthei
r

mar
ri
ageset
tl
ementbef
oret
hei
rmar
ri
age,aswel
last
hemodi
fi
cat
ion was

bef
oret
hemar
ri
age.Al
lwer
edonei
nwr
it
ingandwer
eal
lsubmi
tt
edt
otheof
fi
ce

64
ofci
vi
lregi
str
ar.

Ar
t.78.19Ami
norwhoaccor
dingt
olawmaycont
ractmar
ri
agemayal
so

execut
ehi
sorhermar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
s,butt
heyshal
lbev
ali
donl
yift
he

per
sonsdesi
gnat
edi
nAr
ti
cle14t
ogi
veconsentt
othemar
ri
agear
emade

par
ti
est
otheagr
eement
,subj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsofTi
tl
eIXoft
hisCode.

(
120a)

Ar
t.79.Fort
hev
ali
dit
yofanymar
ri
ageset
tl
ementexecut
edbyaper
son

uponwhom asent
enceofci
vi
lint
erdi
cti
onhasbeenpr
onouncedorwhoi
s

subj
ectt
o anyot
herdi
sabi
li
ty,i
tshal
lbe i
ndi
spensabl
efort
he guar
dian

appoi
ntedbyacompet
entcour
ttobemadeapar
tyt
her
eto.(
123a)

Ar
t.80.I
ntheabsenceofacont
rar
yst
ipul
ati
oni
namar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
,

t
hepr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsoft
hespousesshal
lbegov
ernedbyPhi
li
ppi
nel
aws,

r
egar
dlessoft
hepl
aceoft
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
ageandt
hei
rresi
dence.

Thi
srul
eshal
lnotappl
y:

(
1)Wher
ebot
hspousesar
eal
iens;

(
2)Wi
thr
espectt
otheext
ri
nsi
cval
idi
tyofcont
ract
saf
fect
ingpr
oper
ty

notsi
tuat
edi
nthePhi
li
ppi
nesandexecut
edi
nthecount
rywher
ethepr
oper
tyi
s

l
ocat
ed;
and

(
3)Wi
thr
espectt
otheext
ri
nsi
cval
idi
tyofcont
ract
sent
eredi
ntoi
nthe

Phi
li
ppi
nesbutaf
fect
ingpr
oper
tysi
tuat
edi
naf
orei
gncount
rywhosel
aws

19
Ar
t.77-
78

65
r
equi
redi
ff
erentf
ormal
it
iesf
ori
tsext
ri
nsi
cval
idi
ty.(
124a)

Ar
t.81.Ev
ery
thi
ngst
ipul
atedi
ntheset
tl
ement
sorcont
ract
sref
err
edt
o

i
nthe pr
ecedi
ng ar
ti
cles i
n consi
der
ati
on ofa f
utur
e mar
ri
age,i
ncl
udi
ng

donat
ionsbet
weent
hepr
ospect
ivespousesmadet
her
ein,shal
lber
ender
ed

v
oidi
fthemar
ri
agedoesnott
akepl
ace.Howev
er,st
ipul
ati
onst
hatdonot

dependupont
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
agesshal
lbev
ali
d.(
125a)

Chapt
er2.Donat
ionsbyReasonofMar
ri
age

Ar
t.82.Donat
ionsbyr
easonofmar
ri
agear
ethosewhi
char
emade

bef
orei
tscel
ebr
ati
on,i
nconsi
der
ati
onoft
hesame,andi
nfav
orofoneorbot
h

oft
hef
utur
espouses.(
126)

Ar
t.83.Thesedonat
ionsar
egov
ernedbyt
her
ulesonor
dinar
ydonat
ions

est
abl
ishedi
nTi
tl
eII
IofBookI
IIoft
heCi
vi
lCode,i
nsof
arast
heyar
enot

modi
fi
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
cles.(
127a)

Ar
t.84.I
fthe f
utur
e spouses agr
ee upon a r
egi
me ot
hert
han t
he

absol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
ty,t
heycannotdonat
etoeachot
heri
nthei
r

mar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
smor
ethanone-
fi
ft
hoft
hei
rpr
esentpr
oper
ty.Anyexcess

shal
lbeconsi
der
edv
oid.

Donat
ionsoff
utur
epr
oper
tyshal
lbegov
ernedbyt
hepr
ovi
sionson

66
t
est
ament
arysuccessi
onandt
hef
ormal
it
iesofwi
ll
s.(
130a)

20
DONATI
ON PROPTERNUPTI
AS- Donat
ionbyr
easonofmar
ri
agei
scal
l
edas

donat
ionpr
opt
ernupt
ias.Donat
ionsl
i
ket
hesear
ewi
thoutoner
ous,mar
ri
age

bei
ngmer
elyt
heoccasi
onormot
ivef
ort
hedonat
ion,
noti
ts“
causa.
”

DONATI
ONSBYREASONOFMARRI
AGEMUSTBE:

a)Madebef
oremar
ri
age

b)I
nconsi
der
ati
onofmar
ri
age

c)I
nfav
orofoneorbot
hoft
hef
utur
espouses

Exampl
e:OnJune1,
2013,
Zthegodf
atherofXdonat
edapar
celofl
andf
orX

becauseshei
sget
ti
ngmar
ri
edt
oYwhoi
sZ’
sson.OnJune10,2013,XandY

gotmar
ri
ed.I
sthedonat
ionadonat
ionpr
opt
ernupt
ias?

ANSWER:
Yes,
becauseal
ltheel
ement
swer
epr
esent
.Thedonat
ionwas

gi
venpr
iort
othemar
ri
age;
itwasi
nconsi
der
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age,
andi
nfav
or

ofbot
hoft
hef
utur
espouses.

DONATI
ONSTHATAREEXCLUDEDARE:

1.Madei
nfav
oroft
hef
utur
espousesaf
tert
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age;

20
Note:
.Donati
onsli
ket
hesearewi
thoutoner
ous,
mar
ri
agebei
ngmer
elyt
heoccasi
onormot
ive
f
ort
hedonati
on,noti
ts“
causa.
”

67
 2.Execut
ed i
nfav
oroft
he f
utur
e spousesbutnoti
n consi
der
ati
on of

mar
ri
age;
and

3.Gr
ant
edt
oper
sonsot
hert
hant
hespousesev
ent
hought
heymaybe

f
oundedont
hemar
ri
age.

Ar
t.85.Donat
ions by r
eason ofmar
ri
age ofpr
oper
ty subj
ectt
o

encumbr
ancesshal
lbev
ali
d.I
ncaseoff
orecl
osur
eoft
heencumbr
anceand

t
hepr
oper
tyi
ssol
dforl
esst
hant
het
otalamountoft
heobl
igat
ionsecur
ed,
the

doneeshal
lnotbel
iabl
efort
hedef
ici
ency
.Ift
hepr
oper
tyi
ssol
dformor
ethan

t
het
otalamountofsai
dobl
igat
ion,t
hedoneeshal
lbeent
it
ledt
otheexcess.

(
131a)

Exampl
e:Hhasapar
celofl
andwhi
chi
sal
readymor
tgagedi
nthebank

f
orP5mi
l
li
on.Hdonat
edt
hisl
andt
oM,t
hef
utur
ebr
ide.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,Hwas

unabl
etopayt
hemor
tgagedebtwheni
tbecamemat
ureandsubj
ectf
ort
he

f
orecl
osur
esal
e.I
fthepr
oper
tywassol
dhi
gherorl
essert
hant
heamountoft
he

l
and,
whatwi
l
lhappen?

Answer
:

a)I
fthel
andwassol
dlowert
hant
heamountoft
hel
and,
M wi
l
lnotbel
i
abl
e

f
ort
hedef
ici
ency
.

b)I
fthel
andwassol
dhi
ghert
hant
heamountoft
hel
and,
M wi
l
lbel
i
abl
efor

t
heexcess.

68
 Ar
t.86.Adonat
ionbyr
easonofmar
ri
agemayber
evokedbyt
hedonori
n

t
hef
oll
owi
ngcases:

(
1)I
fthemar
ri
agei
snotcel
ebr
atedorj
udi
cial
lydecl
aredv
oidabi
nit
io

exceptdonat
ionsmadei
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
s,whi
chshal
lbegov
ernedby

Ar
ti
cle81;

(
2)Whent
hemar
ri
aget
akespl
acewi
thoutt
heconsentoft
hepar
ent
sor

guar
dian,
asr
equi
redbyl
aw;

(
3)Whent
hemar
ri
agei
sannul
led,
andt
hedoneeact
edi
nbadf
ait
h;

(
4)Uponl
egalsepar
ati
on,
thedoneebei
ngt
hegui
lt
yspouse;

(
5)I
fiti
swi
thar
esol
utor
ycondi
ti
onandt
hecondi
ti
oni
scompl
iedwi
th;

(
6)Whent
hedoneehascommi
tt
edanactofi
ngr
ati
tudeasspeci
fi
edby

t
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCi
vi
lCodeondonat
ionsi
ngener
al.(
132a)

Exampl
e:Bdonat
edapar
celofl
and,hal
foft
heshar
eoft
hecompany
,a

mansi
onandhal
fofhi
sfi
nancesi
nthebankt
oJ,hi
ssonf
ort
hebenef
itofhi
s

wi
feandf
utur
efami
l
ythr
oughawi
l
l.I
tst
atedt
hatJcanonl
ygett
hedonat
ion

af
terB’
sdeat
h.Ov
erwhel
medwi
thexci
tement
,Jwant
edt
ohav
ethedonat
ion

i
mmedi
atel
ybuthecan’
tbecausehecanonl
ygetal
loft
hataf
terhi
sfat
her
’s

deat
h.Fi
l
ledwi
thgr
eed,heki
l
ledBsot
hat
,hecangethi
sdonat
edshar
esf
rom

hi
sfat
her
.Howev
er,
hef
ail
edt
oki
l
lhi
sfat
her
.CanBr
evokehi
sdonat
ion?

Answer
:Yes,becauseJ’
sconductcl
ear
lyconst
it
utesi
ngr
ati
tudeagai
nst

t
hedonor
,hi
sfat
her
.Ki
l
li
nghi
sownf
atherf
ort
hedonat
ioni
sagr
avei
ngr
ati
tude.

69
 Ar
t.87.Ev
erydonat
ionorgr
antofgr
atui
tousadv
ant
age,
dir
ectori
ndi
rect
,

bet
weent
hespousesdur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageshal
lbev
oid,exceptmoder
ategi
ft
s

whi
cht
hespousesmaygi
veeachot
heront
heoccasi
onofanyf
ami
lyr
ejoi
cing.

Thepr
ohi
bit
ionshal
lal
soappl
ytoper
sonsl
iv
ingt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe

wi
thoutav
ali
dmar
ri
age.(
133a)

REASONSFORTHEGENERALPROHI
BITI
ONOFDONATI
ONBETWEENSPUSES

a)Topr
otectt
hecr
edi
tor
s

b)Topr
eventt
heweakerspousef
rom bei
ngi
nfl
uencedbyt
hest
ronger

spouse

c)Topr
eventandi
ndi
rectv
iol
ati
onoft
her
ulepr
ohi
bit
ingmodi
fi
cat
ionsof

t
hemar
ri
ageset
tl
ementdur
ingt
heexi
stenceoft
hemar
ri
age.

Ar
ti
cl
e87i
ncl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ngdonat
ionsofaspouse:

1.Toast
epchi
l
dwhohasnocompul
sor
yand/orl
egalhei
rs,suchashi
sor

herchi
l
dren,
othert
hant
heot
herspouseatt
het
imeoft
hedonat
ion;

2.Toacommonchi
l
dwhohasnocompul
sor
yand/orl
egalhei
rsot
hert
han

t
heot
herspouseatt
het
imeoft
hedonat
ion;

3.Tot
hepar
ent
soft
heot
herspouse;

4.Tot
heot
herspouse’
sadopt
edchi
l
dwhohasnocompul
sor
yand/orhei
rs

or
,incaseswhen,
att
het
imeoft
hedonat
ion,
theonl
ysur
viv
ingr
elat
iveof

70
 t
headopt
edi
stheot
herspouse(
par
entoft
headopt
ed)
;

5.Toacommonadopt
edchi
l
dwhohasnoot
hercompul
sor
yand/orl
egal

hei
rs.

RESERVA TRONCAL-21t
heascendantwhoi
nher
it
sfr
om hi
sdescendantan

pr
oper
tywhi
cht
hel
att
ermayhav
eacqui
redbygr
atui
toust
it
lef
rom anot
her

ascendant
,orabr
otherorsi
ster
,isobl
i
gedt
oreser
vesuchpr
oper
tyashemay

hav
eacqui
redbyoper
ati
onofl
awf
ort
hebenef
itofr
elat
iveswhoar
ewi
thi
nthe

t
hir
ddegr
eeandwhobel
ongt
othel
i
nef
rom whi
chsai
dpr
oper
tycame.

Exampl
e:AandBar
emar
ri
ed.Theyhav
eanonl
yson,C.Abef
orehedi
ed,

donat
edapr
oper
tyt
ohi
ssonCapr
oper
tyi
nBagui
o.Awhohast
wol
i
vingsi
ster
s,

DandE.Ther
eaf
ter
,Cdi
edwi
thoutanydescendant–hei
r.Thepr
oper
tyi
nBagui
o

wasi
nher
it
edbyhi
smot
her
,B.WhenB i
nher
it
sthepr
oper
ty,i
tbecameher

pr
oper
ty.I
fBdi
es,
towhom wi
l
lherpr
oper
tygo?

Answer
:thepr
oper
tywi
l
lgot
othel
i
vingsi
ster
sofA,
DandE,
whoar
eC’
s

aunt
s.DandEar
ewi
thi
nthet
hir
dci
vi
ldegr
eef
rom C.

OTHERPROHI
BITI
ONS.

Asi
def
rom t
hepr
ohi
bit
ionagai
nstdonat
iont
ooneanot
her
,thespousescannot

al
sosel
ltooneanot
her
,ex
cept
:

(
a)wher
e a separ
ati
on ofpr
oper
tywas agr
eed upon i
nthemar
ri
age

21
Note:t
heascendantwhoinher
it
sfrom hisdescendantanproper
tywhichthel
attermayhave
acqui
redbygratui
tousti
tl
efr
om anotherascendant,orabr
otherorsi
ster
,isobl
igedtoreser
ve
suchpropert
yashemayhav eacquir
edbyoper ati
onoflawforthebenefi
tofrel
ativ
eswhoar e
wit
hinthethi
rddegreeandwhobelongtothelinefrom whi
chsaidpropert
ycame.

71
set
tl
ement
s;

(
b)whent
her
ehasbeenaj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty.
(Ar
ti
cle1490,

NewCi
vi
lCode)
.

Thehusbandandwi
fecannotent
eri
ntoauni
ver
salpar
tner
shi
p.(
Art
icl
e

1782,
NewCi
vi
lCode)
.

Ther
easonf
ort
hel
aw i
npr
ohi
bit
ingt
hespousesf
rom ent
eri
ngi
ntoa

uni
ver
salpar
tner
shi
pist
hat
,iti
svi
rt
ual
l
yadonat
iont
ooneanot
herwhi
chi
s

pr
ohi
bit
edbyl
aw.

Thel
awl
i
kewi
sepr
ohi
bit
sthespousesf
rom l
easi
ngt
ooneanot
her
.(Ar
t.

1646,NCC)
.Ther
easoni
sthesameast
hepr
ohi
bit
ionagai
nstsel
l
ingt
oone

anot
her

Chapt
er3.Sy
stem ofAbsol
uteCommuni
ty

Sect
ion1.Gener
alPr
ovi
sions

Ar
t.88.Theabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tybet
weenspousesshal
l

commence att
he pr
eci
se momentt
hatt
he mar
ri
age i
s cel
ebr
ated.Any

st
ipul
ati
on,expr
ess ori
mpl
ied,f
ort
he commencementoft
he communi
ty

r
egi
meatanyot
hert
imeshal
lbev
oid.(
145a)

Exampl
e:AandB’
smar
ri
agewi
l
lbesol
emni
zedat7o’
cl
ocki
ntheev
eni
ng

72
ofDecember9,1999,doesi
tmeant
hatasear
lyas7o’
cl
ocki
nthemor
ningof

t
hatday
,theyar
eal
readygov
ernedbyapr
oper
tyr
elat
ionshi
p?

Answer
:No,t
heabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyshal
lcommenceatt
he

pr
eci
semomentt
hatt
hemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
ated.

Ar
t.89.No wai
verofr
ight
s,shar
es and ef
fect
s oft
he absol
ute

communi
tyofpr
oper
tydur
ingt
hemar
ri
agecanbemadeexcepti
ncaseof

j
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty.

Whent
hewai
vert
akespl
aceuponaj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty,or

af
tert
hemar
ri
agehasbeendi
ssol
vedorannul
led,t
hesameshal
lappeari
na

publ
ici
nst
rumentandshal
lber
ecor
dedaspr
ovi
dedi
nAr
ti
cle77.Thecr
edi
tor
s

oft
hespousewhomadesuchwai
vermaypet
it
iont
hecour
ttor
esci
ndt
he

wai
vert
otheext
entoft
heamountsuf
fi
cientt
ocov
ert
heamountoft
hei
r

cr
edi
ts.(
146a)

Ar
t.90.Thepr
ovi
sionson co-
owner
shi
p shal
lappl
ytot
heabsol
ute

communi
tyofpr
oper
tybet
weent
hespousesi
nal
lmat
ter
snotpr
ovi
dedf
ori
n

t
hisChapt
er.(
n)

Sect
ion2.WhatConst
it
utesCommuni
tyPr
oper
ty

Ar
t.91.Unl
essot
her
wisepr
ovi
dedi
nthi
sChapt
erori
nthemar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
s,t
hecommuni
typr
oper
tyshal
lconsi
stofal
lthepr
oper
tyownedby

t
he spouses att
he t
ime oft
he cel
ebr
ati
on oft
he mar
ri
age oracqui
red

t
her
eaf
ter
.(197a)

73
 Ar
t.92.Thef
oll
owi
ngshal
lbeexcl
udedf
rom t
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty:

(
1)Pr
oper
tyacqui
reddur
ingt
hemar
ri
agebygr
atui
toust
it
lebyei
ther

spouse,and t
he f
rui
ts as wel
las t
he i
ncome t
her
eof
,ifany
,unl
essi
tis

expr
essl
ypr
ovi
dedbyt
hedonor
,test
atororgr
ant
ort
hatt
heyshal
lfor
m par
tof

t
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty;

Exampl
e:A andB wer
eengaged.OnFebr
uar
y10,2015,A acqui
reda

pr
oper
tyf
rom hi
sfat
hert
hroughagr
atui
toust
it
le.OnMar
ch10,
2015,
Bacqui
red

apar
celofl
andf
rom hermot
hert
hroughagr
atui
toust
it
le.Theygotmar
ri
edon

Mar
ch5,
2015.Whosepr
oper
tywi
l
lbepar
toft
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty?

Answer
:Noone’
spr
oper
tywi
l
lbepar
toft
hecommuni
tybecauset
he

f
utur
espousesacqui
redt
hei
rpr
oper
ti
esv
iagr
atui
toust
it
lewhi
chi
sexcl
uded

f
rom t
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty.Howev
er,i
fthet
est
ator
sofbot
hfut
urespouses

t
hatt
hepr
oper
ti
est
heyacqui
redshal
lfor
m par
tint
hecommuni
typr
oper
tyt
hen,

i
twi
l
lbecomepar
toft
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty.

(
2)Pr
oper
tyf
orper
sonalandexcl
usi
veuseofei
therspouse.Howev
er,

j
ewel
ryshal
lfor
m par
toft
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty;

(
3)Pr
oper
tyacqui
redbef
oret
hemar
ri
agebyei
therspousewhohas

l
egi
ti
mat
edescendant
sbyaf
ormermar
ri
age,andt
hef
rui
tsaswel
last
he

i
ncome,
ifany
,ofsuchpr
oper
ty.(
201a)

Exampl
e:HandW wer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Theyhav
e4chi
l
dren.Af
ter5

y
ear
s,Hdi
edduet
ocancer
.Hl
eftW ahouseandl
oti
nPangasi
nan,
atownhouse

74
i
nbul
acan,
aMer
cedesbenzcar
,abankaccountwor
thP60,
000,
000.
00andt
hei
r

conj
ugalhomewhi
chi
samansi
on.Af
ter3y
ear
s,W metY,
anengi
neer
.W andY

f
elli
nlov
ewi
theachot
her
.Ther
eaf
ter
,theygotmar
ri
ed.Ar
etheabov
ement
ioned

pr
oper
ti
esst
il
lanexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyofW?

Answer
:Yes,asexpr
essl
yst
atedi
nAr
t.92Par
.3.Al
lW’
spr
oper
tywhi
ch

sheacqui
redbef
oret
hemar
ri
agebyapr
evi
ousmar
ri
ageshal
lremai
nasher

excl
usi
vepr
oper
ty.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
emar
ri
ed.Theyhadf
our(
4)l
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dren.A

di
ed;
hence,
Bmar
ri
edC.Butbef
oret
hei
rmar
ri
age,
Bacqui
redsev
eralpr
oper
ti
es.

Theseconst
it
uteherexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
esbecauset
hesewer
eacqui
redbyone

whohasl
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
drenbyaf
ormermar
ri
age.

Ar
t.93.Pr
oper
tyacqui
reddur
ingt
hemar
ri
agei
spr
esumedt
obel
ongt
o

t
hecommuni
ty,unl
essi
tispr
ovedt
hati
tisoneoft
hoseexcl
udedt
her
efr
om.

(
160)

Sect
ion3.Char
gesandObl
igat
ionsoft
heAbsol
uteCommuni
ty

Ar
t.94.Theabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyshal
lbel
iabl
efor
:

(
1)Thesuppor
toft
hespouses,t
hei
rcommonchi
ldr
en,andl
egi
ti
mat
e

chi
l
drenofei
therspouse;howev
er,t
hesuppor
tofi
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enshal
lbe

75
gov
ernedbyt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisCodeonSuppor
t;

(
2)Al
ldebt
sand obl
igat
ionscont
ract
ed dur
ing t
hemar
ri
agebyt
he

desi
gnat
edadmi
nist
rat
or-
spousef
ort
hebenef
itoft
hecommuni
ty,orbybot
h

spouses,
orbyonespousewi
tht
heconsentoft
heot
her
;

(
3)Debt
s and obl
igat
ions cont
ract
ed by ei
therspouse wi
thoutt
he

consentoft
heot
hert
otheext
entt
hatt
hef
ami
lymayhav
ebeenbenef
it
ed;

(
4)Al
ltaxes,l
iens,char
gesand expenses,i
ncl
udi
ng maj
orormi
nor

r
epai
rs,
upont
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty;

(
5)Al
ltaxesandexpensesf
ormer
epr
eser
vat
ionmadedur
ingmar
ri
age

upont
hesepar
atepr
oper
tyofei
therspouseusedbyt
hef
ami
ly
;

(
6)Expenses t
o enabl
e ei
therspouse t
o commence orcompl
etea

pr
ofessi
onalorv
ocat
ionalcour
se,
orot
heract
ivi
tyf
orsel
f-
impr
ovement
;

(
7)Ant
enupt
ialdebt
sofei
therspousei
nsof
arast
heyhav
eredoundedt
o

t
hebenef
itoft
hef
ami
ly
;

(
8)Thev
alueofwhati
sdonat
edorpr
omi
sedbybot
hspousesi
nfav
orof

t
hei
rcommonl
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enf
ort
heexcl
usi
vepur
poseofcommenci
ngor

compl
eti
ng a pr
ofessi
onalorv
ocat
ionalcour
se orot
heract
ivi
tyf
orsel
f-

i
mpr
ovement
;

(
9)Ant
enupt
ialdebt
sofei
therspouseot
hert
hant
hosef
all
ingunder

par
agr
aph(
7)oft
hisAr
ti
cle,
thesuppor
tofi
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enofei
therspouse,

andl
iabi
li
ti
esi
ncur
redbyei
therspousebyr
easonofacr
imeoraquasi
-del
ict
,in

76
caseofabsenceori
nsuf
fi
ciencyoft
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
hedebt
or-
spouse,

t
hepay
mentofwhi
chshal
lbeconsi
der
edasadv
ancest
obededuct
edf
rom t
he

shar
eoft
hedebt
or-
spouseuponl
iqui
dat
ionoft
hecommuni
ty;
and

(
10)Expensesofl
it
igat
ionbet
weent
hespousesunl
esst
hesui
tisf
ound

t
obegr
oundl
ess.

I
fthecommuni
typr
oper
tyi
sinsuf
fi
cientt
ocov
ert
hef
oregoi
ngl
iabi
li
ti
es,

exceptt
hosef
all
ingunderpar
agr
aph(
9),t
hespousesshal
lbesol
idar
il
yli
abl
e

f
ort
heunpai
dbal
ancewi
tht
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es.(
161a,162a,163a,202a-

205a)

SUPPORTOFTHEFAMI
LY

Ther
easonf
orpar
agr
aph1ofAr
ti
cle94oft
heFami
l
yCodei
sfoundi
n

Ar
ti
cl
e195oft
heFami
l
yCodewhi
chr
equi
rest
hespousesandt
hechi
l
dren,

whet
herl
egi
ti
mat
e,ori
l
legi
ti
mat
etosuppor
teachot
her
.

Suppor
tcompr
ises ev
ery
thi
ng i
ndi
spensabl
eforsust
enance,dwel
l
ing,

cl
othi
ng,medi
calat
tendance,educat
ionandt
ranspor
tat
ion,i
nkeepi
ngwi
tht
he

f
inanci
alcapaci
tyoft
hef
ami
l
y.

Exampl
e:I
fX,t
hehusbandofY,hi
tsapedest
ri
anandki
l
lst
hel
att
er,and

whensuedf
ordamages,hei
shel
dli
abl
efort
hesame,t
hef
oregoi
ngr
uleshal
l

appl
y.Thel
awsay
sthati
fthecommuni
typr
oper
tyi
snotsuf
fi
cientt
oanswerf
or

al
lthel
i
abi
l
iti
esasi
def
rom t
hosement
ionedi
npar
agr
aph9,
thespousesshal
lbe

77
l
i
abl
esol
i
dar
il
ywi
tht
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es.

Ar
t.95.What
evermaybel
ostdur
ingt
hemar
ri
agei
nanygameofchance,

bet
ti
ng,sweepst
akes,oranyot
herki
nd ofgambl
ing,whet
herper
mit
ted or

pr
ohi
bit
edbyl
aw,shal
lbebor
nebyt
hel
oserandshal
lnotbechar
gedt
othe

communi
tybutanywi
nni
ngst
her
efr
om shal
lfor
m par
toft
he communi
ty

pr
oper
ty.(
164a)

Not
e:Wi
nni
ngsshal
lfor
m par
tint
hecommuni
typr
oper
tywhi
l
elosesshal
lbe

t
akenf
rom t
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
hel
oser
-spouse.

Sect
ion4.Owner
shi
p,Admi
nist
rat
ive,
Enj
oymentandDi
sposi
ti
onof

t
heCommuni
tyPr
oper
ty

Ar
t.96.Theadmi
nist
rat
ionandenj
oymentoft
hecommuni
typr
oper
ty

shal
lbel
ongt
obot
hspousesj
oint
ly.I
ncaseofdi
sagr
eement
,thehusband’
s

deci
sionshal
lpr
evai
l,subj
ectt
orecour
set
othecour
tbyt
hewi
fef
orpr
oper

r
emedy
,whi
chmustbeav
ail
edofwi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eoft
hecont
ract

i
mpl
ement
ingsuchdeci
sion.

I
ntheev
entt
hatonespousei
sincapaci
tat
edorot
her
wiseunabl
eto

78
par
ti
cipat
eint
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
hecommonpr
oper
ti
es,t
heot
herspouse

mayassumesol
epower
sofadmi
nist
rat
ion.Thesepower
sdo noti
ncl
ude

di
sposi
ti
on orencumbr
ance wi
thoutaut
hor
it
y oft
he cour
tort
he wr
it
ten

consentoft
heot
herspouse.I
ntheabsenceofsuchaut
hor
it
yorconsent
,the

di
sposi
ti
onorencumbr
anceshal
lbev
oid.Howev
er,t
het
ransact
ionshal
lbe

const
ruedasacont
inui
ngof
feront
hepar
toft
heconsent
ingspouseandt
he

t
hir
dper
son,andmaybeper
fect
edasabi
ndi
ngcont
ractupont
heaccept
ance

byt
heot
herspouseoraut
hor
izat
ionbyt
hecour
tbef
oret
heof
feri
swi
thdr
awn

byei
therorbot
hof
fer
ors.(
206a)

Ar
t.97.Ei
therspousemaydi
sposebywi
llofhi
sorheri
nter
esti
nthe

communi
typr
oper
ty.(
n)

Ar
t.98.Nei
therspousemaydonat
eanycommuni
typr
oper
tywi
thoutt
he

consentoft
heot
her
.Howev
er,ei
therspousemay
,wi
thoutt
heconsentoft
he

ot
her
,makemoder
atedonat
ionsf
rom t
hecommuni
typr
oper
tyf
orchar
it
yoron

occasi
onsoff
ami
lyr
ejoi
cingorf
ami
lydi
str
ess.(
n)

Sect
ion5.Di
ssol
uti
onofAbsol
uteCommuni
tyRegi
me

Ar
t.99.Theabsol
utecommuni
tyt
ermi
nat
es:

(
1)Upont
hedeat
hofei
therspouse;

(
2)Whent
her
eisadecr
eeofl
egalsepar
ati
on;

79
 (
3)Whent
hemar
ri
agei
sannul
ledordecl
aredv
oid;
or

(
4)I
ncaseofj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tydur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageunder

Ar
ti
cle134t
o138.(
175a)

COMMENT:Gener
all
y,t
her
eis no absol
ute communi
ty pr
oper
tyi
nav
oid

mar
ri
age.Ther
ulesofl
i
qui
dat
ionshal
lbei
naccor
dancewi
tht
her
ulesonco-

owner
shi
p.Amanandawomanwhol
i
vedt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fewi
thout

t
hebenef
itofmar
ri
ageorunderv
oidmar
ri
age,t
her
uleshal
lappl
y.Howev
er,i
f

t
her
eisonl
yonepar
tyoft
hesai
dvoi
dmar
ri
agei
singoodf
ait
h,t
heshar
eoft
he

par
tywhoact
edi
nbadf
ait
hshal
lbef
orf
eit
edi
nfav
oroft
hecommonchi
l
drenor

t
hei
rdescendant
s.I
ntheabsencet
her
eof
,theshar
esshal
lbel
ongt
othei
nnocent

par
ty.

Fur
ther
mor
e,bywayofexcept
ion,t
her
eisaspeci
alcasewher
eint
he

absol
utecommuni
tyorconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
pofgai
nscoul
dgov
ernv
oidmar
ri
age.

Thi
sexcept
ioni
sinaccor
dancewi
thAr
t.40oft
heFami
l
yCodewher
ethe

absol
utenul
l
ityofmar
ri
agemaybei
nvokedf
ort
hepur
poseofr
emar
ri
ageont
he

sol
ebasi
sofaf
inal
judgmentdecl
ari
ngt
hemar
ri
agev
oid.

JUDI
CIALSEPARATI
ONOFPROPERTY–Judi
cialSepar
ati
onofPr
oper
tycanbe

v
olunt
aryori
nvol
unt
ary
.Ifi
tisv
olunt
ary
,thepar
ti
escanf
il
eanagr
eementof

separ
ati
onofpr
oper
tyt
othecour
ttoobt
ainnecessar
ycour
tappr
oval
.Incaseof

r
econci
l
iat
ion and r
evi
vali
fthe pr
oper
tyr
egi
me no v
olunt
arysepar
ati
on of

pr
oper
tymayt
her
eaf
terbegr
ant
ed.I
finv
olunt
ary
,itmustbef
oasuf
fi
cientcause

andmusthav
ecour
tappr
oval
.Thesuf
fi
cientcausef
orl
egalsepar
ati
oni
sst
ated

80
underAr
t135oft
heFami
l
yCode.

Ar
t.100.Thesepar
ati
oni
nfactbet
weenhusbandandwi
feshal
lnot

af
fectt
her
egi
meofabsol
utecommuni
tyexceptt
hat
:

(
1)Thespousewhol
eav
est
heconj
ugalhomeorr
efusest
oli
vet
her
ein,

wi
thoutj
ustcause,
shal
lnothav
ether
ightt
obesuppor
ted;

(
2)Whent
heconsentofonespouset
oanyt
ransact
ionoft
heot
heri
s

r
equi
red by l
aw,j
udi
cialaut
hor
izat
ion shal
lbe obt
ained i
n a summar
y

pr
oceedi
ng;

(
3)I
nthe absence ofsuf
fi
cientcommuni
ty pr
oper
ty,t
he separ
ate

pr
oper
tyofbot
hspousesshal
lbesol
idar
il
yli
abl
efort
hesuppor
toft
hef
ami
ly
.

Thespousepr
esentshal
l,uponpr
operpet
it
ioni
nasummar
ypr
oceedi
ng,be

gi
ven j
udi
cialaut
hor
it
yto admi
nist
erorencumberany speci
fi
c separ
ate

pr
oper
tyoft
heot
herspouseanduset
hef
rui
tsorpr
oceedst
her
eoft
osat
isf
y

t
hel
att
er’
sshar
e.(
178a)

Exampl
e:AandBar
emar
ri
ed.B,wi
thoutanyj
ust
if
iabl
ereason,l
eftt
he

conj
ugaldwel
l
ing.Shecannotaskf
orsuppor
t.Buti
fshel
eftt
heconj
ugal

dwel
l
ingbecauseshei
sbei
ngmal
tr
eat
ed,i
nsul
tedbyherhusband,A;t
hen,she

canaskf
ort
hesuppor
t.

Supposet
her
eisaneedt
osel
lorencumbert
hepr
oper
tyoft
hespouses

wher
etheconsentoft
heot
heri
snecessar
yandi
tcannotbeobt
ainedbecause

81
oft
hef
actt
hatBhasl
eftt
heconj
ugaldwel
l
ing.Then,Acangot
ocour
tandask

f
orj
udi
cialaut
hor
izat
ion f
orsuch sal
e.Theaut
hor
izat
ion shal
lbe suf
fi
cient

subst
it
utef
orsuchconsent
.

Ar
t.101.I
faspousewi
thoutj
ustcauseabandonst
heot
herorf
ail
sto

compl
ywi
thhi
sorherobl
igat
ionst
othef
ami
ly
,theaggr
iev
edspousemay

pet
it
iont
hecour
tforr
ecei
ver
shi
p,f
orj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tyorf
or

aut
hor
it
ytobet
hesol
eadmi
nist
rat
oroft
heabsol
utecommuni
ty,subj
ectt
o

suchpr
ecaut
ionar
ycondi
ti
onsast
hecour
tmayi
mpose.

Theobl
igat
ionst
othef
ami
lyment
ionedi
nthepr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
aphr
efer

t
omar
it
al,
par
ent
alorpr
oper
tyr
elat
ions.

Aspousei
sdeemedt
ohav
eabandonedt
heot
herwhenherorshehas

l
eftt
heconj
ugaldwel
li
ngwi
thouti
ntent
ionofr
etur
ning.Thespousewhohas

l
eftt
heconj
ugaldwel
li
ngf
oraper
iodoft
hreemont
hsorhasf
ail
edwi
thi
nthe

sameper
iodt
ogi
veanyi
nfor
mat
ionast
ohi
sorherwher
eabout
sshal
lbepr
ima

f
aci
epr
esumedt
ohav
enoi
ntent
ionofr
etur
ningt
otheconj
ugaldwel
li
ng.(
178a)

NOTE:Separ
ati
oni
nFactshal
lnotaf
fectt
heabsol
utecommuni
typr
oper
tyoft
he

spouses.Hence,t
heabsol
utecommuni
typr
oper
tywi
l
lst
il
lbel
i
abl
eforany

obl
i
gat
ionsi
ncur
red byei
theroft
hespousesf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hef
ami
l
y.

Except
ionswer
est
atedunderAr
t.100oft
hiscode.

NOSUPPORT–I
fthespousel
eftt
heconj
ugaldwel
l
ingwi
thoutj
ustcause,he/

82
sheshal
lnotbeent
it
ledf
orsuppor
t.

Exampl
e:H andW wer
ehusbandandwi
fe.H deci
dedt
oli
vewi
thhi
s

par
ent
sfort
hemeant
imesi
ncet
heyar
est
il
llooki
ngf
orahouset
oset
tl
edown.

W di
sagr
eedbecauseoff
requentmi
sunder
standi
ngswi
thheri
n-l
aws.Hi
nsi
sted

si
ncei
tisonl
ytempor
ary
.W,duet
oherdi
sappoi
ntment
,lef
tthehouseandsai
d

t
hatshewi
l
lnev
ercomebackunt
ilHdeci
dest
oleav
ethehouseofhi
spar
ent
s.

Fur
ther
mor
e,W askedf
orsuppor
tfr
om H.Hdi
dnotr
espondedandso,W asked

t
hecour
tforHt
ogi
vesuppor
t.Thecour
tdeni
edt
hepl
eaofW.I
sthedi
smi
ssal

oft
hecasej
ust
if
iabl
e?

Answer
:Yes.W l
eftt
hedwel
l
ingwi
thoutcompel
l
ingr
easont
her
efor
e;she

i
snotent
it
ledf
orsuppor
t.

