UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

UDCA
UNIVERSITY SOCIAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT
ART AND CULTURE CENTER – DISSEMINATION PROGRAM
CULTURAL

The University of Applied and Environmental Sciences UDCA, The Center for Art and Culture
and the Cultural Diffusion Program pays tribute to the world of comics.

The comic is a tool that brings culture closer and relies on graphics as a universal language.
The comic allows ideas to be easily assimilated. Seeing images in many ways arouses
interest and raises awareness to know more about the topic being read. The comic is the
most effective facilitator of culture that exists because it does not require technological
implements, special conditions or prior knowledge for its reading and assimilation.

ZULEMA HANI
Cultural Diffusion Program Coordinator

CARLOS E. RODRIGUEZ ARANGO

Art and Culture Center Coordinator
 TINDEX
TMAGEN
The Ninth Art Proto – Comics and the Platinum Superh
The Press Strip Age
Golden age Histori
The Daily Strips Silver age Roman
The Sunday Strips Bronze Age Comic
The Balloon or Sandwich The modern age Adven
First Comic Strips The dark ages Comic
The Franco-Belgian Cartoon The caricature Under
Origin The Political Cartoon Publica
The Golden Age The Comics Industry Magaz
The history of comics in Japan Marvel Comics Graph
Origin Atlas Comics 2011 D
Archie
Sleeve
Anime HISTORY Dell Comics
Walt Disney Wonde
Tintin
Publication Formats Walter Lantz Studio
Sleeve
Tankōbon
OF THE Looney Tunes
Bugs Bunny
Dick T
Archie
The St
Aizōban
Kanzenban COMICS Warner Brothers
Terrytoons Studio Comic
Bunkoban Hanna–Barbera
wideban entertainment comics
Comics in the United States Comic Genres
Origin (1871 – 1895) Science Fiction Comics
Denominations Comic Space Opera
Modernity (1896 – 1923) Cartoon Mecha
The First Comic or Strip that came to the Comic Cartoon
 EIL NINTH ART
A comic strip or comic is a series of drawings
that constitutes a story, with or without text,
as well as the medium of communication as a
whole.
The comic generates aesthetic and
sociological interest. Considered a sociological
cultural byproduct, deserving of a
artistic opinion in the 1960s, such that Morris
and Francis Lacassin have proposed
considering it as the ninth art, although it is
prior to the eighth art (photography, 1825),
and the seventh art (cinema, 1886).

Cinderella slipper Panel indicating the address of the Imagerie

d'Épinal
 Find the shoe fits

The Épinal images were prints with popular

themes and bright colors that were produced
in France during the 19th century. Their name
derives from the first company that launched
them, "Imagerie d'Épinal". Founded in 1796
by Jean-Charles Pellerin, a native of the
French town of Epinal.
The Blue Bird.
 Comics are usually made on paper, or in digital form, and may constitute a simple
strip in the press, a full page, a magazine or a book. They have been cultivated in
almost all countries and address a multitude of genres.
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Also called A. strip from the English comic
comic
strip. The strip is a comic strip published
periodically, daily or weekly in newspapers or
magazines, generally starring fixed characters.
They can be the exclusive work of a cartoonist
or the result of the collaboration of a scriptwriter
or even an entire work team.
 Daily strips, which are developed in a few
vignettes, usually between three and four, aligned
horizontally, are usually drawn in black and white
due to the pace of publication, although today we
can find full-color strips published daily .

In 1939 Russ Westover printed at the Dell

Four Color Comic a Tillie the Toiler N. 22.
Sunday strips usually take up the entire page and are in color.
THE BALLOON OR SNACK
The balloon or speech bubble ("balloon" in
English) is a specific convention of comics and
caricatures, intended to graphically integrate the
text of the dialogues or the characters' thoughts
into the iconic structure of the cartoon. It is a
phonetic indicator with multiple possible shapes,
although the oval predominates, and it points to
a specific character, to whom it is attributed.

Caricature, by George Cruikshank 1813,

its sound content. integrating the dialogues in
balloons.

M usical notes represent a song. The Adventures of Blake and

Mortimer
The speech balloon was definitively implemented,
thanks to mostly comic series with cartoonish
graphics such as The Katzenjammer Kids (1897),
Krazy Kat (1911) or Bringing up father (1913).
Krazy Kat is a comic strip, created by George Herriman,
that ran in American newspapers between 1913 and
1944. It first appeared in the New York Evening Journal,
owned by andnewspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst.
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Hearst was a deep admirer of Herriman's work and kept
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the strip in his newspapers for 20 years, despite it not
enjoying much acceptance among the public.
Set in an idealized Coconino County, Arizona, Herriman's
usual vacation spot, Krazy Kat is a peculiar mix of
surrealism, innocence and romanticism, and is endowed
with a language so poetic and advanced for its time and
era that it has made Katthe delight
from Sunday of6th
fans and critics for
more than eighty years.

Bringing Up Father is a newspaper strip

created by George McManus for King Features
Syndicate that was first published on January
12, 1913. Although its title could be translated
into Spanish as Educating Dad, it was
published by the Argentine newspaper La
Nación with the title Little Delights of Married
Life. The strip was canceled in 2000, after 87
years of uninterrupted publication in the
North American press.
 - HERGÉ .

THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN

THE
CIGARETTES The exclusive use of
Day 1
PHARAOH speech bubbles would not
- HERGÉ .

TINTIN
become generalized until
the Belgian Zig et Puce
THE ADVENTURES OF

THE
CIGARETTES (1925) by Alain Saint-Ogan
Day 1
PHARAOH and The Adventures of
Tintin (1929), a series of
7IG ET which Hergé, its creator,
would draw a total of 22
albums until its
completion. death, in 1983.
 FIRST COMIC STRIPS
Feudal Pride in Hogan's Alley June 2, 1894.
Passing through the precept, September 15,
1894.
Fourth Brownies Ward , published on
February 9, 1895 and reprinted in the
New York World newspaper on February
17, 1895, starting one of the first comic
strips in an American newspaper. The
character best known as the Yellow Kid
had minor supporting roles in the early
panels of the strip. This refers to the
Brownies characters popularized in books
and magazines by artist Palmer Cox.
February 9, 1895.
Fourth Brownies room.February 9,
1895.
Little Nemo in Slumberland (1905) by
Winsor McCay and Krazy Kat (1907) by
George Herriman, they explored
the
chromatic, rhythmic and schematic
possibilities of the page and which today
appear as the best classics of press comics:
Other avant-garde series are The Upside
Downs (1903) by Gustave Verbeek and Wee
Willie Winkie's World (1906) by Lyonel
Feininger.
However, the most popular strips of the time
ranged between the physical humor of
slapstick and the problems of adaptation to
modernity and liberal customs by a group of

The comic, and all of McCay's others, are in the public

domain as of January 1, 2005.
characters.

This collection Tillie the Toiler
strips was published by Cupples
& Leon in 1925.
Bringing Up Father by George
McManus.
The group could be a family or a couple, always polarized
between a father and his children or wife or between two
companions of different characters. The most famous examples
were Bud Fischer's Mutt and Jeff (1907), which began the daily
series, Cliff Sterret's Polly and Her Pals, George McManus's
Bringing (1912), Up Father (1913), Frank King's Gasoline Alley
(1918). , Thimble theater (1919) in which Segar would create
Popeye, Little Orphan Annie (1924) by Harold Gray and The
Bungle Family (1924) by Harry J. Tuthill. "Girl strips" also
emerge, such as Tillie the Toiler, by Russ Westover in 1921.
Since March 1897, again at the hands of Hearst, the strips were
compiled, with at least 70 compilations appearing between
1900 and 1909 alone.
Polly and Her Pals by Cliff Sterret
Popeye and Olivia in a scene from the short film A Date
to Skate (1938).

Popeye the Sailor is a famous character from

comic strips and cartoon short films. It was
created by Elzie Crisler and first appeared in
Segar
the King Features Syndicate comic strip Timble
Theater, in the January 17, 1929, edition of The
New York Evening Journal.
His name comes from the English Pop-eye,
which literally means protruding eye, but which
refers to his one-eyed eye, a common term
among sailors.
Art by Social Comment. Introduction by Nat Mentoff.
Gasoline Alley is a comic created by Frank King and
currently distributed by Tribune Media Services. First
published on November 24, 1918, it is the second comic
strip running in the United States. In addition to color
and page layout concepts, King presented real-time
comic strip continuity, showing his characters as they
came of age and maturity across generations.
 KATZENJAMM
es EMee.

The Katzenjammer Kids is an American comic

strip that appeared in 1897, created by
Rudolph Dirks, a German immigrant, in the
American Humorist.
Rudolph Dirks' cartoon " Katzenjammer Kids ",
known as "The Captain and the Urchins", is
considered the first true comic strip. It appeared on
December 12, 1897, obtaining great acceptance from
the public.
Dirks introduced the use of the oval that 21, 1924

encloses the dialogue, giving more dynamism

to the drawing. In 1900, Fred Opper
systematized the use of balloons for
parliaments in his strip "Happy Hooligan."
The Kids Katzenjammer , released 27
editions during 1947 and 1954. Published by
David McKay, then Standard, and finally
Harvey. The first comic book appearance of
Captain and Kids seems to have been in issue
#1 of the "Single Comics Series." The
contents were reprints of the newspaper strip.

Harold Knerr's The Katzenjammer Boys

Captain and Children Poster (March 23, 1924.
W , insor McCay, would work for the "Evening
Telegram", a true innovator of comics, for his
audacity in framing, the use of different
planes, the beauty of the drawings and
arguments in his works, especially with "Little
Nemo " (1905), his most famous work.

Little Nemo in Slumberland is the first great classic in

comics history. Work of the American Winsor M. cCay,
Rudolph Dirks, self-portrait. Creator of was first published in the Sunday edition of the New York
"Katzenjammer Kids" Herald on October 15, 1905.
 Bengal Comics, also published by United
Features Syndicate, ran for 120 issues from July
1941 to January 1955. The Captain and the
Children appeared along with Tarzan, Abbie and
Ribbons, and Nancy, (Periquita in Spanish).

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Starting in 1929, adventure strips with realistic
graphics began to succeed, such as Flash Gordon
(1934) or Prince Valiant (1937). These will invade
Europe starting in 1934 with Le Journal de Mickey,
although with resistance such as Tintin (1929) and Le
Journal de Spirou (1938), and original movements
such as the novel in images. Starting this year,
however, American newspaper strips would begin to
accuse the competition of comic books starring
superheroes.
Flash Gordon is a science
fiction comic strip created by
artist Alex Raymond on
January 7, 1934 for King
Features Syndicate. as page
Sunday strip, held by
diverse
screenwriters and artists,
among whom Dan Barry
stands out. Emerged to
compete with the adventures
of Buck Rogers, it quickly
developed a much greater and
more lasting success over
time. It was adapted to
television and film, and
possibly
It was the best-known icon of
visual science fiction until the
Flash Gordon and Dale Arden the day
Flash Gordon Adventure appearance of Star Wars . Ming dynasties were defeated .
Strange Magazine (1936.
History of M. Vieux Bois, published in
English as The Adventures of Obadiah The funny story tells of the
continuous suicide attempts by
Oldbuck, and also known as Les amours de M. Vieux, when his beloved
Vieux Bois or simply Vieuxbois. It is a 19th rejects him. When they get
century publication written, illustrated and married the episodes are very
funny.
published by the Swiss caricaturist Rudolph
Töpffer.

It is considered the first known graphic comic strip and the one that gave way to the graphic novel. First
published in Europe as Histoire de M. Vieux Bois, and in the United States as a newspaper supplement. In
1842, “The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck” became the first comic book published in the United States.
ILA CARTOON
FRANCO - BELGIAN
 ORIGIN
The Franco-Belgian comic strip or comic,
which includes French-speaking comic strips
produced in Belgium, France and
Switzerland, constitutes one of the three
great comic strip traditions at a global level,
along with the American and Japanese
traditions.

In the Middle Ages, visual storytelling would

be displayed in the naves of churches, such
as in the 24 compartments of the stained
glass window of Chartres Cathedral, but it
would be further developed in the
extraordinary Bayeux Tapestry (11th
century), as well as in the tradition of
illuminated manuscripts.
Titeuf (from the French petit oeuf, small egg, in
reference to its head) is a comic strip character
created by the Geneva-based cartoonist Philippe
Chappuis, better known as Zep. Through the
character and the television series of the same
name, Zep shows us the vision that children have of
the attitudes and institutions of adults.

Titeuf, the terror of girls, N. 1

 Depiction of the Battle of Hastings, 1066.

