GROUP 4

ISOMERISM
Isomerism
refers to the existence of two or more
compounds having the same molecular formula,
but different structure.
Isomer
is a compound having the same molecular
formula but different structure.
What is the difference between molecular
formula and structural formula?

MOLECULAR FORMULA STRUCTURAL FORMULA

 MOLECULAR FORMULA

Molecular formula of a substance gives the number of different

atoms present while structural formula indicates how atoms
are arranged.
 STRUCTURAL FORMULA

Structural formulas identify the location of

chemical bonds between the atoms of a
molecule.
 Stereochemistry is the branch of organic
chemistry that is solely dedicated to the study of
isomers.
1. ORDER OF BONDING
A.) Chain - branching, exhibit alkanes, differ in the
arrangements of C atoms.
 B.) Position - position of multiple bond or differ in the
position of substituent or functional group.
- Differ in the position of the substituent or unsaturated
bonds.
(C=C/C triple bond)
 Prefixes that designate position in the benzene:

•Ortho - indicate substance on the benzene ring in position next to each

other.
•Meta - substituent of the benzene ring separated by one carbon atom.
•Para - substituents separated by two carbons.
C.) Functional isomer - same molecular formula but they
have different functional group.
2. SPATIAL ORIENTATION
- arrangements of an atom in space "stereoisomer"
A) Geometric isomers - double bond (alkene)
CIS - means on the same side
TRANS - means cross or on opposite side

B) Conformational isomer
Open chain acyclic - can obtain in rotation along a single bond
Example: Butene
SAWHORSE PROJECTION
is a view of a molecule down a particular carbon-
carbon bond, and groups connected to both the
front and back carbons are drawing using sticks at
120 degrees angles.
BALL-AND-STICK MODEL
STAGGERED AND ECLIPSE
 The staggered conformation of a molecule is that
conformation where the dihedral angle between the
bonds at each atom of carbon-carbon bond is 60°
180° 300°. In the eclipsed conformation the atoms
bonded to carbons at each end of carbon-carbon
bond are directly opposite to one another.
PERSPECTIVE FORMULA
are the structure of chemical compounds with the
molecules of it oriented in 3D space. It is also called
the Fischer projection.
NEWMAN PROJECTION
is useful in alkane stereochemistry, visualizes the
conformation of a chemical bond from front to back,
with the front atom represented by a dot and a back
carbon as a circle.
STAGGERED CONFORMATION
is a molecular conformation in which the groups/
substituents on the adjacent atoms are most evenly
spaced with each other. It requires the torsion angles to
be 60°.
ORGANIC MOLECULES
are based on a framework of carbon-carbon and carbon-
hydrogen bonds. Many compounds contain only the two
elements C and H and they are called Hydrocarbons.
 HYDROCARBONS
contains delocalized ring of pi bonds such as the benzene ring are
called as aromatic hydrocarbons, those do not contain such
delocalized system called aliphatic hydrocarbon.
Saturated hydrocarbon
are aliphatic hydrocarbon that contains only sigma alpha bond
(only single bond).
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
are aliphatic hydrocarbon that contain both sigma and pi bonds
(double, triple or delocalized bonds).
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
is a special arrangement of atoms within an organic molecule that is
responsible for some characteristic chemical behavior of the compound.