Howev
er,t
hespousewhol
eftt
heconj
ugaldwel
l
ingcanbeent
it
ledf
or

suppor
tift
her
easonofl
eav
ingi
sjust
if
iabl
eenoughori
tisv
ali
d.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Oneni
ght
,AaskedBt
odoan

undesi
rabl
esexualact
.Howev
er,Br
efusedt
odoso.Adr
aggedBout
sidet
he

houseandt
hent
her
eaf
ter
,Al
eftt
heconj
ugal
dwel
l
ing.Af
teramont
h,Baskedf
or

suppor
tfr
om A.Ar
efusedbecauseheal
l
egedt
hatBi
snotent
it
ledf
orsuppor
t

becauseshecannotf
ulf
il
lhermar
it
alobl
i
gat
ions.Bcount
erf
eit
edt
heal
l
egat
ions

ofAandsai
dthatshehadbeenhabi
tual
l
yabusedbyherhusbandal
so,al
l
eged

t
hatAi
sadr
unkar
dmanandhei
sfor
cinghert
odoanundesi
rabl
esexualact
.

Thosear
ether
easonwhyshel
eftt
heconj
ugalhome.CanBbeent
it
ledf
or

suppor
t?

83
 Answer
:Yes,becauset
her
easonofBf
rom l
eav
ingt
heconj
ugaldwel
l
ing

i
sval
i
d.

Exampl
e:A and B ar
e mar
ri
ed.A l
eftt
he conj
ugaldwel
l
ing wi
thout

j
ust
if
iabl
ecause.Bcanaskf
orj
udi
cial
aut
hor
it
ytoadmi
nist
ersomepr
oper
ti
esof

Banduset
hef
rui
tst
osat
isf
yA’
sshar
e.

I
fthehusbandbr
ingsaconcubi
nei
ntheconj
ugaldwel
l
ing,mal
tr
eat
sher
,

i
nsul
tsher
,orf
orceshert
oli
vewi
thper
sonswhosehabi
ts,char
act
er,and

l
anguagear
eof
fensi
vet
oherdi
gni
ty,
orcompel
shert
obemer
elysubor
dinat
eto

hi
smot
her
,thesamemayj
ust
if
ythewi
fet
oli
vesepar
atel
yfr
om hi
m andpr
ayf
or

separ
atemai
ntenancef
orher
.

Sect
ion6.Li
qui
dat
ionoftheAbsolut
eCommuni
tyAsset
s
andLi
abil
it
ies
Ar
t.102.Upon di
ssol
uti
on oft
he absol
ute communi
tyr
egi
me,t
he

f
oll
owi
ngpr
ocedur
eshal
lappl
y:

(
1)Ani
nvent
oryshal
lbepr
epar
ed,l
ist
ingsepar
atel
yal
lthepr
oper
ti
esof

t
heabsol
utecommuni
tyandt
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
esofeachspouse.

(
2)Thedebt
sandobl
igat
ionsoft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyshal
lbepai
d

outofi
tsasset
s.I
ncaseofi
nsuf
fi
ciencyofsai
dasset
s,t
hespousesshal
lbe

sol
idar
il
yli
abl
efort
he unpai
d bal
ance wi
tht
hei
rsepar
ate pr
oper
ti
es i
n

accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hesecondpar
agr
aphofAr
ti
cle94.

(
3)What
everr
emai
nsoft
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
esoft
hespousesshal
l

84
t
her
eaf
terbedel
iv
eredt
oeachoft
hem.

(
4)Thenetr
emai
nderoft
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyshal
l

const
it
utei
tsnetasset
s,whi
chshal
lbedi
vi
dedequal
lybet
weenhusbandand

wi
fe,unl
essadi
ff
erentpr
opor
ti
onordi
vi
sionwasagr
eeduponi
nthemar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
s,orunl
esst
her
ehasbeenav
olunt
arywai
verofsuchshar
epr
ovi
ded

i
nthi
sCode.Forpur
poseofcomput
ingt
henetpr
ofi
tssubj
ectt
ofor
fei
tur
ein

accor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cles43,
No.(
2)and63,
No.(
2),
thesai
dpr
ofi
tsshal
lbet
he

i
ncr
easei
nval
uebet
weent
hemar
ketv
alueoft
hecommuni
typr
oper
tyatt
he

t
imeoft
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
ageandt
hemar
ketv
alueatt
het
imeofi
ts

di
ssol
uti
on.

(
5)Thepr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
mesoft
hecommonchi
ldr
enshal
lbedel
i
ver
ed

uponpar
ti
ti
on,
inaccor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cle51.

(
6)Unl
essot
her
wiseagr
eeduponbyt
hepar
ti
es,i
nthepar
ti
ti
onoft
he

pr
oper
ti
es,t
heconj
ugaldwel
li
ngandt
hel
otonwhi
chi
tissi
tuat
edshal
lbe

adj
udi
cat
edt
othespousewi
thwhom t
hemaj
ori
tyoft
hecommonchi
l
dren

chooset
oremai
n.Chi
ldr
enbel
ow t
heageofsev
eny
ear
sar
edeemedt
ohav
e

chosent
hemot
her
,unl
esst
hecour
thasdeci
dedot
her
wise.I
ncaset
her
einno

such maj
ori
ty,t
he cour
tshal
ldeci
de,t
aki
ng i
nto consi
der
ati
on t
he best

i
nter
est
sofsai
dchi
ldr
en.(
n)

LI
QUI
DATI
ONPROCESS

1.I
NVENTORY– Al
lpr
oper
ti
esorasset
satt
het
imeoft
hedi
ssol
uti
on,

whet
hercommuni
typr
oper
tyorsepar
atepr
oper
tyshoul
dbei
nvent
ori
ed.

2.PAYMENTOFDEBTS–Af
tert
hei
nvent
ory
,al
ldebt
swhi
cht
hecommuni
ty

85
 pr
oper
tyi
sli
abl
emustbepai
d.

3.DELI
VERYOFEXCLUSI
VEPROPERTI
ES–Af
tert
hepay
ment
,ther
emai
ns

shal
lbedel
i
ver
edt
othespouse.

4.PARTI
TIONOFNETASSESTS–Ther
emai
nderoft
hecommuni
tyshal
lbe

di
vi
dedequal
l
y.

5.DELI
VERY OF THE PRESUMPTI
VE LEGI
TIME – Af
tert
he f
inal
i
ty of

annul
ment
,ther
emai
ningpr
oceedsshal
lbedi
str
ibut
edt
othel
egi
ti
mes.

Ar
t.103.Upont
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
hemar
ri
agebydeat
h,t
hecommuni
ty

pr
oper
tyshal
lbel
iqui
dat
edi
nthesamepr
oceedi
ngf
ort
heset
tl
ementoft
he

est
ateoft
hedeceased.

I
fnoj
udi
cialset
tl
ementpr
oceedi
ngi
sinst
it
uted,t
hesur
viv
ingspouse

shal
lli
qui
dat
ethecommuni
typr
oper
tyei
therj
udi
cial
lyorext
ra-
judi
cial
lywi
thi
n

si
xmont
hsf
rom t
hedeat
hoft
hedeceasedspouse.I
fupont
hel
apseoft
hesi
x

mont
hs per
iod,no l
iqui
dat
ion i
s made,any di
sposi
ti
on orencumbr
ance

i
nvol
vi
ngt
hecommuni
typr
oper
tyoft
het
ermi
nat
edmar
ri
ageshal
lbev
oid.

Shoul
dthesur
viv
ingspousecont
ractasubsequentmar
ri
agewi
thout

compl
iancewi
tht
hef
oregoi
ngr
equi
rement
s,amandat
oryr
egi
meofcompl
ete

separ
ati
onofpr
oper
tyshal
lgov
ernt
hepr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsoft
hesubsequent

mar
ri
age.(
n)

Exampl
e:CandDwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,Cdi
edaf
ter1

y
ear
.Ddi
dnotcar
eaboutt
hepr
oper
ti
es.Af
ter1y
ear
,Df
elli
nlov
ewi
thE.af
ter3

mont
hs,t
heygotmar
ri
ed.Pr
iort
othei
rmar
ri
age,t
heywant
ed t
o adoptan

86
absol
ute communi
typr
oper
ty,howev
er,D f
ail
ed t
oli
qui
dat
ethe pr
oper
ti
es.

Ther
efor
e,t
heycannothav
etheabsol
utecommuni
typr
oper
tybutt
hesepar
ate

pr
oper
tyi
nst
ead.

Ar
t.104.Whenev
ert
hel
iqui
dat
ionoft
hecommuni
typr
oper
ti
esoft
woor

mor
emar
ri
agescont
ract
edbyt
hesameper
sonbef
oret
heef
fect
ivi
tyoft
his

Codei
scar
ri
edoutsi
mul
taneousl
y,t
her
espect
ivecapi
tal
,fr
uit
sandi
ncomeof

eachcommuni
tyshal
lbedet
ermi
neduponsuchpr
oofasmaybeconsi
der
ed

accor
dingt
other
ulesofev
idence.I
ncaseofdoubtast
owhi
chcommuni
tyt
he

exi
sti
ngpr
oper
ti
esbel
ong,t
hesameshal
lbedi
vi
dedbet
weent
hedi
ff
erent

communi
ti
esi
npr
opor
ti
ont
othecapi
talanddur
ati
onofeach.(
189a)

Chapt
er4.Conj
ugalPar
tner
shi
pofGai
ns
Sect
ion1.Gener
alPr
ovi
sions

Ar
t.105.I
ncaset
hef
utur
espousesagr
eei
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
s

t
hatt
he r
egi
me ofconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p gai
ns shal
lgov
ernt
hei
rpr
oper
ty

r
elat
ions dur
ing mar
ri
age,t
he pr
ovi
sions i
n t
his Chapt
er shal
l be of

suppl
ement
aryappl
icat
ion.

Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisChapt
ershal
lal
soappl
ytoconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ps

ofgai
nsal
readyest
abl
ishedbet
weenspousesbef
oret
heef
fect
ivi
tyoft
his

Code,wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
ovest
edr
ight
sal
readyacqui
redi
naccor
dancewi
th

t
heCi
vi
lCodeorot
herl
aws,
aspr
ovi
dedi
nAr
ti
cle256.(
n)

87
COMMENT:

1.22I
tisapr
oper
tyr
egi
mewhi
chshal
lgov
ernt
hepr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsoft
he

husbandandwi
fedur
ingt
hemar
ri
age.

2.Husbandandwi
femayhav
esepar
atepr
oper
ti
es.

3.Ther
ear
econj
ugal
proper
ti
es(
commonf
und)(
Mar
ia,
2012)
.

Ar
t.106.Undert
her
egi
meofconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns,t
hehusband

andwi
fepl
acei
nacommonf
undt
hepr
oceeds,pr
oduct
s,f
rui
tsandi
ncome

f
rom t
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
esandt
hoseacqui
redbyei
therorbot
hspouses

t
hrought
hei
ref
for
tsorbychance,and,upondi
ssol
uti
onoft
hemar
ri
ageorof

t
hepar
tner
shi
p,t
henetgai
nsorbenef
it
sobt
ainedbyei
therorbot
hspouses

shal
lbedi
vi
dedequal
lybet
weent
hem,
unl
essot
her
wiseagr
eedi
nthemar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
s.(
142a)

Di
ssol
uti
oncoul
dbeef
fect
edby
:

1.23Thet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hepar
tner
shi
pwhi
l
emar
ri
agest
il
lsubsi
sts.

2.Thet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hepar
tner
shi
pupont
heendoft
hemar
ri
age.

I
ttal
ksaboutdi
vi
sionofpr
ofi
ts,whi
chshoul
dbeequalunl
essadi
ff
erent

22
St
a.Mar
ia(
2012)
.Per
sonsandFami
l
yRel
ati
ons.Rexbookst
ore.QuezonCi
ty
23
St
a.Mar
ia(
2012)

88
pr
opor
ti
onwasst
atedi
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
.

Ar
t.107.Ther
ulespr
ovi
dedi
nAr
ti
cles88and89shal
lal
soappl
yto

conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns.(
n)

WHENCANTHECONJUGALPARTNERSHI
PCOMMENCE?

Theconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
nsshal
lcommenceatt
hepr
eci
semoment

oft
hemar
ri
agecer
emony
.

Ar
t.108.Theconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pshal
lbegov
ernedbyt
her
ulesont
he

cont
ractofpar
tner
shi
pinal
lthati
snoti
nconf
li
ctwi
thwhati
sexpr
essl
y

det
ermi
nedi
nthi
sChapt
erorbyt
hespousesi
nthei
rmar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
s.

(
147a)

SPECI
ALTYPEOFPARTNERSHI
P–Unl
i
ket
heabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
ty,

wher
einr
ules on co – owner
shi
p appl
ya suppl
etor
ymanner
,the conj
ugal

par
tner
shi
pshal
lbegov
ernedbyt
her
ulesoncont
ractofpar
tner
shi
pinal
lthat

ar
enoti
nconf
li
ctwi
thwhati
sexpr
essl
ydet
ermi
nedbyt
hespousesi
nthei
r

mar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
s.

89
 Sect
ion2.Excl
usi
vePr
oper
tyofEachSpouse

Ar
t.109.Thef
oll
owi
ngshal
lbet
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyofeachspouse:

(
1)Thatwhi
chi
sbr
oughtt
othemar
ri
ageashi
sorherown;

(
2)Thatwhi
cheachacqui
resdur
ingt
hemar
ri
agebygr
atui
toust
it
le;

(
3)Thatwhi
ch i
s acqui
red byr
ightofr
edempt
ion,bybar
terorby

exchangewi
thpr
oper
tybel
ongi
ngt
oonl
yoneoft
hespouses;
and

(
4)Thatwhi
chi
spur
chasedwi
thexcl
usi
vemoneyoft
hewi
feoroft
he

husband.(
148a)

PROPERTI
ESBROUGHTI
NTOTHEMARRI
AGE–Undert
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

ofgai
ns,
allpr
oper
ti
esbr
oughti
ntot
hemar
ri
agebycont
ract
ingpar
ti
esbel
ongt
o

eachoft
hem excl
usi
vel
y.

Exampl
e:HandW wer
elov
ers.Pr
iort
othei
rmar
ri
age,HboughtaFer
rar
i

andW boughta350-
hect
arepr
oper
tyi
nRosar
io,Bat
angas.OnMay10,2014,

t
heygotmar
ri
ed.I
naccor
dancewi
tht
heconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
pofgai
ns,
H’sFer
rar
i

r
emai
nshiownpr
oper
tyandW’
spr
oper
tyi
nRosar
io,Bat
angasr
emai
nsherown

pr
oper
ty because t
hey bot
h acqui
red t
hei
rpr
oper
ti
es bef
ore mar
ri
age and

br
oughti
tint
othemar
ri
age.

PROPERTI
ESACQUI
RED BYGRATUI
TOUSTI
TLE–Any
thi
ngr
ecei
vedbyeach

spousef
rom anysour
cebywayofanactofl
i
ber
ali
tyoft
hegi
ver
,suchasa

90
donat
ionoragi
ft
,shal
lbel
ongexcl
usi
vel
ytot
hespouse–r
eci
pientandwi
l
lnot

bel
ongt
otheconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty.

Exampl
e:AandBgotmar
ri
edonJul
y10,2010.Pr
iort
othemar
ri
age,A

acqui
red apar
celofl
andf
rom hi
sfat
hert
hroughagr
atui
toust
it
le.B al
so

acqui
redapar
celofl
andf
rom hermot
hert
hroughagr
atui
toust
it
le.Those

pr
oper
ti
est
hatt
heyhav
eacqui
redr
emai
nst
hei
rexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tybecausei
t

f
all
sundert
hosepr
oper
ti
esexempt
edf
romconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty.How

abouti
fthey
’veacqui
redi
taf
termar
ri
age?Answer
:Itwoul
dst
il
lbeanexcl
usi
ve

pr
oper
tyr
egar
dless i
fthey hav
e acqui
red i
tbef
ore oraf
tert
he mar
ri
age

(
Vil
l
anuev
avs.I
AC,192SCRA21;Tanv
s.Cour
tofAppeal
s,83SCAD198,273

SCRA228)
.

REDEMPTI
ON,BARTERANDEXCHANGE–I
ncaseofr
edempt
ion,t
hepr
oper
ty

shal
lbel
ongt
othespousewhohast
her
ightt
oredeem r
egar
dlessofwhet
heror

notheorsheusesper
sonalf
unds.Howev
er,whenconj
ugalf
undsar
eusedt
o

ef
fectt
her
edempt
ion,t
hespousemaki
ngt
her
edempt
iont
hroughconj
ugalf
und

shal
lbel
i
abl
etot
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pfort
her
eimbur
sementoft
heamount

usedt
oredeem hi
sorherexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ty.

Bar
ter–Byt
hecont
ractofbar
terorexchange,
oneoft
hepar
ti
esbi
ndhi
msel
fto

gi
veonet
hingi
nconsi
der
ati
onoft
heot
her
’spr
omi
set
ogi
veanot
hert
hing(
see

Ar
ts.1638-
1641)

Exampl
e:D hasawi
ner
yandEhasav
iney
ard.Theyent
eredi
ntoan

agr
eementwher
eD wi
l
ldel
i
ver100boxeswhi
chcost
s30,
000.
00ofwi
nesi
n

91
exchangeofgr
apesasani
ngr
edi
entofwi
newhi
chal
socost
s30,
000.
00.On

Januar
y5,2015,Emar
ri
edF.The30,
000wor
thofwi
nesshal
lbeanexcl
usi
ve

pr
oper
tyofE.

PROPERTYPURCHASEDWI
THTHEEXCLUSI
VEMONEYOFEI
THERSPOUSES–

Pr
oper
typur
chasedusi
ngt
heexcl
usi
vemoneyofonespouseshal
lbel
ongt
othe

spouse.

TwoKi
ndsofSepar
atePr
oper
tyofEachSpouse

1.Pr
oper
tybydi
rectacqui
sit
ion(
par
s.1and2)

2.Pr
oper
tybysubst
it
uti
on(
par
s.3and4)

Exampl
e:HandW wer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Hpur
chasedahouseandl
oti
n

St
o.Ni
noVi
l
lage,Bani
l
adwor
th2,
000,
000.
00andW pur
chasedaMont
erospor
t

wor
th1.
8Mi
l
li
on.TheHouseandl
oti
nSt
o.Ni
noVi
l
lagewi
l
lbeanexcl
usi
ve

pr
oper
tyofHandt
heMont
erospor
twi
l
lbet
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyofW.

Ar
t.110.Thespousesr
etai
ntheowner
shi
p,possessi
on,admi
nist
rat
ion

andenj
oymentoft
hei
rexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
es.

Ei
therspousemay
,dur
ingt
hemar
ri
age,
transf
ert
headmi
nist
rat
ionofhi
s

orherexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyt
otheot
herbymeansofapubl
ici
nst
rument
,whi
ch

shal
lber
ecor
dedi
nther
egi
str
yofpr
oper
tyoft
hepl
acet
hepr
oper
tyi
slocat
ed.

(
137a,
168a,
169a)

92
ADMI
NISTRATI
ON OF EXCLUSI
VE PROPERTI
ES – Each spouse shal
lret
ain

owner
shi
p,admi
nist
rat
ion,possessi
onandenj
oymentofhi
sorherexcl
usi
ve

pr
oper
ti
es.Admi
nist
rat
ionshal
lincl
udeent
eri
ngi
ntocont
ract
sregar
dingt
heuse

ofpr
oper
ty,engagi
ngi
nli
ti
gat
ion,andcol
l
ect
ionoff
rui
ts,pr
ofi
ts,andi
ncome

ar
isi
ngf
rom t
hesepar
atepr
oper
ty.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.B’
sexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tywassol
d

uponexecut
ionbyX,
thesher
if
ffort
hesat
isf
act
ionoft
hecour
t’
sdeci
sionwhi
ch

f
oundt
hatAi
sli
abl
eforhi
sper
sonal
obl
i
gat
ion.CanBf
il
eanact
ion?

Yes,Bcanf
il
easepar
ateact
iont
oannult
hesal
e.Basawi
fe,whose

excl
usi
vepr
oper
tywaswr
ongf
ull
ylev
iedupon,canbeconsi
der
edat
hir
dper
son

andi
sdeemedast
rangert
otheact
ionwher
eint
hewr
itofexecut
ionwasi
ssued

andt
her
efor
e,i
tisj
ust
if
iabl
eenought
obr
oughtupani
ndependentact
iont
o

v
indi
cat
eherr
ightofowner
shi
pov
ert
hesubj
ectpr
oper
ty.

Ar
t.111.A spouse ofage may mor
tgage,encumber
,al
ienat
e or

ot
her
wisedi
sposeofhi
sorherexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ty,wi
thoutt
heconsentoft
he

ot
herspouse,
andappearal
onei
ncour
ttol
it
igat
ewi
thr
egar
dtot
hesame.(
n)

COMMENT:Si
nce t
hel
egalaget
o cont
ractmar
ri
agei
s18 y
ear
sol
d,i
tis

pr
esumedt
hatspousesmayi
ndependent
lymor
tgage,encumber
,al
i
enat
eor

di
sposeofhi
sorherexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tywi
thoutt
heconsentoft
heot
herspouse.

93
 Ar
t.112.The al
ienat
ion of any excl
usi
ve pr
oper
ty of a spouse

admi
nist
ered byt
heot
heraut
omat
ical
lyt
ermi
nat
est
headmi
nist
rat
ionov
er

suchpr
oper
tyandt
hepr
oceedsoft
heal
ienat
ionshal
lbet
urnedov
ert
othe

owner
-spouse.(
n)

COMMENT:Theadmi
nist
rat
or-
spouseshal
ldel
i
vert
hepr
oceedsoft
heal
i
enat
ion,

sal
e,ordi
sposi
ti
ont
otheowner
-spouse.

Ar
t.113.Pr
oper
tydonat
edorl
eftbywi
llt
othespouses,j
oint
lyandwi
th

desi
gnat
ionofdet
ermi
nat
eshar
es,
shal
lper
tai
ntot
hedonee-
spousesashi
sor

herownexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ty,andi
ntheabsenceofdesi
gnat
ion,shar
eandshar
e

al
ike,
wit
houtpr
ejudi
cet
other
ightofaccr
eti
onwhenpr
oper
.(150a)

Exampl
e:A par
celofl
andwor
thP1,
000,
000wasdonat
edbyA t
o B.

Howev
er,t
hel
andi
ssubj
ectt
oamor
tgageofl
oanofP500,
000whi
chwas

assumedbyB.Bpai
dthemor
tgagel
oanusi
ngt
heconj
ugalf
unds.I
sthepar
cel

ofl
andexcl
usi
veorconj
ugal
?

Answer
:The par
celofl
and i
s an excl
usi
ve pr
oper
ty ofB subj
ect

r
eimbur
sementt
oconj
ugal
fundsuponl
i
qui
dat
ionoft
hepar
tner
shi
p.

24
Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle109t
hoset
hatar
eacqui
redbygr
atui
toust
it
leshal
l

24
Note:Accordi
ngtoArti
cle109thoset
hatar
eacqui
redbygr
atui
toust
it
leshal
lfor
m par
toft
he
excl
usiv
epr opert
yofeachspouse.

94
f
orm par
toft
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyofeachspouse.

Ar
t.114.I
fthedonat
ionsar
eoner
ous,
theamountoft
hechar
gesshal
lbe

bor
nebyt
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
hedoneespouse,whenev
ert
heyhav
ebeen

adv
ancedbyt
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns.(
151a)

Ki
ndofcont
ract
saccor
dingt
ocauseorconsi
der
ati
on

1.Oner
ous–Ther
eisanexchangeofv
aluabl
econsi
der
ati
on.Exampl
es:
sal
e,

bar
terorexchange.

2.Gr
atui
tous–Ther
eisnoconsi
der
ati
onr
ecei
vedi
nexchangef
orwhathas

beengi
ven.Exampl
es:
donat
ionori
nher
it
ance

3.Remuner
ator
y– Somet
hing gi
ven f
ora benef
itorser
vice pr
evi
ousl
y

r
ender
ed.Exampl
es:
Sal
aryorPensi
on

Ar
t.115.Ret
ir
ementbenef
it
s,pensi
ons,annui
ti
es,gr
atui
ti
es,usuf
ruct
s

andsi
mil
arbenef
it
sshal
lbegov
ernedbyt
her
ulesongr
atui
tousoroner
ous

acqui
sit
ionsasmaybepr
operi
neachcase.(
n)

1)I
fgi
vengr
atui
tousl
ybyt
hegov
ernment(
orcompany
)becauseofpr
evi
ous

wor
k,t
hisgr
atui
tyshoul
dbeconsi
der
edassepar
ate.

2)I
fnol
i
ber
ali
tyont
hepar
toft
hegov
ernment(
orcompany
)isi
nvol
ved,
and

95
 whatar
ebei
nggi
venar
emer
elyaccumul
atedsav
ingsordeduct
ions,t
his

woul
dbeaPENSI
ON (e.
g.SSSandGSI
S),i
tshoul
dbeconsi
der
edas

conj
ugal
,fort
heni
twasr
eal
l
year
neddur
ingt
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
age.

3)Damagebecauseofanacci
dent
.

1)I
fforphy
sical
andmor
aldamagesoft
hei
njur
edpar
ty–excl
usi
ve.

2)I
floss ofexpect
ed sal
ary orf
orhospi
tal
i
zat
ion expenses –

conj
ugal
.

Sect
ion3.Conj
ugalPar
tner
shi
pPr
oper
ty

Ar
t.116.Al
lpr
oper
ty acqui
red dur
ing t
he mar
ri
age,whet
her t
he

acqui
sit
ionappear
stohav
ebeenmade,
cont
ract
edorr
egi
ster
edi
nthenameof

oneorbot
hspouses,i
spr
esumedt
obeconj
ugalunl
esst
hecont
rar
yispr
oved.

(
160a)

WHENPRESUMPTI
ONI
SAPPLI
CABLE?

Thepar
tywhoi
nvokest
hispr
esumpt
ionmustf
ir
stpr
ovet
hatt
hepr
oper
ty

i
n cont
rov
ersywas acqui
red dur
ing t
he mar
ri
age.I
n ot
herwor
ds,pr
oofof

96
acqui
sit
iondur
ingt
hecov
ert
urei
sacondi
tonsi
i nequanonf
ort
heoper
ati
onof

t
hepr
esumpt
ioni
nfav
orofconj
ugal
owner
shi
p.

Exampl
e: A andB wer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Pr
iort
othei
rmar
ri
age,B

acqui
redapar
celofl
andi
nMakat
iCi
ty.AandBsepar
atedandf
il
edanact
ionf
or

Judi
cialsepar
ati
on ofpr
oper
ty.A t
hen cl
aimed wasaconj
ugalpr
oper
ty.B

di
scl
aimedt
hati
tisaconj
ugalpr
oper
tybecausesheboughtt
hatl
andbef
oret
he

mar
ri
age.Ai
nsi
stedbecauseoft
hei
nscr
ipt
ioni
nthet
it
let
hatAmar
ri
edt
oB.can

t
hei
nscr
ipt
ionbeabasi
s?

Answer
:No,t
hei
nscr
ipt
ioni
smer
elyadescr
ipt
ionoft
heci
vi
lst
atusand

doesnotnecessar
il
ypr
ovet
hatt
hel
andwasconj
ugal
proper
ty.

Ar
t.117.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
econj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ti
es:

(
1)Thoseacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
ledur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageatt
heexpenseof

t
hecommonf
und,whet
hert
heacqui
sit
ionbef
ort
hepar
tner
shi
p,orf
oronl
y

oneoft
hespouses;

(
2)Thoseobt
ainedf
rom t
hel
abor
,indust
ry,wor
korpr
ofessi
onofei
ther

orbot
hoft
hespouses;

(
3)Thef
rui
ts,nat
ural
,indust
ri
al,orci
vi
l,dueorr
ecei
ved dur
ing t
he

mar
ri
agef
rom t
hecommonpr
oper
ty,
aswel
last
henetf
rui
tsf
rom t
heexcl
usi
ve

pr
oper
tyofeachspouse;

(
4)Theshar
eofei
therspousei
nthehi
ddent
reasur
ewhi
cht
hel
aw

97
awar
dst
othef
inderorowneroft
hepr
oper
tywher
ethet
reasur
eisf
ound;

(
5)Thoseacqui
redt
hroughoccupat
ionsuchasf
ishi
ngorhunt
ing;

(
6)Li
vest
ockexi
sti
ngupont
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hepar
tner
shi
pinexcess

oft
henumberofeachki
ndbr
oughtt
othemar
ri
agebyei
therspouse;
and

(
7)Those whi
ch ar
e acqui
red by chance,such as wi
nni
ngs f
rom

gambl
ingorbet
ti
ng.Howev
er,l
ossest
her
efr
om shal
lbebor
neexcl
usi
vel
yby

t
hel
oser
-spouse.(
153a,
154a,
155,
159)

ACQUI
SITI
ON BY ONEROUS TI
TLE – I
fthatwhi
ch acqui
red by r
ightof

r
edempt
ionorbyexchangewi
thot
herpr
oper
tybel
ongi
ngonl
ytooneoft
he

spousesandt
hatwhi
chi
spur
chasedwi
thexcl
usi
vemoneyoft
hewi
feoroft
he

husbandbel
ongexcl
usi
vel
ytosuchwi
feorhusband,i
tfol
l
owsnecessar
il
ythat

t
hepr
oper
tywhi
chi
sacqui
redwi
thmoneyoft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pbel
ongsor

f
ormspar
toft
heconj
ugal
proper
ty.

Exampl
e:Mr
.BandMr
s.C,wi
tht
hei
rchi
l
dDwer
epassenger
sofaPan

Amer
icanai
rpl
ane.Thei
rti
cket
swer
epai
dforbyt
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p.I
nthe

cour
seoft
het
ri
p,t
heai
rl
inecompanybr
eachedi
tscont
ractofcar
ri
agewi
tht
he

f
ami
l
ywheni
tlef
tMr
.Bonani
slandwhi
chwasast
op-
overont
hewayt
oMani
l
a.

Asar
esul
tdamageswer
eawar
ded byt
heCour
t.Who ownst
hedamages

awar
ded?

Answer
:Theconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pownst
heawar
deddamagesbecause

t
hecont
ractofcar
ri
agehadbeenpai
dforf
rom t
heconj
ugalf
unds(
Zul
uet
avs.

PanAmer
icanWor
ldAi
rway
s,I
nc.
,49SCRA1)
.

98
PROPERTYACQUI
RED THROUGH I
NDUSTRY,LABORAND PROFESSI
ON AND

THROUGHOCCUPATI
ONS–Thel
awal
sopr
ovi
dest
hatany
thi
ngobt
ainedf
rom

t
hel
abor
,indust
ry,wor
kandpr
ofessi
onofei
therorbot
hoft
hespousesi
s

conj
ugal
.

FRUI
TSANDEARNI
NGSFROM PROPERTI
ES–Fr
uit
soft
hecommonpr
oper
ty

andnetf
rui
tsoft
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tybel
ongt
otheconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
p.

Ar
t.118.Pr
oper
tyboughtoni
nst
all
ment
spai
dpar
tl
yfr
om excl
usi
ve

f
undsofei
therorbot
hspousesandpar
tl
yfr
om conj
ugalf
undsbel
ongst
othe

buy
erorbuy
ersi
fful
lowner
shi
pwasv
est
edbef
oret
hemar
ri
ageandt
othe

conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pifsuchowner
shi
pwasv
est
eddur
ingt
hemar
ri
age.I
n

ei
thercase,anyamountadv
anced byt
hepar
tner
shi
p orbyei
therorbot
h

spousesshal
lber
eimbur
sedbyt
heownerorowner
suponl
iqui
dat
ionoft
he

par
tner
shi
p.(
n)

1.Thepr
oper
tyboughtoni
nst
all
ment
spai
dpar
tl
ybyt
heexcl
usi
vef
undsof

ei
therorbot
hspousesand t
heconj
ugalf
undsshal
lbean excl
usi
ve

pr
oper
tyoft
heowner
-spousei
ftheowner
shi
pvest
edbef
oret
hemar
ri
age,

ot
her
wisei
tisaconj
ugal
proper
ty.

99
 2.I
nei
thercase,t
heownershal
lrei
mbur
set
heamountadv
ancedbyt
he

par
tner
shi
porbyt
heowner
-spouseuponl
i
qui
dat
ionoft
hepar
tner
shi
p.

Exampl
e:Pr
iort
ohermar
ri
age,Xpur
chasedapi
eceofl
andoni
nst
all
ment

pl
an.Par
toft
hepur
chasedpr
icewaspai
dpr
iort
othemar
ri
age,whi
l
ethe

bal
ancewaspai
ddur
ingt
hemar
ri
age.Al
lrecei
ptswer
eissuedi
nthenameoft
he

X.I
sthel
andexcl
usi
veorconj
ugal
?

Answer
:Excl
usi
vesi
ncei
twaspur
chasedev
enpr
iort
othemar
ri
age.Howev
er,

shemustr
eimbur
set
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pfort
heamountusedf
rom t
he

conj
ugal
funds.

Ar
t.119.Whenev
eranamountorcr
edi
tpay
abl
ewi
thi
naper
iodoft
ime

bel
ongst
ooneoft
hespouses,t
hesumswhi
chmaybecol
lect
eddur
ingt
he

mar
ri
agei
npar
ti
alpay
ment
sorbyi
nst
all
ment
sont
hepr
inci
palshal
lbet
he

excl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
hespouse.Howev
er,i
nter
est
sfal
li
ngduedur
ingt
he

mar
ri
ageont
hepr
inci
palshal
lbel
ongt
otheconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p.(
156a,
157a)

Exampl
e:OnMar
ch10,
2014Dbor
rowedmoneyt
oCwor
th50,
000.
00wi
th

10%i
nter
est
.Hepr
omi
sedt
opayt
hebankmont
hly
.Thei
nter
estshal
lbepay
abl
e

mont
hlywhi
l
ethepr
inci
pali
spay
abl
eon Febr
uar
y10,2015.On December

25,
2014,Cmar
ri
edE.
Pri
nci
palshal
lbel
ongt
othecr
edi
tor
-spouse,t
her
efor
e,t
he

50,
000.
00i
sanexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyofC uponr
ecei
ptonFebr
uar
y10,2015.

I
nter
estt
hataccr
uedbef
oret
hemar
ri
ageshal
lbeanexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
he

cr
edi
tor
-spouse,t
her
efor
e,t
hei
nter
esti
sanexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
hecr
edi
tor
-

100
spouse.I
nter
estt
hataccr
uedaf
tert
hemar
ri
agei
saconj
ugalpr
oper
ty;
ther
efor
e,

t
hei
nter
esti
saconj
ugal
proper
ty.

Ar
t.120.The owner
shi
p of i
mpr
ovement
s,whet
her f
or ut
il
it
y or

ador
nment
,madeont
hesepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
hespousesatt
heexpenseoft
he

par
tner
shi
port
hrought
heact
soref
for
tsofei
therorbot
hspousesshal
lper
tai
n

t
otheconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,ort
otheor
igi
nalowner
-spouse,subj
ectt
othe

f
oll
owi
ngr
ules:

Whent
hecostoft
hei
mpr
ovementmadebyt
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pand

anyr
esul
ti
ngi
ncr
easei
nval
uear
emor
ethant
hev
alueoft
hepr
oper
tyatt
he

t
imeoft
hei
mpr
ovement
,theent
ir
epr
oper
tyofoneoft
hespousesshal
lbel
ong

t
othe conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,subj
ectt
orei
mbur
sementoft
hev
alueoft
he

pr
oper
tyoft
heowner
-spouseatt
het
imeoft
hei
mpr
ovement
;ot
her
wise,sai
d

pr
oper
tyshal
lber
etai
nedi
nowner
shi
pbyt
heowner
-spouse,
li
kewi
sesubj
ectt
o

r
eimbur
sementoft
hecostoft
hei
mpr
ovement
.

I
nei
thercase,t
heowner
shi
poft
heent
ir
epr
oper
tyshal
lbev
est
edupon

t
her
eimbur
sement
,whi
chshal
lbemadeatt
het
imeoft
hel
iqui
dat
ionoft
he

conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p.(
158a)

RULES

A.Wi
thr
egar
dst
oimpr
ovement
smadeont
hesepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
he

spousesatt
heexpenseoft
hepar
tner
shi
port
hrought
heact
sofei
theror

bot
hspouseswhet
herf
orut
il
it
yorador
nmentt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ulesshal
l

101
 appl
y.

B.I
fthe i
ncr
ease i
nthe v
alue oft
he pr
oper
ty and t
he costoft
he

i
mpr
ovementi
s gr
eat
ert
han t
he costof t
he pr
oper
ty bef
oret
he

i
mpr
ovement
s,t
he ent
ir
e pr
oper
ty(
the separ
ate pr
oper
ty and t
he

i
mpr
ovement
s)shal
lbeaconj
ugalpr
oper
ty,subj
ectt
orei
mbur
sementby

t
heconj
ugalpr
oper
tyt
otheowner
-spouseoft
hev
alueoft
hepr
oper
ty

bef
oret
hei
mpr
ovement
s.

Rul
e1:I
ncr
easei
nthev
alueoft
hepr
oper
ty+Costofi
mpr
ovement>Costof

t
hepr
oper
tybef
orei
mpr
ovement=Conj
ugalPr
oper
ty

 I
fthe i
ncr
ease i
nthe v
alue oft
he pr
oper
ty and t
he costoft
he

i
mpr
ovement i
slesser t
han t
he cost of t
he pr
oper
ty bef
oret
he

i
mpr
ovement
s,t
heent
ir
epr
oper
tyshal
lbet
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
he

owner
-spousewhi
chshal
lrei
mbur
set
heconj
ugalpr
oper
ti
esf
ort
hev
alue

ofsuchi
mpr
ovement
s.