However, for Oscar Masotta, modern comics

would not begin until the end of the 14th century
with the use of wood engraving or xylography to
produce the famous Bible pauperum.
Gutenberg introduced the printing press in 1446,
and since the 16th century, hallelujahs began to
spread. In 1796, Jean-Charles Pellerin started a
Pauperum Bible . print production industry known as Épinal images
in the Épinal region.
In 1830 the magazine Le Caricature originated
the political caricature by launching a campaign EUGÉNIE LA PETITE MÉNAGERE

against Louis Philippe. Le Charivari modified HI

political criticism in favor of humor.

Rodolphe Töpffer, French-Swiss, considered the
popularizer of modern comics starting with his
Histoire de M. Jabot published in 1833. Series
emerge such as La Famille Fenouillard, created
by Georges Colomb for Le Petit Français illustré
in 1889.

The Fenouillard Family

 In 1908, the Frenchman Louis Forton
created Les Pieds Nickelés (nickel feet)
and included speech bubbles within the
drawings for the first time. In the 1920s,
it the originals stand out
wordless novels by Frans Masereel that
would be imitated by the American Lynd
Ward.
The exclusive use of speech balloons
would not become generalized until the
Belgian Zig et Puce (1925) by Alain Saint-
Ogan and The Adventures of Tintin
(1929), a series of which Hergé, its
creator, would draw a total of 22 albums
death, in 1983.

The author of the comics is in charge of organizing the story

he wants to tell, constituting it in a series of boxes called
vignettes. The written text hurts to be enclosed in what we
call a balloon or speech bubble, which serves to integrate the
characters' speech or thoughts into the vignette. The shape
of the sandwiches depends on the intention of the content
The Adventures of
until its Tintin
completion.
 These two series gained enormous popularity in
Belgium in the 1930s. In 1938 the Belgian weekly Le
Journal de Spirou was born, which would become
one of the most important comic publications after
the war.

Louis Forton is one of the pioneers of French comics. In the mid-1930s, American comics invaded the French scene
Author of the famous satirical and humorous series with Le Journal de Mickey launched in 1934 by Paul Winckler.
The Stooges.
This magazine threatens French production,
causing the disappearance of several
magazines. However, dynamic local magazines
such as Cœurs Vaillants/Âmes Vaillantes, Junior
and Bayard, with a Catholic tradition, remain.

Cover of Zig, et Puce Alfred (1929) by Alain Saint-

Cœurs Vaillants Ogan
Magazine
 THE GOLDEN AGE LES NOUVELLES AVENTURES PE
AIRIN
G

After the Second World War, the popularity of the

Belgian magazines Le Journal de Spirou of the
Dupuis group grew, which enjoyed success thanks to
PUCE
artists such as Jijé, Franquin, Morris, Peyo, and the
scriptwriters Charlier and Goscinny, with the style of
the Charleroi school or Marcinelle school, and Tintin ,
created in 1945, by the Le Lombard publishing house
with prestigious authors such as Hergé. After the war,
French production recovered with magazines of
Christian tradition from the Fleurus publishing house
and the Vaillant magazine.

A Store of JOURNAL
Collection
JEUNE EUROPE
TINTIN

Cover of Le voleur fantôme (1965) by Greg

Gaston Lagaffe
 New magazines and artists appear such as Blake and
Mortimer, their creator being Jacobs, Jacques Martin,
author of Alix and Lefranc, Bob de Moor, Paul
Blake and Cuvelier, Jacques Laudy, who adopt the style of the
Mortimer
clear line or the Brussels school, with series realistic
and with solid documentation. In the 1950s, artists
such as Greg and Hermann were added.
With the series Spirou and Fantasio, Lucky Luke
(1946), Gastón Lagaffe (1957), and The Smurfs
(1958), the magazine became the market leader .
Pilote magazine becomes an avant-garde
publication. A consequence of this
evolution is the transfer of artists from
Spirou and Tintin to Pilote, where
censorship is less strong, despite a
certain evolution of the two youth
magazines.
A more radical evolution occurred with
the appearance in France of adult
weeklies launched by former Pilote
cartoonists. Thus appears the magazines
L'Echo des Savannes, founded in 1972 by
Marcel Gotlib, Nikita Mandryka and Claire
Bretécher.
Asterix the Gaul
Pilote , with the series Achilles Heel (1963), Asterix the Gaul
(1959), Lieutenant Blueberry (1963), Iznogud (1965), Philémon
(1965), and Valerian and Laureline (1967), the magazine
experienced immense popularity in France , causing a
modernization of the Franco-Belgian comic strip.
Talented authors such as Uderzo, Jean Giraud, Greg, Fred, Jean
Tabary, Marcel Gotlib, Nikita Mandryka, Claire Bretécher appear.

Valerian and Laureline,

drawn by Jean Claude
Méziéres.
The contents of the magazines evolved more break with traditional youth comics.
rapidly after the events of May 1968. One of
the effects of the evolution of mentalities is the
almost disappearance of censorship, which
allows some artists to experiment with other
styles and create without prohibitions.

The founders of L'Echo des Savanes, as illustrated on

Gotlib

In 1975, the creation of Fluide Glacial by Gotlib

and Metal Hurlant by Moebius is a decisive
step. Pif Gadget also appears, publishing Corto
Maltés in France and Charlie Mensuel in 1969,
and then a suivre in 1977. The creation of
these magazines marks a departure from youth
weeklies both in terms of the style of the
drawings and themes and in terms of the Pif Gadget N. 2428
target audience.
These artists, most of them French, demand a
 This period known evolutions
important. The influences and styles of
French-speaking comics diversify, with the
appearance of heroic fantasy series, The
Search for the Time Bird, Thorgal, science
fiction Valerian and Laureline, by Christin
and Mezières, Barbarella de Forest, Moebius
series, Bilal, Peeters, Druillet and fantastic
Adèle Blanc-Sec from Tardi.

Barbarella, Le Semble-Lune. 1977.Published by

La Quete de L' oiseau du Temps, Publication date:
Pierre Horay. Cover by Jean Claude Forest.
August 1999, Drawing: Regis Loisel.
Publishers diversify their production, using new
formats, including more expensive formats, such
as albums or luxury magazines to target a more
adult reader. Merchandising is developed in the
sector, the use of advertising and the marketing of
licensed products. The restructuring of the sector
allows the emergence of new publishers, such as
Delcourt, Vents d'Ouest, Soleil. Publishers such as
L'Association or Cornélius in France and Fréon in
Belgium also established themselves.

Tomb Raider, Lara Grofy, art by Lara Park

The Spawn Chronicles Tomb Raider, Lara Grofy Cover by Jonathan D. Smith
 At the same time, series in the realistic
tradition continue to be created, but for
a less childish audience, and with a new
rise of the police theme by Greg and
Hermann. The periodical comic almost
disappeared in favor of the album,
ending the golden age of pre-publication
magazines.

Adéle la béle de Tardi. 1976 edition.

Charlie Mensuel, N. 100, 1977.
THE HISTORY OF COMICS IN
 IN
The Japanese humorous stories told on
scrolls of paper from the 9th and 10th
centuries (the Chojugiga), and the
Ukiyo-e, were the origins of Japanese
comics. They are engravings that
proliferated during the Edo Period (1600
1867), a time of feudal dictatorships that
caused social discontent and frustration.
These engravings were usually political
representations that faithfully portrayed
the daily customs of Japanese culture at
Love in Ukiyo-e.
the time.

Fuji mountain, reflected in the water. Katakura Animals competing in a sumo wrestling. Drawing of the
province of Suruga. first roll
 Katsushika Hokusai, in the year 1814,
began to make drawings in which he told
short stories starring samurai,
representing the wars and events that
Japan had gone through during that
period. He would create the term manga,
combining the terms "man" (involuntary)
and "ga" (drawing or painting).
In 1930, Ogon Bat , by Suzuki and
Nagamatsu, appeared; The character was
a vigilante demigod who fought crime, a
small favorite in the world of superheroes.
The first Japanese author to break the
ranks of foreign material was Rakuten
Kitazawa, in the Sunday supplement Jiji
Manga, of the newspaper Jiji Shimpou.
Manga would develop and become a true
industry in the postwar period.

Ogon Bat
In 1945, a before and after was created in the
history of manga by Osamu Tezuka, who is
responsible for the aesthetics, narrative and
layout of what we currently know as Manga.
Tezuka's work that revolutionized the world of
manga was Shinkataragima (The New Treasure
Island). Perhaps inspired by Disney's drawings,
in each of his and his successors' works there
are a large number of images and detailed
drawings, with characters with large, rounded
eyes, and intense gaze. Tezuka poured all his
love for film and animation into inexpensive
paper plates and expanded his way of seeing
manga through other works such as Janguru
Taitei (Emperor of the Jungle), Tetsuwan
Atom (Astroboy), Ribon no Kishi , etc. .
Another author who stood out a lot was
Katsuhiro Otomo (especially with " Akira ").

In 1949, Osamu Tezuka published Metropolis, a work

loosely inspired by the 1927 film Metropolis.
 Thus, science fiction, fantasy, and everyday
adventure relaxed an entire generation.
Characters like Centella (1968), Mazinger Z
(1980), Fantasmagérico (1975) and Meteoro
(1982) also triumphed in the rest of the world.
The humanity of the Japanese characters, who
had weaknesses and fell in love, resonated
perfectly in America. The series were developed
with extensive lengths and numerous sagas, as in
the case of the popular manga "Dragon Ball",
created by Akira Toriyama, inspired by an old
Chinese legend, in which the adventures of Goku
and all the characters are narrated. those that
you get to know throughout more than seven
thousand pages.

Mazinger Z
Spark
Manga covers a wide variety of genres, reaching audiences of many different types and ages. It
constitutes a very important part of the Japanese publishing market and motivates multiple
adaptations to different formats: animated series, known as Anime or live action, films, video
games and novels.

Anonymous manga (1912-1926).

Two pages from Hokusai's manga with a representation of hot springs.
 Every week or month new magazines are published
with deliveries of each series, style
feuilleton,
starring heroes whose adventures in some cases
seduce readers for years. Since the eighties, it has
also been conquering Western markets.

The Ōhashi Bridge at Atake in a Sudden Rain

(1857), by Utagawa Hiroshige, Brooklyn Tagosaku to Mokube no Tokyo
Museum of Art, New York Kenbutsu (1902), considered the first
manga, by Kitazawa.
 The Great Wave off Kanagawa, 1830 – 1833,
engraving by Katsushika Hokusai, New York
Museum of Art.
The Japanese also call manga "insignificant
pictures," because they buy more than a
billion black and white volumes a year,
printed on cheap paper.
The professional who writes or draws manga
is known as a mangaka. Unlike the other
two major schools of comics (the Franco-
Belgian and the American), in manga the
panels and pages are read from right to left,
just like in traditional Japanese writing.

The Furious Drinker.

 ANIME
Anime is the term that identifies cartoons of Japanese
origin. Anime is a medium of great expansion in Japan,
being at the same time a commercial entertainment
product which has caused a popular cultural phenomenon
and a technological art form.

Full Metal Alchemist is a manga series written and drawn by Hiromu

Arakawa. The world of Full Metal Alchemist is inspired by the Europe

of the industrial revolution and takes us to a reality where alchemy is

the most powerful science known to man .
Wikipe-tan, a character that contains
stereotypes from a manga and anime
style drawing.
 It is aimed at all audiences, from
children, adolescents, adults, to
specializations of
classification essentially borrowed
from that existing for "manga", with
base classes designed for socio-
demographic specifications such as
employees, housewives, students, and
so on. Therefore, they can deal with
subjects, themes and genres as
diverse as love, adventure, science
fiction, children's stories, literature,
sports, fancy,
eroticism and many others.

Prototype of a female character

Anime is traditionally drawn by hand, but computer animation has
become common these days. Their scripts include much of the fiction
genre and are conveyed through cinematic media (television
broadcast, distribution on home video formats, and audio films). The
relationship between Japanese anime and manga is close, as
historically a large number of anime series and works are based on
popular manga stories.

Common eye models in the anime

 PUBLICATION FORMATS
SLEEVE
For many years now, sales of manga magazines in Japan, PLRE
also known as "manga magazines" or "anthology GOOD
AND
magazines", have been spectacular: At least ten of them
exceed one million copies per week. According to studies,
Shōnen Jump is the best-selling magazine, with 6 million
copies each week. Shōnen Magazine follows with 4
million. Other well-known manga magazines are Shōnen
Sunday, Big Comic Original, Shonen Gangan, Ribon,
Nakayoshi, Young Animal, Shojo Beat and Lala.

