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HYD 17 – OPEN CHANNELS

PREPARED BY :
ENGR. NEAL JOSEPH V. MANIEGO

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TWO TYPES OF CONDUIT – are used to convey water.

1. Pipe (pressure conduit)
2. Channel
1. Is one in which the stream is not completely enclosed by solid boundaries and has a free surface subjected
only to atmospheric pressure.
2. The flow are either be uniform or non-uniform.

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Fr. Darcy-Weishbach
𝒇𝑳 𝒗𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝟎.𝟓
𝑫 = 𝟒𝑹
𝟖𝒈
𝑽 = 𝑪 𝑹𝑺 →𝑪=
𝒇𝑳 𝒗𝟐 𝒇
𝒉𝒇 = 𝑯𝑳 =
𝟒𝑹 𝟐𝒈
𝑯𝑳 𝒇 𝒗𝟐
=
𝑳 𝟖𝒈 𝑹
𝑯𝑳
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝑺 =
𝑳
𝒇 𝒗𝟐
𝑺=
𝟖𝒈 𝑹
𝟐
𝟖𝒈
𝒗 = 𝑺𝑹
𝒇
𝟏
𝟖𝒈 𝟐 𝟏
𝒗= 𝑹𝑺 𝟐
𝒇
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CHEZY FORMULAS
• First develop by the French engineer Antoine
• C is Chezy Coefficient (30 m^0.5/s to 90 m^0.5 for large smooth channels)

𝐐 = 𝐀𝐂 𝐑𝐒 A great deal of hydraulic researchers correlated “C” with roughness, shape

and slope of various open channels.
• Ganguillet and Kutter in 1869
• Manning in 1889
𝟖𝒈 • Bazin in 1897
→𝑪=
𝒇 • Powell in 1950

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C by Powell:
𝑪 𝜺
𝑪 = −𝟒𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +
𝑹𝒆 𝑹

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From Manning formula,

1 # %
𝑣= 𝑅 $𝑆 #
𝑛
1 # %
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴 𝑅 $𝑆 #
𝑛

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑸 = 𝑨 𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝟐
𝒏

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𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐, 𝒅𝟏 = 𝒅𝟐, 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐

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Also known as the most economical section, these are sections which, for a given slope S, channel cross-
sectional area A, and roughness n, the rate of discharge is a maximum

From Manning formula,

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑸 = 𝑨 𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝟐
𝒏
Q is maximum when the hydraulic radius R is maximum and since R=A/P, then R is maximum if P is minimum.
Therefore, the most efficient section (MES) is the one that have the least wetted perimeter..
Therefore, requires the least cost of grading and lining which more economical

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To derive the proportions for most efficient sections, Minimize the perimeter with the cross sectional area constant.

RECTANGULAR SECTION
𝐴
𝑅=
𝑃

𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑑 → 𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑑
𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 → 𝑏 =
𝑑
𝑑𝑃 𝑑 𝑑 𝐴
= 𝑏 + 2𝑑 = + 2𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑 Applying minima and maxima,
𝑑𝑃 𝑑
= 𝐴𝑑&% + 2𝑑 y’=0, P’=0
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑃 =0
= 𝐴 −1 𝑑&# + 2 𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 0 = −𝐴𝑑&# + 2
𝑑𝑃
= −𝐴𝑑&# + 2 𝐴𝑑&# = 2
𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑&# = 2

∴ 𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅
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To derive the proportions for most efficient sections, Minimize the perimeter with the cross sectional area constant.

RECTANGULAR SECTION
𝐴 𝑏𝑑 2𝑑 𝑑 2𝑑# 𝒅
𝑅=
𝑃
→
𝑏 + 2𝑑
=
2𝑑 + 2𝑑
= =
4𝑑 𝟐
𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑑 → 𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑑
𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 → 𝑏 =
𝑑
𝑑𝑃 𝑑
= 𝑏 + 2𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 Applying minima and maxima,
𝑑𝑃 𝑑 𝐴
= + 2𝑑 y’=0, P’=0
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑃 𝑑 =0
= 𝐴𝑑&% + 2𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 0 = −𝐴𝑑&# + 2
𝑑𝑃
= 𝐴 −1 𝑑&# + 2 𝐴𝑑&# = 2
𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑&# = 2
𝑑𝑃
= −𝐴𝑑&# + 2
𝑑𝑑
∴ 𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅
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• 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 • 𝐒𝐄𝐌𝐈 − 𝐂𝐈𝐑𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 • 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐙𝐎𝐈𝐃𝐀𝐋 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒

𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎° 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
• 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 • 𝐂𝐈𝐑𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒

𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°

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