Rul
e2:I
ncr
easei
nthev
alueoft
hepr
oper
ty+Costofi
mpr
ovement<Costof

t
hepr
oper
tybef
orei
mpr
ovement=Excl
usi
vePr
oper
ty

 I
nei
thercase,owner
shi
pshal
lvestuponr
eimbur
sement
,whi
chshal
lbe

madeont
het
imeoft
hel
i
qui
dat
ionoft
heconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
p.

Exampl
e:M boughta350-
hect
arel
andwor
th100Bi
l
li
on.I
twasdev
elopedt
oa

r
esor
twi
thahot
eloni
tandev
ery
thi
ngcost
ing50Bi
l
li
on.Thef
airv
alueoft
he

pr
oper
tyaf
teri
mpr
ovement
sis now at300 Bi
l
li
on.Obv
iousl
y,t
he costof

i
mpr
ovementi
s gr
eat
ert
han t
he costofpr
oper
tybef
oret
he i
mpr
ovement
.

Ther
efor
e,t
hepr
oper
tyi
sconj
ugal
.

102
 Sect
ion4.Char
gesUponandObl
igat
ionsoft
heConj
ugalPar
tner
shi
p

Ar
t.121.Theconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pshal
lbel
iabl
efor
:

(
1)Thesuppor
toft
hespouse,
thei
rcommonchi
ldr
en,
andt
hel
egi
ti
mat
e

chi
ldr
enofei
therspouse;howev
er,t
hesuppor
tofi
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enshal
lbe

gov
ernedbyt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisCodeonSuppor
t;

(
2)Al
ldebt
sand obl
igat
ionscont
ract
ed dur
ing t
hemar
ri
agebyt
he

desi
gnat
edadmi
nist
rat
or-
spousef
ort
hebenef
itoft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pof

gai
ns,
orbybot
hspousesorbyoneoft
hem wi
tht
heconsentoft
heot
her
;

(
3)Debt
s and obl
igat
ions cont
ract
ed by ei
therspouse wi
thoutt
he

consentoft
heot
hert
otheext
entt
hatt
hef
ami
lymayhav
ebenef
it
ed;

(
4)Al
ltaxes,l
iens,char
ges,andexpenses,i
ncl
udi
ngmaj
orormi
nor

r
epai
rsupont
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty;

(
5)Al
ltaxes and expenses f
ormer
e pr
eser
vat
ion made dur
ing t
he

mar
ri
ageupont
hesepar
atepr
oper
tyofei
therspouse;

(
6)Expenses t
o enabl
e ei
therspouse t
o commence orcompl
etea

pr
ofessi
onal
,vocat
ional
,orot
heract
ivi
tyf
orsel
f-
impr
ovement
;

(
7)Ant
enupt
ialdebt
sofei
therspousei
nsof
arast
heyhav
eredoundedt
o

t
hebenef
itoft
hef
ami
ly
;

(
8)Thev
alueofwhati
sdonat
edorpr
omi
sedbybot
hspousesi
nfav
orof

t
hei
rcommonl
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enf
ort
heexcl
usi
vepur
poseofcommenci
ngor

compl
eti
ng a pr
ofessi
onalorv
ocat
ionalcour
se orot
heract
ivi
tyf
orsel
f-

103
i
mpr
ovement
;and

(
9)Expensesofl
it
igat
ionbet
weent
hespousesunl
esst
hesui
tisf
ound

t
ogr
oundl
ess.

I
ftheconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pisi
nsuf
fi
cientt
ocov
ert
hef
oregoi
ngl
iabi
li
ti
es,

t
hespousesshal
lbesol
idar
il
yli
abl
efort
heunpai
dbal
ancewi
tht
hei
rsepar
ate

pr
oper
ti
es.(
161a)

LI
ABI
LITI
ES

Par
.1–Suppor
t

TheConj
ugal
par
tner
shi
pisl
i
abl
efort
hesuppor
tof
:

1.Thespouses

2.Thei
rcommonchi
l
dren

3.Legi
ti
mat
echi
l
drenofei
therspouse

(
Not
e:I
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
drenar
esuppor
tedbyt
hesepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
hepar
ent
-

spouse)

Par
.2–Debt
s

Thedebt
smustbecont
ract
edi
nanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcases.

1.Cont
ract
edbyt
hedesi
gnat
edadmi
nist
rat
or-
spouse– butonl
yfort
he

benef
itoft
hef
ami
l
y.

2.Cont
ract
edbybot
hspouses(
eveni
fther
ewasnobenef
itf
ort
hef
ami
l
y)

3.Cont
ract
edbyonespousewi
tht
heconsentofanot
herspouse(
eveni
f

t
her
ewasnobenef
itf
ort
hef
ami
l
y)

Par
.3–Debt
swi
thoutmar
it
alconsentpr
ovi
dedt
her
ewasbenef
itf
ort
hef
ami
ly
.

104
Par
.4 – Taxes,l
iens,char
gesand expenses,Maj
orand mi
norr
epai
rson

Conj
ugalpr
oper
ty.

Par
.5–Taxesandexpensesmadef
ormer
epr
eser
vat
iononSepar
atePr
oper
ty.

Par
.6–Educat
ionorSel
f-
impr
ovement

Par
.7 – Ant
enupt
ialdebt
s,t
hose cont
ract
ed bef
oret
he mar
ri
age,i
fthey

r
edoundt
othebenef
itoft
hef
ami
ly
.

Par
.8–Donat
ionort
hosepr
omi
sedt
othecommonl
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enf
or

1.Pr
ofessi
onal
cour
ses

2.Vocat
ional
cour
ses

3.Anyot
heract
ivi
tyf
orsel
f-
impr
ovement

Par
.9– ExpensesofLi
ti
gat
ionbet
weenspousei
fthesui
tisf
oundt
obe

gr
oundl
ess.

Not
etheSubsi
diar
ybutSol
i
dar
yLi
abi
l
ityoft
heSepar
ateSpouses.

Meani
ngofJoi
ntandSol
idar
yObl
igat
ions

Joi
ntobl
i
gat
ionoronewher
ethewhol
eobl
i
gat
ioni
stobepai
dorf
ulf
il
led

pr
opor
ti
onat
ely by t
he di
ff
erent debt
ors and / or i
sto be demanded

pr
opor
ti
onat
elybyt
hedi
ff
erentcr
edi
tor
s.(
Art
.1208)

Exampl
e:AandBwer
esi
bli
ngsandar
edebt
orsofZf
oranamountof

100,
000.CanZaskf
orpay
mentf
rom A?

Answer
:No,AandBwer
ejoi
ntl
yli
abl
efort
hedebt
.Theyar
eli
abl
efor

50,
000each.

105
SOLI
DARYOBLI
GATI
ONS
25
Sol
i
dar
yobl
i
gat
ionoronewher
eeachoft
hedebt
orsi
sboundt
orender
,

and/oreachoneoft
hecr
edi
tor
shasr
ightt
odemandf
rom anyoft
hedebt
ors,

ent
ir
ecompl
i
ancewi
tht
hepr
est
ati
on.(
Art
.1207)

Exampl
e:M andN,husbandandwi
fear
edebt
orsofCf
orP200,
000.The

conj
ugalpr
oper
ti
esamount
ed t
o P100,
000.Who i
sli
abl
efort
her
emai
ning

l
i
abi
l
ityofP100,
000?

Answer
:Thesepar
atepr
oper
t s sol
yofM andN i i
dar
il
yli
abl
efort
he

1200,
000.CmayaskM orNf
ort
hewhol
eamount
.

Ar
t.122.Thepay
mentofper
sonaldebt
scont
ract
edbyt
hehusbandor

t
hewi
febef
oreordur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageshal
lnotbechar
gedt
otheconj
ugal

pr
oper
ti
espar
tner
shi
pexcepti
nsof
arast
heyr
edoundedt
othebenef
itoft
he

f
ami
ly
.

Nei
thershal
lthef
inesandpecuni
aryi
ndemni
ti
esi
mposedupont
hem be

char
gedt
othepar
tner
shi
p.

Howev
er,t
hepay
mentofper
sonaldebt
scont
ract
edbyei
therspouse

bef
oret
hemar
ri
age,t
hatoff
inesandi
ndemni
ti
esi
mposedupont
hem,aswel
l

as t
he suppor
tofi
ll
egi
ti
mat
e chi
ldr
en ofei
therspouse,maybe enf
orced

agai
nstt
hepar
tner
shi
p asset
saf
tert
her
esponsi
bil
it
iesenumer
ated i
nthe

pr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
clehav
ebeencov
ered,i
fthespousewhoi
sboundshoul
dhav
e

noexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyori
fitshoul
dbei
nsuf
fi
cient
;butatt
het
imeoft
he

25
Art
.1207-Sol
idaryobli
gat
ionoronewhereeachofthedebt
orsi
sboundtor
ender
,and/or
eachoneofthecredit
orshasri
ghttodemandfrom anyoft
hedebt
ors,
ent
ir
ecompli
ancewit
hthe
prest
ati
on.

106
l
iqui
dat
ionoft
hepar
tner
shi
p,suchspouseshal
lbechar
gedf
orwhathasbeen

pai
dfort
hepur
poseabov
e-ment
ioned.(
163a)

1.Conj
ugalpr
oper
ti
esshal
lnotbe l
i
abl
efort
heper
sonaldebt
soft
he

husbandandwi
feex
cept
,ifbenef
it
sredoundedt
othef
ami
l
y.

2.Howev
er,i
fthe Separ
ate Pr
oper
ti
es ofi
sinsuf
fi
cient
,the conj
ugal

pr
oper
ti
esshal
lbel
i
abl
esubj
ectt
othef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

1.Theobl
i
gat
ionsofandchar
gesupont
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

shal
lhav
ebeencov
ered;
and

2.Ther
emustber
eimbur
sementuponl
i
qui
dat
ion.

Ar
t.123.What
evermaybel
ostdur
ingt
hemar
ri
agei
nanygameof

chanceori
nbet
ti
ng,sweepst
akes,oranyot
herki
nd ofgambl
ing whet
her

per
mit
tedorpr
ohi
bit
edbyl
aw,shal
lbebor
nebyt
hel
oserandshal
lnotbe

char
gedt
otheconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pbutanywi
nni
ngst
her
efr
om shal
lfor
m par
t

oft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty.(
164a)

Not
e:A Conj
ugalPar
tner
shi
pofGai
nsi
sapr
oper
tyr
egi
mewher
ethe

husbandandwi
fepl
acei
nacommonf
undt
hepr
oceeds,pr
oduct
s,f
rui
tsand

i
ncomeoft
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
tyandt
hoseacqui
redbyei
therorbot
hspouses

t
hrought
hei
ref
for
ts,
orbychancexxx.

OnAr
ti
cle117,
Par
.7

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
econj
ugal
proper
ti
es:

7.Thosewhi
char
eacqui
redbychancesuchaswi
nni
ngsi
ngambl
i
ngorbet
ti
ng.

107
Howev
erl
ossest
her
efr
om shal
lbebor
neexcl
usi
vel
ybyt
hel
oser
-spouse.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Awentt
otheCasi
noandpl
ayed

poker
.Shewont
hegame.Howev
er,t
henextday
,shewentt
othecasi
noagai
n

butl
osti
nthegame.Whatwoul
dbet
hest
atusoft
hepr
izewonbyA?Whoand

whosepr
oper
tywi
l
lbel
i
abl
efort
hel
oss?

Answer
:Thepr
izewonbyAshal
lfor
m par
tint
heconj
ugalpr
oper
ty.Howev
er,A

andhersepar
atepr
oper
tywi
l
lbel
i
abl
efort
hel
osses.

Sect
ion5.Admi
nist
rat
ionoft
heConj
ugalPar
tner
shi
pPr
oper
ty

Ar
t.124.Theadmi
nist
rat
ionandenj
oymentoft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

shal
lbel
ongt
obot
hspousesj
oint
ly.I
ncaseofdi
sagr
eement
,thehusband’
s

deci
sionshal
lpr
evai
l,subj
ectt
orecour
set
othecour
tbyt
hewi
fef
orpr
oper

r
emedy
,whi
chmustbeav
ail
edofwi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eoft
hecont
ract

i
mpl
ement
ingsuchdeci
sion.

I
ntheev
entt
hatonespousei
sincapaci
tat
edorot
her
wiseunabl
eto

par
ti
cipat
eint
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heconj
ugalpr
oper
ti
es,t
heot
herspouse

mayassumesol
epower
sofadmi
nist
rat
ion.Thesepower
sdo noti
ncl
ude

di
sposi
ti
on orencumbr
ance wi
thoutaut
hor
it
y oft
he cour
tort
he wr
it
ten

consentoft
heot
herspouse.I
ntheabsenceofsuchaut
hor
it
yorconsent
,the

di
sposi
ti
onorencumbr
anceshal
lbev
oid.Howev
er,t
het
ransact
ionshal
lbe

const
ruedasacont
inui
ngof
feront
hepar
toft
heconsent
ingspouseandt
he

108
t
hir
dper
son,andmaybeper
fect
edasabi
ndi
ngcont
ractupont
heaccept
ance

byt
heot
herspouseoraut
hor
izat
ionbyt
hecour
tbef
oret
heof
feri
swi
thdr
awn

byei
therorbot
hof
fer
ors.(
165a)

RULESONADMI
NISTRATI
ON

1.Theadmi
nist
rat
ionandenj
oymentoft
heconj
ugal
par
tner
shi
pshal
lbel
ong

t
obot
hspousesj
oint
ly.

2.I
ncaseofdi
sagr
eement
,thehusband'
sdeci
sionshal
lpr
evai
l
.

3.Subj
ectt
orecour
set
othecour
tbyt
hewi
fef
orpr
operr
emedy
.

4.Thi
smustbeav
ail
edofwi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eoft
hecont
ract

i
mpl
ement
ingsuchdeci
sion.

I
ntheev
entt
hatonespousei
sincapaci
tat
edorot
her
wiseunabl
etopar
ti
cipat
ein

t
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heconj
ugalpr
oper
ti
es:

1.Theot
herspousemayassumesol
epower
sofadmi
nist
rat
ion.

2.These power
s do noti
ncl
ude di
sposi
ti
on orencumbr
ance wi
thout

aut
hor
it
yoft
hecour
tort
hewr
it
tenconsentoft
heot
herspouse.

3.I
nthe absence of such aut
hor
it
y or consent
,the di
sposi
ti
on or

encumbr
anceshal
lbev
oid.

4.Howev
er,t
het
ransact
ionshal
lbeconst
ruedasacont
inui
ngof
feront
he

par
toft
heconsent
ingspouseandt
het
hir
dper
son,
and

5.Maybeper
fect
edasabi
ndi
ngcont
ractupont
heaccept
ancebyt
heot
her

spouseoraut
hor
izat
ionbyt
hecour
tbef
oret
heof
feri
swi
thdr
awnby

ei
therorbot
hof
fer
ors.

109
 Ar
t.125.Nei
therspousemaydonat
eanyconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty

wi
thoutt
heconsentoft
heot
her
.Howev
er,ei
therspousemay
,wi
thoutt
he

consentoft
heot
her
,makemoder
atedonat
ionsf
rom t
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

pr
oper
tyf
orchar
it
yoronoccasi
onsoff
ami
lyr
ejoi
cingorf
ami
lydi
str
ess.(
174a)

Gener
alRul
e:Husbandandwi
feshoul
dbot
hconsentt
odonat
econj
ugal

pr
oper
ti
es.

Except
ions:Moder
ategi
ft
sforchar
it
yoronoccasi
onsoff
ami
l
yrej
oici
ng

ordi
str
ess.

Theconsentofanot
herspousei
snotnecessar
yincaseofdonat
ionf
rom

excl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
es.

Ot
herr
ulesondonat
ions:

Ar
t.87.
Ever
ydonat
ionorgr
antofgr
atui
tousadv
ant
age,di
rectori
ndi
rect
,

bet
weent
hespousesdur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageshal
lbev
oid,exceptmoder
ategi
ft
s

whi
cht
hespousesmaygi
veeachot
heront
heoccasi
onofanyf
ami
l
yrej
oici
ng.

Thepr
ohi
bit
ionshal
lal
soappl
ytoper
sonsl
i
vingt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe

wi
thoutav
ali
dmar
ri
age.

Ar
t.84.
Ift
hef
utur
espousesagr
eeuponar
egi
meot
hert
hant
heabsol
ute

communi
tyofpr
oper
ty,t
heycannotdonat
eto eachot
heri
nthei
rmar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
smor
ethanone-
fi
ft
hoft
hei
rpr
esentpr
oper
ty.Anyexcessshal
lbe

consi
der
edv
oid.

110
 Sect
ion6.Di
ssol
uti
onofConj
ugal
Par
tner
shi
pRegi
me

Ar
t.126.Theconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pter
minat
es:

(
1)Upont
hedeat
hofei
therspouse;

(
2)Whent
her
eisadecr
eeofl
egalsepar
ati
on;

(
3)Whent
hemar
ri
agei
sannul
ledordecl
aredv
oid;
or

(
4)I
ncaseofj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tydur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageunder

Ar
ti
cles134t
o138(
175a)

Di
ssol
uti
oncoul
dbeef
fect
edby
:

1.Thet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hepar
tner
shi
pwhi
l
emar
ri
agest
il
lsubsi
sts(
onPar
a.2

and4)
.

2.Thet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hepar
tner
shi
pupont
heendoft
hemar
ri
age.(
onPar
a.1

and3)

Ar
t.127.Thesepar
ati
oni
nfactbet
weenhusbandandwi
feshal
lnot

af
fectt
her
egi
meofconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,exceptt
hat
:

(
1)Thespousewhol
eav
est
heconj
ugalhomeorr
efusest
oli
vet
her
ein,

wi
thoutj
ustcause,
shal
lnothav
ether
ightt
obesuppor
ted;

(
2)Whent
heconsentofonespouset
oanyt
ransact
ionoft
heot
heri
s

r
equi
red by l
aw,j
udi
cialaut
hor
izat
ion shal
lbe obt
ained i
n a summar
y

pr
oceedi
ng;

(
3)I
nthe absence ofsuf
fi
cientconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p pr
oper
ty,t
he

separ
atepr
oper
tyofbot
hspousesshal
lbesol
idar
il
yli
abl
efort
hesuppor
tof

111
t
hef
ami
ly
.Thespousepr
esentshal
l,
uponpet
it
ioni
nasummar
ypr
oceedi
ng,
be

gi
ven j
udi
cialaut
hor
it
yto admi
nist
erorencumberany speci
fi
c separ
ate

pr
oper
tyoft
heot
herspouseanduset
hef
rui
tsorpr
oceedst
her
eoft
osat
isf
y

t
hel
att
er’
sshar
e.(
178a)

Ar
t.128.I
faspousewi
thoutj
ustcauseabandonst
heot
herorf
ail
sto

compl
ywi
thhi
sorherobl
igat
iont
othef
ami
ly
,theaggr
iev
edspousemay

pet
it
iont
hecour
tforr
ecei
ver
shi
p,f
orj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty,orf
or

aut
hor
it
ytobet
hesol
eadmi
nist
rat
oroft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty,

subj
ectt
osuchpr
ecaut
ionar
ycondi
ti
onsast
hecour
tmayi
mpose.

Theobl
igat
ionst
othef
ami
lyment
ionedi
nthepr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
aphr
efer

t
omar
it
al,
par
ent
alorpr
oper
tyr
elat
ions.

Aspousei
sdeemedt
ohav
eabandonedt
heot
herwhenheorshehas

l
eftt
heconj
ugaldwel
li
ngwi
thouti
ntent
ionofr
etur
ning.Thespousewhohas

l
eftt
heconj
ugaldwel
li
ngf
oraper
iodoft
hreemont
hsorhasf
ail
edwi
thi
nthe

sameper
iodt
ogi
veanyi
nfor
mat
ionast
ohi
sorherwher
eabout
sshal
lbepr
ima

f
aci
epr
esumedt
ohav
enoi
ntent
ionofr
etur
ningt
otheconj
ugaldwel
li
ng.(
167a,

191a)

RULESONABANDONMENTOFANOTHERSPOUSEWI
THOUTJUSTCAUSE

Ar
t.128.I
faspousewi
thoutj
ustcauseabandonst
heot
herorf
ail
sto

112
compl
ywi
thhi
sorherobl
igat
iont
othef
ami
ly
,theaggr
iev
edspousemay

pet
it
iont
hecour
t

1.f
orr
ecei
ver
shi
p,

2.f
orj
udi
cial
separ
ati
onofpr
oper
ty,
or

3.f
oraut
hor
it
ytobet
hesol
eadmi
nist
rat
oroft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

pr
oper
ty,
subj
ectt
osuchpr
ecaut
ionar
ycondi
ti
onsast
hecour
tmay

i
mpose.

Theobl
igat
ionst
othef
ami
lyment
ionedi
nthepr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
aphr
efer

t
omar
it
al,
par
ent
alorpr
oper
tyr
elat
ions.

Aspousei
sdeemedt
ohav
eabandonedt
heot
herwhenheorshehasl
eft

t
heconj
ugaldwel
l
ingwi
thouti
ntent
ionofr
etur
ning.Thespousewhohasl
eftt
he

conj
ugaldwel
l
ingf
oraper
iodoft
hreemont
hsorhasf
ail
edwi
thi
nthesame

per
iodt
ogi
veanyi
nfor
mat
ionast
ohi
sorherwher
eabout
sshal
lbepr
imaf
aci
e

pr
esumedt
ohav
enoi
ntent
ionofr
etur
ningt
otheconj
ugal
dwel
l
ing.

Exampl
e:I
fthewi
fegoest
oabr
oad(
to)abr
oadt
owor
kasanur
seand

r
efusest
ocomehomeaf
tert
heexpi
rat
ionofhert
hree-
yearcont
ractt
her
e.What

i
sther
emedyoft
heaggr
iev
edspouse?

Answer
:Theaggr
iev
edspousemayaskt
hecour
tforj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onof

pr
oper
ti
esbasedont
hegr
oundofabandonmentwi
thouti
ntent
ionofr
etur
ning.

Howev
er,i
ftheabandonmentwi
thoutj
ust
if
iabl
ecausei
smor
ethanoney
ear

al
ready
,nowt
heaggr
iev
edspousecanaskt
hecour
tforl
egal
separ
ati
on.

113
Sect
ion7.Li
qui
dat
ionoft
heConj
ugalPar
tner
shi
pAsset
sandLi
abi
l
iti
es

Ar
t.129.Upont
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pregi
me,t
he

f
oll
owi
ngpr
ocedur
eshal
lappl
y:

(
1)Ani
nvent
oryshal
lbepr
epar
ed,l
ist
ingsepar
atel
yal
lthepr
oper
ti
esof

t
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pandt
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
esofeachspouse.

(
2)Amount
s adv
anced by t
he conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pin pay
mentof

per
sonaldebt
s and obl
igat
ions ofei
therspouse shal
lbe cr
edi
ted t
othe

conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pasanassett
her
eof
.

(
3)Eachspouseshal
lber
eimbur
sedf
ort
heuseofhi
sorherexcl
usi
ve

f
undsi
ntheacqui
sit
ionofpr
oper
tyorf
ort
hev
alueofhi
sorherexcl
usi
ve

pr
oper
ty,t
heowner
shi
p ofwhi
ch hasbeen v
est
ed byl
aw i
ntheconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
p.

(
4)Thedebt
sandobl
igat
ionsoft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pshal
lbepai
d

outoft
heconj
ugalasset
s.I
ncaseofi
nsuf
fi
ciencyofsai
dasset
s,t
hespouses

shal
lbesol
idar
il
yli
abl
efort
heunpai
dbal
ancewi
tht
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es,
in

accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofpar
agr
aph(
2)ofAr
ti
cle121.

(
5)What
everr
emai
nsoft
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
esoft
hespousesshal
l

t
her
eaf
terbedel
iv
eredt
oeachoft
hem.

(
6)Unl
esst
heownerhadbeeni
ndemni
fi
edf
rom what
eversour
ce,t
he

l
ossordet
eri
orat
ionofmov
abl
esusedf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hef
ami
ly
,bel
ongi
ng

t
oei
therspouse,
evenduet
ofor
tui
tousev
ent
,shal
lbepai
dtosai
dspousef
rom

t
heconj
ugalf
unds,
ifany
.

(
7)The netr
emai
nderoft
he conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p pr
oper
ti
es shal
l

114
const
it
utet
hepr
ofi
ts,
whi
chshal
lbedi
vi
dedequal
lybet
weenhusbandandwi
fe,

unl
essadi
ff
erentpr
opor
ti
onordi
vi
sionwasagr
eed upon i
nthemar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
sorunl
esst
her
ehasbeenav
olunt
arywai
verorf
orf
eit
ureofsuch

shar
easpr
ovi
dedi
nthi
sCode.

(
8)Thepr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
mesoft
hecommonchi
ldr
enshal
lbedel
i
ver
ed

upont
hepar
ti
ti
oni
naccor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cle51.

(
9)I
nthepar
ti
ti
onoft
hepr
oper
ti
es,t
heconj
ugaldwel
li
ngandt
hel
oton

whi
chi
tissi
tuat
edshal
l
,unl
essot
her
wiseagr
eeduponbyt
hepar
ti
es,be

adj
udi
cat
edt
othespousewi
thwhom t
hemaj
ori
tyoft
hecommonchi
l
dren

chooset
oremai
n.Chi
ldr
enbel
ow t
heageofsev
eny
ear
sar
edeemedt
ohav
e

chosent
hemot
her
,unl
esst
hecour
thasdeci
dedot
her
wise.I
ncaset
her
eisno

such maj
ori
ty,t
he cour
tshal
ldeci
de,t
aki
ng i
nto consi
der
ati
on t
he best

i
nter
est
sofsai
dchi
ldr
en.(
181a,
182a,
183a,
184a,
185a)

Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
ocedur
eshal
lappl
y.

1.I
nvent
ory
.Theconj
ugal
andexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyshal
lbel
i
stedsepar
atel
y.

2.Rei
mbur
sement
.

i
. Amount
sadv
ancedbyt
hespousesshal
lbeaddedt
otheconj
ugal

pr
oper
ti
esanddeduct
edf
rom t
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es.

i
i
. Amount
spai
dbyt
hespousesf
rom hi
sorherexcl
usi
vef
undsf
ort
he

benef
itoft
hef
ami
l
yshal
lber
eimbur
sedbyt
heconj
ugalpr
oper
ti
es,
by

115
 deduct
ingsai
damount
sfr
om conj
ugalpr
oper
ti
esandaddi
ngi
ttot
he

separ
atepr
oper
ti
esoft
hespouses.

3.Li
sti
ngofCr
edi
tor
sandPay
mentofConj
ugal
Liabi
l
iti
es.

4.Del
i
ver
yofRemai
ningConj
ugal
and(
or)Separ
ateAsset
s.

5.Del
i
ver
yofpr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
mest
ocommonchi
l
dren.

Theconj
ugaldwel
l
ingandt
hel
otonwhi
chi
tissi
tuat
edshal
l
,unl
ess

ot
her
wiseagr
eeduponbyt
hepar
ti
es,beadj
udi
cat
edt
othespousewi
thwhom

t
hemaj
ori
tyoft
hecommonchi
l
drenchooset
oremai
n.

Chi
l
drenbel
ow t
heageofsev
eny
ear
sar
edeemedt
ohav
echosent
he

mot
her
,unl
esst
hecour
thasdeci
dedot
her
wise.I
ncaset
her
eisnosuchmaj
ori
ty,

t
hecour
tshal
ldeci
de,
taki
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hebesti
nter
est
sofsai
dchi
l
dren.

Ar
t.130.Upont
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
hemar
ri
agebydeat
h,t
heconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
p pr
oper
ty shal
lbe l
iqui
dat
ed i
nthe same pr
oceedi
ng f
ort
he

set
tl
ementoft
heest
ateoft
hedeceased.

I
fnoj
udi
cialset
tl
ementpr
oceedi
ngi
sinst
it
uted,t
hesur
viv
ingspouse

shal
lli
qui
dat
ethe conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p pr
oper
ty ei
therj
udi
cial
ly orext
ra-

j
udi
cial
lywi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
hedeat
hoft
hedeceasedspouse.I
fupont
he

l
apse oft
he si
x-mont
h per
iod no l
iqui
dat
ion i
s made,anydi
sposi
ti
on or

116
encumbr
ancei
nvol
vi
ng t
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p pr
oper
tyoft
het
ermi
nat
ed

mar
ri
ageshal
lbev
oid.

Shoul
dthesur
viv
ingspousecont
ractasubsequentmar
ri
agewi
thout

compl
iancewi
tht
hef
oregoi
ngr
equi
rement
s,amandat
oryr
egi
meofcompl
ete

separ
ati
onofpr
oper
tyshal
lgov
ernt
hepr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsoft
hesubsequent

mar
ri
age.(
n)

Thepr
ocedur
eonLi
qui
dat
ionoft
heConj
ugalPar
tner
shi
pAsset
sand

Li
abi
l
iti
esshal
lappl
y. Conj
ugalPar
tner
shi
p shoul
d be j
udi
cial
l
yorext
ra-

j
udi
cial
l
yli
qui
dat
edwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsascompar
edwi
thAbsol
uteCommuni
ty

whi
chmustbemadewi
thi
noney
ear
.

I
fnol
i
qui
dat
ioni
smadewi
thi
n6mont
hs,
anydi
sposi
ti
onorencumbr
ance

ofconj
ugalasset
sshal
lbev
oid.Amandat
oryr
egi
meofcompl
etesepar
ati
on

shal
lgov
ernt
he pr
oper
tyr
elat
ions of t
he subsequent mar
ri
age i
fthe

r
equi
rement
sofl
i
qui
dat
ionar
enotcompl
i
edwi
th.

Ar
t.131.Whenev
ert
hel
iqui
dat
ionoft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ti
es

oft
woormor
emar
ri
agescont
ract
edbyt
hesameper
sonbef
oret
heef
fect
ivi
ty

oft
hisCodei
scar
ri
edoutsi
mul
taneousl
y,t
her
espect
ivecapi
tal
,fr
uit
sand

i
ncomeofeachpar
tner
shi
pshal
lbedet
ermi
neduponsuchpr
oofasmaybe

consi
der
edaccor
dingt
other
ulesofev
idence.I
ncaseofdoubtast
owhi
ch

par
tner
shi
ptheexi
sti
ngpr
oper
ti
esbel
ong,t
hesameshal
lbedi
vi
dedbet
ween

117
t
hedi
ff
erentpar
tner
shi
psi
npr
opor
ti
ont
othecapi
talanddur
ati
onofeach.

(
189a)

Ar
t.132.The Rul
es ofCour
ton t
he admi
nist
rat
ion ofest
ates of

deceasedper
sonsshal
lbeobser
vedi
ntheappr
aisalandsal
eofpr
oper
tyoft
he

conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,andot
hermat
ter
swhi
char
enotexpr
essl
ydet
ermi
nedi
n

t
hisChapt
er.(
187a)

Ar
t.133.Fr
om t
hecommonmassofpr
oper
tysuppor
tshal
lbegi
vent
o

t
hesur
viv
ingspouseandt
othechi
ldr
endur
ingt
hel
iqui
dat
ionoft
hei
nvent
ori
ed

pr
oper
tyandunt
ilwhatbel
ongst
othem i
sdel
iv
ered;butf
rom t
hisshal
lbe

deduct
edt
hatamountr
ecei
vedf
orsuppor
twhi
chexceedst
hef
rui
tsorr
ent
s

per
tai
ningt
othem.(
188a)

CONJUGALANDCOMMUNI
TYPROPERTYDI
STI
NGUI
SHED:

1.I
ntheabsenceofanant
e-nupt
ialagr
eementast
owhatsy
stem ofpr
oper
ty

r
elat
ionsshal
lgov
ern.

I
fthemar
ri
agewascel
ebr
atedbef
oreAugust3,1988,t
hespousesar
e

gov
ernedbyconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns;t
hosemar
ri
agescel
ebr
atedonor

af
tert
hatdat
ear
egov
ernedbyt
her
egi
meofabsol
utecommuni
ty.

2.Acqui
sit
ionofpr
oper
tybydonat
ionori
nher
it
ance.

a)Bef
oret
hemar
ri
age¬–I
nconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns,t
hepr
oper
ty

shal
lremai
nasexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
hespouse,butt
hef
rui
tsar
e

118
 conj
ugal
;wher
eas,i
nabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyr
egi
me,i
tshal
l

become communi
ty pr
oper
ty of spouses i
mmedi
atel
y af
ter t
he

cel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age,
incl
udi
ngi
tsf
rui
ts.

b)Dur
ing t
he mar
ri
age – I
n conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,t
he pr
oper
tyi
san

excl
usi
vepr
oper
tyoft
hespouse,butt
hef
rui
ts,unl
esst
hedonor
,

t
est
ator
,orgr
ant
orshal
lexpr
essl
ypr
ovi
det
hati
tshal
lbel
ongt
he

communi
typr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.

3.Pr
oper
ti
esacqui
redbef
oret
hemar
ri
age.

I
nconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns,t
hepr
oper
tyshal
lremai
nasanexcl
usi
ve

pr
oper
tydur
ingt
hemar
ri
age,butt
hef
rui
tsshal
lbeconj
ugal
;wher
eas,under

absol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
ty,
itshal
lbel
ongt
othecommuni
typr
oper
tyoft
he

spouses,
incl
udi
ngt
hef
rui
tst
her
eof
,ifany
.

4.Pr
oper
ti
esacqui
reddur
ingt
hemar
ri
age.

I
nabsol
utecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyandconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pofgai
ns,t
he

pr
oper
ty,i
ncl
udi
ngi
tsf
rui
ts,shal
lbeconj
ugalorcommuni
tyast
hecasemay
be,

unl
essi
thasbeenacqui
redbyr
edempt
ion,bar
terorexchangewi
thpr
oper
ty

bel
ongi
ngt
oonl
yoneoft
hespouses.

Thi
srul
edoesnotappl
yonpr
oper
ti
esacqui
reddur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageby

gr
atui
toust
it
lebecauset
heyshal
lbegov
ernedbyRul
eNo.2abov
e.

Chapter5.Separ
ati
onofPr
opertyoft
heSpousesand
Admi
nist
rati
onofCommonPr opert
ybyOneSpouseDuringt
he
Marr
iage

119
 Ar
t.134.I
nthe absence ofan expr
ess decl
arat
ion i
nthe mar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
s,t
hesepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tybet
weenspousesdur
ingt
hemar
ri
age

shal
lnott
akepl
aceexceptbyj
udi
cialor
der
.Suchj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty

mayei
therbev
olunt
aryorf
orsuf
fi
cientcause.(
190a)

Judi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tymayei
therbe:

1.Vol
unt
ary

2.Forsuf
fi
cientcause.

Ar
t.135.Anyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngshal
lbeconsi
der
edsuf
fi
cientcausef
or

j
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty:

(
1)Thatt
hespouseoft
hepet
it
ionerhasbeensent
encedt
oapenal
ty

whi
chcar
ri
eswi
thi
tci
vi
lint
erdi
cti
on;

(
2)Thatt
hespouseoft
hepet
it
ionerhasbeenj
udi
cial
lydecl
aredan

absent
ee;

(
3)Thatl
ossofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yoft
hespouseofpet
it
ionerhasbeen

decr
eedbyt
hecour
t;

(
4)Thatt
hespouseoft
hepet
it
ionerhasabandonedt
hel
att
erorf
ail
edt
o

compl
ywi
thhi
sorherobl
i
gat
ionst
othef
ami
lyaspr
ovi
dedf
ori
nAr
ti
cle101;

(
5)Thatt
hespousegr
ant
edt
hepowerofadmi
nist
rat
ioni
nthemar
ri
age

set
tl
ement
shasabusedt
hatpower
;and

(
6)Thatatt
het
imeoft
hepet
it
ion,t
hespouseshav
ebeensepar
atedi
n

f
actf
oratl
eastoney
earandr
econci
li
ati
oni
shi
ghl
yimpr
obabl
e.

120
 I
nthecasespr
ovi
dedf
ori
nNumber
s(1)
,(2)and(
3),t
hepr
esent
ati
onof

t
hef
inalj
udgmentagai
nstt
hegui
lt
yorabsentspouseshal
lbeenoughbasi
sfor

t
hegr
antoft
hedecr
eeofj
udi
cialsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty.(
191a)

SUFFI
CIENTCAUSEFORJUDI
CIALSEPARATI
ONOFPROPERTY:

1.Pet
it
ioner
’sspousehasbeensent
encedt
oapenal
tywhi
chcar
ri
eswi
thi
t

ci
vi
li
nter
dict
ion

2.Pet
it
ioner
’sspousehasbeendecl
aredanabsent
ee

3.Lossofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yofpet
it
ioner
’sspousehasbeendecr
eedbyt
he

cour
t

4. Abandonmentbypet
it
ioner
’sspouseorf
ail
uret
o compl
ywi
thf
ami
l
y

obl
i
gat
ions

5.Spousegr
ant
edt
hepowerofAdmi
nist
rat
ioni
nmar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
shas

abusedt
hatpower

6.Att
het
imeofpet
it
ion,t
hespouseshav
ebeensepar
atedi
nfactf
orat

l
eastoney
earandr
econci
l
iat
ioni
shi
ghl
yimpr
obabl
e

Ar
t.136.Thespousesmayj
oint
lyf
il
eav
eri
fi
edpet
it
ionwi
tht
hecour
tfor

t
hev
olunt
arydi
ssol
uti
onoft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyort
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

ofgai
ns,
andf
ort
hesepar
ati
onoft
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ti
es.