0) WV.
PLRE
"EVIL' 74 ROBOT BOY CP V
Karakuridōji Ultimo, which was created by Stan Lee
and Hiroyuki Takei, published since February 4, 2009
by Shueisha's Jump Square magazine. It was
distributed in the American version of Shonen Jump.
There are even magazines that only publish yomikiri
stories, known in the West as one-shot. Conclusive short
stories that cannot be used to convince the reader to buy
the next issues of the magazine to continue their favorite
series. The most common types of magazines regarding
periodicity are weekly and monthly. However, there are
also magazines with biweekly, bimonthly and seasonal
circulations.
Manga magazines usually range
between 200 and 900 pages,
containing chapters from
several different series with
about 20 to 40 pages per issue.
These magazines are usually
printed on low-quality recycled
paper and in black and white,
with the exception of the cover
and usually some pages at the
beginning and end. They also
contain several stories of four
vignettes.
Today these magazines are like "the
daily newspaper" (or "newspaper") for
many Japanese, being the preferred
activity during long train or subway
trips. It is of great importance that in
the subways of large cities, when
people reach the end of their journey,
they leave their magazines on the
seats so that they can later be
collected and sent to be recycled, to
become new magazines.
 TANKOBON
Tankōbon is the Japanese term for "compilation
volume" of a particular series such as mangas,
graphic novels, magazine articles, essays, sewing
patterns, etc. unlike magazines or series of
complete works that contain multiple titles.
Manga are usually published for the first time in
weekly or monthly anthology magazines such as
Afternoon, Shōnen Jump, and Hana to Yume.

Tankōbon Love Hina N.11

Tankōbon
 These anthology journals contain hundreds of
pages and dozens of individual stories written by
various authors. They are printed on newsprint
and are considered disposable magazines.
A Tankōbon is a collection of chapters, about
170-240 pages, from a single series reprinted in
paperback or softcover format with better quality
paper.

Tankōbon English Genshiken N. 8. Tankōbon

An aizōban is a special edition volume.These
volumes are
usually more expensive and packed with
special features such as special covers
created specifically for the edition, special
paper used for the covers, high quality paper,
special cases and more. Some aizōban are of
limited circulation, which increases their value
as collector's items.

Kanzenban it's a

term sometimes used

instead of aizōban for
special releases. Like
aizōban, kanzenban are
printed in limited runs, and
generally only the most
popular manga are released
in this format.

Kanzenban
Volume 1 of the Japanese edition of Full Metal
Alchemist.
 Bunko is an A6 format (10.50 cm x 15 cm)
used in Japan to republish already published
manga or light novels. They usually have
twice as many pages as a normal volume
(400) and their small size makes them
somewhat cheaper. It is what you would call
a "pocket" size.
Bunko can also mean a kind of private
Japanese library for children.

Special Manga Hall.

A bunkoban edition is a Japanese novel-sized
volume. They are generally smaller (about 16 cm
tall) and thicker than the tankōbon, and usually
have a new cover designed specifically for the
release (in the case of manga). If there was a
wideban release, the bunkoban generally has the
same number of volumes. They are also sometimes
called Bunko, without the "-ban".

Dragon
Special
Ball .
The wideban edition is larger than the regular
tankōbon, and generally packs a series into
fewer volumes than the original tankōbon. For
example, Maison Ikkoku was originally
released in 15 tankōbon volumes, but was
released in 10 wideban volumes.

Volume 1 of the Japanese wideban edition of

Maison Ikkoku.
SOGINn soavisa N= VLSIHOISIH VI
The American comic strip or comic
constitutes one of the three great cartoonist
traditions at a global level, along with the
Franco-Belgian and Japanese traditions. Being
the first to generate a true industry and to
consistently adopt the speech bubble, it led
world production throughout the first half of
the 20th century.
Dominated since then by the superhero genre,
whose most popular characters are Batman,
Spiderman and Superman, it has contributed
works as diverse as American Splendor, Calvin
and Hobbes, Conan, Flash Gordon, Jimmy
Corrigan, Krazy Kat, Li'l Abner, Little Nemo in
Slumberland, Maus, Odio, Peanuts, Prince
Valiant, Popeye or Terry and the Pirates
 Cover of Life published in 1911.
The model of the British magazine Punch
(1841) was imitated throughout the world,
giving rise to Puck in the United States, being
the first magazine with the topics of the day,
humor, cartoons, caricatures and political
satire in color, published since 1871 until 1918.
Columbia carried a warship bearing the inscription
Following Judge (1882) and Life (1883). "World Power" as her "Easter cape", covering Puck
(April 6, 1901).
 In the golden age of the American press, the
country's two main editors, William Randolph
Hearst and his rival Joseph Pulitzer, decided to
use comic strips as a way to sell their newspapers
to an immigrant population that did not
understand English very well but could. read the
comics.

Little Bear by James Swinnerton

First page of "Judge" magazine, August 12, 1882,

with a "jaw" cartoon, about the help provided by
the American navy during the bombardment of
Alexandria.
Series with fixed characters soon emerged, such as Little Bear by James Swinnerton in 1892.
The following year, the color was incorporated into the Sunday supplement of Pulitzer's New
York World.
NAMES
In the United States, different terms are
used to designate the medium. The most
important of them is comic, from the Greek
Κωμικός, kōmikos, of or pertaining to
comedy. Also appears from he motion
countercultural the term Comix first in
English and then in other languages, which
is usually reserved for publications of this
theme or style.

In addition, the terms funnies are used,

that is, funny and Cartoon because of the
type of rough paper or cardboard on which
they were made for drawing and humorous
caricature. Over time, the comic strip
began to be called "comic strip", while
"animated cartoons" tended to reserve the
word "Cartoon".

Text excerpted rom the Wikipedia article Dr. itvu. IM Dte MOM

Modern cartoon. text by Greg Williams for the Dr. Seuss

article.
 THE MODERNITY
1896-1923
In The Yellow Kid (1894) by Outcault, the
small episodic gags of a vignette were
fragmented into self-contained strips, with
its protagonist being the one who
guaranteed continuity. Because of this, the
editors tried to steal these characters from
each other until the courts ruled that a
series and its protagonists had to change
titles if they changed newspapers. In 1914
William Randolph Hearst founded the first
strip distribution agency or syndicate: the
Kings Feature Syndicate.

Happy Hooligan poster .

 Downs (1903) by Gustave Verbeek and Wee
Willie Winkie's World (1906) by Lyonel
Feininger.

Other germinal series were Happy Hooligan

(1904) by Frederick Burr Opper, about a
beggar for whom everything goes wrong but
never loses his smile, and The Katzenjammer
Kids (1912) by Rudolph Dirks, starring two
mischievous children, blonde and dark,
inspired by Max and Moritz by Wilhelm Busch.
Also Boob McNutt (1915) by Rube Goldberg.
Risky series soon emerged that explored the
chromatic, rhythmic and schematic possibilities
of the page and which today rank as the best
classics of press comics: Little Nemo in
Slumberland (1905) by Wi . nsor McCay and
Krazy Kat (1907) by George Herriman.
Other avant-garde series are The Upside
 Yellow Kid poster.

In Little Nemo in Slumberland, McCay carries out

an exhaustive exploration of the possibilities of the
medium, using a multiplicity of frames, and playing
with the format of the page in a spectacular and
surprising way, in addition to being one of the first
comics to take advantage of the enormous
potential of the color of the Sunday pages (sunday
strips). With an intricate visual style, inspired by
art nouveau, it stages a wide variety of characters
and settings. McCay's work has also been related to
later cultural movements, such as surrealism, due
to the importance it gives to the dreamlike, going
so far as to affirm that HE
treats of
a perfect example of credible fantasy thanks to the
graphic virtuosity of a cartoonist. McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland.
multifaceted talent made plausible an impossible
world where the only existing logic was that of
dreams.
 North America is considered to be the
cradle of comics, since their massive
publication in newspapers began there, and
"comics books" (comic magazines) also
began to be published.
The origin of the comic strip in the United
States is closely linked to the development
of modern journalism.
Hearst makes his own team of cartoonists
and brings Richard F. Outcault, who is
considered the pioneer of drawn literature.

The first "World" comics page appeared on April 9,

1893, the first experiments with color were made,
and Outcault created "Yellow Kid" Yellow),
character who reflects
the life of the underworld
and becomes the
major
diary attraction.

In 1897 he produced, for the "New York Herald", a new

character, "Buster Brown".
 THE FIRST COMIC OR
COMIC STRIP THAT CAME
ON THE MARKET '
In the same way that defining the first comic
book has been the subject of discussion, the
origin of the comic book is very debatable. While
it is true that Mutt & Jeff compilations existed
since 1911, of about 8 to 11 pages each, it was
not until 1933 that Procter & Gamble would
make a compilation of several strips that
appeared in various newspapers, and publish
them in a single magazine that he named
Funnies on Parade. These first copies were free,
and were distributed along with coupons and
company advertising, although in terms of
format and style, we can say that it is the first
comic book in history, as we now know it.

This comic was the first American comic gift. It was

published around 1933 and contains reprints of
newspaper strips.
Mutt and Jeff , known as Benitín and Eneas,

considered the first highly successful daily comic

strip. Series created in 1907 by Bud Fisher and
continued by Al Smith, Ken Kling, Ed Mack, and
George Breisacher would be published
continuously until 1982. Pioneered the concept
of a newspaper comic strip with the characters
in several panels. His popularity was so great
that in American slang the expression Mut and
Jeff is used "to designate a tall man who walks
next to a short man."

Mutt and Jeff, Edition N. 130 July 2, 1960

The tall and short comic duo were first
teamed by cartoonist Bud Fisher in
1908, and quickly became a part of
American culture.

Mutt and Jeff in the comic strips, as a vignette.

They were the first animated characters to be
shown in films, in 1916.
The Mutt and Jeff comedy format would be
imitated by live-action comedians, such as Abbott
and Costello, a generation later. Originally called
A. Mutt appeared in the sports pages of the San
Francisco Chronicle, featuring a story of Mutt
playing horse racing. Shortly after, William
Randolph Hearst hired the author for the San
Francisco Examiner where he would become a
national success. Jeff 1908.

would appear some time

later in

Mutt and Jeff Book 8. By Bud Fisher. Published

by Cupples and the Leon Company, New York in
1922. It contains 48 pages divided into panels.
 THE COMIC BOOK
A comic book is a magazine made of comics,
works of narrative art in the form of
separating panels that represent individual
scenes, with a format of about 17 cm. x 26
cm., accompanied by dialogue, usually in text
balloons, with monthly publication,

Rulah, goddess of the jungle, N. March 24,

1949: An example of a jungle superhero. Cover
Adventures in the dark: horror comic. artist unknown.
The term comic book arose because the first
comic book represented humor in comic strips.
Despite their name, comics come in a variety of
genres. Since the introduction of the comic book
format in 1934 with the publication of the famous
Funnies, the United States has produced the most
titles, competing with British Comics and the

Sleeve
.

Famous Funnies is an American publication from the

1930s. It represents popular culture. Historians
consider it the first true American comic book. Famous Funnies N. 1,1939, art by Jon Mayes.
Originally, inexpensive paper of very low
printing quality was used, in which the dot
pattern that made up the colors was clearly
visible; They also used to be around 16 pages
long. Starting in the 1990s, much superior
types of paper became widespread, so that
their printing quality became equivalent to that
of any magazine, especially since the
introduction of true color. The content of the
published story ranges between 24 and 32
pages in color or monochrome, in addition to
covers, advertising and interspersed self-
referential texts.

Cover of a comic Comic Book from

book from the 40s the 50s Cover of a comic book from 1947
The "comic-book" allowed the strips to become independent from the support provided by
newspapers and open up to a more specific consumer market. The line of "comic books" began
in 1934 with "Famous Funnies." And precisely since 1934 Alex Raymond would develop two
successful strips: "Jungle Jim" and "Flash Gordon." Also from 1934 is the strip "Mandrake", by
Falk and Davis.