Al
lcr
edi
tor
soft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyoroft
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pof

gai
ns,aswel
last
heper
sonalcr
edi
tor
soft
hespouse,shal
lbel
ist
edi
nthe

121
pet
it
ionandnot
if
iedoft
hef
il
ingt
her
eof
.Thecour
tshal
ltakemeasur
est
o

pr
otectt
hecr
edi
tor
sandot
herper
sonswi
thpecuni
aryi
nter
est
.(191a)

COMMENT:Thepr
ovi
sioni
ssel
f-
expl
anat
ory

Ar
t.137.Oncet
hesepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tyhasbeendecr
eed,
theabsol
ute

communi
ty or t
he conj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p of gai
ns shal
lbe l
iqui
dat
ed i
n

conf
ormi
tywi
tht
hisCode.

Dur
ingt
hependencyoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsf
orsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ty,t
he

absol
utecommuni
tyort
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
pshal
lpayf
ort
hesuppor
toft
he

spousesandt
hei
rchi
ldr
en.(
192a)

Ar
t.138.Af
terdi
ssol
uti
onoft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyoroft
heconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
p,t
hepr
ovi
sionsoncompl
etesepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tyshal
lappl
y.

(
191a)

Ar
t.139.Thepet
it
ionf
orsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tyandt
hef
inalj
udgment

gr
ant
ingt
hesameshal
lber
ecor
dedi
nthepr
operl
ocalci
vi
lregi
str
iesand

r
egi
str
iesofpr
oper
ty.(
193a)

Ar
t.140.The separ
ati
on ofpr
oper
ty shal
lnotpr
ejudi
ce t
he r
ight
s

pr
evi
ousl
yacqui
redbycr
edi
tor
s.(
194a)

Ar
t.141.Thespousesmay
,int
hesamepr
oceedi
ngswher
esepar
ati
onof

pr
oper
tywasdecr
eed,f
il
eamot
ioni
ncour
tforadecr
eer
evi
vi
ngt
hepr
oper
ty

r
egi
met
hatexi
stedbet
weent
hem bef
oret
hesepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tyi
nanyof

122
t
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nst
ances:

(
1)Whent
heci
vi
lint
erdi
cti
ont
ermi
nat
es;

(
2)Whent
heabsent
eespouser
eappear
s;

(
3)Whent
hecour
t,bei
ngsat
isf
iedt
hatt
hespousegr
ant
edt
hepowerof

admi
nist
rat
ioni
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
swi
llnotagai
nabuset
hatpower
,

aut
hor
izest
her
esumpt
ionofsai
dadmi
nist
rat
ion;

(
4)Whent
hespousewhohasl
eftt
heconj
ugalhomewi
thoutadecr
eeof

l
egalsepar
ati
onr
esumescommonl
if
ewi
tht
heot
her
;

(
5)Whenpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yisj
udi
cial
lyr
est
oredt
othespousepr
evi
ousl
y

depr
ivedt
her
eof
;

(
6)Whent
hespouseswhohav
esepar
atedi
nfactf
oratl
eastoney
ear
,

r
econci
leandr
esumecommonl
if
e;or

(
7)When af
terv
olunt
arydi
ssol
uti
on oft
he absol
ute communi
tyof

pr
oper
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
phasbeenj
udi
cial
lydecr
eedupont
hej
oint

pet
it
ionoft
hespouses,
theyagr
eet
other
evi
valoft
hef
ormerpr
oper
tyr
egi
me.

Nov
olunt
arysepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tymayt
her
eaf
terbegr
ant
ed.

GROUNDSFORREVI
VALOFFORMERPROPERTYREGI
ME:

1.Whenci
vi
li
nter
dict
ionoft
hepr
isoner
-spouset
ermi
nat
es

2.Whent
heabsent
eespouser
eappear
s

3.Whent
hecour
t,bei
ngsat
isf
iedt
hatt
hespousegr
ant
edt
hepowerof

admi
nist
rat
ioni
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ementwi
l
lnotagai
nabuset
hatpower
,

aut
hor
izes r
esumpt
ion of admi
nist
rat
ion by t
he spouse f
ormer
ly

123
 exer
cisi
ngsuchpower

4.Whent
hespouse,whohasl
eftt
heconj
ugalhomewi
thoutadecr
eeof

l
egal
separ
ati
on,
ret
urnsandr
esumescommonl
i
fewi
tht
heot
her

5.Whenpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yisj
udi
cial
l
yrest
oredt
othespousepr
evi
ousl
y

depr
ivedt
her
eof

6.Whent
hespouseswhohav
esepar
atedi
nfactf
oratl
eastoney
ear
,

r
econci
l
eandr
esumecommonl
i
fe

7.Whenaf
terv
olunt
arydi
ssol
uti
onofACPorCPG,spousesagr
eet
orev
ive

t
hei
rfor
merpr
oper
tyr
egi
me

Ther
evi
valoft
hef
ormerpr
oper
tyr
egi
meshal
lbegov
ernedbyAr
ti
cle67.

(
195a)

Ar
t.142.Theadmi
nist
rat
ionofal
lcl
assesofexcl
usi
vepr
oper
tyofei
ther

spousemaybet
ransf
err
edbyt
hecour
ttot
heot
herspouse:

(
1)Whenonespousebecomest
heguar
dianoft
heot
her
;

(
2)Whenonespousei
sjudi
cial
lydecl
aredanabsent
ee;

(
3)Whenonespousei
ssent
encedt
oapenal
tywhi
chcar
ri
eswi
thi
tci
vi
l

i
nter
dict
ion;
or

(
4)Whenonespousebecomesaf
ugi
ti
vef
rom j
ust
iceori
sinhi
dingas

anaccusedi
nacr
imi
nal
case.

124
 I
ftheot
herspousei
snotqual
if
iedbyr
easonofi
ncompet
ence,conf
li
ct

ofi
nter
est
,oranyot
herj
ustcause,t
hecour
tshal
lappoi
ntasui
tabl
eper
sont
o

bet
headmi
nist
rat
or.(
n)

Av
olunt
arysepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ti
esi
snotper
fect
edbymer
econsentbut

upont
hedecr
eeoft
hecour
tappr
ovi
ngt
hesame.Thepet
it
ionf
orv
olunt
ary
st
separ
ati
on ofpr
oper
ty was deni
ed because t
he chi
l
dren oft
he 1 and

2ndmar
ri
ageswer
enoti
nfor
med;t
hesepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tymaypr
ejudi
cet
he

r
ight
sandshar
esoft
hechi
l
dren(
InRe:v
olunt
arydi
ssol
uti
onofCPGofspouses

Ber
nas,
14SCRA237)
.

Chapt
er6.Regi
meofSepar
ati
onofPr
oper
ty

Ar
t.143.Shoul
dthef
utur
espousesagr
eei
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
s

t
hatt
hei
rpr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsdur
ingmar
ri
ageshal
lbegov
ernedbyt
her
egi
meof

separ
ati
onofpr
oper
ty,
thepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisChapt
ershal
lbesuppl
etor
y.(
212a)

SUPPLETORY CHARACTER –The f

utur
e spouses mustent
eri
ntoav
ali
d

mar
ri
ageset
tl
ementst
ipul
ati
ngt
hei
rpr
oper
tyr
egi
me.I
nthi
scase,t
hemar
ri
age

set
tl
ementshal
lpr
inci
pal
l
ygov
ernt
hei
rpr
oper
tyr
elat
ions.Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
he

Fami
l
yCodeshal
lbesuppl
etor
yinchar
act
er.

Ar
t.144.Separ
ati
onofpr
oper
tymayr
efert
opr
esentorf
utur
epr
oper
tyor

bot
h.I
tmaybet
otalorpar
ti
al.I
nthel
att
ercase,t
hepr
oper
tynotagr
eedupon

125
assepar
ateshal
lper
tai
ntot
heabsol
utecommuni
ty.(
213a)

Whatar
ethepr
oper
ti
esi
ncl
uded?

Thepr
oper
ti
esi
ncl
udedi
nthesepar
ati
onofpr
oper
tyar
ethoseagr
eedi
n

t
hemar
ri
ageset
tl
ement
.Pr
oper
ti
esnoti
ncl
udedi
nthemar
ri
ageset
tl
ementshal
l

per
tai
ntot
heabsol
utecommuni
ty.

Ar
t.145.Eachspouseshal
lown,di
sposeof
,possess,admi
nist
erand

enj
oyhi
sorherownsepar
ateest
ate,wi
thoutneedoft
heconsentoft
heot
her
.

Toeachspouseshal
lbel
ongal
lear
ningsf
rom hi
sorherpr
ofessi
on,busi
ness

ori
ndust
ryandal
lfr
uit
s,nat
ural
,indust
ri
alorci
vi
l,dueorr
ecei
veddur
ingt
he

mar
ri
agef
rom hi
sorhersepar
atepr
oper
ty.(
214a)

Ar
t.146.Bot
hspousesshal
lbeart
hef
ami
lyexpensesi
npr
opor
ti
ont
o

t
hei
rincome,or
,incaseofi
nsuf
fi
ciencyordef
aul
tther
eof
,tot
hecur
rent

mar
ketv
alueoft
hei
rsepar
atepr
oper
ti
es.

Thel
iabi
li
ti
esoft
hespousest
o cr
edi
tor
sforf
ami
lyexpensesshal
l,

howev
er,
besol
idar
y.(
215a)

RULESONCOMPLETESEPARATI
ONOFPROPERTYREGI
ME.

Thef
utur
espousesmayagr
eeonar
egi
meofcompl
etesepar
ati
onof

126
pr
oper
ti
es.Li
ket
heabsol
utecommuni
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,t
hepar
ti
esmay

agr
eeonat
otalorpar
ti
alsepar
ati
onofpr
oper
ti
es.Whi
l
ethepar
ti
esmaybe

gov
ernedbyt
heabsol
utecommuni
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,t
hef
utur
espouses

may
,howev
er,decl
aret
hatcer
tai
n pr
oper
ti
es be consi
der
ed t
hei
rsepar
ate

pr
oper
ti
es.(
Art
s.92,109,Fami
l
yCode)
.Ift
her
ear
epr
oper
ti
esnotagr
eedupon

assepar
atepr
oper
ti
es,t
hen,t
heyar
egov
ernedbyt
heabsol
utecommuni
tyof

pr
oper
ty.Thi
sissobecauseoft
her
ulet
hati
ntheabsenceofanymar
ri
age

set
tl
ementori
ftheagr
eementi
svoi
d,t
hesy
stem ofabsol
utecommuni
tyof

pr
oper
tyshal
lgov
ern.

Chapt
er7.Pr
oper
tyRegi
meofUni
onsWi
thoutMar
ri
age

Ar
t.147.Whenamanandawomanwhoar
ecapaci
tat
edt
omar
ryeach

ot
her
,li
veexcl
usi
vel
ywi
theachot
herashusbandandwi
fewi
thoutt
hebenef
it

ofmar
ri
ageorunderav
oidmar
ri
age,t
hei
rwagesandsal
ari
esshal
lbeowned

byt
hem i
nequalshar
esandt
hepr
oper
tyacqui
redbybot
hoft
hem t
hrought
hei
r

wor
kori
ndust
ryshal
lbegov
ernedbyt
her
ulesonco-
owner
shi
p.

I
ntheabsenceofpr
ooft
othecont
rar
y,pr
oper
ti
esacqui
redwhi
let
hey

l
iv
edt
oget
hershal
lbepr
esumedt
ohav
ebeenobt
ainedbyt
hei
rjoi
ntef
for
ts,

wor
kori
ndust
ry,andshal
lbeownedbyt
hem i
nequalshar
es.Forpur
posesof

t
hisAr
ti
cle,apar
tywhodi
dnotpar
ti
cipat
eint
heacqui
sit
ionbyt
heot
herpar
ty

ofanypr
oper
tyshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
econt
ri
but
edj
oint
lyi
ntheacqui
sit
ion

t
her
eofi
fthef
ormer
’sef
for
tsconsi
stedi
nthecar
eandmai
ntenanceoft
he

f
ami
lyandoft
hehousehol
d.

127
 Nei
therpar
tycanencumberordi
sposebyact
sint
erv
ivosofhi
sorher

shar
eint
hepr
oper
tyacqui
reddur
ingcohabi
tat
ionandownedi
ncommon,

wi
thoutt
heconsentoft
heot
her
,unt
ilaf
tert
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
hei
rcohabi
tat
ion.

Whenonl
yoneoft
hepar
ti
est
oav
oidmar
ri
agei
singoodf
ait
h,t
heshar
e

oft
hepar
tyi
nbadf
ait
hint
heco-
owner
shi
pshal
lbef
orf
eit
edi
nfav
oroft
hei
r

commonchi
ldr
en.I
ncaseofdef
aul
toforwai
verbyanyoral
loft
hecommon

chi
l
drenort
hei
rdescendant
s,eachv
acantshar
eshal
lbel
ongt
other
espect
ive

sur
viv
ingdescendant
s.I
ntheabsenceofdescendant
s,suchshar
eshal
lbel
ong

t
othe i
nnocentpar
ty.I
n al
lcases,t
he f
orf
eit
ure shal
ltake pl
ace upon

t
ermi
nat
ionoft
hecohabi
tat
ion.(
144a)

Ar
ti
cle147oft
heFami
l
yCodespeaksofasi
tuat
ionwher
ethemanand

t
he woman who l
i
vet
oget
heras husband and wi
fe wi
thoutt
he benef
itof

mar
ri
agear
ecapaci
tat
edt
oli
veashusbandandwi
feormar
ryeachot
her
.Ift
he

mani
smar
ri
ed,ori
fthewomani
smar
ri
ed,t
hel
awdoesnotappl
ybecauset
hey

ar
enotcapaci
tat
edt
omar
ryeachot
herduet
othel
egal
impedi
mentt
omar
ry.

APPLI
CABI
LITY

1.manandwoman

2.l
i
vingt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe

3.wi
thcapaci
tyt
omar
ry(
Art
.5wi
thoutany
legal
impedi
ment
)

a.atl
east18y
ear
sol
d

b.notAr
t.37(
incest
uousv
oidmar
ri
age)

128
 c.notAr
t.38(
voi
dmar
ri
agebyr
easonofpubl
i
cpol
i
cy)

d.notbi
gamous

4.ot
herv
oidmar
ri
agesduet
oabsenceoff
ormal
requi
sit
e

SALARI
ESANDWAGES

Thei
rSal
ari
esandwagesshal
lbeownedi
nequal
shar
es.

PROPERTI
ESACQUI
REDTHROUGHEXCLUSI
VEFUNDS

I
tshal
lremai
nexcl
usi
vepr
ovi
dedt
her
eispr
oof

PROPERTI
ESACQUI
REDBYBOTHTHROUGHWORKORI
NDUSTRY

Shal
lbegov
ernedbyr
ulesonco-
owner
shi
p

Pr
oper
ti
esacqui
redwhi
lel
i
vingt
oget
her

1.Ownedi
nequal
shar
essi
ncei
tispr
esumedt
ohav
ebeenacqui
red

t
hroughj
ointef
for
ts

2.i
fonepar
tydi
dnotpar
ti
cipat
einacqui
si
ti
on,
presumedt
ohav
e

cont
ri
but
edt
hroughcar
eandmai
ntenanceoff
ami
l
yandhousehol
d

FORFEI
TURE

Whenonl
yoneoft
hepar
ti
esi
singoodf
ait
h,t
heshar
eoft
hepar
tyi
nbadf
ait
h

shal
lbef
orf
eit
ed:

1.I
nfav
oroft
hei
rcommonchi
l
dren

129
 2.I
ncaseofdef
aul
toforwai
verbyanyoral
loft
hecommonchi
l
drenor

t
hei
rdescendant
s,eachv
acantshar
eshal
lbel
ongt
other
espect
ivesur
viv
ing

descendant
s

3.I
nthe absence ofsuch descendant
s,such shar
e bel
ongs t
othe

i
nnocentpar
ty

PROPERTYRELATI
ONSHI
PINAVOI
DMARRI
AGE.

Fr
anci
scov
s.Mast
erI
ronWor
ks

Const
ruct
ionCor
p.

G.
R.No.151967,
Febr
uar
y16,
2005

Fact
s:

J26osef
inaCast
il
loandEduar
doFr
anci
scower
emar
ri
edonJanuar
y15,

1983.OnAugust31,1984,sheboughtt
wopar
cel
sofl
andwher
eti
tl
eswer
e

i
ssuedundert
hei
rnames.Att
hedor
salpor
ti
onoft
het
it
les,t
her
ewer
eent
ri
es

showi
ng t
hatEduar
do wai
ved any r
ightov
ert
he pr
oper
ti
es as t
hey wer
e

pur
chasedoutofherownsav
ings.Whenshemor
tgagedt
hepr
oper
ty,Eduar
do

af
fi
xedhi
smar
it
alconf
ormi
ty.I
n1990,Eduar
dobought7,
500bagsofcement

f
rom MI
WCC butf
ail
edt
opay
,hence,acompl
aintwasf
il
ed.Judgmentwas

r
ender
edagai
nsthi
m,hence,
ther
ewasl
evyont
hepr
oper
ti
esbutJosef
inaf
il
eda

t
hir
dpar
tycl
aim wi
tht
hesher
if
f.Ther
ewassal
eoft
hepr
oper
ti
eshence,she

f
il
edacompl
aintt
odecl
aret
hesal
evoi
dal
l
egi
ngt
hatt
hepr
oper
ti
eswer
ebought
26
G.
RNo.151967

130
outofherownmoneyandt
hrought
hehel
pofherbr
otherandsi
sterandt
hat

Eduar
dohadnopar
ti
cipat
ionatal
l
.Int
hemeant
ime,
Josef
inaf
il
edacompl
aintt
o

decl
aret
hei
rmar
ri
agev
oidasEduar
dohadapr
iormar
ri
age.I
twasgr
ant
ed.The

act
iont
odecl
aret
hesal
evoi
dwasgr
ant
edbuti
twasr
ever
sedbyt
heCAr
uli
ng

t
hatt
hepr
oper
ti
eswer
epr
esumedt
obeconj
ugal
.Itf
urt
herhel
dthatt
hewai
ver

wasv
oid.Bef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
tshecont
endedt
hatsi
ncehermar
ri
agewas

v
oid,t
heywer
egov
ernedbyt
her
uleonco-
owner
shi
punderAr
ti
cle148,Fami
l
y

Code,t
hus,t
her
emustbeev
idencet
oshowt
hatEduar
docont
ri
but
edmat
eri
all
y

i
nthepur
chaseoft
hepr
oper
ty.Ont
heot
herhand,
theot
herpar
tycont
endedt
hat

t
hepr
oper
ti
esar
epr
esumedt
obeconj
ugalast
her
ewasnoshowi
ngt
hatshe

al
oneboughtt
hepr
oper
ti
es.Rul
eont
hecont
ent
ions.Ar
t.147

Hel
d:

Thecont
ent
ionoft
hewi
fei
snotcor
rectasshef
ail
edt
opr
ovet
hatshe

acqui
redt
hepr
oper
ti
eswi
thherper
sonalf
unds.Thecont
ent
ionoft
hepet
it
ioner

t
hatAr
ti
cle144oft
heNew Ci
vi
lCodedoesnotappl
yiscor
rect
.InTuml
osv
s.

Fer
nandez,330SCRA718(
2000)
,itwashel
dthatAr
ti
cle144oft
heNew Ci
vi
l

Codeappl
i
esonl
ytoar
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenamanandawomanwhoar
enot

i
ncapaci
tat
edt
omar
ryeachot
her
,ort
oonei
nwhi
cht
hemar
ri
ageoft
hepar
ti
es

i
svoi
dfr
om t
hev
erybegi
nni
ng.I
tdoesnotappl
ytoacohabi
tat
iont
hati
s

adul
ter
ousoramount
stoconcubi
nage,f
ori
twoul
dbeabsur
dtocr
eat
eaco-

owner
shi
pwher
ether
eexi
stsapr
iorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
porabsol
utecommuni
ty

bet
weent
hemanandhi
slawf
ulwi
fe.I
nthi
scase,t
hepet
it
ioneradmi
tt
edt
hat

whensheandEduar
docohabi
ted,
thel
att
erwasi
ncapaci
tat
edt
omar
ry

131
her
.

TheFami
l
yCodeuponwhi
chpet
it
ioneranchor
edhercl
aimshasf
il
ledt
he

hi
atusi
nAr
ti
cle144oft
heNewCi
vi
lCodebyexpr
essl
yregul
ati
ngi
nAr
ti
cle148

t
hepr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsofcoupl
esl
i
vingi
nast
ateofadul
ter
yorconcubi
nage.

UnderAr
ti
cle256oft
heFami
l
y
27
Code,t
hel
awcanbeappl
i
edr
etr
oact
ivel
yifi
tdoesnotpr
ejudi
cev
est
ed

oracqui
redr
ight
s.Thepet
it
ionerf
ail
edt
opr
ovet
hatshehadanyv
est
edr
ight

ov
ert
hepr
oper
tyi
nquest
ion.Si
ncet
hesubj
ectpr
oper
tywasacqui
reddur
ingt
he

subsi
stence of t
he mar
ri
age of Eduar
do and Car
mel
i
ta,under nor
mal

ci
rcumst
ances,t
hesameshoul
dbepr
esumedt
obeconj
ugalpr
oper
ty.Ar
ti
cle

10528oft
heFami
l
yCodeoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nespr
ovi
dest
hatt
heCodeshal
lappl
yto

conj
ugal
par
tner
shi
pest
abl
i
shedbef
oret
hecodet
ookef
fect
,wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
o

v
est
edr
ight
sal
readyacqui
redundert
heNewCi
vi
lCodeorot
herl
aws(
Vil
l
anuev
a

v
s.CA,G.
R.No.143286,Apr
il14,2004)
.Thus,ev
eni
fEduar
doandCar
mel
i
ta

wer
emar
ri
edbef
oret
heef
fect
ivi
tyoft
heFami
l
yCodeoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes,t
he

pr
oper
tyst
il
lcannotbeconsi
der
edconj
ugalpr
oper
tybecauset
her
ecanbebut

onev
ali
dexi
sti
ngmar
ri
ageatanygi
vent
ime(
Tuml
osv
s.Fer
nandez,supr
a.)
.
2930
Ar
ti
cle148oft
heFami
l
yCodeal
sodebi
l
itat
esagai
nstt
hepet
it
ioner
’scl
aim

si
nce,accor
ding t
othe sai
d ar
ti
cle,a co-
owner
shi
p mayensue i
n case of

cohabi
tat
ionwher
e,f
ori
nst
ance,onepar
tyhasapr
e-exi
sti
ngv
ali
dmar
ri
age

pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hepar
ent
spr
ovet
hei
ract
ualj
ointcont
ri
but
ionofmoney
,pr
oper
ty

27
G.R.No.143286
28
Arti
cle105
29
Arti
cle148
30
338SCRA393

132
ori
ndust
ryandonl
ytot
heext
entoft
hei
rpr
opor
ti
onat
eint
erestt
her
eon(
Mal
ang

v
s.Moson,
338SCRA393[
2000]
).

Ar
t.148.I
ncasesofcohabi
tat
ionnotf
all
ingundert
hepr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cle,

onl
ythepr
oper
ti
esacqui
redbybot
hoft
hepar
ti
est
hrought
hei
ract
ualj
oint

cont
ri
but
ionofmoney
,pr
oper
ty,
ori
ndust
ryshal
lbeownedbyt
hem i
ncommon

i
npr
opor
ti
ont
othei
rrespect
ivecont
ri
but
ions.I
ntheabsenceofpr
ooft
othe

cont
rar
y,t
hei
rcont
ri
but
ionsandcor
respondi
ngshar
esar
epr
esumedt
o be

equal
.Thesamer
uleandpr
esumpt
ionshal
lappl
ytoj
ointdeposi
tsofmoney

andev
idencesofcr
edi
t.

I
foneoft
hepar
ti
esi
sval
idl
ymar
ri
edt
oanot
her
,hi
sorhershar
eint
he

co-
owner
shi
pshal
laccr
uet
otheabsol
utecommuni
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

exi
sti
ngi
nsuchv
ali
dmar
ri
age.I
fthepar
tywhoact
edi
nbadf
ait
hisnotv
ali
dly

mar
ri
edt
oanot
her
,hi
sorhershal
lbef
orf
eit
edi
nthemannerpr
ovi
dedi
nthe

l
astpar
agr
aphoft
hepr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cle.

Thef
oregoi
ngr
ulesonf
orf
eit
ureshal
lli
kewi
seappl
yev
eni
fbot
hpar
ti
es

ar
einbot
hfai
th.(
144a)

Exampl
e:i
fXandYar
eli
vi
ngt
oget
herashusbandandwi
feandt
hey

acqui
redahouseandl
otwor
thP500,
000.
00,wi
thXcont
ri
but
ingP400,
000.
00

andYcont
ri
but
ingP100,
000.
00,t
hei
rshar
esshal
lbeatt
her
ati
oof4:
1.I
nthe

absence,howev
er,ofev
idence oft
hei
rrespect
ive cont
ri
but
ions,t
he l
aw

pr
esumest
hesamet
obeequal
.Ther
eis,howev
er,aneedt
opr
ovemat
eri
al

133
cont
ri
but
ionunl
i
kei
nAr
ti
cle147wher
espi
ri
tualcont
ri
but
ioni
ssuf
fi
cientf
oran

equal
shar
ingoft
hepr
oper
ti
es.

Ti
tl
eV
TheFami
ly

Chapt
er1.TheFami
lyasanI
nst
it
uti
on

Whati
sFami
ly
?

Ar
t.149.Thef
ami
ly
,bei
ngt
hef
oundat
ionoft
henat
ion,
isabasi
csoci
al

i
nst
it
uti
onwhi
chpubl
icpol
icycher
ishesandpr
otect
s.Consequent
ly,
fami
ly

r
elat
ionsar
egov
ernedbyl
awandnocust
om,
pract
iceoragr
eementdest
ruct
ive

oft
hef
ami
lyshal
lber
ecogni
zedorgi
venef
fect
.(216a,
218a)

DESTRUCTI
VEAGREEMENTS:

1.Anagr
eementt
hat
,whi
l
ethemar
ri
agei
ssubsi
sti
ng,
thehusbandcanhav
e

aconcubi
neort
hewi
fecanent
eri
ntoanadul
ter
ousr
elat
ionshi
pisVOI
D.

2.Anagr
eementofspousest
oal
l
oweachot
hert
oremar
ryi
scont
rar
ytol
aw,

134
 mor
alsandgoodcust
oms.Thenot
arypubl
i
cnot
ari
zi
ngsuchagr
eement

shoul
dbesuspendedf
or6mont
hs.(
InRe:
Bucana)

Ar
t.150.Fami
lyr
elat
ionsi
ncl
udet
hose:

(
1)Bet
weenhusbandandwi
fe;

(
2)Bet
weenpar
ent
sandchi
ldr
en;

(
3)Amongbr
other
sandsi
ster
s,whet
heroft
hef
ullorhal
f-
blood.(
217a)

Ar
t.151.Nosui
tbet
weenmember
soft
hesamef
ami
lyshal
lpr
osper

unl
essi
tshoul
dappearf
rom t
hev
eri
fi
edcompl
aintorpet
it
iont
hatear
nest

ef
for
tst
owar
dacompr
omi
sehav
ebeenmade,
butt
hatt
hesamehav
efai
l
ed.I
f

i
tisshownt
hatnosuchef
for
tswer
einf
actmade,
thesamecasemustbe

di
smi
ssed.

Thi
srul
esshal
lnotappl
ytocaseswhi
chmaynotbet
hesubj
ectof

compr
omi
seundert
heCi
vi
lCode.(
222a)

Thesei
ncl
ude:

1.Ci
vi
lst
atusofper
sons

2.
Anygr
oundf
orl
egal
separ
ati
on

135
3.Val
i
dit
yofmar
ri
ageorl
egal
separ
ati
on

4.Fut
uresuppor
t

5.Jur
isdi
cti
onofcour
ts

6.Fut
urel
egi
ti
me

COMMENT:

I
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoi
magi
neasadderandmor
etr
agi
cspect
acl
ethana

l
i
tigat
ionbet
weenmember
soft
hesamef
ami
l
y.I
tisnecessar
ythatev
eryef
for
t

shoul
dbemadet
owar
dacompr
omi
sebef
orel
i
tigat
ioni
sal
l
owedt
obr
eedhat
e

andpassi
oni
nthef
ami
l
y.I
tisknownt
hatal
awsui
tbet
weencl
oser
elat
ives

gener
atesdeeperbi
tt
ernesst
hanbet
weenst
ranger
s.(
Repor
toft
heCode

Commi
ssi
on)

GENERALRULE

Forasui
tbet
weenmember
soft
hesamef
ami
l
ytopr
osper
,thef
oll
owi
ngar
e

r
equi
red:

1.Ear
nestef
for
tst
owar
dsacompr
omi
sehav
ebeenmade

2.Suchef
for
tshav
efai
l
ed

3.Suchear
nestef
for
tsandt
hef
actoff
ail
uremustbeal
l
eged

Not
e:Thecasewi
l
lbedi
smi
ssedi
fiti
sshownt
hatnosuchef
for
tswer
emade.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.Ahasaconf
li
ctwi
thChi
s

br
otheri
nlawso,
Afi
l
edasui
tagai
nstC.Car
guedt
hatt
hesui
twi
l
lnotpr
osper

136
becauset
heyar
eofonef
ami
l
y.I
sCcor
rect
?

Answer
:No,
TheI
n-l
awswer
enoti
ncl
udedasmember
soft
hef
ami
l
y.I
n

f
act
,inacasei
nvol
vi
ngsui
tsbet
weenahusbandandhi
ssi
ster
-i
n-l
aw,
thecour
t

r
uledt
hatt
her
equi
rementof“
ear
nestef
for
tst
oseekacompr
omi
se”bet
ween

f
ami
l
ymember
sbef
oret
hecommencementofanysui
tbet
weent
hem,
neednot

beobser
vedast
hepar
ti
esar
enotwi
thi
nthet
erm“
fami
l
yrel
ati
ons”or“
fami
l
y

member
s”undert
hel
aw.

Ther
uleonear
nestef
for
tsal
sodoesnotappl
yto:

1.Speci
alpr
oceedi
ngsl
i
keapet
it
ionf
ort
heset
tl
ementofest
ate

guar
dianshi
pandcust
odyofchi
l
dren,
and

2.Habeascor
pus

Exempt
ionf
rom Cr
imi
nalLi
abi
li
tyi
nCr
imesagai
nstPr
oper
ty(
onl
yCi
vi
l)

1.Thef
t

2.Swi
ndl
i
ng

3.Mal
i
ciousmi
schi
ef

Hont
iver
osv
.RTC,
(1999)

Whenev
erast
rangeri
sapar
tyi
nacasei
nvol
vi
ngf
ami
l
ymember
s,t
he

137
r
equi
sit
eshowi
ngofear
nestef
for
tst
ocompr
omi
sei
snol
ongermandat
ory
,as

suchi
ncl
usi
onofast
rangert
akest
hecaseoutoft
heambi
tofFC151.

Exampl
e:

AandBar
esi
ster
s.AsuedBandC,
B’sbusi
nesspar
tnerf
orr
ecov
eryof

pr
oper
tywi
thdamages.Thecompl
aintdi
dnotal
l
eget
hatAexer
tedear
nest

ef
for
tst
ocomet
oacompr
omi
sewi
tht
hedef
endant
sandt
hatsuchef
for
tsf
ail
ed.

Thej
udgedi
smi
ssedt
hecompl
aintout
ri
ghtf
orf
ail
uret
ocompl
ywi
thacondi
ti
on

pr
ecedent
.Ist
hedi
smi
ssal
inor
der
?

Answer
:No,
sinceCi
sast
rangert
othesi
ster
s,Ahasnomor
alobl
i
gat
ion

t
oset
tl
ewi
thher
.

Chapt
er2.TheFami
lyHome

Ar
t.152.Thef
ami
lyhome,const
it
utedj
oint
lybyt
hehusbandandt
he

wi
feorbyanunmar
ri
edheadofaf
ami
ly
,ist
hedwel
li
nghousewher
etheyand

t
hei
rfami
lyr
esi
de,
andt
hel
andonwhi
chi
tissi
tuat
ed.(
223a)

GUI
DELI
NES

1.I
tisdeemed const
it
uted f
rom t
imeofact
ualoccupat
ionasaf
ami
l
y

r
esi
dence

2.I
tmustbeownedbyper
sonconst
it
uti
ngi
t

3.I
tmustbeper
manent

138
 4.Rul
eappl
i
est
oval
i
dandv
oidabl
eandev
ent
ocommon-
law mar
ri
ages

underAr
ts.
147and148

5.I
tcont
inuesdespi
tedeat
hofoneormor
espousesorunmar
ri
edheadof

f
ami
l
yfor10y
ear
sorasl
ongast
her
eisami
norbenef
ici
ary(
Art
.159)

6.Canonl
yconst
it
uteonef
ami
l
yhome

Ar
t.153.Thef
ami
lyhomei
sdeemedconst
it
utedonahouseandl
otf
rom

t
het
imei
tisoccupi
edasaf
ami
lyr
esi
dence.Fr
om t
het
imeofi
tsconst
it
uti
on

andsol
ongasanyofi
tsbenef
ici
ari
esact
ual
lyr
esi
dest
her
ein,
thef
ami
lyhome

cont
inuest
obesuchandi
sexemptf
rom execut
ion,f
orcedsal
eorat
tachment

exceptasher
einaf
terpr
ovi
dedandt
otheext
entoft
hev
alueal
lowedbyl
aw.

(
223a)

Thef
ami
l
yhomei
sthedwel
l
ingwher
ethef
ami
l
yresi
desandt
hel
andon

whi
chi
tissi
tuat
ed.Oncei
tisoccupi
edbyt
hef
ami
l
yasar
esi
dence,
iti
sdeemed

const
it
uted,t
her
ebyabandoni
ngt
heear
li
erpr
inci
pleofj
udi
cialconst
it
uti
onofa

f
ami
l
yhome.Fr
om t
hemomentofi
tsconst
it
uti
on,i
tisexemptf
rom execut
ion,

f
orcedsal
eorat
tachmentasagener
alr
ule.

Ar
t.154.Thebenef
ici
ari
esofaf
ami
lyhomear
e:

(
1)Thehusbandandwi
fe,oranunmar
ri
edper
sonwhoi
stheheadofa

f
ami
ly
;and

(
2) Thei
r par
ent
s,ascendant
s,descendant
s,br
other
s and si
ster
s,

139
whet
hert
her
elat
ionshi
pbel
egi
ti
mat
eori
ll
egi
ti
mat
e,whoar
eli
vi
ngi
nthef
ami
ly

homeandwhodependupont
heheadoft
hef
ami
lyf
orl
egalsuppor
t.(
226a)

BENEFI
CIARI
ESOFTHEFAMI
LYHOME

1.Husbandandwi
fe,
oranunmar
ri
edper
sonwhoi
stheheadoft
hef
ami
l
y

2.Par
ent
s(mayi
ncl
udepar
ent
-i
n-l
aws)
,ascendant
s,descendant
s,br
other
s

andsi
ster
s(l
egi
ti
mat
e/i
l
legi
ti
mat
e),whoar
eli
vi
ngi
nthef
ami
l
yhomeand

whodependont
heheadoft
hef
ami
l
yforsuppor
t

REQUI
SITESTOBEABENEFI
CIARY

1.Ther
elat
ionshi
piswi
thi
nthoseenumer
ated

2.Theyl
i
vei
nthef
ami
l
yhome

3.Theyar
edependentf
orl
egal
suppor
tont
heheadoft
hef
ami
l
y

Theenumer
ati
onunderAr
ti
cle154mayi
ncl
udet
hei
n-l
awswher
ethef
ami
l
y

homei
sconst
it
utedj
oint
lybyt
hehusbandandt
hewi
fe.Butt
hel
aw def
ini
tel
y

excl
udesmai
dsandov
erseer
s.

Ar
t.155.Thef
ami
lyhomeshal
lbeexemptf
rom execut
ion,
for
cedsal
eor

at
tachmentexcept
:

(
1)Fornonpay
mentoft
axes;

(
2)Fordebt
sincur
redpr
iort
otheconst
it
uti
onoft
hef
ami
lyhome;

140
 (
3)Fordebt
ssecur
edbymor
tgagesont
hepr
emi
sesbef
oreoraf
tersuch

const
it
uti
on;
and

(
4) For debt
s due t
o l
abor
ers, mechani
cs, ar
chi
tect
s, bui
lder
s,

mat
eri
almenandot
her
swhohav
erender
edser
viceorf
urni
shedmat
eri
alf
ort
he

const
ruct
ionoft
hebui
ldi
ng.(
243a)

GENERALRULE

Thef
ami
lyhomei
sexemptf
rom:

1.Execut
ion

2.For
cedsal
e

3.At
tachment

Execut
ion-Per
tai
nst
osei
zur
esofpr
oper
ty.I
tisaut
hor
izedi
nanyact
ionor

pr
oceedi
ngi
nwhi
chamonet
aryj
udgmenti
srecov
erabl
eandi
nanyot
heract
ion

orpr
oceedi
ngwhenaut
hor
izedbyst
atut
e.

Forexampl
e,t
hev
ict
im ofacaracci
dentmayi
nst
it
uteaci
vi
llawsui
tseeki
ng

damagesf
rom anot
herpar
ty.I
fthepl
aint
if
fwi
nst
hel
awsui
tandi
sawar
ded

moneyf
rom t
hedef
endantasapar
toft
hev
erdi
ct,t
hecour
tmayaut
hor
izean

execut
ionpr
ocesst
opayt
hedebtt
othepl
aint
if
f.

FORCEDSALE-Per
tai
nst
oani
nvol
unt
arysal
etr
ansact
ionorr
esul
tsf
rom asal
e

ofgoodssei
zedbyt
hesher
if
ftosat
isf
y(pay
)aj
udgment
.

ATTACHMENT-Thel
egalpr
ocessofsei
zi
ngpr
oper
tyt
oensur
esat
isf
act
ionofa

141
j
udgment
,orar
eli
eft
hatt
empor
ari
l
yof
fer
sthepl
aint
if
fsomesecur
it
ywhi
l
e

pur
sui
ngaf
inal
judgmenti
nthel
awsui
t.

Forexampl
e,apl
aint
if
fbel
i
evedt
hatt
heper
sonheorshei
ssui
ngi
saboutt
o

packupandl
eav
ethecount
rywi
l
lwant
sthecour
ttopr
eventi
tunt
ilt
hepl
aint
if
f

hasachancet
owi
ntheact
ionandcol
l
ectont
hej
udgment
.Thepl
aint
if
fcan

appl
yforanor
derofat
tachmentt
hatbr
ingst
hepr
oper
tyi
ntot
hecust
odyoft
he

cour
tandt
akesawayt
hedef
endant
'sr
ightt
oremov
eitordi
sposeofi
t.

Ar
t.156.Thef
ami
lyhomemustbepar
toft
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
heabsol
ute

communi
tyort
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,oroft
heexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ti
esofei
ther

spousewi
tht
hel
att
er’
sconsent
.Itmayal
sobeconst
it
utedbyanunmar
ri
ed

headofaf
ami
lyonhi
sorherownpr
oper
ty.

Nev
ert
hel
ess,pr
oper
tyt
hati
sthe subj
ectofa condi
ti
onalsal
e on

i
nst
all
ment
swher
eowner
shi
pisr
eser
ved byt
hev
endoronl
yto guar
ant
ee

pay
mentoft
hepur
chasepr
icemaybeconst
it
utedasaf
ami
lyhome.(
227a,

228a)

Exampl
e:AandBar
emar
ri
edwi
thf
ivechi
l
dren.They
const
ruct
edahouse

onal
otwhi
cht
heyboughtaf
tert
hei
rmar
ri
age.Thef
ami
l
yhomei
sapar
toft
hei
r

absol
utecommuni
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p.I
fthel
otbel
ongsexcl
usi
vel
ytoA,

hemayev
enconst
ructahouseoni
tfr
om hi
sexcl
usi
vemoney
,andt
hat

i
shi
sexcl
usi
vepr
oper
ty;
yet
,iti
sst
il
laf
ami
l
yhome.

142
 Ar
t.157.Theact
ualv
alueoft
hef
ami
lyhomeshal
lnotexceed,att
he

t
imeofi
tsconst
it
uti
on,t
heamountoft
het
hreehundr
edt
housandpesosi
n

ur
banar
eas,andt
wohundr
edt
housandpesosi
nrur
alar
eas,orsuchamount
s

asmayher
eaf
terbef
ixedbyl
aw.

I
nanyev
ent
,ift
hev
alueoft
hecur
rencychangesaf
tert
headopt
ionof

t
hisCode,t
hev
aluemostf
avor
abl
efort
heconst
it
uti
onofaf
ami
lyhomeshal
l

bet
hebasi
sofev
aluat
ion.

Forpur
posesoft
hisAr
ti
cle,
urbanar
easar
edeemedt
oincl
udechar
ter
ed

ci
ti
esand muni
cipal
it
ieswhoseannuali
ncomeatl
eastequal
sthatl
egal
ly

r
equi
redf
orchar
ter
edci
ti
es.Al
lot
her
sar
edeemedt
ober
uralar
eas.(
231a)

Exampl
e:On1989housewasbui
l
tint
heci
tywor
thP300,000andwas

occupi
ed.
On2005t
hehousewasr
enov
atedandt
hev
aluewasi
ncr
easedt
o

P1000,
000.
00.Cani
tbeconsi
der
edaf
ami
l
yhome?

Answer
:Yes.I
tisst
il
laf
ami
l
yhome.Howev
er,i
tshal
lnotbeexempt
ed

f
rom execut
ion,
for
cedsal
eorat
tachment
.

Exampl
e 2:On Januar
y1988,a house wor
th 200,
000 was bui
l
tand

occupi
ed.OnAugust10,1988,t
her
ewasnor
enov
ati
onmadeandt
hev
alueof

t
hehouser
emai
nedas200,
000.Cani
tbeconsi
der
edaf
ami
l
yhome?

Answer
:Yes,
iti
saf
ami
l
yhomeandi
tisexempt
edf
rom execut
ion,
for
ced

143
sal
eorat
tachment
.

Ar
t.158.Thef
ami
lyhomemaybesol
d,al
ienat
ed,donat
ed,assi
gnedor

encumber
edbyt
heownerorowner
sther
eofwi
tht
hewr
it
tenconsentoft
he

per
son const
it
uti
ng t
he same,t
he l
att
er’
s spouse,and a maj
ori
ty oft
he

benef
ici
ari
esofl
egalage.I
ncaseofconf
li
ct,
thecour
tshal
ldeci
de.(
235a)

REQUI
REMENTSFORTHESALE,ALI
ENATI
ON,DONATI
ON,ASSI
GNMENT,OR

ENCUMBRANCEOFTHEFAMI
LYHOME

1.t
hewr
it
tenconsentoft
heper
sonconst
it
uti
ngi
t,

2.hi
s/herspouse,
and

3.maj
ori
tyoft
hebenef
ici
ari
esofl
egal
age

ALI
ENATI
ON-Thet
ransf
eroft
it
leorowner
shi
pofr
ealpr
oper
tyf
rom oneper
son

t
oanot
herbydeed,
leaseorconv
eyance.

Exampl
e:A andB sol
dthei
rhousei
nor
dert
opayt
hei
rdebt
s.Theyhav
e4

chi
l
drenagi
ng17,
16,
14and13.Theypr
otest
edaccompani
edbyt
hei
rauntabout

144
t
he sel
l
ing oft
hei
rhouse.Thei
rcont
ent
ion i
sthat
,as chi
l
dren,t
hey ar
e

consi
der
edast
hir
dpar
ti
es.Ar
ethechi
l
drenr
ight
?

Answer
:No,t
hechi
l
drenar
enotr
ightbecauset
her
ecanbenof
urt
herneedf
or

concur
rencei
fal
lthebenef
ici
ari
esar
enot“
ofl
egal
age”
.

Ar
t.159.Thef
ami
lyhomeshal
lcont
inuedespi
tet
hedeat
hofoneorbot
h

spousesoroft
heunmar
ri
edheadoft
hef
ami
lyf
oraper
iodoft
eny
ear
sorf
or

asl
ongast
her
eisami
norbenef
ici
ary
,andt
hehei
rscannotpar
ti
ti
ont
hesame

unl
ess t
he cour
tfi
nds compel
li
ng r
easons t
her
efor
.Thi
srul
e shal
lappl
y

r
egar
dlessofwhoev
erownst
hepr
oper
tyorconst
it
utedt
hef
ami
lyhome.(
238a)

Ar
t.160.Whenacr
edi
torwhosecl
aimsi
snotamongt
hosement
ionedi
n

Ar
ti
cle155obt
ainsaj
udgmenti
nhi
sfav
or,andhehasr
easonabl
egr
oundst
o

bel
iev
ethatt
hef
ami
lyhomei
sact
ual
lywor
thmor
ethant
hemaxi
mum amount

f
ixedi
nAr
ti
cle157,hemayappl
ytot
hecour
twhi
chr
ender
edt
hej
udgmentf
or

anor
derdi
rect
ingt
hesal
eoft
hepr
oper
tyunderexecut
ion.Thecour
tshal
lso

or
deri
fitf
indst
hatt
heact
ualv
alueoft
hef
ami
lyhomeexceedst
hemaxi
mum

amountal
lowedbyl
awasoft
het
imeofi
tsconst
it
uti
on.I
fthei
ncr
easedact
ual

v
alue exceeds t
he maxi
mum al
lowed i
n Ar
ti
cle 157 and r
esul
tsf
rom

subsequentv
olunt
aryi
mpr
ovement
sint
roduced byt
he per
son orper
sons

const
it
uti
ngt
hef
ami
lyhome,byt
heownerorowner
soft
hepr
oper
ty,orbyany

oft
hebenef
ici
ari
es,
thesamer
uleandpr
ocedur
eshal
lappl
y.

Att
heexecut
ionsal
e,nobi
dbel
owt
hev
alueal
lowedf
oraf
ami
lyhome

shal
lbe consi
der
ed.The pr
oceeds shal
lbe appl
ied f
ir
stt
othe amount

145
ment
ionedi
nAr
ti
cle157,andt
hent
othel
iabi
li
ti
esundert
hej
udgmentandt
he

cost
s.Theexcess,
ifany
,shal
lbedel
iv
eredt
othej
udgmentdebt
or.(
247a,
248a)

Exampl
e:Af
il
edasui
tagai
nstBandC,t
heowner
sofaf
ami
l
yhome.

Judgmentwasr
ender
edf
orP1,000,
000.
00.Knowi
ngt
hatt
hef
ami
l
yhomei
s

wor
thmor
ethanP300,000.
00,hemov
edt
hatt
hesamebesol
donexecut
ion

whi
ch wasgr
ant
ed.I
twassol
dforP1,500,
000.
00.Thepr
oceedsshal
lbe

di
str
ibut
edasf
oll
ows:

(
1)P300,
000.
00,whi
chi
sthev
alueoft
hef
ami
l
yhome,undert
hel
aw,t
o

bedel
i
ver
edf
ir
stt
oBandC;

(
2)P1,
000,
000.
00t
obedel
i
ver
edt
oA;

(
3)P200,
000.
00,
whi
chi
stheexcess,
tobedel
i
ver
edt
oBandC.

PROCEDURES:

1.Thecr
edi
tormustf
il
eamot
ioni
nthecour
twher
eheobt
ainedaf
avor
abl
e

wr
itofexecut
ionagai
nstt
hef
ami
l
yhome.

2.Ther
ewi
l
lbeahear
ingont
hemot
ionwher
ethecr
edi
tormustpr
ovet
hat

t
heact
ualv
alueoft
hef
ami
l
yhomeexceedst
hemaxi
mum amountf
ixed

byt
heFami
l
yCode,ei
theratt
het
imeofi
tsconst
it
uti
onorasar
esul
tof

i
mpr
ovement
sint
roducedt
her
eaf
teri
tsconst
it
uti
on.

3.I
fthecr
edi
torpr
ovest
hatt
heact
ualv
alueexceedst
hemaxi
mum amount
,

146
 t
hecour
twi
l
lor
deri
tssal
einexecut
ion.

4.I
fthef
ami
l
yhomei
ssol
dformor
ethant
hev
alueal
l
owed,t
hepr
oceeds

shal
lbeappl
i
edasf
oll
ows:

a.Fi
rstt
otheamountment
ionedi
nAr
t.157

b.Thent
othel
i
abi
l
iti
esundert
hej
udgmentandt
hecost
s

c.Theexcess,
ifany
,shal
lbedel
i
ver
edt
othej
udgmentdebt
or

Ar
t.161.Forpur
posesofav
ail
ingoft
hebenef
it
sofaf
ami
lyhomeas

pr
ovi
dedf
ori
nthi
sChapt
er,aper
sonmayconst
it
ute,orbet
hebenef
ici
aryof
,

onl
yonef
ami
lyhome.(
n)

Ar
t.162.Thepr
ovi
sionsi
nthi
sChapt
ershal
lal
sogov
ernexi
sti
ngf
ami
ly

r
esi
dencesi
nsof
arassai
dpr
ovi
sionsar
eappl
icabl
e.(
n)

Exampl
e:M andW owedasum ofmoneyf
rom Camount
ingt
oP300,
000

t
oopenabusi
ness.Howev
er,t
hei
rsonwashospi
tal
i
zedandt
heyf
ail
edt
opay

t
hei
rdebt
.Cbel
i
evedt
hatt
hehouseofM andW i
swor
thP500,
000andf
il
edf
or

execut
ioni
ncour
t.Thehousewassol
dforP550,
000.HowmuchCandM &W

woul
dgeti
fthehousei
slocat
edi
ntheci
ty?I
nthemuni
cipal
i
tyorr
ural
area?

Answer
:Ift
hehousei
slocat
edi
ntheci
tyori
nanur
banar
ea,Cwoul
dget250,

000whi
l
eM andW woul
dget300,
000.Howev
er,
ift
hehousei
slocat
edi
nar
ural

147
ar
ea,
Cwoul
dget300,
000whi
l
eM andwoul
dget250,
000.

Ti
tl
eVI
Pat
erni
tyandFi
li
ati
on

Chapt
er1.Legi
ti
mat
eChi
ldr
en

Ar
t.163.Thef
il
iat
ion ofchi
ldr
enmaybebynat
ureorbyadopt
ion.

148
Nat
uralf
il
iat
ionmaybel
egi
ti
mat
eori
ll
egi
ti
mat
e.(
n)

Ar
t.164.Chi
ldr
enconcei
vedorbor
ndur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageoft
hepar
ent
s

ar
elegi
ti
mat
e.

Chi
ldr
enconcei
vedasar
esul
tofar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ionoft
hewi
fewi
th

t
hesper
m oft
hehusbandort
hatofadonororbot
har
eli
kewi
sel
egi
ti
mat
e

chi
ldr
enoft
hehusbandandhi
swi
fe,pr
ovi
ded,t
hatbot
hoft
hem aut
hor
izedor

r
ati
fi
edsuchi
nsemi
nat
ioni
nawr
it
teni
nst
rumentexecut
edandsi
gnedbyt
hem

bef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
ld.Thei
nst
rumentshal
lber
ecor
dedi
ntheci
vi
l

r
egi
str
ytoget
herwi
tht
hebi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
eoft
hechi
ld.(
55a,
258a)

Exampl
e:XandYar
emar
ri
ed.Onehundr
edf
if
tyday
saf
tert
hemar
ri
age,
X

di
ed.Bef
oret
hel
apseof300day
s,Ygav
ebi
rt
htoZ.Thechi
l
dher
eisl
egi
ti
mat
e

becauset
hechi
l
dwasconcei
veddur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageev
eni
fhewasbor
naf
ter

t
hedeat
hofhi
sfat
her
.

LEGI
TIMATECHI
LDREN—

1.Concei
vedorbor
ndur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageofpar
ent
s

2.Maybet
hrunat
ural
meansorbyar
ti
fi
cial
insemi
nat
ion.

Gener
alRul
e:Onl
ythosewhoar
econcei
vedorbor
ndur
ingav
ali
dmar
ri
agear
e

l
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dren.

149
Gener
alRul
e:Onl
ythosewhoar
econcei
vedorbor
ndur
ingav
ali
dmar
ri
agear
e

l
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dren.

Exempt
ion:

1.Concei
vedasar
esul
tofar
ti
fi
cial
insemi
nat
ion

2.Bor
nofav
oidabl
emar
ri
agebef
oret
hedecr
eeofannul
ment

3.Concei
vedorbor
nbef
orej
udgmentofannul
mentorabsol
utenul
l
ityunder

Ar
t.36becomesf
inal
andexecut
ory

4.Concei
vedorbor
nofasubsequentmar
ri
ageunderAr
t.53(
fai
l
uret
o

r
ecor
dthej
udgment
,par
ti
ti
onanddi
str
ibut
ionofpr
oper
ti
es,anddel
i
ver
y

ofchi
l
dren’
spr
esumpt
ivel
egi
ti
me)

5.Ofmot
her
swhomayhav
edecl
aredagai
nstt
hei
rlegi
ti
macyormayhav
e

beensent
encedasanadul
ter
ess(
Art
.167)

6.Legal
l
yadopt
ed

7.Legi
ti
mat
ed,concei
vedandbor
nout
sideofwedl
ockofpar
ent
swi
thout

i
mpedi
mentatt
het
imeofconcept
ionandwhosubsequent
lymar
ri
ed

ARTI
FICI
ALI
NSEMI
NATI
ON

1.i
samedi
calpr
ocedur
ebywhi
cht
hesemeni
sint
roducedi
ntot
he

v
agi
nabymeansot
hert
hancopul
ati
onf
ort
hepur
poseofpr
ocr
eat
ion.

2.t
hepr
oductofwhi
chi
scal
l
ed“
test
-t
ube”baby
.

150
 REQUI
SITES FOR CHI
LDREN CONCEI
VED THROUGH ARTI
FICI
AL

I
NSEMI
NATI
ONTOBECONSI
DEREDLEGI
TIMATE:

a.Ar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ionmadeonwi
fe

b.Sper
m comesanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Husband

2.Donor

3.husbandanddonor

c.I
n case ofdonorsper
m,husband and wi
fe mustaut
hor
ize/
rat
if
y

i
nsemi
nat
ioni
nawr
it
teni
nst
rument

1.Execut
ed&si
gnedbyhusbandandwi
febef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.

2.Recor
dedi
ntheci
vi
lregi
str
ytoget
herwi
tht
hebi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
eoft
he

chi
l
d.

Exampl
e:AandBwer
ehusbandandwi
fe.For10y
ear
sofmar
ri
age,t
hey

can’
tbearachi
l
d.Thewi
fei
sdesper
atet
ohav
eababy
.So,sheunder
goan

ar
ti
fi
cial
insemi
nat
ionwi
thoutherhusband’
sconsent
.IsBl
i
abl
eforadul
ter
y?

Answer
:No because ar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ion does noti
nvol
ve sexual

i
nter
cour
sewhi
chi
soneoft
heessent
ialel
ement
sint
hecr
imeofadul
ter
yas

def
inedi
ntheRPC.

151
 Ar
t.165.Chi
ldr
en concei
ved and bor
n out
side a v
ali
d mar
ri
age ar
e

i
ll
egi
ti
mat
e,unl
essot
her
wisepr
ovi
dedi
nthi
sCode.(
n)

Gener
alRul
e:

Thoseconcei
vedandbor
nout
sideofav
ali
dmar
ri
age.

Except
ions:

1.Chi
l
drenofmar
ri
agesv
oidunderAr
t.
36(
psy
chol
ogi
cal
incapaci
ty)
.

2.AndunderAr
t.53(
thesecondmar
ri
ageofawi
doworwi
dowerwhohas

notdel
i
ver
edt
ohi
sorherchi
l
drenbyhi
sorherf
ir
stmar
ri
aget
hel
egi
ti
me

ofsai
dchi
l
dren)
.

Ar
t.166.Legi
ti
macyofachi
ldmaybei
mpugnedonl
yont
hef
oll
owi
ng

gr
ounds:

(
1)Thati
twasphy
sical
lyi
mpossi
blef
ort
hehusbandt
ohav
esexual

i
nter
cour
sewi
thhi
swi
fewi
thi
nthef
ir
st120 day
soft
he300 day
swhi
ch

i
mmedi
atel
ypr
ecededt
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
ldbecauseof
:

(
a)t
hephy
sicali
ncapaci
tyoft
hehusbandt
ohav
esexuali
nter
cour
se

wi
thhi
swi
fe;

152
 (
b)t
hef
actt
hatt
hehusbandandwi
fewer
eli
vi
ngsepar
atel
yinsucha

wayt
hatsexuali
nter
cour
sewasnotpossi
ble;
or

Exampl
e:XandYar
emar
ri
ed.Xi
swor
kingi
ntheUni
tedSt
ateswhi
l
eYi
s

wor
kingi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.I
nthi
scase,
ther
eisaphy
sicali
mpossi
bil
i
tyofaccess

byt
hemanov
ert
hewoman.Sot
hati
fachi
l
disbor
n,t
her
eisadoubtast
othe

pat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
d.Ther
ewasi
mpossi
bil
i
tyofsexuali
nter
cour
sebet
weent
he

husbandandwi
fe.

Anot
hersi
tuat
ion,wher
ether
eisani
mpossi
bil
i
tyofsexual
i
nter
cour
se,i
s

whent
hemanort
hewomani
sapr
isoner
,unl
essi
tcanbeshownt
hatt
her
ewas

t
her
ightt
ovi
siteachot
her
.Int
hatcase,
ther
ewoul
dbeaccesst
ooneanot
her
.

(
c)ser
iousi
ll
nessoft
hehusband,whi
chabsol
utel
ypr
event
edsexual

i
nter
cour
se;

(
2)Thati
tispr
ovedt
hatf
orbi
ologi
calorot
hersci
ent
if
icr
easons,t
he

chi
l
dcoul
dnothav
ebeent
hatoft
hehusband,excepti
nthei
nst
ancepr
ovi
ded

i
nthesecondpar
agr
aphofAr
ti
cle164;
or

(
3)Thati
ncaseofchi
ldr
enconcei
vedt
hroughar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ion,
the

wr
it
ten aut
hor
izat
ion orr
ati
fi
cat
ion ofei
therpar
entwas obt
ained t
hrough

mi
stake,
fraud,
viol
ence,
int
imi
dat
ion,
orunduei
nfl
uence.(
255a)

REASON FORTHE120DAYSOFTHE300DAYSI
MMEDI
ATELYPRECEDI
NG

THECHI
LD’
SBI
RTH:

153
 1.300-
120=180day
sor6mont
hs,whi
chmaybeatt
heear
li
est
,thei
ntr
a-

ut
eri
nel
i
feoft
hechi
l
d

2.I
fthechi
l
dwasconcei
vedont
he1stdayofsai
d120day
s,i
tmusthav
e

hadani
ntr
a-ut
eri
neexi
stenceof300day
sor10mont
hs,
whi
chmaybet
he

maxi
mum dur
ati
onofi
tsexi
stencei
nthemat
ernal
womb

Ar
t.167.Thechi
l
dshal
lbeconsi
der
edl
egi
ti
mat
eal
thought
hemot
her

mayhav
edecl
aredagai
nsti
tsl
egi
ti
macyormayhav
ebeensent
encedasan

adul
ter
ess.(
256a)

Ar
t.168.I
fthemar
ri
agei
ster
minat
edandt
hemot
hercont
ract
edanot
her

mar
ri
age wi
thi
nthr
ee hundr
ed day
s af
tersuch t
ermi
nat
ion oft
he f
ormer

mar
ri
age,
theser
ulesshal
lgov
erni
ntheabsenceofpr
ooft
othecont
rar
y:

(
1)Achi
ldbor
nbef
oreonehundr
edei
ght
yday
saf
tert
hesol
emni
zat
ion

oft
hesubsequentmar
ri
agei
sconsi
der
edt
ohav
ebeenconcei
veddur
ingt
he

f
ormermar
ri
age,pr
ovi
ded i
tbe bor
n wi
thi
nthr
ee hundr
ed day
s af
tert
he

t
ermi
nat
ionoft
hef
ormermar
ri
age;

(
2)Achi
ldbor
naf
teronehundr
edei
ght
yday
sfol
lowi
ngt
hecel
ebr
ati
on

oft
hesubsequentmar
ri
agei
sconsi
der
edt
ohav
ebeenconcei
veddur
ingsuch

mar
ri
age,ev
en t
hough i
tbe bor
n wi
thi
nthe t
hree hundr
ed day
saf
tert
he

t
ermi
nat
ionoft
hef
ormermar
ri
age.(
259a)

Requi
sit
es

154
 1.Fi
rstmar
ri
agewast
ermi
nat
ed

2.Mot
hercont
ract
edasubsequentmar
ri
age

3.Subsequentmar
ri
agewascont
ract
edwi
thi
n300day
saf
tert
ermi
nat
ionof

pr
evi
ousmar
ri
age

4.Chi
l
dwasbor
n

5.Noev
idenceast
ost
atusoft
hechi
l
d

RULESASTOWHOM THECHI
LDBELONGS

1.TOFI
RSTMARRI
AGE

I
fthechi
l
dwasbor
nbef
oret
hel
apseof180day
saf
tercel
ebr
atonof2nd
i

mar
ri
age pr
ovi
ded bor
n wi
thi
n 300 day
s af
tert
ermi
nat
i he 1st
on oft

mar
ri
age

2.SECONDMARRI
AGE

I
fthechi
l
dwasbor
naf
ter180day
sfol
l
owi
ngcel
ebr
ati
onof2ndmar
ri
age

whet
herbor
nwi
thi
n300day
saf
tert
ermi
nat
ionof1stmar
ri
age

Wi
dowpr
ohi
bit
edf
rom get
ti
ngmar
ri
edwi
thi
n300day
saf
terdeat
hofhusband;

pur
pose.

Thel
aw gener
all
ypr
ohi
bit
sthewoman,whosemar
ri
agewi
thamanhas

155
beent
ermi
nat
edbydeat
h,f
rom mar
ryi
ngwi
thi
n300day
saf
tersucht
ermi
nat
ion

t
opr
eventdoubt
fulpat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
dwhomaybebor
naf
tert
hedeat
hoft
he

f
atheranddur
ingt
hesubsequentmar
ri
ageoft
hewoman.Howev
er,
ift
hewoman

r
emar
ri
eswi
thi
n300day
saf
tersucht
ermi
nat
ion,butpr
iort
othemar
ri
age,she

hasal
readygi
venbi
rt
htoachi
l
dconcei
vedpr
iort
othedeat
hofherhusband,
the

pr
ohi
bit
iondoesnotappl
y.

Exampl
e:A andBar
emar
ri
ed.B,t
hewoman,waspr
egnantbysi
x(6)

mont
hsatt
het
imeAdi
ed.Thr
eemont
hst
her
eaf
ter
,shegav
ebi
rt
h.Shecan

cont
ractasubsequentmar
ri
ageev
enwi
thi
nthe300-
dayper
iod.Ther
ewoul
dbe

nomor
edoubt
ful
pat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
d.

Ar
t.169.Thel
egi
ti
macyori
ll
egi
ti
macyofachi
ldbor
naf
tert
hreehundr
ed

day
sfol
lowi
ngt
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
hemar
ri
ageshal
lbepr
ovedbywhoev
er

al
legessuchl
egi
ti
macyori
ll
egi
ti
macy
.(261a)

Ar
t.170.Theact
ion t
oimpugn t
hel
egi
ti
macyoft
hechi
ld shal
lbe

br
oughtwi
thi
noney
earf
rom t
heknowl
edgeoft
hebi
rt
hori
tsr
ecor
dingi
nthe

ci
vi
lregi
ster
,ift
hehusbandor
,inapr
opercase,anyofhi
shei
rs,shoul
dresi
de

i
ntheci
tyormuni
cipal
it
ywher
ethebi
rt
htookpl
aceorwasr
ecor
ded.

I
fthehusbandor
,inhi
sdef
aul
t,al
lofhi
shei
rsdonotr
esi
deatt
hepl
ace

ofbi
rt
hasdef
inedi
nthef
ir
stpar
agr
aphorwher
eitwasr
ecor
ded,t
heper
iod

156
shal
lbet
woy
ear
sift
heyshoul
dresi
dei
nthePhi
li
ppi
nes;andt
hreey
ear
sif

abr
oad.I
fthebi
rt
hoft
hechi
ldhasbeenconceal
edf
rom orwasunknownt
othe

husband orhi
s hei
rs,t
he per
iod shal
lbe count
ed f
rom t
he di
scov
eryor

knowl
edgeoft
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
ldoroft
hef
actofr
egi
str
ati
onofsai
dbi
rt
h,

whi
chev
eri
sear
li
er.(
263a)

REQUI
SITES

1.Oney
ear
,fr
om knowl
edgeofbi
rt
horr
ecor
dingi
ntheci
vi
lregi
ster
,if

husbandorhei
rsl
i
vei
ntheSAMEci
ty/
muni
cipal
i
ty

2.Twoy
ear
s,i
fresi
dingi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes

3.Thr
eey
ear
s,i
fabr
oad

Ar
t.171.Thehei
rsoft
hehusbandmayi
mpugnt
hef
il
iat
ionoft
hechi
ld

wi
thi
ntheper
iodpr
escr
ibedi
nthepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cleonl
yint
hef
oll
owi
ngcases:

(
1)I
fthehusbandshoul
ddi
edbef
oret
heexpi
rat
ionoft
heper
iodf
ixed

f
orbr
ingi
nghi
sact
ion;

(
2)I
fheshoul
d di
eaf
tert
hef
il
ing oft
hecompl
aintwi
thouthav
ing

desi
stedt
her
efr
om;
or

(
3)I
fthechi
ldwasbor
naf
tert
hedeat
hoft
hehusband.(
262a)

157
REQUI
REMENTS:

Theact
ionf
ori
mpugni
ngt
hel
egi
ti
macyofachi
l
dmaybebr
oughtwi
thi
n1,
2,or3

y
ear
sfr
om t
heknowl
edgeoft
hebi
rt
h,ort
heknowl
edgeofr
egi
str
ati
onofbi
rt
h.

1.Wi
thi
n1y
eari
fhusband oranyhei
rsr
esi
dei
nthesameci
tyor

muni
cipal
i
tywher
ethechi
l
dwasbor
norhi
sbi
rt
hwasr
ecor
ded.

2.Wi
thi
n2y
ear
sift
hehusbandoral
lhei
rsl
i
vei
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesbutdo

notr
esi
dei
nthesameci
tyormuni
cipal
i
tywher
ethechi
l
d'sbi
rt
htook

pl
aceorwasr
ecor
ded

3.Wi
thi
n3y
ear
sift
hehusbandoral
lhei
rsl
i
veout
sidet
hePhi
l
ippi
nes

whent
hechi
l
d'sbi
rt
htookpl
aceorwasr
ecor
dedi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.

Legi
ti
macycanonl
ybeat
tackeddi
rect
ly

GENERALRULE:Onl
ythehusbandcani
mpugnt
hel
egi
ti
macyofachi
l
d.I
fhe

doesnotbr
ingact
ionwi
thi
nthepr
escr
ibedper
iods,hecannotf
il
esuchact
ion

any
mor
ether
eaf
ter
,andt
hisi
sal
sot
ruewi
thhi
shei
rs.

EXCEPTI
ON:Thatt
hehei
rsoft
hehusbandmayf
il
etheact
ionorcont
inuet
he

samei
fit
hasal
readybeenf
il
ed

a. I
fthehusbanddi
edbef
oret
heexpi
rat
ionoft
heper
iodf
ixedf
orbr
ingi
ng

hi
sact
ion

158
 b.I
fheshoul
ddi
eaf
tert
hef
il
ingoft
hecompl
aintwi
thouthav
ingdesi
sted

c.I
fthechi
l
dwasbor
naf
tert
hedeat
hoft
hehusband.

I
LLUSTRATI
VECASE:

SAYSONv
s.COURTOFAPPEALS

GRNos.89224-
25Januar
y23,
1992

FACTS:
31
El
eno and Raf
ael
a Say
son begot f
ive chi
l
dren,namel
y,Maur
ici
o,

Rosar
io,
Basi
l
isa,Remedi
osandTeodor
o.El
enodi
edonNov
ember10,1952,and

Raf
ael
a on May 15, 1976.

Teodor
o,whohadmar
ri
edI
sabel

Baut
ist
a,di
edonMar
ch23,
1972.

Hi
s wi
fe di
ed ni
ne y
ear
slat
er.

Thei
rpr
oper
ti
eswer
elef
tint
he

possessi
on ofDel
i
a,Edmundo,

andDor
ibel
,al
lsur
namedSay
son,

who cl
aim t
o bet
hei
rchi
l
dren.

Maur
ici
o,Rosar
io,Basi
l
isa,and

Remedi
os,
toget
herwi
thJuanaC.

Baut
ist
a,I
sabel
'
smot
her
,fi
l
edacompl
aintf
orpar
ti
ti
onandaccount
ingoft
he

i
ntest
ateest
ateofTeodor
oandI
sabelSay
son.Del
i
a,EdmundoandDor
ibelf
il
ed

t
hei
rowncompl
aint
,thi
sti
mef
ort
heaccount
ingandpar
ti
ti
onoft
hei
ntest
ate
31
GRNos.89224-
25J

159
est
ateofEl
enoandRaf
ael
aSay
son,agai
nstt
hecoupl
e'
sfoursur
viv
ingchi
l
dren.

Bot
hcasesf
il
edont
heLowerCour
twer
edeci
dedi
nfav
orDel
i
a,etal
.ont
he

basi
sofpr
act
ical
l
ythesameev
idence.TheLowerCour
tdecl
aredt
hatDel
i
aand

Edmundower
ethel
egal
l
yadopt
edchi
l
drenofTeodor
oandI
sabelSay
sonby

v
irt
ue oft
he decr
ee ofadopt
ion.Dor
ibelwas t
hei
rlegi
ti
mat
e daught
eras

ev
idencedbyherbi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
e.Consequent
ly,t
het
hreechi
l
drenwer
eent
it
led

t
oinher
itf
rom El
enoandRaf
ael
abyr
ightofr
epr
esent
ati
on.Bot
hcaseswer
e

appeal
edt
otheCour
tofAppeal
s,wher
etheywer
econsol
i
dat
ed.Theappel
l
ate

cour
taf
fi
rmedt
hatDel
i
a,etal
.ar
eent
it
ledt
othei
ntest
ateest
ateofspouses

Teodor
oandI
sabel
Say
son.Howev
er,Del
i
aandEdmundoar
edi
squal
i
fiedf
rom

i
nher
it
ingf
rom t
heest
ateoft
hedeceasedspousesEl
enoandRaf
ael
aSay
son.

I
SSUE:

W/
NCAi
scor
recti
nhol
dingt
hatDel
i
aandEdmundoar
edi
squal
i
fiedt
oinher
it

f
rom t
heest
ateoft
hedeceasedspousesEl
enoandRaf
ael
aSay
son.

HELD:

Adi
ff
erentconcl
usi
onmustber
eachedi
nthecaseofDel
i
aandEdmundo,t
o

whom t
hegr
andpar
ent
swer
etot
alst
ranger
s.Whi
l
eiti
str
uet
hatt
headopt
ed

chi
l
dshal
lbedeemedt
obeal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dandhav
ethesamer
ightast
he

l
att
er,t
heser
ight
sdonoti
ncl
udet
her
ightofr
epr
esent
ati
on.Ther
elat
ionshi
p

cr
eat
edbyt
headopt
ioni
sbet
weenonl
ytheadopt
ingpar
ent
sandt
headopt
ed

chi
l
danddoesnotext
endt
othebl
oodr
elat
ivesofei
therpar
ty.
Insum,weagr
ee

wi
tht
hel
owercour
tst
hatDel
i
aandEdmundoast
headopt
edchi
l
drenand

Dor
ibel
ast
hel
egi
ti
mat
edaught
erofTeodor
oSay
sonandI
sabel
Baut
ist
a,ar
ethei
r

160
excl
usi
vehei
rsandar
eundernoobl
i
gat
iont
oshar
etheest
ateoft
hei
rpar
ent
s

wi
tht
hepet
it
ioner
s.TheCour
tofAppeal
swascor
rect
,howev
er,i
nhol
dingt
hat

onl
yDor
ibel
hast
her
ightofr
epr
esent
ati
oni
nthei
nher
it
anceofhergr
andpar
ent
s'

i
ntest
ateest
ate,
theot
herpr
ivat
erespondent
sbei
ngonl
ytheadopt
ivechi
l
drenof

t
hedeceasedTeodor
o.

Chapt
er2.Pr
oofofFi
li
ati
on

Ar
t.172.Thef
il
iat
ionofl
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
eni
sest
abl
ishedbyanyoft
he

f
oll
owi
ng:

(
1)Ther
ecor
dofbi
rt
happear
ingi
ntheci
vi
lregi
steroraf
inalj
udgment
;

or

(
2)Anadmi
ssi
onofl
egi
ti
mat
efi
li
ati
oni
napubl
icdocumentorapr
ivat
e

handwr
it
teni
nst
rumentandsi
gnedbyt
hepar
entconcer
ned.

I
ntheabsenceoft
hef
oregoi
ngev
idence,t
hel
egi
ti
mat
efi
li
ati
onshal
lbe

pr
ovedby
:

(
1)Theopenandcont
inuouspossessi
onoft
hest
atusofal
egi
ti
mat
e

chi
l
d;or

(
2)Anyot
hermeansal
lowedbyt
heRul
esofCour
tandspeci
all
aws.

(
265a,
266a,
267a)

A.RULES

161
 Legi
ti
mat
eori
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
drenmaypr
ovet
hei
rfi
l
iat
ioni
nthesameway

andont
hesameev
idence.

GENERALRULE:

1.Theymayonl
ypr
ovet
hei
rst
atususi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngpi
ecesofev
idence:

2.Thei
rrecor
dofbi
rt
happear
ingi
ntheci
vi
lregi
str
y.

3.Anadmi
ssi
onofhi
sfi
l
iat
ion(
legi
ti
mat
eori
l
legi
ti
mat
e)byhi
spar
entor

par
ent
sinapubl
i
cdocumentorapr
ivat
ehandwr
it
teni
nst
rumentand

si
gnedbysai
dpar
entorpar
ent
s.