Jungle Jim is an American adventure comic strip first published on

January 7, 1934, by screenwriter Don Moore and artist Alex
Raymond, which starred a jungle adventurer.
 ZATARA BURSTS IN ON THE GROUP ANO CASTS A
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Mandrake the Magician is a comic series created by Lee

Falk, author of The Phantom) and Phil Davis in 1934 for Action Comics N. 1, first appearance
the publisher King Features Syndicate. where Zatara uses her magical powers.
Mandrake's adventures were published
regularly in different newspapers. Falk wrote
the scripts while Davis did the drawings.
After his death in 1964, Falk turned to artist
Fred Fredericks. When Falk died in 1999,
Fredericks also continued writing the
Mandrake strips. Mandrake was an illusionist
with quick and effective hypnotic abilities. In
addition to being an accomplished showbiz
magician, he fought criminals and evildoers.
When
gesticulated
Hypnotically, they saw their weapons
transformed into fiery snakes or rods. This
character bears a great resemblance to the
wizard Zatara from DC Comics.
The Phantom is a classic adventure comic series,
also considered an aesthetic precursor to
superhero comics, if not its pioneer. Created by
screenwriter Lee Falk in 1936 with the
collaboration of cartoonists such as Ray Moore, it
is still published today and has been adapted to
other media, such as novels and television series.
Published in February 1936 in the New York
American Journal. The Phantom, The Phantom
and the many names with which it has been
translated into languages around the world is
one of the sagas that has had the deepest
impact among comic fans. The patient Diana
Palmer, wife and future mother of the new
Phantom, is the girl in charge of accompanying
him in the Jungle. The Phantom develops his
adventures in a mythical territory, a Deep Jungle
so called on the maps that was initially located
somewhere on the Hindustani coast. According
to Lee Falk his sources were Tarzan, Kipling,
mythological heroes and Robin Hood. To this
declared background we must add all the
popular literature of the twenties and thirties of
this century, full of characters like Doc Savage or
The Shadow or Conan himself.
 WITH MORE THAN 100
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The New York Press newspaper coined the

term “yellow journalism” in early 1897 to
describe the work of both Pulitzer and
Hearst. The success of the character The
Yellow Kid in both newspapers contributed
to this.
The development of the modern comic took place in
stages. Publishers had collected comic strips such as
The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck, which appeared
in New York in 1842, as the first example published
in English.

The GW Dillingham company published the first

known proto-comic magazine in the US, The Yellow
Kid in McFadden Flats, in 1897.
 The New York World, owned by Joseph Pulitzer,
begins publishing a series of comics by Richard
Outcault that take place in Hogan's Alley, and
featuring a boy in a yellow nightgown who is known
as "The Yellow Kid."

Created by middle-class artist RF Outcault, who later

went on to point to the even more successful Buster
Brown comic strip.
The series of Yellow Kid images represented
in the construction site theater, tensions of With jug ears, two buck teeth, beady blue eyes and
class yellow shirt, the Yellow Kid may not be seen as an icon
half of the population urban, medium for comic and commercial success, but that's exactly
consumerist environment and the racial aspect. The what he became in the late 19th century in the USA.
play was performed by a group of mischievous
children from New York City.
 CAU A NENT UiCLE
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Pooly and Her Pals by

The Gumps, by Sidney Smith Cliff Sterret, 1912.
In 1912 the strip "Pooly and Her Pals" by Cliff Sterret
would arrive; in 1913 "Bringing Up Father", by George
McManus, and, in 1917, "The Gumps", by Sidney Smith.
The adventure series would arrive in 1924, with "Wash
Tubbs", by Roy Crane where the popular character
"Captain Easy" would appear, in 1929, followed by "Buck
Rogers", in 1928, by Nowlan and Calkins, and by
"Tarzan". ", in 1929, by Hal Foster based on Burroughs'
creation. In 1929, as a secondary character in the strip
"Thimble Thater", appeared "Popeye the Sailor", created
by Elzie Segar, and in 1930 "Blondie", by Chic Young.
Another creation would be "Brick Bradford", in 1933, by
Ritt and Gray.
Tarzan began publication as a daily strip on January 7,
1929. Tarzan competed with Buck Rogers, which
debuted the same day, as the first serious adventure
comic strip. The Tarzan strip was a gamble. The
Metropolitan Newspaper Service, distributor of the strip,
had no idea whether the newspaper's readers would
accept a serious adventure strip, but "Tarzan of the
Apes" was a tremendous and immediate success. The
original story, adapting the first Tarzan novel, was
published six days a week for ten weeks (January 7 to
March 16).
1929).

Tarzan has been

among the trees
since 1912, we are
approaching a
century of reading
the story of Edgar
Rice Burroughs.
Tarzan of the Apes, 1914, by Edgar Rice
Burroughs.
 Blondie is an American comic
created by artist Chic Young.
Distributed by King Features
Syndicate, the band has been
published in newspapers since
September 8, 1930. The success of
the strip, which features a well-
endowed blonde and her sandwich-
eating husband, led to the film
series in 1938-1950 and the popular
radio show in 1939-1950.

Blondie (Lorenzo and Pepita in Latin American countries), has

appeared in more than 2,000 newspapers in 47 countries and
translated into 35 languages. Since 2006, Blondie has also been
available by email through Daily INK King Features' service.
 The Golden Age of Comics was a period in
the history of American comics, in the 1930s
through the late 1940s or early 1950s.
During this time, modern comic books were
first published and with a rise in popularity,
the superhero archetype was created and

definite.

Batman N. 1 (Spring
1940). Art by Bob Kane
and Jerry
Robinson.

Superman, the catalyst of the Golden Age. N. 14,

February 1942. Cover by Fred Ray.
 Among the most famous superheroes are
Superman, Batman, Captain America,
Wonder Woman and Captain Marvel. The
golden age came with the arrival of comics
as a mainstream art form, with the
definition of an artistic vocabulary and the
creativity of the first generation of writers,
artists and editors.
strange Such,

Captain America, N.
114, November 1963. The Captain Marvel, Whiz
Comics on the cover wrote Comics N. 2, February
the Golden Age. 1942. First
The Woman is a DC Comics superheroine. It was created appearance of Captain
by Charles Moulton Marston, its first appearance was Marvel, Cover by CC
in All Star Comics magazine No. 8 (December 1941). Beck.
In 1938, the comics industry profits with
the debut of Superman in Action Comics
N. 1, published by DC Comics. Soon the
superheroes
They dominated the pages of comics,
characterizing the golden age.

Wonder Woman known as Miss bat girl

Marvel.
 Between early 1939 and late 1941, DC and sister
company All-American Comics introduced
superheroes Batman and Robin, Wonder Woman,
Flash, Green Lantern, the Atom, Hawkman and
Aquaman while Timely Comics, the 1940
predecessor of Marvel Comics sold millions of titles
with the Human Torch, Submarine and Captain
America comics.

Cover of a comic Young cover

book from the 50s. Romance #11 of 1949

Aquaman in Adventure Comics No. 443. A

(January 1976) Art by Jim Aparo.
World War II put an end to the popularity of
superhero comics and in an effort to retain readers
comics publishers began to diversify more than
ever into war, science fiction, romance, crime and
comics. horror comics
 The Silver Age of Comics was a period of artistic
progress and commercial success in mainstream
American comic books, especially that of the
superhero genre.

The Silver Age Hawkman

and Hawkgirl, by Hawkman
N. 3 (August-September
1964). Art by Murphy
Anderson. A comic book superhero
book from
1945.
In 1954, publishers implemented the Comics Code Authority
to regulate comic content. Following these changes,
publishers began introducing superhero stories again, a
change that began with the introduction of a new version of
DC Comics' The Flash in Showcase N. 4 (October 1956). In
response to strong demand, DC began publishing more
Showcase, N. 4, October 1956. Considered
superhero titles, prompting Marvel Comics to publish
the beginning of the Silver Age. Cover by
Fantastic Four #1.
Camine Infantino and Joe Kubert.
The Silver Age is considered to It was succeeded by the Bronze Age and the Modern Age.
cover the period from The popularity and circulation of comic books about
approximately 1956 to 1970, superheroes declined after World War II, and horror, crime,
and and romance comics took a larger share of the market.

Spider-Man created by Stan Lee

and Steve Ditko. Silver Age
Comics have become collectible.
As of 2008, the most sought after
comics of the time is Spider-Man's
Cover of a comic book from the 50s. Cover of a comic book from the 50s
debut in Amazing Fantasy N. 15.
The Bronze Age of Comics is an informal name for a
period in the history of American comics. It includes
the period from 1970 to 1985.
The Bronze Age has retained characteristics of the
Silver Age, the bright colors and superhero titles that
remain the mainstay of the industry. In them we find
arguments with real-world themes, such as the use of
alcoholism and pollution
drugs,
environme
ntal.

Green Lantern and Green Arrow. N.85

(October 1971), one of the first comic stories
to address the problem of drug use, covered
by Neal Adams .
In 1970, Marvel published the first issue of the pulp
character Conan the Barbarian comic. Conan's
success as a comic book hero is a result of
adaptations of other Robert E. Howard: Kull,
Red Sonja, Solomon Kane. DC Comics
responded with Warlord, Beowulf and Fritz
Leiber's Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser. He also
took over the licensing of Edgar Rice
Burroughs's Tarzan.

Year of Conan, made in May 2008.

Tarzan N. 1, January – February 1948.
In the Bronze Age, Hägar the Horrible appears, renamed in Spanish as Olaf the Viking or Olafo
the Bitter, created by Dik Browne. It debuted in the United States on February 4, 1973 in 136
newspapers. Two years later, the number of newspapers in which he appeared had increased to
600. Its circulation continued to increase, and in 2010, the strip appeared in 1900
newspapers in 58 countries, and in Thig yeer more thár eJer, let ug jll
13 languages. M'ah
Olafo the Viking has been the winner of several awards, including the Elzie Segar Award from the
National Cartoonists' Society (1973) for being a unique and outstanding contribution to the field
of comic strips. It also received the award for best comic strip of the year in 1977, 1984 and
1986.
 the 18th
November 1985 until December 31, 1995.
The humorous antics of Calvin, a
precocious and adventurous six-year-old
boy, and Hobbes, his stuffed tiger.
The pair are named after John Calvin, one
of the men of the 16th century
Reformation, and Thomas Hobbes, a 17th
century philosopher and politician. Calvin
and Hobbes was published in more than
2,400 newspapers around the world.
The strip explores broad themes such as
environmentalism, public education, and
the flaws of opinion polls.

Calvin and
Hobbes
Closer in time we must mention "Sin City",
a series of comics created by Frank Miller
in 1991, developed in the fictional city of
Basin City.
Calvin and Hobbes, written and
illustrated by Bill Watterson, appeared on
Garfield, a comic strip created by Jim Davis, whose protagonists are the cat Garfield,
the not-very-bright dog Odie, and his owner, the inept Jon Arbuckle. The protagonist is
named after Davis's grandfather, James Garfield Davis, who was named after American
President James A. Garfield.
The Modern Age of Comics is an
informal name for the period of comic
book history in America. They are
considered to last from the mid-
1980s to the present. In this period,
in comics in general, the characters
became darker and psychologically
more
complex, the creators
transformed the industry
turning them into large commercial
Batman and Robin reinterpreted by
publishing houses. painter Alex Ross, based on the cover
for Batman N. 9, by Bob Kane.
Alternative names for this period include the
Copper Age of comic books, the Iron Age of comic
books, and, most commonly, the Dark Ages of
comic books, due to the popularity and artistic
influence of grim titles, such as Batman: The Dark
Knight Returns and Watchmen.

Batman is the best comic hero. Precisely because he is a

"hero" not a "super". Batman lacks the ability to fly,
lightning, regenerative power, or indestructible skin.
 In a period in comics history, a gradual
TH DARK MD darkening occurs in the lives of superheroes.
E The Incredible comics
Spider-Man
The
N.121-122
Amazing
is
considered by T. Arnold Blumberg, the
exemplary comic that brought about the end of
the Bronze Age, recounting the murder of
Spider-Man's girlfriend, Gwen Stacy, caused by
the Green Goblin in 1973.

The Amazing Speeder Man N. 122, July 1973, the death of

Gwen Stacey by the Green Goblin. Cover by John Romita.
Cover of Spider-Man with Gwen Stacy his
girlfriend, Vol. 2, no. 23..
In Amazing 1970, it includes the death of his
father. In Spider Man N. 90 the death of
Aquaman's little son appears, caused by
Black Manta and in Adventure Comics N. 452
is the beginning of Batman, by O'Neil Dennis
and Neal Adams.

4a
Black
Blanket
 THE
BLACK
SMURFS
comic
books
Belgian,
distant d an
tribute
to
parody
starring
h cowboy

and THE FLYING SMURF

THE THIEF PE SMURFS

The Black Smurfs, N. 1 of 26. September

2006. The Smurfs (1958), the magazine
becomes the market leader .
Caricature is a word of Italian origin that designates
a form of satire that is based on the distorted
representation of a character, whose features are
exaggerated with humorous intent. Although it is
common to satirize through literature and the
plastic arts, the privileged place of caricature is the
written press, where it has evolved decisively.