4.Pr
oofofopen and cont
inuouspossessi
on ofst
atusasl
egi
ti
mat
eor

i
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
d

5.Anyot
hermeansst
atedbyt
her
ulesofcour
torspeci
all
aws

Except
ions:I
ntheabsenceofanyoft
hef
oregoi
ngev
idence,t
hel
egi
ti
mat
e

f
il
iat
ionshal
lbepr
ovedby
:

1.Theopenandcont
inuouspossessi
onoft
hest
atusofal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
d,

or

2.Anyot
hermeansal
l
owedbyt
heRul
esofCour
tandspeci
all
aws

Exampl
esofev
idenceunder
theRul
esofCour
tandSpeci
alLaws

1.Bapt
ismalcer
ti
fi
cat
e–t
hef
athert
her
einpar
ti
cipat
edi
nthepr
epar
ati
onof

t
hesame

162
 2.Bi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
e–shoul
dbesi
gnedbyt
hef
ather

3.Test
imonyofwi
tnesses

4.Judi
cial
admi
ssi
on

5.Admi
ssi
onbysi
l
ence

6.Ot
herpr
oofadmi
ssi
bleunderRul
e130oft
heRul
esofCour
t

Exampl
e:A,al
aw st
udentoft
heFEUI
nst
it
uteofLaw,hasagi
rl
fr
iendi
n

t
hepr
ovi
nce.Theyhav
eani
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
d.Whi
l
est
udy
ing,
hewaswor
kingand

sendi
nghal
fofhi
sear
ningst
oB,hi
sgi
rl
fr
iend,f
ort
hesubsi
stenceofhi
ssonas

C.I
nal
lhi
slet
ter
s,whi
chwer
einhi
shandwr
it
inganddul
ysi
gnedbyhi
m,he

al
way
sref
err
edt
oC,hi
sson.Theson,C,canut
il
izet
hepr
ivat
edocument
sas

pr
oofoff
il
iat
ionwi
thr
espectt
ohi
sfat
her
.

Ar
t.173.Theact
iont
ocl
aiml
egi
ti
macymaybebr
oughtbyt
hechi
ld

dur
inghi
sorherl
if
eti
meandshal
lbet
ransmi
tt
edt
othehei
rsshoul
dthechi
ld

di
edur
ingmi
nor
it
yori
nast
ateofi
nsani
ty.I
nthesecases,
thehei
rsshal
lhav
ea

per
iodoff
ivey
ear
swi
thi
nwhi
cht
oinst
it
utet
heact
ion.

Thecondi
ti
onf
ort
hesur
viv
alofanact
iont
ocl
aiml
egi
ti
macyi
sthat
,it

musthav
ebeencommencedbyt
hechi
l
dpr
iort
ohi
sdeat
hort
hatofhi
sfat
heror

bot
h.

Exampl
e:AhasasonB.Af
il
edasui
ttocl
aiml
egi
ti
mat
efi
l
iat
ion.Dur
ing

163
t
hependencyoft
heact
ion,
Adi
ed.Canhi
sownchi
l
drencont
inuet
heact
ion.
Yes,

becauset
hel
aw say
sthatt
heact
ional
readycommencedbyt
hechi
l
dshal
l

sur
viv
enot
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hedeat
hofei
therorbot
hoft
hepar
ti
es.So,ev
enwi
th

t
hedeat
hofA,
hischi
l
dren/
hei
rscancont
inuewi
tht
heact
ion.

Ar
t.174.Legi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enshal
lhav
ether
ight
:

(
1)Tobeart
hesur
namesoft
hef
atherandt
hemot
her
,inconf
ormi
tywi
th

t
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCi
vi
lCodeonSur
names;

(
2)Tor
ecei
vesuppor
tfr
om t
hei
rpar
ent
s,t
hei
rascendant
s,andi
npr
oper

cases,t
hei
rbr
other
sandsi
ster
s,i
nconf
ormi
tywi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisCode

onSuppor
t;and

(
3)Tobeent
it
ledt
othel
egi
ti
mat
eandot
hersuccessi
onalr
ight
sgr
ant
ed

t
othem byt
heCi
vi
lCode.(
264a)

Exampl
e:AandBar
emar
ri
ed.Theyhav
eadaught
erC.t
heyar
rangedt
he

mar
ri
ageofCwi
thD,
thesonoft
hei
rfr
iendwi
thawar
ningt
hati
fCwoul
dref
use

t
omar
ryD,
theywoul
ddi
sinher
ither
.IfCr
efusesandshei
sdi
sinher
it
ed,

t
heacti
snotpr
operasi
tisnotagr
oundf
ordi
sinher
it
anceundert
hel
aw.

I
fthechi
l
dwhoi
sent
it
ledt
oinher
itdi
esaheadoft
hepar
entt
hen,
thechi
l
d

of
fspr
ingsmayi
nher
itwhatt
hei
rpar
entwasent
it
ledt
obyr
ightofr
epr
esent
ati
on,

wher
etheywoul
dbeel
evat
edt
othel
eveloft
hei
rfat
herbutt
heyar
eli
mit
edonl
y

t
othe ext
entt
hatt
hei
rpar
entwas ent
it
led t
oinher
itf
rom t
hei
rpar
ent
’s

164
pr
edecessor
-i
nint
erest
.

Chapt
er3.I
ll
egi
ti
mat
eChi
ldr
en

Ar
t.175.I
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enmayest
abl
isht
hei
ril
legi
ti
mat
efi
li
ati
oni
n

t
hesamewayandont
hesameev
idenceasl
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
en.

Theact
ionmustbebr
oughtwi
thi
nthesameper
iodspeci
fi
edi
nAr
ti
cle

173,
exceptwhent
heact
ioni
sbasedont
hesecondpar
agr
aphofAr
ti
cle172,
in

whi
chcaset
heact
ionmaybebr
oughtdur
ingt
hel
if
eti
meoft
heal
legedpar
ent
.

(
289a)

Exampl
e:Ahav
eaconcubi
ne,B.Bgotpr
egnantandgav
ebi
rt
htoababy

gi
rlnamedMoni
ca.Whati
sthest
atusoft
hechi
l
dandwhatact
ioncant
hechi
l
d

r
aise?Whati
fBi
smar
ri
ed,
whatwoul
dbet
hest
atusoft
hechi
l
d?

Answer1:Thest
atusoft
hechi
l
disani
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
dofA.Moni
cacan

f
il
eanact
iont
ocl
aim heri
l
legi
ti
mat
est
atust
oA.

Answer2:Thest
atusoft
hechi
l
dwoul
dbeal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dofBandher

husband.Anychi
l
dbor
ninsi
deav
ali
dmar
ri
agei
sal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
doft
hat

mar
ri
ageev
eni
fthechi
l
dwasaf
rui
tofanadul
ter
ousr
elat
ionshi
p.

Ar
t.176.I
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enshal
luset
hesur
nameandshal
lbeunder

t
he par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yoft
hei
rmot
her
,and shal
lbe ent
it
led t
o suppor
tin

165
conf
ormi
tywi
tht
hisCode.Thel
egi
ti
meofeachi
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldshal
lconsi
st

ofone-
hal
foft
hel
egi
ti
meofal
egi
ti
mat
echi
ld.Exceptf
ort
hismodi
fi
cat
ion,al
l

ot
herpr
ovi
sionsi
ntheCi
vi
lCodegov
erni
ngsuccessi
onalr
ight
sshal
lremai
nin

f
orce.(
287a)

RI
GHTSOFI
LLEGI
TIMATECHI
LDREN

1.Theuseoft
hesur
nameoft
hemot
her
;

2.Undert
hepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yoft
hemot
her
;

3.Tor
ecei
vesuppor
tinconf
ormi
tywi
tht
hisCode;
and

4.Legi
ti
meofeachi
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
dis½oft
hel
egi
ti
meofal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
d

HOWEVER,i
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
drenmayuset
hesur
nameoft
hei
rfat
heri
f

t
hei
rfi
l
iat
ionhasbeenexpr
essl
yrecogni
zedbyt
hei
rfat
hert
hrought
her
ecor
dof

bi
rt
happear
ingi
ntheci
vi
lregi
ster
,orwhenanadmi
ssi
oni
napubl
i
cdocumentor

pr
ivat
ehandwr
it
teni
nst
rumenti
smadebyt
hef
ather
.Pr
ovi
ded,t
hef
atherdur
ing

hi
sli
fet
imehav
ether
ightt
oinst
it
uteanact
ionbef
oret
her
egul
arcour
tst
opr
ove

non-
fi
li
ati
on.

RI
GHTSOFLEGI
TIMATEANDI
LLEGI
TIMATECHI
LDREN

1.Sur
name

a.Legi
ti
mat
eandl
egi
ti
mat
ed:
Sur
nameoff
atherandmot
her

166
 b.I
ll
egi
ti
mat
e:usessur
nameofmot
herbutt
hef
ather
’ssur
namemay

beusedi
ffat
herhasexpl
i
cit
lyr
ecogni
zedt
hechi
l
dashi
s.

2.Successi
on

a.Legi
ti
mat
eandl
egi
ti
mat
ed:
thosegr
ant
edi
nCi
vi
lCode

b.I
ll
egi
ti
mat
e:½t
heshar
eofal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
d

3.Suppor
t

a.Legi
ti
mat
eandl
egi
ti
mat
ed:
inaccor
dancet
opr
ovi
sionsi
nthe

f
ami
l
ycode

b.I
ll
egi
ti
mat
e:ent
it
let
osuppor
tbutsuppor
twi
l
lcomef
rom separ
ate

pr
oper
ti
esofpar
ent

Exampl
e:AandBhav
eani
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
dbor
nonAugust10,
1988.Af
ter

A’
sdeat
hin1994,
C,t
hei
l
legi
ti
mat
e,cannotgot
oCour
tany
mor
etoest
abl
i
sh

i
l
legi
ti
mat
efi
l
iat
ion,
becauset
heact
ionhasal
readypr
escr
ibedaspr
ovi
dedf
ori
n

Ar
ti
cl
e175oft
heFami
l
yCode;
theact
ionhav
ingbeenf
il
edaf
tert
hedeat
hoft
he

put
ati
vef
ather
.Ther
easonf
ort
hel
awi
sobv
iousf
rom t
hef
actt
hataf
terA’
s

deat
h,hecannol
ongert
alkanddef
endhi
msel
f.

Chapt
er4.Legi
ti
mat
edChi
ldr
en

Ar
t.177.Chi
ldr
enconcei
vedandbor
nout
sideofwedl
ockofpar
ent
swho,

167
att
het
imeofconcept
ionoft
hef
ormer
,wer
enotdi
squal
if
iedbyany

i
mpedi
mentt
omar
ryeachot
her
,orwer
esodi
squal
if
iedonl
ybecauseei
theror

bot
hoft
hem wer
ebel
owei
ght
een(
18)y
ear
sofage,
maybel
egi
ti
mat
ed.(
269a)

(
AsamendedbyR.
A.No.9858)

REQUI
SITES

1.Thechi
l
disi
l
legi
ti
mat
e

2.Thepar
ent
satt
het
imeoft
hechi
l
d’sconcept
ionar
enotdi
squal
i
fied

f
rom mar
ryi
ngeachot
herbyanyi
mpedi
ment

3.Asubsequentv
ali
dmar
ri
agebet
weent
hepar
ent
s

Exampl
e1:
XandY,
bot
h18y
ear
sofagear
eli
vi
ngt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe

wi
thoutt
hebenef
itofamar
ri
age.Theybegotachi
l
d,Z.Thechi
l
disl
egi
ti
mat
edi
f

t
heywoul
dgetmar
ri
edl
ater
.

Howev
er,
ifXi
smar
ri
edt
oAatt
het
imeoft
hecohabi
tat
ionbet
weenhi
m

andY,
thechi
l
dcannotbel
egi
ti
mat
edev
eni
ftheywoul
dgetmar
ri
edaf
terA’
s

deat
h.Ther
easoni
sobv
ious:
Xwasdi
squal
i
fiedt
omar
ryYat
thet
imeoft
he

concept
ionandbi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.

Whatcont
rol
swhet
herachi
l
dcanbel
egi
ti
mat
edor
noti
stheabsenceofa

l
egal
impedi
mentbet
weent
hemanandt
hewomanatt
het
imeoft
heconcept
ion

oft
hechi
l
d.

Exampl
e2:
XandY,
bot
hqual
i
fiedt
omar
ryeachot
herar
eli
vi
ngt
oget
her

ashusbandandwi
fewi
thoutt
hebenef
itofamar
ri
age.Y,
thewoman,
concei
ved

168
Z,
butaf
ewday
sbef
oreZwasbor
n,Xmar
ri
edA.Aweekt
her
eaf
ter
,Adi
edand

t
henXandYgotmar
ri
ed.Her
e,t
hemar
ri
agewoul
dgi
vet
hechi
l
dthest
atusofa

l
egi
ti
mat
edchi
l
d.

Ar
t.178.Legi
ti
mat
ionshal
ltakepl
acebyasubsequentv
ali
dmar
ri
age

bet
weenpar
ent
s.Theannul
mentofav
oidabl
emar
ri
ageshal
lnotaf
fectt
he

l
egi
ti
mat
ion.(
270a)(
AsamendedbyR.
A.No.9858)

Exampl
e:AandB,
bot
h16y
ear
sofage,
whoar
eli
vi
ngt
oget
heras

husbandandwi
fe,
begotachi
l
d.Thechi
l
dcannotbel
egi
ti
mat
edi
ftheyget

mar
ri
edatt
heageof17,
becauset
hemar
ri
agei
svoi
d.

Af
orcedBt
oli
vewi
thhi
m.Theybegotachi
l
d.Lat
er,
theygotmar
ri
ed.A

y
earl
ater
,themar
ri
agewasannul
l
edupont
heact
ionofB.Thel
egi
ti
mat
ionof

t
hei
rchi
l
disnotaf
fect
edbyt
hesubsequentannul
mentoft
hei
rmar
ri
age.(
Art
.

178,
Fami
l
yCode)
.

Legi
ti
mat
ioni
sar
emedywher
ebywi
tht
hosewhoi
nfactwer
enotbor
nin

wedl
ockandshoul
d,t
her
efor
e,beconsi
der
edi
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
dren,
are,
byf
ict
ion,

consi
der
edl
egi
ti
mat
e,i
tbei
ngsupposedt
hatt
heywer
ebor
nwhent
hei
rpar
ent
s

wer
eval
i
dlymar
ri
ed.

Ar
t.179.Legi
ti
mat
edchi
ldr
enshal
lenj
oyt
hesamer
ight
sasl
egi
ti
mat
e

chi
l
dren.(
272a)

Ar
t.180.Theef
fect
sofl
egi
ti
mat
ionshal
lret
roactt
othet
imeoft
he

chi
l
d’sbi
rt
h.(
273a)

169
 Ar
t.181.Thel
egi
ti
mat
ionofchi
ldr
enwhodi
edbef
oret
hecel
ebr
ati
onof

t
hemar
ri
ageshal
lbenef
itt
hei
rdescendant
s.(
274)

Exampl
e:XandYar
eli
vi
ngt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fewi
thoutt
he

benef
itofamar
ri
age.Theybegotachi
l
dZwhomar
ri
edA.Theyhav
etwo

chi
l
dren,
BandC.I
n1989,
Zdi
ed.I
n1990,
XandYgotmar
ri
ed.Themar
ri
ageofX

andYwoul
dbenef
itBandC;
hence,
theycanr
epr
esentt
hei
rfat
heri
nthe

i
nher
it
anceoft
hei
rgr
andpar
ent
s.

Ar
t.182.Legi
ti
mat
ionmaybei
mpugnedonl
ybyt
hosewhoar
e

pr
ejudi
cedi
nthei
rri
ght
s,wi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
het
imet
hei
rcauseofact
ion

accr
ues.(
275a)

GROUNDSFORI
MPUGNI
NGLEGI
TIMATI
ON

1.Thesubsequentmar
ri
ageoft
hechi
l
d'spar
ent
sisv
oid.

2.Thechi
l
dal
l
egedl
ylegi
ti
mat
edi
snotnat
ural
.

3.Thechi
l
disnotr
eal
l
ythechi
l
doft
heal
l
egedpar
ent
s.

170
 Ti
tl
eVI
I
ADOPTI
ON

Ar
t.183.Aper
sonofageandi
npossessi
onoff
ullci
vi
lcapaci
tyandl
egal

r
ight
smayadopt
,pr
ovi
dedhei
sinaposi
ti
ont
osuppor
tandcar
eforhi
s

chi
l
dren,
legi
ti
mat
eori
ll
egi
ti
mat
e,i
nkeepi
ngwi
tht
hemeansoft
hef
ami
ly
.

Onl
ymi
nor
smaybeadopt
ed,
excepti
nthecaseswhent
headopt
ionofa

per
sonofmaj
ori
tyagei
sal
l
owedi
nthi
sTi
tl
e.

I
naddi
ti
on,t
headopt
ermustbeatl
eastsi
xteeny
ear
sol
dert
hant
he

per
sont
obeadopt
ed,
unl
esst
headopt
eri
sthepar
entbynat
ureoft
headopt
ed,

ori
sthespouseoft
hel
egi
ti
mat
epar
entoft
heper
sont
obeadopt
ed.(
27a,EO

91andPD603)

Ar
t.184.Thef
oll
owi
ngper
sonsmaynotadopt
:

(
1)Theguar
dianwi
thr
espectt
othewar
dpr
iort
otheappr
ovaloft
he

f
inalaccount
srender
edupont
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
hei
rguar
dianshi
prel
ati
on;

(
2)Anyper
son who hasbeen conv
ict
ed ofa cr
imei
nvol
vi
ng mor
al

t
urpi
tude;

171
 (
3)Anal
ien,
except
:

(
a)A f
ormerFi
li
pino ci
ti
zenwho seekst
o adoptar
elat
iveby

consangui
nit
y;

(
b)Onewhoseekst
oadoptt
hel
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldofhi
sorher

Fi
li
pinospouse;
or

(
c)Onewhoi
smar
ri
edt
oaFi
li
pinoci
ti
zenandseekst
oadopt

j
oint
lywi
thhi
sorherspousear
elat
ivebyconsangui
nit
yoft
hel
att
er.

Al
iens noti
ncl
uded i
nthe f
oregoi
ng except
ions mayadoptFi
l
ipi
no

chi
l
dreni
naccor
dancewi
tht
her
ulesoni
nter
-count
ryadopt
ionsasmaybe

pr
ovi
dedbyl
aw.(
28a,
EO91andPD603)

WHOMAYADOPT(
Sec.
7RA8552)

1.Fi
li
pinoCi
ti
zens

a.Ofl
egal
age

b.I
npossessi
onoff
ull
civ
ilcapaci
tyandl
egal
right
s

c.Ofgoodmor
alchar
act
er

d.Hasnotbeenconv
ict
edofanycr
imei
nvol
vi
ngmor
alt
urpi
tude

e.Emot
ional
l
yandpsy
chol
ogi
cal
l
ycapabl
eofcar
ingf
orchi
l
dren

f
. Atl
eastsi
xteen(
16)y
ear
sol
dert
hanadopt
ee,
exceptwhenadopt
er

i
sbi
ologi
calpar
entoft
headopt
eeori
sthespouseoft
headopt
ee’
s

172
 par
ent

g.I
naposi
ti
ont
osuppor
tandcar
efor
his/
herchi
l
dreni
nkeepi
ngwi
th

t
hemeansoft
hef
ami
l
y

2.Al
iens
a.Possessi
onoft
hesameast
hequal
i
ficat
ionsf
orFi
l
ipi
nos

b.Hi
s/hercount
ryhasdi
plomat
icr
elat
ionswi
tht
hePhi
l
ippi
nes

c.Hasbeenl
i
vingcont
inuousl
yfor3y
ear
s(pr
ovi
dedt
hatabsences

notexceedi
ng60day
sper1y
earf
orpr
ofessi
onal
,
busi
ness,or

emer
gency r
easons ar
eal
l
owed) i
n RP pr
ior t
othe f
il
ing

of
appl
i
cat
ionandmai
ntai
nssuchr
esi
denceunt
ilt
hedecr
eei
s

ent
ered

d.Hasbeencer
ti
fi
edbyhi
s/herdi
plomat
icorconsul
arof
fi
ceorany

appr
opr
iat
egov
ernmentagencyt
hathe/
shehast
hel
egal
capaci
ty

t
oadopti
nhi
s/hercount
ry

e. Hi
s/hergov
ernmental
l
owst
headopt
eet
oent
erhi
s/hercount
ry

ashi
s/her
adopt
ee

Except
:

I
. af
ormerFi
l
ipi
noci
ti
zenwhoseekst
oadoptar
elat
ive

wi
thi
nthe4thdegr
eeofconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
y;or

I
I. onewhoseekst
oadoptt
hel
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dofhi
s/her

Fi
l
ipi
nospouse;
or

I
II
. onewhoi
smar
ri
edt
oaFi
l
ipi
noci
ti
zenandseekst
oadopt

173
 j
oint
lywi
thhi
s/herspousear
elat
ivewi
thi
nthe4t
hdegr
ee

ofconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
yoft
heFi
l
ipi
nospouse

f
. Has submi
tt
ed al
lthe necessar
ycl
ear
ances and such

cer
ti
fi
cat
ionsasmayber
equi
red

3.GUARDI
AN wi
thr
espectt
othe war
d af
tert
he t
ermi
nat
ion oft
he

guar
dianshi
pandcl
ear
anceofhi
s/herf
inanci
alaccount
abi
l
iti
es.

Ar
t.185.Husbandandwi
femustj
oint
lyadopt
,excepti
nthef
oll
owi
ng

cases:

(
1)Whenonespouseseekst
oadopthi
sowni
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ld;
or

(
2)Whenonespouseseekst
oadoptt
hel
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldoft
heot
her
.

(
29a,
EO91andPD603)

RULEONADOPTI
ONBYSPOUSES

GENERALRULE:Husbandandwi
feshal
ljoi
ntl
yadopt

EXCEPTI
ON:

1. onespouseseekst
oadoptt
hel
egi
ti
mat
eson/
daught
eroft
heot
her
;or

2. onespouseseekst
oadopthi
s/herowni
l
legi
ti
mat
eson/
daught
er

3.Thespousesar
elegal
l
ysepar
atedf
rom eachot
her
.

174
 Exampl
e1:X,aFi
l
ipi
noci
ti
zen,wentt
otheU.
S.A.andl
ateroncameback

t
othePhi
l
ippi
nesandwant
stoadoptanephew.Undert
hissi
tuat
ion,t
hel
aw

al
l
owshi
mtoadopt

Exampl
e2:X,anAmer
ican,i
smar
ri
edt
oY,aFi
l
ipi
na.Bef
oreY’
smar
ri
age

t
oX,
shehadachi
l
dwi
thherdeceasedhusband.TheAmer
icanhusbandofYcan

adoptt
hechi
l
dofY.

Ar
t.186.I
ncasehusbandandwi
fej
oint
lyadoptoronespouseadopt
s

t
hel
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldoft
heot
her
,joi
ntpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lbeexer
cisedby

t
hespousesi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hisCode.(
29a,
EO91andPD603)

Ar
t.187.Thef
oll
owi
ngmaynotbeadopt
ed:

(
1)Aper
sonofl
egalage,unl
essheorshei
sachi
ldbynat
ureoft
he

adopt
erorhi
sorherspouse,or
,pr
iort
otheadopt
ion,sai
dper
sonhasbeen

consi
stent
lyconsi
der
edandt
reat
edbyt
headopt
erashi
sorherownchi
ld

dur
ingmi
nor
it
y.

(
2)Anal
ienwi
thwhosegov
ernmentt
heRepubl
icoft
hePhi
li
ppi
neshas

nodi
plomat
icr
elat
ions;
and

(
3)Aper
sonwhohasal
readybeenadopt
edunl
esssuchadopt
ionhas

beenpr
evi
ousl
yrev
okedorr
esci
nded.(
30a,
EO91andPD603)

WHOMAYBEADOPTED

175
 1. Anyper
sonbel
ow 18y
ear
sofagewhohasbeenadmi
nist
rat
ivel
yor

j
udi
cial
l
ydecl
aredav
ail
abl
eforadopt
ion;

2.l
egi
ti
mat
eson/
daught
erofonespousebyt
heot
herspouse;

3.i
l
legi
ti
mat
eson/
daught
erbyaqual
i
fiedadopt
ert
oimpr
ovehi
s/herst
atus

t
othatofl
egi
ti
macy
;

4.per
son ofl
egalage i
f,pr
iort
othe adopt
ion,sai
d per
son has been

consi
stent
lyconsi
der
edandt
reat
edbyt
headopt
erashi
s/herownchi
l
d

si
ncemi
nor
it
y;

5.chi
l
dwhoseadopt
ionhasbeenpr
evi
ousl
yresci
nded;
or

6.chi
l
dwhosebi
ologi
caloradopt
ivepar
ent
shav
edi
edpr
ovi
dedt
hatno

pr
oceedi
ngsshal
lbei
nit
iat
edwi
thi
n6mont
hsf
rom t
het
imeofdeat
hof

sai
dpar
ent
s.

Ar
t.188.Thewr
it
tenconsentoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
otheadopt
ionshal
lbe

necessar
y:

(
1)Theper
sont
obeadopt
ed,
ift
eny
ear
sofageorov
er,

(
2)Thepar
ent
sbynat
ureoft
hechi
ld,t
hel
egalguar
dian,ort
hepr
oper

gov
ernmenti
nst
rument
ali
ty;

(
3)Thel
egi
ti
mat
eandadopt
edchi
ldr
en,t
eny
ear
sofageorov
er,oft
he

adopt
ingpar
entorpar
ent
s;

176
 (
4)Thei
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
en,t
eny
ear
sofageorov
er,oft
headopt
ing

par
ent
,ifl
iv
ingwi
thsai
dpar
entandt
hel
att
er’
sspouse,
ifany
;and

(
5)Thespouse,i
fany
,oft
heper
sonadopt
ingort
obeadopt
ed.(
31a,EO

91andPD603)

WRI
TTENCONSENTNECESSARYFORADOPTI
ON:

a)Adopt
ee,
if10y
ear
sofageorov
er;

b)Bi
ologi
calpar
ent
soft
hechi
l
d,i
fknown,ort
hel
egalguar
dian,ort
he

pr
opergov
ernmenti
nst
rument
ali
tywhi
chhasl
egal
cust
odyoft
hechi
l
d;

c)Legi
ti
mat
echi
l
drenoft
headopt
er,
10y
ear
sol
dorov
er

d)I
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
drenoft
headopt
er,
10y
ear
sol
dorov
erandl
i
vingwi
th

hi
m

e)Spouseoft
headopt
ed,
ifmar
ri
ed

f
) Spouseoft
headopt
er,
ifmar
ri
ed

g)Adopt
edchi
l
drenoft
headopt
er,
10y
ear
sol
dorov
er

CASE:

TAMARGOv
s.CAetal

G.
R.No.85044June3,
1992

177
 s:32Adel
Fact ber
to Bundoc,t
hen a mi
norof10 y
ear
sofage,shotJenni
fer

Tamar
go wi
th an ai
rri
fl
e whi
ch r
esul
ted i
n herdeat
h.Accor
dingl
y,a ci
vi
l

compl
aintf
ordamageswasf
il
edwi
tht
heRTCofVi
gan,
Il
ocosSurbypet
it
ioner
s,

par
ent
sofJenni
fer
,agai
nstr
espondentspouses,Adel
ber
to’
snat
uralpar
ent
s

wi
thwhom hewasl
i
vingatt
het
imeoft
het
ragi
cinci
dent
.Inaddi
ti
ont
othi
scase

f
ordamages,acr
imi
nali
nfor
mat
ionorHomi
cidet
hroughReckl
essI
mpr
udence

wasf
il
edagai
nstAdel
ber
to,whowasacqui
tt
edandexempt
edf
rom cr
imi
nal

l
i
abi
l
ityont
hegr
oundt
hathehadact
edwi
thoutdi
scer
nment
.

Pr
iort
othei
nci
dentt
hespousesRapi
sur
ahadf
il
edapet
it
iont
oadoptt
he

mi
norAdel
ber
tobef
oret
het
henCFIofI
locosSur
.Thi
spet
it
ionf
oradopt
ionwas

gr
ant
edaf
terAdel
ber
tohadshotandki
l
ledJenni
fer

I
nthei
rAnswer
,respondentspouses,Adel
ber
to’
snat
uralpar
ent
s,cl
aimed

t
hatnott
hey
,butr
athert
headopt
ingpar
ent
swer
eindi
spensabl
epar
ti
est
othe

act
ionsi
ncepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yhadshi
ft
edt
otheadopt
ingpar
ent
sfr
om t
he

momentt
hesuccessf
ulpet
it
ionf
oradopt
ionwasf
il
ed.

Thet
ri
alcour
trul
edagai
nstt
headopt
ingpar
ent
s,whof
il
edanMRwhi
ch

wasl
aterdeni
edf
orbei
ngf
il
edbey
ondt
her
egl
ement
aryper
iod.Pet
it
ioner
swent

t
otheCAonapet
it
ionf
ormandamusandcer
ti
orar
iquest
ioni
ngt
het
ri
alcour
t’
s

deci
si
on.TheCAdi
smi
ssedt
hepet
it
ion,
rul
i
ngt
hatpet
it
ioner
shadl
ostt
hei
rri
ght

t
oappeal
.Hencet
hispet
it
ionf
orr
evi
ew

I
SSUE:Whoshoul
dber
esponsi
blef
ort
het
ort
uousactoft
hemi
norAdel
ber
to,

32
G.
R.No.85044

178
hi
snat
ural
par
ent
soradopt
ingpar
ent
s?

HELD:Thenat
ural
par
ent
s.Thecour
trul
edt
hat
,iti
snotdi
sput
edt
hatAdel
ber
to’
s

v
olunt
aryactofshoot
ingJenni
ferwi
thanai
rri
fl
egav
eri
set
oacauseofact
ion

onquasi
-del
i
ctagai m.As33Ar
nsthi ti
cle2176oft
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
des:

Whoev
erbyactoromi
ssi
oncausesdamaget
oanot
her
,ther
ebei
ngf
aul
t

ornegl
i
gence,
isobl
i
gedt
opayf
ort
hedamagedone.Suchf
aul
tornegl
i
gence,
if

t
her
eisnopr
e-exi
sti
ngcont
ract
ualr
elat
ionbet
weent
hepar
ti
es,
iscal
l
edaquasi
-

del
i
ct.

Upont
heot
herhand,t
hel
awi
mposesci
vi
lli
abi
l
ityupont
hef
atherand,i
n

caseofhi
sdeat
hori
ncapaci
ty,
themot
her
,foranydamagest
hatmaybecaused

byami
norchi
l
dwhol
i
veswi
tht
hem.Ar
ti
cle2180oft
heCi
vi
lCoder
eads:

34
Theobl
i
gat
ioni
mposedbyar
ti
cle2176i
sdemandabl
enotonl
yforone’
s

own act
s oromi
ssi
ons,butal
so f
ort
hose ofper
sons f
orwhom one i
s

r
esponsi
ble.Thef
atherand,i
ncaseofhi
sdeat
hori
ncapaci
ty,t
hemot
her
,ar
e

r
esponsi
blef
ort
hedamagescausedbyt
hemi
norchi
l
drenwhol
i
vei
nthei
r

company
.

Ar
t.189.Adopt
ionshal
lhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngef
fect
s:

33
Ar t
.2176Whoev erbyactoromi ssi
oncausesdamaget oanother,therebeingf aultor
negligence,i
sobl igedt opayforthedamagedone.Suchf aul
tornegligence,ifthereisnopre-
existi
ngcont ractualrelati
onbetweentheparti
es,i
scall
edaquasi-deli
ct.
34
Ar t
.2180Theobl i
gationimposedbyarti
cle2176isdemandablenotonl yforone’ sownactsor
omi ssions,
butal sof orthoseofpersonsforwhom oneisresponsi
ble.Thef atherand, i
ncaseof
hisdeat horincapaci ty
, t
hemot her
,arer
esponsibl
eforthedamagescausedbyt hemi norchi
ldr
en
whol iveintheircompany .

179
 (
1)Forci
vi
lpur
poses,t
headopt
edshal
lbedeemedt
obeal
egi
ti
mat
e

chi
ld oft
he adopt
ers and bot
h shal
lacqui
ret
he r
eci
procalr
ight
s and

obl
igat
ionsar
isi
ngf
rom t
her
elat
ionshi
pofpar
entandchi
ld,i
ncl
udi
ngt
her
ight

oft
headopt
edt
ouset
hesur
nameoft
headopt
ers;

(
2)Thepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yoft
hepar
ent
sbynat
ureov
ert
headopt
edshal
l

t
ermi
nat
eandbev
est
edi
ntheadopt
ers,exceptt
hati
ftheadopt
eri
sthe

spouseoft
hepar
entbynat
ureoft
headopt
ed,par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
he

adopt
edshal
lbeexer
cisedj
oint
lybybot
hspouses;
and

(
3)Theadopt
edshal
lremai
nani
ntest
atehei
rofhi
spar
ent
sandot
her

bl
oodr
elat
ives.(
39(
1)a,
(3)
a,PD603)

EFFECTSOFADOPTI
ON:

1.Sev
eranceofal
llegalt
iesbet
weent
he bi
ologi
calpar
ent
sandt
he

adopt
eeandt
hesameshal
lthenbev
est
edont
headopt
ersEXCEPTi
n

caseswher
ethebi
ologi
cal
par
enti
sthespouseoft
headopt
er

2.Deemedal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
doft
headopt
er

3.Acqui
red r
eci
procalr
ight
sand obl
i
gat
ionsar
isi
ngf
rom par
ent
-chi
l
d

r
elat
ionshi
p

4.Ri
ghtt
ousesur
nameoft
headopt
er

5.I
nlegalandi
ntest
atesuccessi
on,t
headopt
ersandt
headopt
eeshal
l

hav
ereci
procalr
ight
sofsuccessi
onwi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionf
rom l
egi
ti
mat
e

f
il
iat
ion.Howev
er,i
ftheadopt
eeandhi
s/herbi
ologi
calpar
ent
shadl
efta

180
 wi
l
l,t
hel
awont
est
ament
arysuccessi
onshal
lgov
ern.

Ar
t.190.Legalori
ntest
atesuccessi
ont
otheest
ateoft
headopt
edshal
l

begov
ernedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ules:

(
1) Legi
ti
mat
e and i
ll
egi
ti
mat
e chi
ldr
en and descendant
s and t
he

sur
viv
ingspouseoft
headopt
edshal
linher
itf
rom t
headopt
ed,i
naccor
dance

wi
tht
heor
dinar
yrul
esofl
egalori
ntest
atesuccessi
on;

(
2)When t
he par
ent
s,l
egi
ti
mat
e ori
ll
egi
ti
mat
e,ort
he l
egi
ti
mat
e

ascendant
soft
headopt
edconcurwi
tht
headopt
er,t
heyshal
ldi
vi
det
heent
ir
e

est
ate,
one-
hal
ftobei
nher
it
edbyt
hepar
ent
sorascendant
sandt
heot
herhal
f,

byt
headopt
ers;

(
3)Whent
hesur
viv
ingspouseort
hei
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enoft
headopt
ed

concurwi
tht
headopt
ers,
theyshal
ldi
vi
det
heent
ir
eest
atei
nequalshar
es,
one

-
hal
ftobei
nher
it
edbyt
hespouseort
hei
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enoft
headopt
ed

andt
heot
herhal
f,byt
headopt
ers.

(
4)When t
headopt
ersconcurwi
tht
hei
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
en and t
he

sur
viv
ingspouseoft
headopt
ed,t
heyshal
ldi
vi
det
heent
ir
eest
atei
nequal

shar
es,one-
thi
rdt
obei
nher
it
edbyt
hei
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
en,one-
thi
rdbyt
he

sur
viv
ingspouse,
andone-
thi
rdbyt
headopt
ers;

(
5)Whenonl
ytheadopt
erssur
viv
e,t
heyshal
linher
itt
heent
ir
eest
ate;

and

181
 (
6)Whenonl
ycol
lat
eralbl
oodr
elat
ivesoft
headopt
edsur
viv
e,t
hent
he

or
dinar
yrul
esofl
egalori
ntest
atesuccessi
onshal
lappl
y.(
39(
4)a,
PD603)

Exampl
e:A adopt
edB.B l
atermar
ri
edC andt
heygav
ebi
rt
htoE,a

l
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
d.F,ani
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
dofB bef
orehi
smar
ri
agewi
thC,hi
s

sur
viv
ingspouse.Di
str
ibut
etheest
atei
ftheest
ateofBi
sP120,
000.
00.

E—1/
2orP60,
000.
00

F—1/
4orP30,
000.
00

C—1/
4orP30,
000.
00

Thi
sist
hedi
str
ibut
ionmadebypar
agr
aph1ofAr
ti
cle190oft
heFami
l
y

Code.Theadopt
er,
howev
er,
doesnotgetanyshar
eoft
heest
ate.

Exampl
e:Aadopt
edB.Bdi
ed,l
eav
inganest
ateofP100,
000.
00,wi
thA

andhi
snat
ural
par
ent
s,CandD,
ashi
ssur
viv
ors.Di
str
ibut
etheest
ate.

A—1/
2orP50,
000.
00

C&D—1/
2orP50,
000.
00

Exampl
e:A adopt
edB.Hemar
ri
edC anddi
edwi
thoutani
ssue.Hei
s

sur
viv
edbyC,
hiswi
feandA,
hisadopt
er.He

l
eftanest
ateofP100,
000.
00.Di
str
ibut
etheest
ate.

C—1/
2orP50,
000.
00

182
 A—1/
2orP50,
000.
00

I
f,i
nst
eadofget
ti
ngmar
ri
ed,
Bli
vedwi
thawomanwi
thoutt
hebenef
itofa

mar
ri
ageandt
heygav
ebi
rt
htoC.Di
str
ibut
ehi
sest
atewhi
chi
sP100,
000.
00.