Lucky Luke, (1946).

It is a series of
Franco- part part mythical west,

namesake. Created by the Belgian cartoonist Morris, it

featured multiple
screenwriters, including RenéGoscinny.
After Tintin and Asterix, Lucky Luke is the most popular
comic in continental Europe.
In 1959, the French magazine Pilote appeared,
founded by Goscinny and Charlier, and bought by the
Dargaud publishing house the following year.
This magazine experienced immense popularity in
France, with the series Asterix the Gaul (1959),
Lieutenant Blueberry (1963), Achilles Heel (1963),
but also Iznogud (1965), Philémon (1965), and
Valerian and Laureline (1967). . This new publication
provokes a first modernization of the Franco-Belgian
comic strip towards an adult audience and becomes a
reference magazine. It employs several talented
authors such as Uderzo, Jean Giraud, Greg, Fred,
Jean Tabary, Marcel Gotlib, Nikita Mandryka, Claire
Bretécher, whose works attract many adults.

First publication: N. 1959.

Achilles Heel (1963) Adaptation to animated film: 1967.
 THE CARICATURE
POLICY
It will be in 1830 when the magazine Le Caricature
inaugurates the contemporary tradition of political
caricature by launching a campaign against Louis
Philippe. The baton of Le Caricature would be
picked up by Le Charivari, which expunged political
criticism in favor of simple humor. The Franco-
Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the
popularizer of modern comics starting with his
Histoire de M. Jabot published in 1833.

Le Charivari. Satirical newspaper, Founders

Charles Philipon and Gabriel Aubert 1832,
First comic book 1937.
 Series with fixed characters also emerge, such as La
Famille Fenouillard, created by Georges Colomb for Le Petit Français illustré in 1889. In
1908, the Frenchman Louis Forton created Les Pieds
Nickelés and included speech bubbles in the drawings
for the first time. In the 1920s, the original wordless
novels of Frans Masereel stand out, which would be
imitated by Americans such as Lynd Ward.

Monsieur Jabot autographed Töpffer

The Fenouillard
Family
 THE COMICS INDUSTRY
Traditionally, the comics industry
has required collective work, in
which editors, colorists,
engravers, transporters have
participated.

comics
Repines

Self-publishing has always existed, such as underground comics, but lately they
have increased due to the crisis in certain markets and the facilities achieved with
the rise of computing and the Internet.
Marvel Worldwide, Inc., commonly known as
Marvel Comics is a company that publishes comic
books and related media.

Marvel logo, circa 1990.

Marvel Comics N. 1, October 1939, the first Marvel

comic precursor Timely Comics. Cover by Frank R.
Paul.
 Mickey Mouse .

Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a

single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with
locations established in real life in cities such as
New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.
In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired the
Marvel Comics company.
Howard the Duck N. 8, January 1977. Cover art
by Gene Colan and Steve Leialoha.
 Marvel counts among its well-known characters
such as the Spider properties Man, Iron Man,
the X-Men, the Hulk, the Fantastic Four, Thor
and Captain America, the antagonists, such as
Doctor Doom, the Green Goblin, Magneto,
Galactus, and the Red Skull, among others.

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ON HALF OUR
TABLE, HUH? f
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TAKE THIS f
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SCRAM.'.' The m

Elf green comics

Spiderman.
Powerhouse Pepper #2 (May 1948). Cover art by
Basil Wolverton.
. nugust
25 Cwtt Marvel has the series of Buck Rogers, a
science fiction character, who first
appeared in 1928 as Anthony Rogers. Hero
of two novels written by Philip Francis
Nowlan published in the magazine
"Amazing Stories", he is best known for
becoming the first of the science fiction
comics, after its publication as a
newspaper strip.

Poster for Buck

Rogers series in
1939.

Egmg
Buck Rogers' first appearance in Amazing Stories,
1928.
Buck Rogers had the courage to introduce the
concept of space exploration to the mass
media, following in the footsteps of literary
pioneers, such as H. g. Wells.
His first appearance was as Anthony Rogers,
this being the main character in the story
Armageddon 2419 AD. by Philip Francis
Nowlan published in August 1928 in Amazing
Stories magazine. In March 1929, the sequel to
Armageddon 2419 AD was published, entitled
The Airlords of Han.

Armageddon 2419AD - Han's Airlords with 'Buck

Rogers'.
 The Marvel universe from 1961, made the
launch of The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles
created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko.
Marvel began in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the
1950s had become Atlas Comics.

Zenith (Robert
McDowell) is a
British creator of science
fiction superheroes
appearing in the comic
2000 AD. Created by
writer Grant Morrison and
artist steve
Yeowell with original
character designs by
Brendan McCarthy, first
appearing in 2000 AD
N.536, August 22, 1987.

Fantastic Four #5 (July 1962), the first

appearance of Doctor Doom.

Zenith on the cover of 2000 AD, pro 792

by Steve Yeowell
 ATLAS COMICS
Atlas Comics appears in the 1950s. It is the decade of
comics, magazines and paperback books,
their editor being Martin Goodman.
Atlas grew out of Timely Comics, whose
characters during the 1930s and '40s
Golden Age of Comics were the Human
Torch, the Sub Mariner, and Captain
America.
The line marking the end of the Golden
Age is vague, but timely, if nothing else,
historians point to the cancellation of
Captain America Comics in issue N. 75
(February 1950).

Human Torch Marvel Comics Miss Marvel

#1 (October, 1939 Superheroes #13
(March, 1968
 Goodman's Comic-book made a wide
variety of comics of different genres
with emphasis on horror, western,
humor, animals, drama, crime, war,
jungle books, romance,espionage,
adventure
medieval, bible stories and sports. Atlas
also courted female audiences with
mostly humorous comics about models
and career women.
Captain America (Steven "Steve" Rogers) is

Silver Age Sub

Mariner #1 (May
1968). Cover art by
John
Buscema and
Sun
Brodsky.
Company flagship title,
_____MARVEL COMICS GROUP

AND PRINCE NAMOR

THE SAVAGE Marvel Comics
mystery,
SAAINEP starring the Human Torch,
had already finished its run
one of Marvel Comics' most important
superheroes. Created in 1941 by cartoonists June 1949, as did Sub-Mariner
Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, it has always been Comics with #32, in the same
shown as "a reliable thermometer of the social month. Human Torch First
temperature of its country." appearance of Fantastic Four N.
1 (November, 1961.
 Atlas, conquered popular trends in television and
film: Cowboy Action, Happy Ghost, Jann Jungle,
Journey into Mystery, Millie, My Own Romance,
Patsy and Hedy, Secret Story, Jungle Girls.
Initially, as published by Atlas Comics, the 'Millie'
books were straight-up humor, primarily recalling
the work of DanDe Carlo, before his association
with Archie Comics.

Millie the Model N. 151

Millie the Model N. 40, (July 1967). Cover art by
spring 1953, art Ogden Whitney.
Millie the Model, by Marvel comics, N. 135 DanDe
Charles.
My Own Romance, under the original title, the
comic only lasted three issues, until January 1949,
when the comic changed its name to My Own
Romance.
Finally the comic changed its name to Teen Age
Romance.
Patsy and Hedy was released from 1952 to
1967, with a total of 110 songs.

Edition N. 83 Too many My Own Romance N.1,

The Patsy-comic humor in Patsy and Hedy N. 72
kisses! September 1,
July 1951 . October 1960. Cover art by Al Hartley.
1961.
Dell Comics was the comics publication
of Dell Publishing, which began in pulp
magazines. He published comics between
1929 and 1973. It became one of the
most successful companies in the
industry.

Dr. Kildare, Four Color Rocky and his friends, Four

1337, comic cover. Color 1311, comic cover.
January 1, 1966.
Its first title was The Funnies,
the first comic strip to feature
original material. The
company joined Western
Publishing in 1938, with Dell
financing and distributing
Western's publications.
Although it was different from
the practice of the companies
of those years, the union was
successful and sold millions of
Dell four color comic N. titles.
Huck and Yogi, Four Color 1310, comic 23,Raggedy Ann and
cover. March 1, 1962. Andy.
 Dell Comics is known for its material based on other
products, especially those of animated characters
from Walt Disney Productions, Warner Brothers,
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Walter Lantz Studio,
along with film and television characters such as
Tarzan. Between 1939 and 1962, the most
successful title was the Four Color anthology.
Published several times a month, the title had more
than 1,300 issues in its 23-year history.
Four Colors, reference
to the four basic colors
used to print comic
books (yellow, cyan,
magenta and black at
the time. The four
first
Color comics appear in
the comic strip and in
the Dick Tracy film
series, the latter (issue
number 1354, series 2)
was based on the
television series Calvin
and the Colonel.

He Duck donald
Donald Duck's early years had a different Find the Pirate's Gold,
appearance in the mid-1930s, as seen on this by Walt Disney, October
page from Walt Disney's annual, published by 9, 1942.
Whitman in 1937, a reprint of a 1934 issue of
Good Housekeeping.
 The main objective of Four Colors was a
test to make new Dell Comics series, such
as Tarzan and Little Lulu, in 1948.
However, during the 1940s, the transition
was not always so quick, but fun animal
characters such as Mickey Mouse, Donald
Duck, and Porky Pig appeared.

Mickey Mouse, N. 1, 1939.

The history of Mickey Mouse began in 1928,

created by Walt Disney.
 In 1934 Milton Caniff created the series "Terry and
The Pirates." In 1935, in the "Saturday Evening
Post", "Little Lulu" from "Marge" would appear for the
first time, a strip that began to be published as an
independent comic in 1944.

Terry and the Pirates, by

Milton Caniff.

The little Lulu

The first page of little Lulu, on February 23,

1935. Press strip from The Saturday
Evening Post.
The first Disney comics appeared in comic strips
starting in 1930, (with the exception of Mr.
George, an early comic strip made by Walt
Disney in the early 1920s.
In 1940, Western Publishing began producing
comics, the most notable being those of Walt
Disney and Uncle Scrooge.

Still from "The Spirit of '43". with the first Walt Disney Comics, No. 699,
antecedent of "Scrooge McDuck". Boom.
 It was, without a
doubt, one of the most
missing "Clu
b

universe
different
from that in
the short
animations
Of course, three hyperactive
nephews (who differed only in
the color of their clothes)
In “Duck Adventures”, duc could only cause their uncle
the
Donald became in k a problems. In this way,
Secondary character. Upon throughout a total of 100
making the decision to enlist episodes, the series tells us
the adventures of Tío Gilito
in the Navy, he leaves his
and his nephews on their trips
nephews in the care of his around the world,
millionaire uncle Rico McDuck. experiencing all kinds of
“Disney.” Rescued a
character classic
? family secondary
Disney and made him the
protagonist of a high-
quality series. Once again,
as happened with “Chip &
Chop”, the series
eo a
particular, presented
Disney characters.
 WALTER LANTZ STUDIO
Walter Benjamin Lantz, American
cartoonist and animator known for
founding Walter Lantz Productions and
creating Woody Woodpecker. The
company was activeand 1972, was the
oldest
animation for Universal
today part of NBC

Th drawin animate
ebetween 1929
gs supplier d
to Studios, today
Universal.

They continued to be
distributed by
Universal.
The most important characters in the study were Woody
Woodpecker, Andy Panda, Chilly Willy, Inspector Willoughby
(The Investigating Mustache), Wally Walrus (Pepe Walrus)
and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit.
 LOONEY TUNES
Looney Tunes is a Warner Bros.
animated series that co-existed with
the Merrie Melodies series, and is
the second longest-running animated
series to air continuously. The most
famous Warner Bros characters too
are
acquaintances
popularly as Looney Tunes.

ELODI

THE EH Merrie Melodies , also known as Animated Fantasies

TO WARNER of Yesterday and Today , is the name of an animated
BROS. CAI series distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures between 1931
and 1969. The series was produced by León
Schlesinger Productions until 1944, when Schlesinger sold
Merrie Melodies "The End" title card,
taken from reissues of the cartoon in the
his studio to Warners. The Warner Bros. studio Cartoons,
1952s 1953. Inc. continued to produce the series until 1964.
Bugs Bunny (originally called Serapio or
BUGS BUNNY
the lucky rabbit in some Hispanic countries)
is a cartoon character that appears in the
Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series
produced by León Schlesinger for theWarner
Bros. In 2002 was
named by TV Guide as the greatest cartoon
of all the
time, sharing this honor with
Mickey Mouse. Currently Bugs Bunny is used
as the emblem or mascot of Warner Bros.

It was officially created by Tex

Avery and winner of an Oscar,
its original design was based on
a rabbit called Happy Rabbit and
developed by various
cartoonists such as Ben
Hardaway (creator of the
prototype that appeared in
Porky's Hare Hunt, Prest-O
Change-O, Hare-O. um Scare-
um and Elmer's Candid Camera,
Bob Clampett and Robert
McKimson, (who created the
final design), plus Chuck Jones
 WARNER BROTH R.
Warner Bros. Animation is the animation division of Warner Bros. Time Warner subsidiary. It
S.
is one of the most famous animation studios in the United States. Warner Bros. Animation is
often popularly associated with Looney Tunes characters.

They are the characters of a series

cartoon created in 1949 by animator Chuck Jones for Warner Brothers.

The Coyote and the

Corr
The Coyote and Roadrunner cartoons
were created as a parody of
traditional cat and mouse cartoons,
such as Tom and Jerry, which were
very popular at the time. The setting
of the series in the desert of the
American Southwest is similar to that
of the comic book series Krazy Kat,
by George Herriman.

A representation of the evolution of

Bugs Bunny, through the years
TERRYTOONS STUDIO
Super Mouse is a cartoon character created by the Terrytoons studio, the same creators of “The
Magpies.”
Chatterboxes“, like a parody of Superman. It first appeared in 1940

in an animated short film titled The

Mouse of Tomorrow.

Do you remember The Talking Magpies? A cartoon created by Paul Terry, and later released through his own
animation studio called Terrytoons, in 1946. Yes, in those times...
 The original name of this character was Super
Mouse (literally, Super Mouse), but when Paul
Terry saw that there was a comic book
character of the same name, they changed it
to Mighty Mouse.

Stills from the Mighty Mouse: The New adventures

episode "The Littlest Tramp". Top left: the flower is
crushed by the rich man. Top right: Mighty Mouse
receives the remains of the flower, which falls apart in
his hand. Bottom left: Mighty Mouse thinks deeply of
the girl, and brings out what's left of the flower.
Bottom right: Mighty Mouse smells the flower,
inhaling it in the process.
Super Mouse originally had a blue costume
with a red cape, like Superman, but over time
they changed it to a yellow costume, keeping
the cape. The origin of his powers was the
especially rich diet he had eaten in a
supermarket.

Mighty Mouse in an adaptation of Bakshi's

HANNA-BARBERA
Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was
an American animation studio. The
company was founded in 1957 by Metro-
Goldwyn-Mayer directors William Hanna
and Joseph Barbera as HB Enterprises,
which produced television commercials.
After MGM closed its animation studio in
1957, HB Enterprises became Hanna and
Barbera's full-time job.

Crazy Shot McGraw, one of the first and most remembered

Huckleberry Hound Poster characters created by the studios.
 produced successful series such as
The Flintstones, The Jetsons,
Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear,
Jonny Quest and Scooby-Doo,
which became icons of American
popular culture.

The two began producing cartoons such as The Ruff &

Reddy Show and The Huckleberry Hound Show. By the
1960s, now called Hanna-Barbera Productions, the
company had become the
leading
animation
producer.
Although it
has been
criticized for
its limited
animation
techniques,
Hanna- Huckleberry Hound
Barbera
 In 1991, the company was purchased by Turner
Broadcasting, with the goal of using the studio's nearly
300 cartoons for its new cable television channel called
Cartoon Network.

The Jetsons: Rosie (the robot), George, Jane, Judy, Elroy,

Ro boot and Astro the dog.
 Renamed H.B. Production
Company in 1992, and Hanna-Barbera
Cartoons in 1994, the study
continued without the continued
support of William Hanna or Joseph
Barbera, who were retired but still
remained heads of the studio. In the
late 1990s, Turner ordered Hanna-
Barbera to create new animated series
for Cartoon Network.

In 1997, Time Warner, the current owners of

the Hanna-Barbera empire, closed the studio
located on Cahuenga Boulevard in Hollywood
and moved employees to Warner Bros. in
Burbank.
With Hanna's death in 2001,
Hanna-Barbera became
absorbed in Warner Bros.
Animation, and Cartoon
Network Studios took over
production of the Cartoon
Network series. The name
Hanna-Barbera is used
today only to promote
"classic" series, such as The
Flintstones and Scooby-
Doo.
The Will Eisner Comic Industry Award is a
recognized comic industry award for creative
achievement in the field in the United States. It
is named after pioneering writer and cartoonist
Will Eisner, who was a regular participant in the
ceremony until his death in 2005, and includes
his name in the Comics Industry Hall of Fame.

(jl ElSNER
COMIC INDUSTRY
AWARDS
In 1980, the store was opened with Pablo Howley. In 1989, the second
comic book store opens in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. In 1992, the
entertainment store moved to Park Avenue. The store is characterized
by stocking comic books, including alternative comics and new indy
titles, ( Indy is a music discovery tool for any computer with an
Internet connection. According to its creators, the goal of Indy is to
give indy musicians a great way to promote their music, and create a
whole new way for people to discover the music they like.), volumes,
and related articles. It features trading cards, including sports cards
and Magic, The Gathering, along with anime, role-playing games, video
games and harvesting systems, and other toys and collectibles.
On July 18, 1998, Harvey Ball, the
Smiley's first known designer,
appeared once in Hollywood to
celebrate the 35th anniversary of the
design's creation. Ball met fans and
signed Smiley pins and art, as well as
some copies of the Watchmen comic.

Harvey Ball, designer of Smiley .

 TaTS ERTEELRTRIRIMOIERT PPLREESEENTS
Entertainment Comics, presents a
"Pro-Am Comic Jam", inviting "aspiring b-ico a
artists of all ages" to meet with a
group of professional artists to SULBDDGMU, LANLPLBÜL 11] § ° 7 GO
compare points of view on comics.
JOIN SOME AMAZIN& COMIC BOOH ABTISTS
FOR AN EXCITING SESSION OF
&I&NIN&, SKETCH INC G OEMONSTeATIONSf

The Music of DC Comics: 75th Anniversary

Collection
OR
 COMIC BOOKS PE CTENCE FICTION

BUKKROGERS

SPACE'
RANGE RS
INVADERS

Cover of Planet, Comics N. Buck Rogers, 1929 Cover of a comic book from
71, 1953. . the 1940s
The science fiction comic is one of the most important genres. According to Ricardo Aguilera
and Lorenzo Díaz, they popularized the genre and fixed its image on the retinas of millions of
readers. Before any other medium they offered the most accurate scenes of interstellar
navigation, moon landings, atomic bombs or industrialized societies. The world represented
differs from the current or historical one. This difference can be technological, physical, historical,
sociological, philosophical, metaphysical, but generally it is not magical, which would be typical of
fantasy comics.
Space opera is a subgenre of science

CARTOON
SPACE OPERA
fiction that highlights what Romantic,
the adventure
melodramatic, in an outer space setting.
It usually involves a conflict between
adversaries who possess advanced
technologies and skills. The term has no
relation to music and is analogous to
soap opera. Perhaps the most
significant of space opera is that
settings, characters, battles,
powers, and the themes tend to be

very
great

Classic cellulose covered space opera, with the usual cliché

elements.
 CARTOON
WICK
Mechas are a subgenre of science
fiction. A mecha is a large vehicle
controlled by one or more pilots, which
has moving parts such as arms or legs,
and varies in its use depending on the
work of fiction to which they belong. The
difference between a mech and a robot
is that the mecha is controlled by a pilot,
while a robot moves on its own.

The tripods of the war of the worlds

 COMIC CARTOON
The comic strip is one of the most important genres. Inspired by Le Charivari (1832), the
British monthly magazine Punch (1841) was the driving force behind the global expansion of
comics, addressing a new sector also supported by the social and industrial revolution:
childhood.
Punch's model was imitated throughout the world, giving rise in Germany to Fliegende Blatter
(1848) in which the exceptional Wilhelm Busch, author of Max and Moritz (1865), would make
his debut; in Japan, to The Japan Punch (1862-87), and what is more important, in the United
States, to Puck (1877), Judge (1881) and Life (1883), true testing grounds for press comics in
the which were started by, among others, Richard Felton Outcault and Frederick Burr Opper.

Fliegende Blatter (1848).

Punch cover of 1867

The most important strips would adopt predominantly child-
oriented, albeit intellectually charged, protagonists, such as Nancy
(1938) by Ernie Bushmiller, Barnaby (1942) by Crockett Johnson,
Pogo (1948) by Walt Kelly, and Peanuts (1950) by Charles Schulz
with his world famous Snoopy.

Punch is a manga written by

Rie Takada, creator of
high happy rush. Cover of
Japanese volume 2.

Nancy or Little Lulu. Max and

Moritz
 Punch and Judy is a series from the
golden age of comics in the humor genre,
which also contains many stories in the
funny animal genre.

Punch and Judy Volume 1 Comics #1

1944
Barnaby cast (left to right): Gus the Spirit, Jackeen J. O'Malley, Gorgon Baxter, Baxter Barnaby and Shultz Jane.

Earth Day Daily Pogo Pull

 CUSTOMS CARTOON
The comic strip or comic of manners is one of the genres of fiction. Traditionally, it has
been mixed with the comic genre, in newspaper
strips such as Peanuts or Mafalda and in the
comics of the Bruguera School, although this no
longer happens in more contemporary works, such
as those by Will Eisner or Carlos Giménez, which
are more closely linked. to biography and aimed at
an adult reader.

Cover of "Another Life" (2001) by Fermín Solís

Ice Haven, one of the works of Daniel Clowes .
 FANTASTIC CARTOON
The comic strip or fantastic comic is one of
the genres of fiction where the story can develop
in a real world in which one or more elements
supernatural that escape the rational system of
understanding. This element is generally related to
magic, various mythologies, or dreams.

Page from Little Nemo in Slumberland

(1905) Advertising for Fantastic in the summer of 1968 Fantastic
1913. Special
The story can also take place in some world or country directly magical either
marvelous. In how much
Related to fairy tales, the central
plot can be related to recovering
the peace and well-being of the
magical world or country from the
hands of an evil being, then giving
rise to morals in a fantastic way.

Anita Diminuta, first version of Front Page, from 1941.

As related to heroic fantasy, they are more similar to

the ancient epics in which the hero faces the forces of
evil, represented by monsters, dragons, or evil
characters such as wizards, witches, etc.
Fantastic Summer Special of
1968
 SUPERHEROS
A superhero is a fictional character whose
characteristics exceed those of the classic
hero, generally with superhuman powers,
and connected to science fiction. Generated
in the late 1930s in the American comic
book industry, which they helped to build,
they have enjoyed a multitude of
adaptations. to others media,
especially cinema. Legally, only characters
belonging to Marvel Comics or DC Comics
can call themselves "superheroes", as it is a
registered trademark in the United States.

A superhero from a 1945 comic book

The origins or moments in which he becomes a
superhero, either because it is the moment in
which he obtained his special abilities or the
moment of trauma that forced him to do so,
are: Non-human origin: aliens,
mythological gods, fictional races separated
from humanity, robots, ghosts, demons, etc.
Examples:

Superman, Thor, the

Vision and Spawn.
mutants. Examples:
Cyclops.
Scientific experiments. The origin of the superhero may be an accidental consequence of an
experiment. Examples: Spider-Man, Flash, Hulk
or Fantastic Four. Experiments with a purpose
deliberately sought like Captain America may
also be included.

The Fantastic
Four
Obtaining advanced technology or mystical artifacts, such as Green Lantern's ring, Iron Man's
armor or the adamantium from which
Wolverine's claws and skeleton are made.
Traumas. For example, those superheroes
whose families were murdered. They usually
lack super powers but have sophisticated
weapons, tools and abilities that allow them
to do justice: Batman, The
Punisher, Daredevil, etc.

Green Lantern The Punisher Daredevil

 HISTORICAL CARTOON
The historical comic or comic is one of the genres with subgenres such as war and Western
comics to which their own entity is usually attributed. This genre also includes comics about
Egyptians, Romans orTHEpirates,
1969 COMIC
as well as "folk" comics.
ART CONVENTION
program

Klapitanrueno
CHANDRA, THE USURPER AND YOU WILL HEAR ADVENTURES

EDITION >
IUMERNDA and
LINITAD)

VICTOR MORA / AMBROS

Cover by Hal Foster, from 1969

.
 ROMANTIC CARTOON
The main theme is the relationship and romantic love that arises and develops between two
human beings. These stories revolve around
conflicts, disagreements, adventures and
misfortunes related to falling in love, friendship and
love.