C—1/
2orP50,
000.
00

A—1/
2orP50,
000.
00

Exampl
e:Aadopt
edB.Bef
oreB’
smar
ri
aget
oC,hehadani
l
legi
ti
mat
e

chi
l
dwi
thD,
namedE.Hedi
edwi
thanest
ateofP120,
000.
00,
leav
inghi
sspouse,

i
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
d,andA,
hisadopt
er,
ashi
ssur
viv
ors.Di
str
ibut
etheest
ate.

C—1/
3orP40,
000.
00

E—1/
3orP40,
000.
00

A—1/
3orP40,
000.
00

Exampl
e:AandBadopt
edC,whodi
edwi
thanest
ateofP100,
000.
00.He

l
eftnosur
viv
orsexceptAandB.Di
str
ibut
etheest
ate.

Thel
awsay
sthati
ftheonl
ysur
viv
orsar
etheadopt
ers,t
heyshal
linher
it

t
heent
ir
eest
ate.AandBwoul
dther
efor
egetP100,
000.
00.

Ar
t.191.I
fthe adopt
ed i
s a mi
nororot
her
wise i
ncapaci
tat
ed,t
he

adopt
ionmaybej
udi
cial
lyr
esci
ndeduponpet
it
ionofanyper
sonaut
hor
izedby

183
t
hecour
torpr
opergov
ernmenti
nst
rument
alact
ingonhi
sbehal
f,ont
hesame

gr
oundspr
escr
ibedf
orl
ossorsuspensi
onofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y.I
ftheadopt
ed

i
satl
eastei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage,hemaypet
it
ionf
orj
udi
cialr
esci
ssi
onoft
he

adopt
ionont
hesamegr
oundspr
escr
ibedf
ordi
sinher
it
inganascendant
.(40a,

PD603)

Ar
t.192.Theadopt
ersmaypet
it
iont
hecour
tfort
hej
udi
cialr
esci
ssi
on

oft
headopt
ioni
nanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcases:

(
1)I
fthe adopt
ed has commi
tt
ed any actconst
it
uti
ng gr
ound f
or

di
sinher
it
ingadescendant
;or

(
2)Whent
headopt
edhasabandonedt
hehomeoft
headopt
ersdur
ing

mi
nor
it
yforatl
eastoney
ear
,or
,bysomeot
heract
s,hasdef
ini
tel
yrepudi
ated

t
headopt
ion.(
41a,
PD603)

GROUNDSFORRECI
SSI
ONOFADOPTI
ON:

1.r
epeat
edphy
sicalandv
erbalmal
tr
eat
mentbyt
headopt
ersdespi
tehav
ing

under
gonecounsel
i
ng

2.at
temptont
hel
i
feoft
headopt
ee

3.Sexual
assaul
torv
iol
ence

4.Abandonmentandf
ail
uret
ocompl
ywi
thpar
ent
alobl
i
gat
ions.

•Adopt
ion,bei
ngi
nthebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d,shal
lnotbesubj
ectt
o

r
esci
ssi
onbyt
headopt
er

184
 •Onl
ytheadopt
eei
sgi
vent
her
ightt
oresci
ndt
hedecr
eeofadopt
ion

•Howev
er,
theadopt
ersmaydi
sinher
itt
headopt
eef
orcausespr
ovi
dedi
n

Ar
t.919oft
heNCC

Ar
t.193.I
ftheadopt
edmi
norhasnotr
eachedt
heageofmaj
ori
tyatt
he

t
imeoft
hej
udi
cialr
esci
ssi
onoft
headopt
ion,
thecour
tint
hesamepr
oceedi
ng

shal
lrei
nst
atet
hepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yoft
hepar
ent
sbynat
ure,unl
esst
hel
att
er

ar
e di
squal
if
ied ori
ncapaci
tat
ed,i
n whi
ch case t
he cour
tshal
lappoi
nta

guar
dianov
ert
heper
sonandpr
oper
tyoft
hemi
nor
.Ift
headopt
edper
soni
s

phy
sical
ly orment
all
y handi
capped,t
he cour
tshal
lappoi
nti
nthe same

pr
oceedi
ngaguar
dianov
erhi
sper
sonorpr
oper
tyorbot
h.

Judi
cialr
esci
ssi
onoft
headopt
ionshal
lext
ingui
shal
lreci
procalr
ight
s

and obl
igat
ions bet
ween t
he adopt
ers and t
he adopt
ed ar
isi
ng f
rom t
he

r
elat
ionshi
pofpar
entandchi
ld.Theadopt
edshal
lli
kewi
sel
oset
her
ightt
ouse

t
hesur
namesoft
headopt
ersand shal
lresumehi
ssur
namepr
iort
othe

adopt
ion.

Thecour
tshal
laccor
dingl
yor
dert
heamendmentoft
her
ecor
dsi
nthe

pr
operr
egi
str
ies.(
42a,
PD603)

EFFECTSOFTHERESCI
SSI
ONOFTHEADOPTI
ON:

1.Thepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yoft
headopt
ee'
sbi
ologi
calpar
ent
s,i
fknown;ort
he

l
egalcust
odyoft
heDSWDshal
lber
est
oredi
ftheadopt
eei
sst
il
lami
nor

185
 ori
ncapaci
tat
ed.

2.Ther
eci
procalr
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsoft
headopt
ersandt
headopt
eet
o

eachot
hershal
lbeext
ingui
shed.

3.Thecour
tshal
lor
dert
heCi
vi
lRegi
str
art
ocancelt
heamendedcer
ti
fi
cat
e

ofbi
rt
hoft
headopt
eeandr
est
orehi
s/heror
igi
nal
bir
thcer
ti
fi
cat
e.

4.Successi
onr
ight
sshal
lrev
ertt
oit
sst
atuspr
iort
oadopt
ion,
butonl
yasof

t
hedat
eofj
udgmentofj
udi
cialr
esci
ssi
on.Vest
edr
ight
sacqui
redpr
iort
o

j
udi
cial
resci
ssi
onshal
lber
espect
ed.

Case:

I
NTHEMATTEROFTHEADOPTI
ONOFSTEPHANI
ENATHYASTORGAGARCI
A

G.
R.No.148311.Mar
ch31,
2005

FACTS:35Honor
atoCat
indi
gfi
l
edapet
it
iont
oadopthi
smi
nori
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
d

St
ephani
eNat
hyAst
orgaGar
cia.Hepr
ayedt
hatt
hechi
l
d'smi
ddl
enameAst
orga

bechangedt
oGar
cia,hermot
her
'ssur
name,andt
hathersur
nameGar
ciabe

changedt
oCat
indi
g,hi
ssur
name.

36
Tr
ialcour
tgr
ant
edt
hepet
it
ionanddecl
aredSt
ephani
eashi
slegi
ti
mat
e

chi
l
dandhei
r,andpur
suantt
oAr
t.189oft
heFami
l
yCode,
shei
snowknownas

St
ephani
eNat
hyCat
indi
g.

Honor
atof
il
ed a mot
ion f
orcl
ari
fi
cat
ion and/
orr
econsi
der
ati
on t
hat

35
G.
R.No.148311
36
Ar
t.189Par1-
3

186
St
ephani
eshoul
dbeal
l
owedt
ouset
hesur
nameGar
ciaashermi
ddl
ename.

TheRepubl
i
c,t
hrought
heOSG,agr
eedwi
thHonor
atof
orherr
elat
ionshi
p

wi
thhernat
uralmot
hershoul
dbemai
ntai
nedandpr
eser
ved,t
opr
eventany

conf
usi
onandhar
dshi
pint
hef
utur
e,andunderAr
ti
cle189sher
emai
nst
obean

i
ntest
atehei
rofhermot
her
.

I
SSUE:

Whet
herornotani
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
d,uponadopt
ionbyhernat
uralf
ather
,uset
he

sur
nameofhernat
ural
mot
herashermi
ddl
ename.

RULI
NG:

Yes.t
her
eisnol
awpr
ohi
bit
ingani
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
dadopt
edbyhernat
uralf
ather
,

l
i
keSt
ephani
e,t
ouse,asmi
ddl
enamehermot
her
’ssur
name,wef
indnor
eason

whysheshoul
dnotbeal
l
owedt
odoso.

Ar
ti
cle176oft
heFami
l
yCode,
asamendedbyRepubl
i
cActNo.9255,
(An

ActAl
l
owi
ngI
ll
egi
ti
mat
eChi
l
drenToUseTheSur
nameOfThei
rFat
her
)issi
l
ent

ast
owhatmi
ddl
enameachi
l
dmayuse.Ar
ti
cle365oft
heCCmer
elypr
ovi
des

t
hat“
anadopt
edchi
l
dshal
lbeart
hesur
nameoft
headopt
er.
”Ar
ti
cle189oft
he

Fami
l
yCode,enumer
ati
ngt
hel
egalef
fect
sofadopt
ion,i
sli
kewi
sesi
l
entont
he

mat
ter
.

Republ
i
cActNo.8552,(
Domest
icAdopt
ionActof1998)anl
egi
ti
mat
e

chi
l
dbyv
irt
ueofheradopt
ion,St
ephani
eisent
it
ledt
oal
lther
ight
spr
ovi
dedby

l
aw t
oal
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dwi
thoutdi
scr
imi
nat
ionofanyki
nd,
incl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
o

187
beart
hesur
nameofherf
atherandhermot
her
.

Ti
tl
eVI
II
Suppor
t

Ar
t.194.Suppor
tcompr
omi
sesev
ery
thi
ngi
ndi
spensabl
eforsust
enance,

dwel
li
ng,
clot
hing,
medi
calat
tendance,
educat
ionandt
ranspor
tat
ion,
inkeepi
ng

wi
tht
hef
inanci
alcapaci
tyoft
hef
ami
ly
.

Theeducat
ionoft
heper
sonent
it
ledt
obesuppor
tedr
efer
redt
oint
he

pr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
aphshal
lincl
udehi
sschool
ingort
rai
ningf
orsomepr
ofessi
on,

t
radeorv
ocat
ion,
evenbey
ondt
heageofmaj
ori
ty.Tr
anspor
tat
ionshal
lincl
ude

expensesi
ngoi
ngt
oandf
rom school
,ort
oandf
rom pl
aceofwor
k.(
290a)

KI
NDSOFSUPPORT

1.Legal
–thatwhi
chi
srequi
redt
obegi
venby
law

2.Judi
cial
–thatwhi
ch i
srequi
red t
o be gi
ven bycour
tor
derwhet
her

pendent
eli
teori
naf
inal
judgment

3.Vol
unt
aryorConv
ent
ional
–byagr
eement

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFSUPPORT

1.Per
sonal

2.I
ntr
ansmi
ssi
ble

188
 3.Notsubj
ectt
owai
verorcompensat
ionwi
thr
egar
dtof
utur
esuppor
t

4.Exemptf
rom at
tachmentorexecut
ion,excepti
fsuppor
tiscont
ract
ualor

gi
venbywi
l
l.I
nsuchcases,anyexcessl
egalsuppor
tcanbesubj
ectt
o

l
evyonat
tachmentorexecut
ion.

5.Reci
procalont
hepar
toft
hosewhoar
ebyl
aw boundt
osuppor
teach

ot
her

6.Var
iabl
e

Ar
t.195.Subj
ectt
othe pr
ovi
sions oft
he succeedi
ng ar
ti
cles,t
he

f
oll
owi
ngar
eobl
igedt
osuppor
teachot
hert
othewhol
eext
entsetf
ort
hint
he

pr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cle:

(
1)Thespouses;

(
2)Legi
ti
mat
eascendant
sanddescendant
s;

(
3) Par
ent
s and t
hei
rlegi
ti
mat
e chi
l
dren and t
he l
egi
ti
mat
e and

i
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enoft
hel
att
er;

(
4)Par
ent
s and t
hei
ril
legi
ti
mat
e chi
ldr
en and t
he l
egi
ti
mat
e and

i
ll
egi
ti
mat
echi
ldr
enoft
hel
att
er;
and

(
5)Legi
ti
mat
ebr
other
sandsi
ster
s,whet
heroff
ullorhal
f-
blood(
291a)

189
 Ar
t.196.Br
other
sandsi
ster
snotl
egi
ti
mat
elyr
elat
ed,whet
heroft
hef
ull

orhal
f-
blood,ar
eli
kewi
seboundt
osuppor
teachot
hert
othef
ullext
entset

f
ort
hinAr
ti
cle194,exceptonl
ywhent
heneedf
orsuppor
toft
hebr
otheror

si
ster
,bei
ngofage,i
sduet
oacausei
mput
abl
etot
hecl
aimant
’sf
aul
tor

negl
igence.(
291a)

RULESREGARDI
NGSUPPORTTOI
LLEGI
TIMATEBROTHERSANDSI
STERS

(
WHETHERFULLORHALFBLOOD)
:

1.I
ftheoneaski
ngf
orsuppor
tisbel
ow maj
ori
tyage,hei
sent
it
ledt
o

suppor
tfr
om hi
sil
l
egi
ti
mat
ebr
otherorsi
stert
othef
ull
ext
ent
,wi
thoutany

condi
ti
on

2.I
ftheoneaski
ngf
orsuppor
tisal
readyofmaj
ori
tyage,hei
sent
it
ledt
o

suppor
tonl
yifhi
sneedf
orsuppor
tisnotduet
oacausei
mput
abl
etohi
s

f
aul
tornegl
i
gence

Ar
t.197.I
ncaseofl
egi
ti
mat
eascendant
s;descendant
s,whet
herl
egi
ti
mat
e

ori
l
legi
ti
mat
e;andbr
other
sandsi
ster
s,whet
herl
egi
ti
mat
elyori
ll
egi
ti
mat
ely

r
elat
ed,onl
ythesepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
heper
sonobl
igedt
ogi
vesuppor
tshal
l

beanswer
abl
epr
ovi
dedt
hati
ncaset
heobl
igorhasnosepar
atepr
oper
ty,t
he

absol
utecommuni
tyort
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p,i
ffi
nanci
all
ycapabl
e,shal
l

adv
ancet
hesuppor
t,whi
chshal
lbededuct
edf
rom t
heshar
eoft
hespouse

190
obl
igedupont
hel
iqui
dat
ionoft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyoroft
heconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
p.(
n)

SUPPORTOFI
LLEGI
TIMATECHI
LDRENOFASPOUSE.

I
faper
son who i
smar
ri
ed hasascendant
s,ordescendant
swhet
her

l
egi
ti
mat
eori
l
legi
ti
mat
e,orbr
other
sandsi
ster
s,andhei
sobl
i
gedt
osuppor
t

t
hem,suchsuppor
tshal
lcomef
rom t
hesepar
atepr
oper
ti
esofsuchspouse.I
f

hehasnosepar
atepr
oper
ti
es,t
heabsol
utecommuni
tyorconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p

shal
ladv
ancet
hesuppor
t.

Ar
t.198.Dur
ingt
hepr
oceedi
ngsf
orl
egalsepar
ati
onorf
orannul
mentof

mar
ri
age,and f
ordecl
arat
ionofnul
li
tyofmar
ri
age,t
hespousesand t
hei
r

chi
l
drenshal
lbesuppor
tedf
rom t
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
heabsol
utecommuni
tyor

t
heconj
ugalpar
tner
shi
p.Af
tert
hef
inalj
udgmentgr
ant
ingt
hepet
it
ion,t
he

obl
igat
ionofmut
ualsuppor
tbet
weent
hespousesceases.Howev
er,i
ncaseof

l
egalsepar
ati
on,
thecour
tmayor
dert
hatt
hegui
lt
yspouseshal
lgi
vesuppor
tto

t
hei
nnocentone,
speci
fyi
ngt
het
ermsofsuchor
der
.(292a)

PROPERTI
ESANSWERABLEFORSUPPORT

1.Fr
om t
hesepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
heobl
i
gor
.Ifnosepar
atepr
oper
ty,t
he

ACP/
CPG (
iff
inanci
all
y capabl
e)shal
ladv
ance t
he suppor
t,t
o be

deduct
edf
rom t
heobl
i
gor
’sshar
euponl
i
qui
dat
ionofsuchr
egi
me.

2.Pendi
ng l
egalsepar
ati
on orannul
ment
,suppor
t(pendent
eli
te)f
or

spousesandchi
l
drenwi
l
lcomef
rom t
heACP/
CPG.Af
terf
inalj
udgment

191
 gr
ant
ingt
hepet
it
ion,mut
ualsuppor
tobl
i
gat
ionbet
weenspousesceases.

(
Buti
nlegalsepar
ati
oncour
tmayor
dergui
l
tyspouset
ogi
vesuppor
tto

i
nnocentspouse.
)

Ar
t.199.Whenev
ert
woormor
eper
sonsar
eobl
igedt
ogi
vesuppor
t,t
he

l
iabi
li
tyshal
ldev
olv
eupont
hef
oll
owi
ngper
sonsi
ntheor
derher
einpr
ovi
ded:

1)Thespouse;

(
2)Thedescendant
sint
henear
estdegr
ee;

(
3)Theascendant
sint
henear
estdegr
ee;
and

(
4)Thebr
other
sandsi
ster
s.(
294a)

Ar
t.200.Whent
heobl
igat
iont
ogi
vesuppor
tfal
lsupont
woormor
e

per
sons,t
hepay
mentoft
hesameshal
lbedi
vi
dedbet
weent
hem i
npr
opor
ti
on

t
other
esour
cesofeach.

Howev
er,
incaseofur
gentneedandbyspeci
alci
rcumst
ances,
thej
udge

mayor
deronl
yone oft
hem t
ofur
nish t
he suppor
tpr
ovi
sional
ly
,wi
thout

pr
ejudi
cet
ohi
sri
ghtt
ocl
aimf
rom t
heot
herobl
igor
stheshar
eduef
rom t
hem.

Whent
woormor
ereci
pient
satt
hesamet
imecl
aim suppor
tfr
om one

and t
hesameper
son l
egal
lyobl
iged t
o gi
vei
t,shoul
dthel
att
ernothav
e

suf
fi
cientmeanst
osat
isf
yal
lcl
aims,t
heor
derest
abl
ishedi
nthepr
ecedi
ng

192
ar
ti
cleshal
lbef
oll
owed,unl
esst
heconcur
rentobl
igeesshoul
dbet
hespouse

and achi
ld subj
ectt
o par
ent
alaut
hor
it
y,i
nwhi
chcaset
hechi
ld shal
lbe

pr
efer
red.(
295a)

Thi
sar
ti
clemakest
heobl
i
gat
ionofsev
eralobl
i
gor
sint
hesamegr
adea

j
ointandnotasol
i
dar
yone.Thepr
opor
ti
onat
eshar
eofeachwi
l
ldependupon

hi
smeansascompar
ed t
otheot
her
s.I
tmayhappen,howev
er,t
hatsome

obl
i
gor
smaybeabsentandt
hei
rdomi
cil
esunknown,orf
orsomeot
herr
eason

t
heycannoti
mmedi
atel
yfur
nisht
hei
rshar
es.I
nsuchcase,
thel
awpr
ovi
dest
hat

anyobl
i
gormaybe compel
l
ed t
o gi
vet
he f
ullamountofsuppor
t,wi
thout

pr
ejudi
cet
ohi
sri
ghtt
orecov
ert
hepr
opor
ti
onat
eshar
esoft
heot
her
s.Thus,

al
thought
hegener
alr
ulei
sthatt
her
eci
pientshoul
dcl
aim hi
ssuppor
tfr
om al
l

t
hoseobl
i
gedt
ogi
vei
tunderspeci
alci
rcumst
anceshemaybr
inghi
sact
ion

agai
nstanyoft
hem.I
fthecour
tfi
ndst
hatt
her
eisgr
oundf
ort
heact
ionagai
nst

t
hedef
endant
,itwi
l
lobl
i
gehi
mtopr
ovi
sional
l
ygi
vet
hef
ullsuppor
tdeser
vinghi
s

r
ight
sagai
nstt
heot
her
s

Ar
t.201.Theamountofsuppor
t,i
nthecasesr
efer
redt
oinAr
ti
cles195

and196,
shal
lbei
npr
opor
ti
ont
other
esour
cesormeansoft
hegi
verandt
othe

necessi
ti
esoft
her
eci
pient
.(296a)

Ar
t.202.Suppor
tint
hecasesr
efer
redt
oint
hepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cleshal
lbe

r
educedori
ncr
easedpr
opor
ti
onat
ely
,accor
dingt
other
educt
ionori
ncr
easeof

t
henecessi
ti
esoft
her
eci
pientandt
her
esour
cesormeansoft
heper
son

193
obl
igedt
ofur
nisht
hesame.(
297a)

CASE:

Lam v
.Chua

FACTS:Jose Lam was psy

chol
ogi
cal
l
yincapaci
tat
ed t
o compl
y wi
tht
he

essent
ialmar
it
alobl
i
gat
ions ofmar
ri
age butsai
dincapaci
tywas nott
hen

appar
ent
;suchpsy
chol
ogi
cali
ncapaci
tyofJosebecamemani
festonl
yaf
tert
he

cel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
agewhenhef
requent
lyf
ail
edt
ogohome,i
ndul
gedi
n

womani
zi
ng and i
rr
esponsi
bleact
ivi
ti
es,such as,mi
smanagi
ng t
heconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
pofgai
ns;i
nor
dert
osav
ewhatwasl
eftoft
heconj
ugalpr
oper
ti
es,

Adr
ianaChuawasf
orcedt
oagr
eewi
thJoseont
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hei
rconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
pofgai
nsandt
hesepar
ati
onofpr
esentandf
utur
epr
oper
ti
es;sai
d

agr
eementwasappr
ovedbyt
heRegi
onalTr
ialCour
tofMakat
iCi
tyi
naDeci
sion

dat
edFebr
uar
y28,1994;t
heyhadl
ongbeensepar
atedi
nbedandboar
d;t
hey

hav
eagr
eedt
hatt
hecust
odyoft
hei
rchi
l
dwi
l
lbewi
thher
,subj
ectt
ovi
sit
ati
on

r
ight
sofJose.Adr
ianapr
ayedt
hatt
hemar
ri
agebet
weenherand Josebe

decl
arednul
landv
oidbutshef
ail
edt
ocl
aim andpr
ayf
ort
hesuppor
toft
hei
r

chi
l
d,JohnPaul
.ThePasayRTCadmi
tt
edi
ntoev
idencet
heMar
ri
ageCont
ract

dat
edMay25,
1977bet
weenJoseandoneCel
i
aSant
iago,
andanot
herMar
ri
age

Cont
ractdat
edMay6,
1982bet
weenJoseandoneEv
anLock,
showi
ngt
hatJose

hadbeenmar
ri
edt
wicebef
orehemar
ri
edAdr
ianai
n1984.ThePasayRTC

r
ender
edi
tsdeci
sioni
nfav
orofAdr
iana.OnNov
ember3,1994,Josef
il
eda

Mot
ion f
orReconsi
der
ati
on.Jose f
urt
heral
l
eged i
n hi
s mot
ion t
hathi
s

194
cont
ri
but
iont
othecommonf
undhadev
enamount
edt
oP500,
000.
00notonl
y

P250,
000.
00.

I
SSUE:Whet
herornott
her
eisacompr
omi
seagr
eementbet
weenJoseand

Adr
ianaf
ort
hesuppor
tofJohnPaul
.

HELD:Ther
eisnomer
itt
othecl
aim ofJoset
hatt
hecompr
omi
seagr
eement

bet
weenhi
m andAdr
iana,asappr
ovedbyt
heMakat
iRTCandembodi
edi
nit
s

deci
siondat
edFebr
uar
y28,
1994i
nthecasef
orv
olunt
arydi
ssol
uti
onofconj
ugal

par
tner
shi
pofgai
ns,
isabart
oanyf
urt
herawar
dofsuppor
tinf
avoroft
hei
rchi
l
d

JohnPaul
.Thepr
ovi
sionf
oracommonf
undf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hei
rchi
l
dJohn

Paul
,asembodi
edi
nthecompr
omi
seagr
eementbet
weenher
einpar
ti
eswhi
ch

hadbeenappr
ovedbyt
heMakat
iRTC,cannotbeconsi
der
edf
inalandr
es

j
udi
cat
a si
nce anyj
udgmentf
orsuppor
tis al
way
s subj
ectt
o modi
fi
cat
ion,

dependi
ngupont
heneedsoft
hechi
l
dandt
hecapabi
l
iti
esoft
hepar
ent
stogi
ve

suppor
t.

COMMENT:I
nthi
scase,t
heonl
yev
idencepr
esent
edbyt
hepl
aint
if
fregar
ding

hercl
aim f
orsuppor
toft
hechi
l
d washert
est
imony
.Thesamedoesnot

est
abl
i
sht
heamountneededbyt
hechi
l
dnort
heamountt
hatt
hepar
ent
sar
e

r
easonabl
yabl
etogi
ve.

Ar
t.203.Theobl
igat
iont
ogi
vesuppor
tshal
lbedemandabl
efr
om t
he

t
imet
heper
sonwhohasar
ightt
orecei
vet
hesameneedsi
tformai
ntenance,

buti
tshal
lnotbepai
dexceptf
rom t
hedat
eofj
udi
cialorext
raj
udi
cialdemand.

195
 Suppor
tpendent
eli
temaybecl
aimedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
heRul
esof

Cour
t.

Pay
mentshal
lbemadewi
thi
nthef
ir
stf
iveday
sofeachcor
respondi
ng

mont
horwhent
her
eci
pientdi
es,hi
shei
rsshal
lnotbeobl
igedt
oret
urnwhat

hehasr
ecei
vedi
nadv
ance.(
298a)

Ar
t.204.Theper
sonobl
igedt
ogi
vesuppor
tshal
lhav
etheopt
iont
o

f
ulf
il
ltheobl
igat
ionei
therbypay
ingt
heal
lowancef
ixed,orbyr
ecei
vi
ngand

mai
ntai
ningi
nthef
ami
lydwel
li
ngt
heper
sonwhohasar
ightt
orecei
vesuppor
t.

Thel
att
eral
ter
nat
ivecannotbeav
ail
edofi
ncaset
her
eisamor
alorl
egal

obst
acl
ether
eto.(
299a)

Ar
t.205.Ther
ightt
orecei
vesuppor
tundert
hisTi
tl
easwel
lasany

moneyorpr
oper
tyobt
ained assuch suppor
tshal
lnotbe l
evi
ed upon on

at
tachmentorexecut
ion.(
302a)

Ar
t.206.When,wi
thoutt
heknowl
edgeoft
heper
sonobl
igedt
ogi
ve

suppor
t,i
tisgi
venbyast
ranger
,thel
att
ershal
lhav
ear
ightt
ocl
aimt
hesame

f
rom t
hef
ormer
,unl
essi
tappear
sthathegav
eitwi
thouti
ntent
ionofbei
ng

r
eimbur
sed.(
2164a)

COMMENT:Ther
ightt
orecei
vesuppor
tisexemptf
rom at
tachmentorl
evy
.The

r
eason i
sobv
iousi
nthati
twoul
d def
eatt
hepur
poseoft
hel
aw i
n gi
vi
ng

pr
otect
iont
other
eci
pientagai
nstmi
ser
y.Thi
sisasi
tuat
ionwhi
chaccept
s

196
cer
tai
nexcept
ionsl
i
kewhensuppor
tisf
oundedoncont
ractorwi
l
l,t
heexcessof

whi
chi
ssubj
ectt
oat
tachmentorl
evy
.

Ar
t.207.Whent
heper
sonobl
igedt
osuppor
tanot
herunj
ust
lyr
efusesor

f
ail
stogi
vesuppor
twhenur
gent
lyneededbyt
hel
att
er,anyt
hir
dper
sonmay

f
urni
shsuppor
ttot
heneedyi
ndi
vi
dual
,wi
thr
ightofr
eimbur
sementf
rom t
he

per
sonobl
igedt
ogi
vesuppor
t.Thi
sAr
ti
cleshal
lpar
ti
cul
arl
yappl
ywhent
he

f
atherormot
herofachi
ldundert
heageofmaj
ori
tyunj
ust
lyr
efusest
osuppor
t

orf
ail
stogi
vesuppor
ttot
hechi
ldwhenur
gent
lyneeded.(
2166a)

Exampl
e:Xi
sobl
i
gedt
osuppor
tY.Wi
thoutX’
sknowl
edgeorconsent
,Z

pai
dtheamountofsuppor
ttoY.Ther
ightofZi
stoaskf
orr
eimbur
sementf
rom

X,
unl
esst
her
eisashowi
ngt
hatZdi
dnoti
ntendt
ober
eimbur
sed.I
fther
eisno

ev
idenceofsuchi
ntent
ion,
Zcanaskf
orr
eimbur
sementf
rom X.

Ther
ulei
sal
sot
ruei
ncaset
heper
sonobl
i
gedt
ogi
vesuppor
tfai
l
sor

r
efusest
ogi
vesuppor
t.

Ar
t.208.I
ncaseofcont
ract
ualsuppor
tort
hatgi
venbywi
ll
,theexcessi
n

amountbey
ondt
hatr
equi
redf
orl
egalsuppor
tshal
lbesubj
ectt
olev
yon

at
tachmentorexecut
ion.

Fur
ther
mor
e,cont
ract
ualsuppor
t shal
lbe subj
ect t
o adj
ust
ment

whenev
er modi
fi
cat
ion i
s necessar
y due t
o changes of ci
rcumst
ances

mani
fest
lybey
ondt
hecont
empl
ati
onoft
hepar
ti
es.(
n)

197
 Ti
tl
eIX
PARENTALAUTHORI
TY
198
 Chapt
er1.Gener
alPr
ovi
sions

Ar
t.209.Pur
suantt
othenat
uralr
ightanddut
yofpar
ent
sov
ert
he

per
sonandpr
oper
tyoft
hei
runemanci
pat
edchi
ldr
en,par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yand

r
esponsi
bil
it
y shal
lincl
ude t
he car
ing f
or and r
ear
ing t
hem f
or ci
vi
c

consci
ousnessandef
fi
ciencyandt
hedev
elopmentoft
hei
rmor
al,ment
aland

phy
sicalchar
act
erandwel
l
-bei
ng.(
n)

PARENTALAUTHORI
TY

I
t’
sthemassofr
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionswhi
chpar
ent
shav
einr
elat
iont
othe

per
sonandpr
oper
tyoft
hei
rchi
l
drenunt
ilt
hei
remanci
pat
ion,
andev
enaf
tert
his

undercer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances(
Manr
esa)
.

Ar
t.210.Par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yandr
esponsi
bil
it
ymaynotber
enouncedor

t
ransf
err
edexcepti
nthecasesaut
hor
izedbyl
aw.(
313a)

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFPARENTALAUTHORI
TY:

1.I
tisanat
ural
rightanddut
yoft
hepar
ent
s(Ar
t.209FC)

2.I
tcannotbe r
enounced,t
ransf
err
ed orwai
ved,excepti
n cases

aut
hor
izedbyl
aw(
Art210FC)

3.I
tisj
oint
lyexer
cisedbyt
hef
atherandt
hemot
her(
Art
.211FC)

199
 4.I
tispur
elyper
sonal
andcannotbeexer
cisedt
hroughagent
s

5.I
tist
empor
ary

Ar
t.211.The f
atherand t
he mot
hershal
ljoi
ntl
y exer
cise par
ent
al

aut
hor
it
yov
ert
heper
sonsoft
hei
rcommonchi
ldr
en.I
ncaseofdi
sagr
eement
,

t
hef
ather
’sdeci
sionshal
lpr
evai
l,
unl
esst
her
eisaj
udi
cialor
dert
othecont
rar
y.

Chi
ldr
en shal
lal
way
s obser
ver
espectand r
ever
ence t
owar
ds t
hei
r

par
ent
sandar
eobl
igedt
oobeyt
hem asl
ongast
hechi
ldr
enar
eunderpar
ent
al

aut
hor
it
y.(
311a)

PARENTALAUHTORI
TYRULE

Thenat
uralpar
ent
s,whoar
eofgoodchar
act
erandwhocanr
easonabl
y

pr
ovi
def
ort
hechi
l
d,ar
eor
dinar
il
yent
it
ledt
ocust
odyasagai
nstal
lper
sons.

COMMENT:I
fthechi
l
disadopt
edbybot
hpar
ent
s,t
her
eisj
ointadopt
ion.Under

t
hel
aw,
ther
ear
etwo(
2)basi
cdut
iesoft
hechi
l
drent
owar
dthei
rpar
ent
s,l
i
ke:

(
1)t
oobeyt
hei
rpar
ent
sasl
ongast
heyar
eunderpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y;

(
2)t
oobser
ver
espectandr
ever
encet
owar
dthei
rpar
ent
s.

Ar
t.212.I
ncaseofabsenceordeat
hofei
therpar
ent
,thepar
entpr
esent

shal
lcont
inueexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y.Ther
emar
ri
ageoft
hesur
viv
ing

200
par
entshal
lnotaf
fectt
hepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hechi
ldr
en,unl
esst
hecour
t

appoi
ntsanot
herper
sont
obet
heguar
dianoft
heper
sonorpr
oper
tyoft
he

chi
l
dren.(
n)

Ar
t.213.I
ncaseofsepar
ati
onoft
hepar
ent
s,par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lbe

exer
cisedbyt
hepar
entdesi
gnat
edbyt
heCour
t.TheCour
tshal
ltakei
nto

accountal
lrel
evantconsi
der
ati
ons,especi
all
ythechoi
ceoft
hechi
ldov
er

sev
eny
ear
sofage,
unl
esst
hepar
entchoseni
sunf
it
.(n)

TENDERYEARSPRESUMPTI
ON

NOchi
l
dunder7y
ear
sofageshal
lbesepar
atedf
rom t
hemot
her
,unl
ess

t
hecour
tfi
ndscompel
l
ingr
easonst
oor
derot
her
wise.

Exampl
esofcompel
li
ngr
easonsar
e:

 Whent
hemot
heri
sinsane;

 wi
thacommuni
cabl
edi
seaset
hatmi
ghtendangert
hel
i
feorheal
thoft
he

chi
l
d;

 i
smal
tr
eat
ingt
hechi
l
d;or

 hasanot
herchi
l
dbyanot
hermanwhol
i
veswi
thher
.(Cer
vant
esv
.Faj
ardo,

1989)

Ar
t.214.I
n case ofdeat
h,absence orunsui
tabi
li
tyoft
he par
ent
s,

subst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lbeexer
cisedbyt
hesur
viv
inggr
andpar
ent
.In

casesev
eralsur
viv
e,t
heonedesi
gnat
edbyt
hecour
t,t
aki
ngi
ntoaccountt
he

201
same consi
der
ati
on ment
ioned i
nthe pr
ecedi
ng ar
ti
cle,shal
lexer
cise t
he

aut
hor
it
y.(
355a)

Ar
t.215.Nodescendantshal
lbecompel
led,i
nacr
imi
nalcase,t
otest
if
y

agai
nst hi
s par
ent
s and gr
andpar
ent
s,except when such t
est
imony i
s

i
ndi
spensabl
einacr
imeagai
nstt
hedescendantorbyonepar
entagai
nstt
he

ot
her
.(315a)

Chapt
er2.Subst
it
uteandSpeci
alPar
ent
alAut
hor
it
y

Ar
t.216.I
ndef
aul
tofpar
ent
soraj
udi
cial
lyappoi
ntedguar
dian,t
he

f
oll
owi
ngper
sonshal
lexer
cisesubst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hechi
ldi
n

t
heor
deri
ndi
cat
ed:

(
1)Thesur
viv
inggr
andpar
ent
,aspr
ovi
dedi
nAr
t.214;

(
2)Theol
destbr
otherorsi
ster
,ov
ert
went
y-oney
ear
sofage,unl
ess

unf
itordi
squal
if
ied;
and

(
3)Thechi
ld’
sact
ualcust
odi
an,ov
ert
went
y-oney
ear
sofage,unl
ess

unf
itordi
squal
if
ied.

Whenev
ert
heappoi
ntmentoraj
udi
cialguar
dianov
ert
hepr
oper
tyoft
he

chi
l
dbecomesnecessar
y,t
hesameor
derofpr
efer
enceshal
lbeobser
ved.

(
349a,
351a,
354a)

RULES:

202
 1.Thel
awenumer
atest
hoseper
sonswhomayexer
cisesubst
it
utepar
ent
al

aut
hor
it
yov
ert
hemi
norchi
l
d.I
tmustbenot
edf
rom t
hel
aw t
hatt
he

sur
viv
inggr
andpar
ent
sar
epr
efer
redov
eral
lot
herper
sons.

2.Thel
aw pr
ovi
dest
hati
ncer
tai
ncasest
hecust
odyofachi
l
dmaybe

awar
dedev
ent
ost
ranger
s,asagai
nstei
thert
hef
atherort
hemot
heror

agai
nstbot
h.

3.I
tshoul
dber
emember
ed,howev
er,t
hatpar
ent
sar
enev
erdepr
ivedoft
he

cust
odyandcar
eoft
hei
rchi
l
drenexceptf
orcause.

Ar
t.217.I
ncaseoff
oundl
ings,abandonednegl
ect
edorabusedchi
l
dren

andot
herchi
ldr
ensi
mil
arl
ysi
tuat
ed,par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lbeent
rust
edi
n

summar
yjudi
cialpr
oceedi
ngst
oheadsofchi
l
dren’
shomes,or
phanagesand

si
mil
ari
nst
it
uti
onsdul
yaccr
edi
tedbyt
hepr
opergov
ernmentagency
.(314a)

COMMENT:Af
oundl
i
ngi
sanabandonedchi
l
d,whosepar
ent
sar
eunknown.A

chi
l
dlef
tatt
hedoorofapr
ivat
ehomeorchar
it
abl
einst
it
uti
onbyi
tsmot
heri
n

or
dert
ohi
dehershamebecauseofext
remepov
ert
ysot
hatt
hechi
l
dmaybe

r
ear
edasanactofchar
it
y,i
saf
oundl
i
ng.