Romance Young N. March 11, 1949. HE

Consider the first romantic comic.
They are based on the notion that there is an innate emotional justice, such that good people
end up being rewarded and evil people are punished. In a romantic comic, lovers who risk
fighting for their love and their relationship end up being rewarded with emotional justice and
unconditional love.

• YOUR IDYL '—~

MUST END BEFORE
THIS BOY CAUSES
YOUR MISGRATE, —
to DAUGHTER' NO, MOM! HE
GOOD AND I
IS
LOVE HIM — A
LOT!/

34.00
MM
 The end of the story must, therefore, be positive,
suggesting to the reader that the love between
the protagonists and their relationship will last for
the rest of their lives, even if this life as a couple
is not represented.

Romantic truths in images, 1950 . Fox's first issue, My Life,

September 1948.
Romance comics end in such a way that the reader feels good. It is common for them to
present a wealth of costumes and some references to exotic countries.
3? "

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 The police comic or comic, also called crime
or crime series, is one of the action genres.

Cover of a comic book from the 50s.

Cover of a comic book from the 50s.
Initially, they cover criminal activity, and its
investigation, which, when censorship does
not prevent it, allows the author to "explore
the less decorous parts of our society."
The story can be told from the point of view
of the Law Enforcement Forces, police
officers, detectives or criminals, thieves,
murderers, gangsters, as well as the urban
vigilante. It should be noted, in this sense,
that the first crime series comics
"maintained the primacy of the Police or
people close to it", unlike the crime novel
which "had enthroned the prominence of the
private detective." Other common characters
are the femme fatal, who, seemingly
harmless, can lead her victims to danger or
death.

.
Police Comics, N. 1, August 1941, art by Gil Fox.
The comic strip or adventure comic is one of the
most popular action genres in the Comics. This
genre is characterized because the protagonists find
themselves in situations such as obtaining a
treasure, rescuing people or solving a mystery.

Sheena, queen of the jungle N. 18 1952-1953.

Art by Maurice Whitman.
They usually face situations of risk and danger, which can generate a suspense situation at the
end of a chapter. They usually take place in exotic
and unusual settings: jungles, deserts, etc.
The most characteristic adventurers usually have
jobs such as aviator, scientist, athlete, sailor,
doctor, journalist. Many of them appear to be
between adolescence and maturity.
 NOWNR MARVEL COMICS
30$ APPED IN A WORLD HE NEVER MADE!

8
Horror and science fiction comics had been absent from the market since the restriction of
Comics Code in the 1950s, although Oro Clave Comics had begun making horror comics in
1965.
The Tomb of Dracula , N. 40,
Howard the Duck N. 8 (January 1977). Art of the
1976. Cover by Gene Colan Created by Juan Marino on
cover by Gene Colan and Steve Leialoha.
and Frank Giacola. 1945.

THE SINISTER 2 r

MBRTsS

"f"jetendedByGunm
a
Horror comics are characterized by the fact that they try to provoke feelings of dread, fear,
disgust, disgust or horror in the reader. Its plots
frequently develop the sudden intrusion into a
realm of normality of some force, event or
character of evil nature, often of criminal or
supernatural origin. In this supernatural-tinged
terror, the appearance of classic ghosts and
monsters such as werewolves, vampires or
zombies, which draw on superstitions and
traditional scary stories, has been frequent, as
well as other more modern monsters, such as
the unfortunate human replicas in the style of
Frankenstein, which originated in the horror
novel born in the second half of the 18th
century, so that they are usually rare. The
spaces or settings are traditionally the cemetery,
the abandoned house, the castle, the ruins, the
gloomy laboratory, the forest or the gloomy
wasteland and the decaying garden, which have
ended up forming a catalog of common "places".

Cover of a comic book from the 1950s

.
 Marvel, during the bronze age, in 1970, revived these
genres with Conan the Barbarian, Tomb of Dracula,
Howard the Duck and Man-Thing, impacting and
philosophically questioning society. These comics
would be the basis for the beginning of the Modern
age in the 1980s.
Existing titles, such as Animal Man, Doom Patrol,
Hellblazer, the Books of Magic, The Invisibles, Lucifer
and Sandman Mystery Theatre, were absorbed into
this new line.

The Doom Patrol, from left to right: Vox,

Beast Boy, Bumblebee, Negative Man, Elasti- The Animal Man.
Girl, the boss (seated), Robotman, from Teen Sandman Mystery Theater
Titans, Vol. 3, no. 35, June 2006, art by Tony N. 29 (August 1995). strangers
Daniel. Adventures N. 180. Art by
During the 2000s, thanks to special effects
technology, it contributed to expanding the
audience in the film market, attracting the
attention of new readers who had not
previously been interested in comics.

Original animal man costume. Art by Jack Sparling.

The Invisible Friends .
The Books of Magic is the first saga, which introduces us to Tim Hunter. A young man who is
destined to become the most powerful magician of
this era and who to do so must have the guidance of
some teachers (among them the always endearing
bastard Constantine). This first saga began other
stories (not so good) with the same character. It
should be noted that Neil Gaiman knew how to weave
this universe with DC continuity, and Gaiman was for
a long time in charge of giving order to the universe.
magical of D.C.
By the way, any resemblance between Tim Hunter
and another slightly more famous magician is... pure
coincidence.

The Books of Magic N. 1 The Books of the The books of

Magic N. 3 the01 and
magic No.
02.
The comic strip or war comic is one of the

WAR CARTOON fiCHTINC YAHKS OH HAMIHG BATUmOHTS!

action genres. It usually presents risky MY _______ 2) _______
situations, usually in war scenarios;
Its protagonists are usually soldiers, but there
are also many journalists. It may have a
propaganda or anti-war intention. // CIMIEI
'/ c TO JAN. NO. 1

Atomic War! 1952. Cover of a comic book from the 50s.

 COMIC UNDERGROUND
The classic underground comic is another of the
phenomena that shook North American society
at the time, along with student protest, the
defense of civil rights, opposition to the
Vietnam War, experimentation with
hallucinogens, the formation of communes,
influence of eastern philosophies, music as a
vital expression. The first Zap Comix comic
book, entirely by Robert Crumb, appeared in
San Francisco in early 1968. Although it was not
the first underground comic book to be
published, Zap became the main reference for
these publications and the popularizer of the
term. His legacy, however, would be perennial,
having expanded the thematic range of comics.
Its influence, added to that of Mad magazine or
the rise of the graphic novel, would also give
rise to the phenomenon of alternative comics in
the early 80s, as evidenced by magazines such
as RAW (1980) and Weirdo (1981) by Art
Spiegelman themselves. and Robert Crumb,
respectively.

Cover of the first Issue of Zap Comix, with the

character of Mr. Natural.
PUBLICATION FORMATS
 ■ oURE No7
rstKtNd PE
1 i-
IN, COPPER!

WOUEEEhaZ2EWA2AAJP20516N KIEAGI

There are different publication formats such as

the press strip, composed of a horizontal strip of
three or more vignettes, the page, which can
compile several strips or present a single one,
but displayed on a full page and in color (what is
called sunday, for being published on Sunday).
The comic magazine (comic book in the United
States, Pepines in Mexico and comics in
Spain), usually stapled and sometimes in the
form of a notebook, which presents one or
more comics.
The book, which takes shape as a Comic
Album, Graphic Novel and Tankōbon in the
Franco-Belgian, American and Japanese
traditions, respectively, and digitally: E comic,
webcomics, etc.
The most common marketing channel for most
of these comics has been the newsstand until,
with the development of the direct sales market
in the early 1970s, the specialized bookstore
began to take over. Both the comics
themselves and their originals are the subject
of active collecting.

Superman / Tarzan in the

jungle.
With a commercial objective, but also
recreational and educational, comic events
abound (conventions, festivals, conferences,
etc.) as a meeting point between professionals
and fans. The most important festivals are the
Tokyo Comiket (Japan, 1975), the San Diego
International Comics Convention (United States,
1970), the Angoulême International Comics
Festival (France, 1974) and Comics & Games in
Lucca ( Italy, 1966).

Cosplayers dressed for Comiket 69, around

2005.
 FIRST COPY FOR COLLECTORS! 3=
I <, L

A comic magazine is a periodical publication, usually funded by

advertising or readers, that collects comics. For much of the last
century, it was the most frequent format for their publication. A
SIMPA
No.l IT'S ALREADY
GONE... AND HE'S
HUNGRY!

comic magazine is differentiated from a comic book by its less

luxurious printing (spine and soft cover, lower quality paper), usually
stapled and sometimes in the form of a notebook. They present one
or several comics, whether self-contained or part of a series, with
tags like "To be continued in the next issue" and the like. Those that
contain a single series can be considered as open or limited series.
We find the comic book in the United States, the Pepín in Mexico or
the comic in Spain.
Simpson Comics, first issue to collect, December 15
April 1996
 Don Nicola album N. 10,128 pages - year 1992 - collector's item
An album is a monographic book that delivers comics. Traditionally, it has been the most common
format in specialized bookstores and public libraries in Europe. It differs from the comic magazine by
its more luxurious format and printing, spine and hard cover, higher quality paper, and it frequently
presents complete comics by a single author and, exceptionally, by a group of them. In France and
Belgium, as in most continental European countries, the classic album format is A4 size, 210 by
297mm and 48 pages.
Graphic novel is a controversial term, which can refer to both a publication format and a modern

type of adult comic emerged at the end of the

.

last century. In its strictest sense, it can be

defined by the following features:
• Book format.
• A single author and rarely a group of them.
• A single story, generally extensive, with a
tendency toward density.
• Thematic claims of Literature with capital
letter (subjectivism
autobiographical, flash backs, different
narrative times.
Intended for a mature or adult audience. As
such, it implies a revolution in the stories
addressed, beyond the graphic revolution
produced since the 70s.

Graphic novel by Charles Burns .

 107 TS6T

OSAIABEL GTPIkD(
DAN HE TURNED 60

Naughty Daniel appeared in

the comic strip, created,
written and illustrated by
Hank Ketcham, on March
12, 1951. Distributed by
Post-Hall Union.
At least 1,000 newspapers
are distributed in 48
countries and 19 languages
by King Features Syndicate.
The comic strip usually runs
for a single panel on
weekdays and a full strip on
the weekend. The comic
became so successful that it
has been adapted for
television and film.
 DERRSONA.)ES

Daniel is outwardly an adorable little boy of very

young age, but behind that innocent face hides
a locomotive of curiosity and inexhaustible
energy with disaster as his vocation. And when
he arrives, the entire neighborhood shakes. Alice, Henry, George, Martha, Margaret, Joey, Gina, Ruff, Hot Dog.

Especially Mr. Wilson, the neighbor whom

Daniel dedicates his most careful pranks.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY
ARCHIE!!!
The famous Archie comic commemorates 70 years of its appearance with
number 625, an edition whose profits will be donated to help children with
cancer. Jon Goldwater, co-chief executive of Archie Comics, in alliance with
Ronald McDonald House in New York, pledged to donate profits to help
children with this condition; In addition, writers and artists from the company
went to New York City to decorate Ronald's house; They painted the stairs
with a mural of Archie characters and placed a photo of the Riverdale gang in
the house's playroom. The comic that narrates the adventures of Archie
Gómez and his friends, as well as his love triangle with Betty and Verónica,
will present the Riverdale gang in the anniversary edition.
 HAPPY BIRTHDAY
WONDER WOMAN !!!

The famous Wonder Woman commemorates 70 years of her appearance with

the image of the new look of the heroine,
who will be played by Adrianne Palicki. On
this occasion the suit is shiny and very tight,
leaving behind the simplicity and natural
beauty that Lynda Carter wore in the first
series that aired during the 1970s.
The Entertainment Weekly portal was the
one who released the image of the pilot
episode, which must be approved by the NBC
network.
The 'Wonder Woman' costume has the
characteristics of the original DC Comics
character.
 She is a DC Comics superheroine who
appears in comics, cartoons, and films.
It was created by William Moulton
Marston.
His first appearance was in the
magazine All Star Comics No. 8, in
December 1941. She is one of the first
female superheroes and is arguably the
most popular in her genre.
Marston envisioned Wonder Woman as
a purely feminist character and most
writers describe her that way. She is
one of the few heroines who does not
have a male counterpart and is
informally considered along with
Superman and Batman as a member of
the "Holy Trinity" of DC Comics, these
three superheroes being considered the
most important of this company.
New Wonder Woman costume, Wonder Woman in
the N. 607, February 2011. Art by Don Kramer.
 HAPPY BIRTHDAY
TINTIN!!!
The famous reporter from the comic Tintin,
the young blonde with the insolent bangs
and baggy pants who is always
accompanied by his faithful dog Snowy,
celebrates his eightieth birthday. It was on
January 10, 1929 when Tintin, already
accompanied by Snowy, appeared for the
first time in the magazine "Le Petit
Vingtième" by the Belgian cartoonist
Georges Remi, better known as Hergé. It
was the reporter's first adventure in
Bolshevik Russia titled Tintin in the Land of
the Soviets. In honor of the birthday of the
most famous reporter in the world, a mural
was inaugurated to decorate a railway
station in Brussels and for Hergé's birthday,
the Hergé Museum will be inaugurated in
Louvain-La-Neuve (south of Brussels).
■HAPPY BIRTHDAY
DICK TRACYiii
TRACY TURNED 80
1931 - 2011
THE FAMOUS DETECTIVE FROM
COMIC STRIPS AND TELEVISION
TURNED 80 YEARS AFTER HAVING
BEEN CREATED
On October 4, 1931, one of the most recognized and
admired science fiction characters of the 20th century,
Dick Tracy, was born to the world. Chester Gould was
the creator of the famous detective and the “Chicago
Tribute” was the first newspaper where this comic strip
was published. During the 1930s, the United States lived
through a very violent time, especially the city of
Chicago. This is where Chester Gould got the idea of
creating a character who fights crime in the city. Dick
Tracy would begin to make its way into North American
popular culture and the detective genre would become
one of the most read by people.
In the early 1930s, when gangsterism is on
the front pages of all American newspapers,
Dick Tracy becomes a police officer due to
the murder of the father of his eternal
fiancée, Tess Trueheart, and her abduction.
Then, the inspector puts all his conviction in
the fight against crime, willing to use the
most ruthless and refined means.

Dick Tracy. Cover by Chester Gould in 1947.

 Chester Gould devised this strip as a way to
combine the current events of the time,
morality and family entertainment. Seven and
a half decades of adventures proved him right
and turned Dick Tracy into one of the best-
known characters of the ninth art.

The famous two-input wrist radio. Tracy was from

the beginning an upright, tough detective, capable
of fighting with a very wide gallery of villains (along
SEA. 8-70
with Batman's, the largest and most recognized).
Dick Tracy in color, March 8, 1970.
THE DIE STORY
 tarring:ARCHIE ANDREWS
Them
IAVo/ahalone
h

DARN I! THE )
' THINGS A 6UY 4
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JOIN A FRATERNITY! ) TO

In Latin America it was distributed in the 60s and

70s with great success by Editorial Novaro
Mexicana, under the name "Archi".
Archie's first appearance was in the comic Pep Comics N.22,
on December 22, 1941, with drawings by Montana and texts
by Vic Bloom. With the creation of Archie, editor John L.
Goldwater hoped to address fans of the Andy Hardy films
starring Mickey Rooney.
Archie Comics is also the company's most popular product,
with the first individual issue appearing in the winter of 1942.
In issue #114 the title was shortened to simply Archie.
Archie is a 17-year-old redhead. He lives in
Riverdale. Only son of María Andrews, middle
class. In "Little Archie" stories, he appeared with
his dog named Spots. Archie is a young man from
the town of Riverdale. Generous, with good habits
but clumsy. Appreciated by his friends.

Pep N. 411, March 1987. Last number.

She loses her mind with her friends Veronica
Lodge and Betty Cooper. He has conflicts with
Veronica's father, Hiram Lodge and his main ri
.
Val Waldo Weatherbee. He has his musical
group with Betty and Verónica.
Archie has been depicted wearing the
traditional bagpipes and kilt of his ancestors.
As Archie's popularity grew, MLJ Magazines
changed its name to Archie Comic
Publications. In the mid-1950s, the advent of
television became a form of entertainment.
With sales declining, Silberkleit and Coyne
decided to suspend Columbia Publications.
The stories are generally based on themes of
"everyday life" in Riverdale. Includes family problems
like divorce and the
deception. The
characters have appeared in several campaigns
public information against illicit drug use and smoking
and for the protection of the environment. Archie
Comics has always maintained a very strict code of
stories and drawings, recognizing the impact of comics
on children.

The stories provide a wealth of information

about teen fashion and fads over the past 50
years.
Archie, N. 1. 1943. Archie N. 2. 1943.
Dancing, sports, school, and good
weather are an important part of life
in Riverdale, although religion is
generally avoided.
 Betty and Veronica is a comic book
published by Archie Comics. It focuses on the
"best friends and worst enemies" of Betty
Cooper and Veronica Lodge, friends of Archie
Andrews.
These three characters, along with Jughead
Jones and Reggie Manto are the five main
characters of this comic series.
Betty and Veronica form the female part of the
classic love triangle, which has been a comic
strip staple since 1942. They represent two
high school girls fighting for the love of

Archie.

Betty and Veronica is a comic book published by Betty and Veronica

Archie Comics. Vol. 2, no. 200. July Jughead, Torombolo in
2004. Spanish.
Betty likes Archie and is willing to help him do
almost anything for him. Betty is well known
for her big heart, intellectual brilliance and all
nature in every environment. She has been a
lifeguard, camp counselor, Girl Scout leader
and much more. Betty loves sports and
outdoor activities.

Original Betty
 Veronica Lodge acts like Riverdale's stereotypical
rich spoiled brat. She is the most beautiful girl in
Riverdale.
She appears in the comics as the manipulative,
cunning, pretty, materialistic and artificial girl,
who believes that money buys everything,
therefore it is happiness. Veronica is manipulative
and cunning.

In 2004, a new line of dolls and fashion

accessories was launched with the slogan 'Are you The Graduation Class .
Betty or Veronica?'
"ARCHTE MARRIES VERONICA, ARCHTE MARRIES BETTY-
"Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty"
story written by Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg
and Bob Smith, which was originally featured in Archie
N. 600-605. In issues 600-602, the story tells that
Archie, in the years following his graduation from
college, decides to marry Veronica Lodge. In issues 603-
605, the story switches and Archie proposes to Betty
instead of Veronica.
On the cover, Archie proposes to Veronica. According to the world
of Archie fans, Betty was the one to marry Archie and not
Veronica. After 67 years, the famous redhead of the world of

comics, Archie, proposed to the rich Veronica instead of the

simple Betty, in the issue number 600, that went out to
the sale on August 19, 2009. That is why the protests of the
collectors and fans No It has
taken a while to manifest. The owner of a comic book store
decided to protest by selling his rare copy of the first edition of
the series.

The proposal. Cover by Archie N. 600, part 1

of 6, October 2009, art by Stan Goldberg,
 It was a pop culture shock: the news that
comics' most venerable love triangle was
coming to an end: Archie Andrews, every
American's boy, was marrying heiress Veronica
Lodge.

In an upcoming
issue, we see
Riverdale's
favorite son,
settled into
domestic bliss
with Veronica.
Before reaching
a crossroads in
the “woods of
Amarillo,” he
takes an
alternative life
path, in which
he marries Betty
afterward.
of
all.

The proposal. Cover by Archie N. 603,

The Wedding, Cover by Archie N. 601, part 2 of 6, part 4 of 6, October 2009, art by Stan
September 2009. Goldberg.
THE STORY Say
 SUPERMAN
Superman is a fictional character, a comic book
superhero appearing in DC Comics publications,
widely considered an icon of the United States. It
was created by American writer Jerry Siegel and
Canadian-born American cartoonist Joe Shuster in
1932, when both were living in Cleveland, Ohio;
They sold him to Detective Comics, Inc. in 1938
and the character's first adventure was published
in Action Comics on June 1, 1938, later appearing
in several radio serials, television programs, films,
periodical strips, and video games.

The publication of the first issue of 'Action Comics' is

considered the birth of the superhero genre, among which
Superman was the pioneer.
 The character's appearance is distinctive and
iconic: a blue, red and yellow suit, with a cape
and a stylized "S" shield on his chest, a shield
that has become a symbol of the character in all
types of media.

With the success of his adventures, Superman helped create

the superhero genre and established his primacy within
American comics.
The original story of Superman relates that he was
born with the name Kal-El on the planet Krypton; His
father, the scientist Jor-El, had to send him on a ship
bound for Earth when he was a child, moments
before the destruction of his planet. He was
discovered and adopted by Jonathan Kent and Martha
Kent, a farming couple from Smallville, Kansas, who
raised him under the name Clark Kent and instilled in
him a strict moral code.
Although sometimes referred to, sometimes unflatteringly, as
"the big blue Boy Scout" by other superheroes, Superman is also
known as "The Man of Steel", "The Man of Tomorrow" and "The
Last Son of Krypton" by the general comics audience.
The young Kent began to show supra-
human abilities, the same ones that
upon reaching maturity he would
decide to use for the benefit of
humanity.

Under the identity of Clark Kent, Superman lives

among humans as a "shy reporter" for the Daily Planet
newspaper in Metropolis. There he works alongside
reporter Lois Lane, with whom he has been
romantically linked. This relationship was
consummated with their marriage on several occasions
through different media and the union is firmly
established within the current comics continuity.
 DC Comics/Warner Bros. slowly expanded
Superman's cast of supporting characters, powers
, and symbols over the years. His past was altered
to allow for his adventures as Superboy, and other
survivors of Krypton were created, including
Supergirl and Krypto the Superdog. Additionally,
Superman was licensed and adapted to a wide
variety of media, from radio to television and film.
Seven decades have passed since Superman's
debut, during which the character has been
recreated and renewed on multiple occasions. A
major and significant modification occurred in
1986, when author John Byrne modernized and
performed a massive retcon on the character,
reducing Superman's powers and eliminating
several characters from canon, in a strategy that
attracted much media attention.

He appeared in the press again in the 1990s, when

DC Comics published The Death of Superman, a

story in which the character died and was later
revived.

Supergirl
 Superman has proven fascinating, charming and
surprising to scholars, and cultural commentators and
critics have explored the impact of the character and
his role in the United States and the rest of the world.
Umberto Eco discussed the mythological qualities of
the character in the early 1960s and Larry Niven
wrote about the characteristics of a hypothetical
sexual relationship between the character and Lois
Lane.

Krypto the
Superdog,
March 1955

Lois Joanne Lane, Kent, is a fictional character, Superman's

main love interest in the DC Comics comics. Created by
writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, he first appeared
in Action Comics #1, June 1938.
 Appearance of
luthor in
Superman, vol. 1
# 4, 1940.. Art
by Dave Bussink

Ownership of the character has frequently

been an object of dispute; Siegel and Shuster
filed lawsuits twice to regain legal possession.
The rights to the character are again in
discussion, because changes to the
reproduction rights law allowed Siegel's wife
and daughter to claim for a share of the
rights, something that the company that owns
DC, Warner Bros. ., quarrel.
Lana Lang is a fictional character who appears in the
Superman comics published by DC Comics. Created by
screenwriter Bill Finger and artist John Sikela, Lana's
first appearance was in 1950 in Superboy #10. Her
traditional role was that she was Superman's love
when they were young, and good friends when they
became adults. In the modern comics, she was
married for a time to Pete Ross, Clark's best friend
from his youth. She is traditionally described as having
red, curly hair.
 THE PLANET DIARY
El Diario Planeta “The Daily Planet” is a
fictional broadsheet newspaper in the DC
Comics Universe, which appears in the
Superman stories. The building's original
features are based on the AT&T, in
Cleveland, Ohio.
The Daily Planet bases its work in the
metropolis and its workers are Clark Kent,
Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen and its editor-in-
chief Perry White.

James Bartholomew "Jimmy" Olsen is a fictional character

who primarily appears in DC Comics' Superman stories. Olsen
is a young photojournalist working for the Daily Planet. He is
good friends with Lois Lane, Clark Kent/Superman and Perry
White. Olsen looks up to her coworkers as role models and The Daily Planet building under attack by Titano.
parental figures. Art by Curt Swan and George Klein.
COMICS DAY
Comics Day is a project that was created in
2005 by a group of Argentine artists, editors,
critics and readers in order to celebrate and
disseminate comics.
The day chosen for its production is September
4, the date on which the first issue of the
weekly Hora Cero magazine appeared in 1957.
This magazine was published by Editorial
Frontera, owned by one of the most prominent
screenwriters in the country: Hector
Germán Oesterheld and in whose pages El
Eternauta was serialized, a work by Oesterheld
and Francisco Solano López that marked a
milestone in Argentine comics.
On October 15, 2009, Law 3,220 was
sanctioned by the Buenos Aires Legislature,
instituting September 4 of each year as Comic
Strip Day, urging the Executive Branch of the
city to carry out activities and promote policies
aimed at developing comics as a art and
cultural industry.

King Morpheus and

Flip