Ar
t.218.Theschool
,it
sadmi
nist
rat
orsandt
eacher
s,ort
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,

ent
it
yori
nst
it
uti
onengagedi
nchi
ldar
eshal
lhav
especi
alpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y

andr
esponsi
bil
it
yov
ert
hemi
norchi
ldwhi
leundert
hei
rsuper
visi
on,
inst
ruct
ion

orcust
ody
.

203
 Aut
hor
it
y and r
esponsi
bil
it
y shal
lappl
yto al
laut
hor
ized act
ivi
ti
es

whet
heri
nsi
deorout
sidet
hepr
emi
sesoft
heschool
,ent
it
yori
nst
it
uti
on.(
349a)

BASI
SOFTHELI
ABI
LITYOFASCHOOL.

A quest
ionhasbeenr
aisedi
ntheSupr
emeCour
tast
othesour
ceof

l
i
abi
l
ityofaschooli
fast
udenti
ski
l
ledi
nsi
det
hecampusbyanon-
student
.Isi
t

f
oundedoncont
ractori
sitf
oundedonquasi
-del
i
ct?I
thasbeenr
uledt
hati
tis

basedoncont
ract
,becausewhent
hest
udentenr
olsi
naschool
,ther
eisa

cont
ract
.

CASE:

PSBA,
etal
.vs.CA,
etal
.

G.
R.No.84698,
Febr
uar
y4,
1992

Fact
s:Ast
abbi
ngi
nci
denton30August1985whi
chcausedt
hedeat
hofCar
li
tos

Baut
ist
awhi
l
eont
hesecondf
loorpr
emi
sesoft
hePhi
l
ippi
neSchoolofBusi
ness

Admi
nist
rat
ion(
PSBA)pr
ompt
edt
hepar
ent
soft
hedeceasedt
ofi
l
esui
tint
he

Regi
onalTr
ialCour
tofMani
l
afordamagesagai
nstPSBA andi
tscor
por
ate

of
fi
cer
s.Att
he t
ime ofhi
s deat
h,Car
li
tos was enr
oll
ed i
nthe t
hir
dyear

commer
cecour
seatPSBA.I
twasest
abl
i
shedt
hathi
sassai
l
ant
swer
enot

member
soft
heschool
’
sacademi
ccommuni
tybutwer
eel
ement
sfr
om out
side.

Def
endant
saquo(
now pet
it
ioner
s),soughtt
ohav
ethesui
tdi
smi
ssed,

al
l
egi
ngt
hatsi
ncet
heyar
epr
esumabl
ysuedunderAr
ti
cle2180oft
heCi
vi
lCode,

t
hecompl
aintst
atesnocauseofact
ionagai
nstt
hem,asj
uri
spr
udenceont
he

204
subj
ecti
stot
heef
fectt
hatacademi
cinst
it
uti
ons,suchast
hePSBA,ar
ebey
ond

t
heambi
toft
her
ulei
ntheaf
orest
atedar
ti
cle.

I
SSUE:whet
hert
heschooli
sli
abl
efort
hedeat
hofast
udentwhowasst
abbed

byast
rangeri
nsi
det
hecampus.I
fso,
whati
sthebasi
sofi
tsl
i
abi
l
ity
?

HELD:I
nst
it
uti
onsofl
ear
ningmustal
someett
hei
mpl
i
citor“
bui
l
tin”obl
i
gat
ionof

pr
ovi
dingt
hei
rst
udent
swi
thanat
mospher
ethatpr
omot
esorassi
stsi
nat
tai
ning

i
tspr
imar
yunder
taki
ngofi
mpar
ti
ngknowl
edge.Cer
tai
nly
,nost
udentcanabsor
b

t
hei
ntr
icaci
esofphy
sicsorhi
ghermat
hemat
icsorexpl
oret
her
eal
m oft
hear
ts

andot
hersci
enceswhent
her
eloomsar
oundt
heschoolpr
emi
sesaconst
ant

t
hreatt
oli
feandl
i
mb.Necessar
il
y,t
heschoolmustensur
ethatadequat
est
eps

ar
etakent
o mai
ntai
npeaceandor
derwi
thi
nthecampuspr
emi
sesandt
o

pr
eventt
hebr
eakdownt
her
eof
.

The Supr
eme Cour
tsai
dthati
tis notunmi
ndf
uloft
he at
tendant

di
ff
icul
ti
esposedbyt
heobl
i
gat
ionofschool
s,abov
e-ment
ioned,
forconcept
ual
l
y,

aschool
,li
keacommoncar
ri
er,cannotbeani
nsur
erofi
tsst
udentagai
nstal
l

r
isks.Thi
sisespeci
all
ytr
uei
nthepopul
ousst
udentcommuni
ti
esoft
heso-

cal
l
ed“
uni
ver
sit
ybel
t”i
nMani
l
awher
ether
ehav
ebeenr
epor
tedsev
eral
inci
dent
s

r
angi
ngf
rom gangwar
stoot
herf
ormsofhool
i
gani
sm.I
twoul
dnotbeequi
tabl
e

t
o expectofschool
sto ant
ici
pat
e al
lty
pes ofv
iol
entt
respass upon t
hei
r

pr
emi
ses,f
ornot
wit
hst
andi
ngagai
nstani
ndi
vi
dualorgr
oupdet
ermi
nedt
ocar
ry

outanef
ari
ousdeedi
nsi
deschool
premi
sesandenv
irons.

205
 Exampl
e:USAi
nter
nat
ionalschoolconduct
edaf
iel
dtr
ipf
ort
hei
rst
udent
s.

Theschoolpr
ovi
dedwai
ver
stobesi
gnedbyt
hepar
ent
s.Thest
udent
swentt
o

t
hezoowi
tht
hei
rteacher
s.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,ast
udentwasbi
tt
enbyasnakeand

ev
ent
ual
l
ydi
ed.Thepar
ent
soft
hedeceasedst
udentsuedt
heschoolf
ort
he

damages.Theschoolr
esi
stedi
nvoki
ngt
hewai
ver
sthatt
hepar
ent
shadsi
gned.

I
stheschool
cor
rect
?

Answer
:Theschooli
sincor
rect
.Theschooli
sli
abl
efort
hedamages

because t
heyhav
e a subst
it
ute par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yand ar
eli
abl
e ov
ert
hei
r

st
udent
s.

Ar
t.219.Those gi
ven t
he aut
hor
it
y and r
esponsi
bil
it
y under t
he

pr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cleshal
lbepr
inci
pal
lyandsol
idar
il
yli
abl
efordamagescausedby

t
he act
s oromi
ssi
ons oft
he unemanci
pat
ed mi
nor
.The par
ent
s,j
udi
cial

guar
diansort
heper
sonsexer
cisi
ngsubst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ersai
d

mi
norshal
lbesubsi
diar
il
yli
abl
e.

Ther
espect
ivel
iabi
li
ti
esoft
hoser
efer
redt
oint
hepr
ecedi
ngpar
agr
aph

shal
lnotappl
yifi
tispr
ovedt
hatt
heyexer
cisedt
hepr
operdi
li
gencer
equi
red

undert
hepar
ti
cul
arci
rcumst
ances.

Al
lot
hercasesnotcov
eredbyt
hisandt
hepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
clesshal
lbe

gov
ernedbyt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCi
vi
lCodeonquasi
-del
ict
s.(
n)

LI
ABI
LITYOFTHOSEEXERCI
SINGSPECI
ALPARENTALAUTHORI
TYOVERTHE

206
CHI
LD

1.Theyar
epr
inci
pal
l
yandsol
i
dar
il
yli
abl
efordamagescausedbyt
heact
sor

mi
ssi
onsoft
hemi
norchi
l
dwhi
l
eundert
hei
rsuper
visi
on,i
nst
ruct
ionor

cust
ody
.HOWEVER,t
hisl
i
abi
l
ityi
ssubj
ectt
othedef
enset
hatt
heper
son

exer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yexer
cisedpr
operdi
l
igence.

2.The par
ent
s and j
udi
cialguar
dians oft
he mi
norort
hose exer
cisi
ng

subst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hemi
norar
esubsi
diar
il
yli
abl
eforsai
d

act
sandomi
ssi
onsoft
hemi
nor
.

Chapt
er3.Eff
ectofParental
Authori
tyUpont
he
PersonsoftheChil
dren

Ar
t.220.Thepar
ent
sandt
hoseexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lhav
e

wi
tht
her
espectt
othei
runemanci
pat
edchi
ldr
enonwar
dst
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ight
s

anddut
ies:

(
1)Tokeept
hem i
nthei
rcompany
,tosuppor
t,educat
eandi
nst
ructt
hem

byr
ightpr
eceptand good exampl
e,and t
o pr
ovi
def
ort
hei
rupbr
ingi
ng i
n

keepi
ngwi
tht
hei
rmeans;

(
2)Togi
vet
hem l
oveandaf
fect
ion,adv
iceandcounsel
,compani
onshi
p

andunder
standi
ng;

(
3)Topr
ovi
det
hem wi
thmor
alandspi
ri
tualgui
dance,i
ncul
cat
eint
hem

honest
y,i
ntegr
it
y,sel
f-
disci
pli
ne,
sel
f-
rel
iance,
indust
ryandt
hri
ft
,st
imul
atet
hei
r

207
i
nter
esti
nci
vi
caf
fai
rs,and i
nspi
rei
nthem compl
iancewi
tht
hedut
iesof

ci
ti
zenshi
p;

(
4)Tof
urni
sht
hem wi
thgoodandwhol
esomeeducat
ionalmat
eri
als,

super
viset
hei
ract
ivi
ti
es,r
ecr
eat
ionandassoci
ati
onwi
thot
her
s,pr
otectt
hem

f
rom badcompany
,andpr
eventt
hem f
rom acqui
ri
nghabi
tsdet
ri
ment
alt
othei
r

heal
th,
studi
esandmor
als;

(
5)Tor
epr
esentt
hem i
nal
lmat
ter
saf
fect
ingt
hei
rint
erest
s;

(
6)Todemandf
rom t
hem r
espectandobedi
ence;

(
7)To i
mpose di
sci
pli
ne on t
hem as may be r
equi
red undert
he

ci
rcumst
ances;
and

(
8)Toper
for
m suchot
herdut
iesasar
eimposedbyl
aw uponpar
ent
s

andguar
dians.(
316a)

LI
ABI
LITYOFFATHERORMOTHER.I
tmustbeemphasi
zedt
hatt
hel
i
abi
l
ityof

t
hef
atherormot
herofami
norat
tacheswhensuchmi
norl
i
vesi
nthei
rcompany
.

Sot
hat
,ifami
norchi
l
disst
ayi
ngi
nMani
l
awhi
l
ehi
spar
ent
sar
eint
hepr
ovi
nce,

andt
hechi
l
dcommi
tsanactoromi
ssi
oncausi
ngdamaget
o anot
her
,the

par
ent
sar
enotl
i
abl
e.Mi
nor
it
yal
oneoft
hechi
l
ddoesnotmaket
hepar
ent
s

l
i
abl
eforhi
sact
s.Suchmi
nor
it
ymustbecoupl
edwi
tht
hef
actt
hatt
hechi
l
dis

l
i
vingi
nthecompanyoft
hef
atherormot
her
.

Ar
t.221.Par
ent
sandot
herper
sonsexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lbe

ci
vi
ll
yli
abl
efort
hei
njur
iesanddamagescausedbyt
heact
soromi
ssi
onsof

208
t
hei
runemanci
pat
edchi
ldr
enl
iv
ingi
nthei
rcompanyandundert
hei
rpar
ent
al

aut
hor
it
ysubj
ectt
otheappr
opr
iat
edef
ensespr
ovi
dedbyl
aw.(
2180(
2)aand

(
4)a)

COMMENT:Ther
easonbehi
ndt
hej
ointandsol
i
dar
yli
abi
l
ityoft
hepar
ent
sfor

t
heact
soromi
ssi
onsoft
hei
rmi
norchi
l
dreni
sthei
rfai
l
uret
osuper
viset
hem i
n

or
dert
opr
eventt
hem f
rom causi
ngdamaget
othi
rdper
sons.

Ar
t.222.Thecour
tsmayappoi
ntaguar
dianoft
hechi
ld’
spr
oper
tyora

guar
dianadl
it
em whent
hebesti
nter
est
soft
hechi
ldsor
equi
res.(
317)

COMMENT:Thebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
disal
way
sofpar
amounti
mpor
tance.

Ev
eni
fthepar
ent
sar
enotdead,absentorar
enotsui
tabl
easguar
dians,st
il
l,i
f

t
hebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
drequi
rest
heappoi
ntmentofaguar
dianadl
i
tem or

ov
ert
hepr
oper
ti
es,
then,
thecour
t,asguar
dianoft
hewel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d,woul
d

appoi
ntasubst
it
uter
epr
esent
ati
ve.Assumet
hatt
hepar
ent
swoul
dabuset
hei
r

power
sasguar
diansov
ert
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
hei
rchi
l
d,t
hen,
thechi
l
dmaysuet
he

par
ent
s.Heneedsaguar
dianadl
i
tem.

Ar
t.223.Thepar
ent
sor
,int
hei
rabsenceori
ncapaci
ty,t
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,

ent
it
yori
nst
it
uti
onexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y,maypet
it
iont
hepr
opercour
t

oft
hepl
acewher
ethechi
ldr
esi
des,f
oranor
derpr
ovi
dingf
ordi
sci
pli
nar
y

measur
esov
ert
hechi
ld.Thechi
ldshal
lbeent
it
ledt
otheassi
stanceofcounsel
,

209
ei
therofhi
schoi
ceorappoi
ntedbyt
hecour
t,andasummar
yhear
ingshal
lbe

conduct
edwher
eint
hepet
it
ionerandt
hechi
ldshal
lbehear
d.

Howev
er,
ifi
nthesamepr
oceedi
ngt
hecour
tfi
ndst
hepet
it
ioneratf
aul
t,

i
rr
espect
iveoft
hemer
it
soft
hepet
it
ion,
orwhent
heci
rcumst
ancessowar
rant
,

t
hecour
tmayal
soor
dert
hedepr
ivat
ionorsuspensi
onofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yor

adoptsuchot
hermeasur
esasi
tmaydeem j
ustandpr
oper
.(318a)

Ar
t.224.Themeasur
esr
efer
redt
oint
hepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
clemayi
ncl
ude

t
he commi
tmentoft
he chi
ldf
ornotmor
ethan t
hir
tyday
sin ent
it
ies or

i
nst
it
uti
onsengagedi
nchi
l
dcar
eori
nchi
ldr
en’
shomesdul
yaccr
edi
tedbyt
he

pr
opergov
ernmentagency
.

Thepar
entexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lnoti
nter
fer
ewi
tht
hecar
e

oft
hechi
ldwhenev
ercommi
tt
edbutshal
lpr
ovi
def
orhi
ssuppor
t.Uponpr
oper

pet
it
ionorati
tsowni
nst
ance,t
hecour
tmayt
ermi
nat
ethecommi
tmentoft
he

chi
ldwhenev
erj
ustandpr
oper
.(391a)

COMMENT:Asani
nci
dentt
othedut
yoft
hepar
ent
stouphol
dthebesti
nter
est

oft
hechi
l
d,t
hepar
ent
scani
mposecer
tai
nfor
msofdi
sci
pli
neuponhi
m butt
he

same mustbe r
easonabl
e.The par
ent
s oranyper
son exer
cisi
ng par
ent
al

aut
hor
it
ymayev
engot
ocour
tandappl
yforanor
derpr
ovi
dingf
ordi
sci
pli
nar
y

measur
esov
ert
hechi
l
d.Buti
fthecour
tfi
ndst
hepar
ent
sort
heonewhohas

cust
odyt
obeatf
aul
t,t
hecour
tmaysuspendordepr
ivet
hem oft
hei
rpar
ent
al

aut
hor
it
y.

210
 Chapt
er4.Ef
fectofPar
ent
alAut
hor
it
yUpont
he

Pr
oper
tyoft
heChi
ldr
en

Ar
t.225.The f
ather and t
he mot
her shal
ljoi
ntl
y exer
cise l
egal

guar
dianshi
pov
ert
hepr
oper
tyoft
heunemanci
pat
edcommonchi
ldwi
thoutt
he

necessi
tyofacour
tappoi
ntment
.Incaseofdi
sagr
eement
,thef
ather
’sdeci
sion

shal
lpr
evai
l,
unl
esst
her
eisaj
udi
cialor
dert
othecont
rar
y.

Wher
ethemar
ketv
alueoft
hepr
oper
tyort
heannuali
ncomeoft
hechi
ld

exceedsP50,
000,t
hepar
entconcer
nedshal
lber
equi
redt
ofur
nishabondi
n

suchamountast
hecour
tmaydet
ermi
ne,butnotl
esst
hant
enpercent
um

(
10%)oft
he v
alue oft
he pr
oper
ty orannuali
ncome,t
o guar
ant
ee t
he

per
for
manceoft
heobl
igat
ionspr
escr
ibedf
orgener
alguar
dians.

Av
eri
fi
edpet
it
ionf
orappr
ovaloft
hebondshal
lbef
il
edi
nthepr
oper

cour
toft
hepl
acewher
ethechi
ldr
esi
des,or
,ift
hechi
ldr
esi
desi
naf
orei
gn

count
ry,i
nthepr
opercour
toft
hepl
acewher
ethepr
oper
tyoranypar
tther
eof

i
ssi
tuat
ed.

Thepet
it
ionshal
lbedocket
edasasummar
yspeci
alpr
oceedi
ngi
nwhi
ch

al
linci
dent
sandi
ssuesr
egar
dingt
heper
for
manceoft
heobl
igat
ionsr
efer
red

t
oint
hesecondpar
agr
aphoft
hisAr
ti
cleshal
lbehear
dandr
esol
ved.

Theor
dinar
yrul
esonguar
dianshi
pshal
lbemer
elysuppl
etor
yexcept

whent
hechi
ldi
sundersubst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y,ort
heguar
dian i
sa

211
st
ranger
,ora par
enthas r
emar
ri
ed,i
n whi
ch case t
he or
dinar
yrul
es on

guar
dianshi
pshal
lappl
y.(
320a)

Ther
e ar
einst
ances when t
he l
aw does not gi
vet
he power of

admi
nist
rat
iont
othepar
ent
sov
ert
hepr
oper
ti
esofami
nor
,li
ke:

(
1)whent
hepar
enti
sdi
sinher
it
edbyanascendant
,suchpar
entcannot

admi
nist
ert
hel
egi
ti
mewhi
chi
sinher
it
edbysuchchi
l
dbyr
ightofr
epr
esent
ati
on

(
Art
.923,
NewCi
vi
lCode)
;

(
2)when t
hepar
enti
sincapaci
tat
ed byunwor
thi
nesst
o succeed an

ascendant
,hei
sdepr
ivedoft
hepower
sofadmi
nist
rat
ionov
ert
hel
egi
ti
me

t
ransmi
tt
edt
othechi
l
d.(
Art
.1035,
NewCi
vi
lCode)
.

Ar
t.226.Thepr
oper
tyoft
heunemanci
pat
edchi
ldear
nedoracqui
red

wi
thhi
swor
kori
ndust
ryorbyoner
ousorgr
atui
toust
it
leshal
lbel
ongt
othe

chi
ldi
nowner
shi
pandshal
lbedev
otedexcl
usi
vel
ytot
hel
att
er’
ssuppor
tand

educat
ion,
unl
esst
het
it
leort
ransf
erpr
ovi
desot
her
wise.

Ther
ightoft
hepar
ent
sov
ert
hef
rui
tsandi
ncomeoft
hechi
ld’
spr
oper
ty

shal
lbel
imi
tedpr
imar
il
ytot
hechi
ld’
ssuppor
tandsecondar
il
ytot
hecol
l
ect
ive

dai
l
yneedsoft
hef
ami
ly
.(321a,
323a)

Ar
t.227.I
fthepar
ent
sent
rustt
hemanagementoradmi
nist
rat
ionofany

oft
hei
rpr
oper
ti
est
oanunemanci
pat
edchi
ld,
thenetpr
oceedsofsuchpr
oper
ty

212
shal
lbel
ong t
otheowner
.Thechi
ld shal
lbegi
ven ar
easonabl
emont
hly

al
lowancei
nanamountnotl
esst
hant
hatwhi
cht
heownerwoul
dhav
epai
dif

t
headmi
nist
rat
orwer
east
ranger
,unl
esst
heowner
,gr
ant
stheent
ir
epr
oceeds

t
othechi
ld.I
nanycase,t
hepr
oceedst
husgi
vei
nwhol
eori
npar
tshal
lnotbe

char
gedt
othechi
ld’
slegi
ti
me.(
322a)

COMMENT:Thel
awspeaksoft
hechi
l
dast
heonemanagi
ngt
hepr
oper
ti
esof

hi
spar
ent
s.Thel
awal
l
owshi
mreasonabl
ecompensat
ionbywayofamont
hly

al
l
owance,butt
he same shal
lnotbe char
ged agai
nsthi
slegi
ti
me.But

not
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hef
actt
hathei
sbei
nggi
venanal
l
owance,t
heobl
i
gat
iont
o

suppor
twoul
dst
il
lexi
stsi
ncehei
sst
il
lunderpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y.

Chapt
er5.Suspensi
onorTer
minat
ionofPar
ent
al
Aut
hori
ty

Ar
t.228.Par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yter
minat
esper
manent
ly:

(
1)Upont
hedeat
hoft
hepar
ent
s;

(
2)Upont
hedeat
hoft
hechi
ld;
or

(
3)Uponemanci
pat
ionoft
hechi
ld.(
327a)

Ther
ear
etwoway
soft
ermi
nat
ionofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y,suchas:(
1)

per
manent
;(2)t
empor
ary
.

213
 Per
manentt
ermi
nat
ionofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yhappenswhent
hepar
ent
sdi
e;

whent
hechi
l
ddi
es;orwhent
hechi
l
disemanci
pat
ed.Emanci
pat
iont
akespl
ace

whent
hechi
l
dat
tai
nst
heageofmaj
ori
ty

Adopt
ioncausest
het
ermi
nat
ionofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hechi
l
dsi
nce

t
headopt
erswoul
dnow exer
cisepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
headopt
edchi
l
d.But

anadopt
edmi
norwhohasnotr
eachedt
heageofmaj
ori
tyatt
het
imeoft
he

j
udi
cialr
esci
ssi
onoft
headopt
ionshal
lrev
ertt
othepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yofhi
s

par
ent
sbynat
ure,
excepti
fthenat
ural
par
ent
sar
edi
squal
i
fiedori
ncapaci
tat
ed.

Ar
t.229.Unl
ess subsequent
lyr
evi
ved bya f
inalj
udgment
,par
ent
al

aut
hor
it
yal
sot
ermi
nat
es:

(
1)Uponadopt
ionoft
hechi
ld;

(
2)Uponappoi
ntmentofagener
alguar
dian;

(
3)Uponj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionofabandonmentoft
hechi
ldi
nacasef
il
ed

f
ort
hepur
pose;

(
4)Upon f
inalj
udgmentofa compet
entcour
tdi
vest
ing t
he par
ty

concer
nedofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y;or

(
5)Uponj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionofabsenceori
ncapaci
tyoft
heper
son

exer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y.(
327a)

COMMENT:Ther
easonf
orAr
ti
cle231i
sthat
,thebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
disof

214
par
amountorut
mosti
mpor
tancewheni
tcomest
ohi
scust
ody
.Thel
aw i
s

st
ri
cterwheni
tcomest
ochi
l
dabusecommi
tt
edbyt
heper
sonhav
ingpar
ent
al

aut
hor
it
yov
ert
hechi
l
dorwhent
hesameal
l
owsot
her
stocommi
tthesame

agai
nstt
hechi
l
d.Suchper
sonmaybeper
manent
lydepr
ivedbyt
hecour
tofsuch

par
ent
alaut
hor
it
y.

Ar
t.230.Par
ent
alaut
hor
it
yissuspendeduponconv
ict
ionoft
hepar
ent

ort
heper
sonexer
cisi
ngt
hesameofacr
imewhi
chcar
ri
eswi
thi
tthepenal
tyof

ci
vi
lint
erdi
cti
on.Theaut
hor
it
yisaut
omat
ical
lyr
einst
ateduponser
viceoft
he

penal
tyoruponpar
donoramnest
yoft
heof
fender
.(330a)

Ar
t.231.Thecour
tinanact
ionf
il
edf
ort
hepur
posei
nar
elat
edcase

mayal
sosuspendpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yift
hepar
entort
heper
sonexer
cisi
ngt
he

same:

(
1)Tr
eat
sthechi
ldwi
thexcessi
vehar
shnessorcr
uel
ty;

(
2)Gi
vest
hechi
ldcor
rupt
ingor
der
s,counselorexampl
e;

(
3)Compel
sthechi
l
dtobeg;
or

(
4)Subj
ect
sthe chi
ld oral
lows hi
m t
o be subj
ect
ed t
o act
s of

l
asci
vi
ousness.

Thegr
oundsenumer
atedabov
ear
edeemedt
oincl
udecaseswhi
chhav
e

r
esul
ted f
rom cul
pabl
e negl
igence oft
he par
entort
he per
son exer
cisi
ng

par
ent
alaut
hor
it
y.

I
fthedegr
eeofser
iousnesssowar
rant
s,ort
hewel
far
eoft
hechi
l
dso

215
demands,t
hecour
tshal
ldepr
ivet
hegui
lt
ypar
tyofpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yoradopt

suchot
hermeasur
esasmaybepr
operundert
heci
rcumst
ances.

Thesuspensi
onordepr
ivat
ionmayber
evokedandt
hepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y

r
evi
vedi
nacasef
il
edf
ort
hepur
poseori
nthesamepr
oceedi
ngi
fthecour
t

f
indst
hatt
hecauset
her
eforhasceasedandwi
llnotber
epeat
ed.(
33a)

Ar
t.232.I
ftheper
sonexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yhassubj
ect
edt
he

chi
ldoral
lowedhi
mtobesubj
ect
edt
osexualabuse,suchper
sonshal
lbe

per
manent
lydepr
ivedbyt
hecour
tofsuchaut
hor
it
y.(
n)

Ar
t.233.Theper
sonexer
cisi
ngsubst
it
utepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lhav
e

t
hesameaut
hor
it
yov
ert
heper
sonoft
hechi
ldast
hepar
ent
s.

I
nnocaseshal
ltheschooladmi
nist
rat
or,t
eacherofi
ndi
vi
dualengaged

i
nchi
ldcar
eexer
cisi
ngspeci
alpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yinf
li
ctcor
por
alpuni
shment

upont
hechi
ld.(
n)

COMMENT:I
temphasi
zest
hef
actt
hati
fanot
herper
sonhascust
odyofachi
l
d,

hehast
hesameaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hechi
l
dasi
fhewer
ethepar
ent
swhohav
ethe

r
ight
fulcust
odyoft
hechi
l
d.Theact
ualcust
odi
anoft
hechi
l
dhasal
sot
hesame

dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesamongwhi
chi
stouphol
dthebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.

Suchcust
odyi
snotper
manent
,ashecanal
sobedepr
ivedoft
hesamei
fiti
s

shownt
hathi
sact
sar
eini
mical
tot
hei
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.

216
217
 Ti
tl
eX
Emanci
pat
ionandAgeofMaj
ori
ty

Ar
t.234.Emanci
pat
iont
akespl
acebyt
heat
tai
nmentofmaj
ori
ty.Unl
ess

ot
her
wisepr
ovi
ded,
maj
ori
tycommencesatt
heageoft
went
y-oney
ear
s.

Emanci
pat
ional
sot
akespl
ace:

(
1)Byt
hemar
ri
ageoft
hemi
nor
;or

(
2)Byt
her
ecor
dingi
ntheCi
vi
lRegi
sterofanagr
eementi
napubl
ic

i
nst
rumentexecut
edbyt
hepar
entexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yandt
hemi
nor

atl
eastei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage.Suchemanci
pat
ionshal
lbei
rr
evocabl
e.(
397a,

398a,
400a,
401a)

Ar
t.235.Thepr
ovi
sionsgov
erni
ngemanci
pat
ionbyr
ecor
dedagr
eement

shal
lal
soappl
ytoanor
phanmi
norandt
heper
sonexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y

butt
heagr
eementmustbeappr
ovedbyt
hecour
tbef
orei
tisr
ecor
ded.(
n)

218
 Ar
t.236.Emanci
pat
ionf
oranycauseshal
lter
minat
epar
ent
alaut
hor
it
y

ov
ert
heper
sonandpr
oper
tyoft
hechi
ldwhoshal
lthenbequal
if
iedand

r
esponsi
blef
oral
lact
sofci
vi
lli
fe.(
412a)

Ar
t.237.Theannul
mentordecl
arat
ionofnul
li
tyoft
hemar
ri
ageofa

mi
nororoft
her
ecor
dedagr
eementment
ionedi
nthef
oregoi
ng.Ar
ti
cles234

and235shal
lrev
ivet
hepar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hemi
norbutshal
lnotaf
fect

act
s and t
ransact
ions t
hatt
ook pl
ace pr
iort
othe r
ecor
ding oft
he f
inal

j
udgmenti
ntheCi
vi
lRegi
ster
.(n)

219
 Ti
tl
eXI
Summar
yJudici
alProceedi
ngsi
n
theFamil
yLaw

Chapt
er1.Pr
efat
oryPr
ovi
sions

Ar
t.238.Unt
ilmodi
fi
ed byt
heSupr
emeCour
t,t
hepr
ocedur
alr
ules

220
pr
ovi
dedf
ori
nthi
sTi
tl
eshal
lappl
yasr
egar
dssepar
ati
oni
nfactbet
ween

husbandandwi
fe,abandonmentbyoneoft
heot
her
,andi
nci
dent
sinv
olv
ing

par
ent
alaut
hor
it
y.(
n)

Chapt
er2.Separ
ati
oni
nFact

Ar
t.239.Whenahusbandandwi
fear
esepar
atedi
nfact
,oronehas

abandoned t
he ot
herand one oft
hem seeks j
udi
cialaut
hor
izat
ion f
ora

t
ransact
ionwher
etheconsentoft
heot
herspousei
srequi
redbyl
awbutsuch

consenti
swi
thhel
dorcannotbeobt
ained,av
eri
fi
edpet
it
ionmaybef
il
edi
n

cour
tal
legi
ngt
hef
oregoi
ngf
act
s.

The pet
it
ion shal
lat
tach t
he pr
oposed deed,i
fany
,embody
ing t
he

t
ransact
ion,and,i
fnone,shal
ldescr
ibei
ndet
ailt
hesai
dtr
ansact
ionandst
ate

t
her
easonwhyt
her
equi
redconsentt
her
etocannotbesecur
ed.I
nanycase,

t
hef
inaldeeddul
yexecut
edbyt
hepar
ti
esshal
lbesubmi
tt
edt
oandappr
oved

byt
hecour
t.(
n)

Ar
t.240.Cl
aimsf
ordamagesbyei
therspouse,exceptcost
soft
he

pr
oceedi
ngs,
maybel
it
igat
edonl
yinasepar
ateact
ion.(
n)

Ar
t.241.Jur
isdi
cti
onov
ert
hepet
it
ionshal
l,uponpr
oofofnot
icet
othe

ot
herspouse,
beexer
cisedbyt
hepr
opercour
taut
hor
izedt
ohearf
ami
lycases,

i
foneexi
sts,ori
nther
egi
onalt
ri
alcour
tori
tsequi
val
entsi
tt
ingi
nthepl
ace

wher
eei
theroft
hespousesr
esi
des.(
n)

221
 Ar
t.242.Upont
hef
il
ingoft
hepet
it
ion,t
hecour
tshal
lnot
if
ytheot
her

spouse,whoseconsentt
othet
ransact
ioni
srequi
red,ofsai
dpet
it
ion,or
der
ing

sai
dspouset
oshowcausewhyt
hepet
it
ionshoul
dnotbegr
ant
ed,
onorbef
ore

t
he dat
e seti
n sai
d not
ice f
ort
he i
nit
ialconf
erence.The not
ice shal
lbe

accompani
edbyacopyoft
hepet
it
ionandshal
lbeser
vedatt
hel
astknown

addr
essoft
hespouseconcer
ned.(
n)

Ar
t.243.A pr
eli
minar
yconf
erence shal
lbe conduct
ed byt
hej
udge

per
sonal
lywi
thoutt
he par
ti
es bei
ng assi
sted bycounsel
.Af
tert
he i
nit
ial

conf
erence,
ift
hecour
tdeemsi
tusef
ul,
thepar
ti
esmaybeassi
stedbycounsel

att
hesucceedi
ngconf
erencesandhear
ings.(
n)

Ar
t.244.I
ncaseofnon-
appear
anceoft
hespousewhoseconsenti
s

sought
,thecour
tshal
linqui
rei
ntot
her
easonsf
orhi
sfai
lur
etoappear
,and

shal
lrequi
resuchappear
ance,
ifpossi
ble.(
n)

Ar
t.245.I
f,despi
teal
lef
for
ts,t
heat
tendanceoft
henon-
consent
ing

spousei
snotsecur
ed,t
hecour
tmaypr
oceedexpar
teandr
enderj
udgmentas

t
hef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesmaywar
rant
.Inanycase,
thej
udgeshal
lendeav
or

t
opr
otectt
hei
nter
est
soft
henon-
appear
ingspouse.(
n)

Ar
t.246.I
fthepet
it
ioni
snotr
esol
vedatt
hei
nit
ialconf
erence,sai
d

pet
it
ionshal
lbedeci
ded i
nasummar
yhear
ingont
hebasi
sofaf
fi
dav
its,

document
aryev
idenceoror
alt
est
imoni
esatt
hesounddi
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
t.

I
ftest
imonyi
sneeded,
thecour
tshal
lspeci
fyt
hewi
tnessest
obehear
dandt
he

subj
ect
-mat
teroft
hei
rtest
imoni
es,di
rect
ing t
he par
ti
es t
o pr
esentsai
d

222
wi
tnesses.(
n)

Ar
t.247.The j
udgmentoft
he cour
tshal
lbe i
mmedi
atel
yfi
naland

execut
ory
.(n)

Ar
t.248.Thepet
it
ionf
orj
udi
cialaut
hor
it
ytoadmi
nist
erorencumber

speci
fi
csepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
heabandoni
ngspouseandt
ouset
hef
rui
tsor

pr
oceedst
her
eoff
ort
hesuppor
toft
hef
ami
lyshal
lal
sobegov
ernedbyt
hese

r
ules.(
n)

Chapt
er3.I
nci
dent
sInv
olv
ingPar
ent
alAut
hor
it
y

Ar
t.249.Pet
it
ionsf
il
edunderAr
ti
cles223,225and235oft
hisCode

i
nvol
vi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yshal
lbev
eri
fi
ed.
.(n)

Ar
t.250.Suchpet
it
ionsshal
lbev
eri
fi
edandf
il
edi
nthepr
opercour
tof

t
hepl
acewher
ethechi
ldr
esi
des.(
n)

Ar
t.251.Upont
hef
il
ingoft
hepet
it
ion,t
hecour
tshal
lnot
if
ythepar
ent
s

or
,int
hei
rabsence ori
ncapaci
ty,t
he i
ndi
vi
dual
s,ent
it
ies ori
nst
it
uti
ons

exer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yov
ert
hechi
ld.(
n)

Ar
t.252.The r
ulesi
n Chapt
er2 her
eofshal
lal
so gov
ern summar
y

pr
oceedi
ngsundert
hisChapt
eri
nsof
arast
heyar
eappl
icabl
e.(
n)

Ti
tl
eXI
I

223
 Fi
nalPr
ovi
sions

Ar
t.253.Ti
tl
esI
II
,IV,V,VI
,VI
II
,IX,XI
,andXVofBook1ofRepubl
i
cAct

No.386,
other
wiseknownast
heCi
vi
lCodeoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes,
asamended,
and

Ar
ti
cles17,18,19,27,28,29,30,31,39,40,41,and42ofPr
esi
dent
ialDecr
ee

No.603,ot
her
wiseknownast
heChi
ldandYout
hWel
far
eCode,asamended,

andal
llaws,decr
ees,
execut
iveor
der
s,pr
ocl
amat
ions,
rul
esandr
egul
ati
ons,
or

par
tst
her
eof
,inconsi
stenther
ewi
thar
eher
ebyr
epeal
ed.

Ar
t.254.I
fanypr
ovi
sion oft
hisCode i
shel
dinv
ali
d,al
lthe ot
her

pr
ovi
sionsnotaf
fect
edt
her
ebyshal
lremai
nval
i
d.

Ar
t.255.Thi
sCodeshal
lhav
eret
roact
iveef
fecti
nsof
arasi
tdoesnot

pr
ejudi
ceori
mpai
rvest
edoracqui
redr
ight
sinaccor
dancewi
tht
heCi
vi
lCode

orot
herl
aws.

Ar
t.256.Thi
sCodeshal
ltakeef
fectoney
earaf
tert
hecompl
eti
onofi
ts

publ
icat
ioni
nanewspaperofgener
alci
rcul
ati
on,ascer
ti
fi
edbyt
heExecut
ive

Secr
etar
y,Of
fi
ceoft
hePr
esi
dent
.

Donei
ntheCi
tyofMani
la,t
his6t
hdayofJul
y,i
nthey
earofOurLor
d,

ni
net
eenhundr
edandei
ght
y-sev
en.

224