Class 10 Biology Life Process, Coordination, Heredity, Reproduce

Chap 6 : Life Process www.cbse.
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CBSE Previous Years Chapterwise Questions Exam 2019-2020
CLASS : 10th
CHAPTER 6
SUB : Science
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Life Process
ONE MARK QUESTIONS onwards?

Ans : [Delhi 2010]
Food is passed down to small intestine through
1. Which is the universal source of energy in all cells? sphincter muscles present in last part of stomach.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
11. What is the stored form of carbohydrates in plants
ATP, Adenosine Tri Phosphate.
and animals respectively?
2. If no apparent work is being done by an organism, Ans : [Foreign 2009]
why does it takes food? [All India 2017] Starch and glycogen.
Ans :
12. What is the meaning of variegated leaf?
To carry out life processes, growth, reproduction and
for repair of worn out tissues. Ans : [All India 2009]
Variegated leaf means leaf with some green and some
3. Which pathway is common to both aerobic and non-green part.
anaerobic respiration? [All India 2012]
Ans : 13. Define the term ‘ translocation’. [Delhi 2008]
Glycolysis. Ans :
Transport of food from leaves to other parts of the
4. What would be the consequences of deficiency of plant is called translocation.
haemoglobin in our bodies? [Foreign 2012]
Ans : NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
Anaemia. For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at

www.cbse.online for
5. How does nutrition in a fungus different from that in 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
a tapeworm? [CBSE 2011 C] Bank
Ans : 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
Fungus derives its nutrition either by parasitic or 4. NCERT Solutions
saprophytic manner while tapeworm is only parasitic. All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
6. Name mode of nutrition in the following organisms: provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education,
(a) Fungi (b) Amoeba New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
Ans : [All India 2011] For School Education
a. Fungi - saprophytic
b. Amoeba — animal like nutrition 14. Why is respiration considered an exothermic process?
7. What is peristalsis? [Delhi 2011] Ans : [All India 2008]
Ans : Respiration is considered an exothermic process due
to breaking down of glucose/food in the presence of
Contraction and expansion of alimentary canal to
oxygen with release of energy.
push the food forward is called peristalsis.
15. What is breathing? [All India 2008]
8. What is the role of cartilaginous rings on trachea?
Ans :
Ans : [All India 2010]
The mechanism by which organisms intake oxygen
They prevent the collapsing of trachea when there is
from the environment and release carbon dioxide is
no air present in it.
called breathing.
9. Name the type of blood vessels, which carry blood
16. Mention two ways in which food gets oxidized in
from organs to the heart.
organisms. [CBSE 2008C]
Ans :
Veins.
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
10. How is the passage of food regulated from stomach
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Chap 6 : Life Process www.cbse.online
17. What role do digestive enzymes play in the alimentary Saprophytic Parasitic Nutrition
canal? [CBSE 2008C] Nutrition
Ans :
1. Taking dead decay Living on or inside other
Digestive enzymes break down complex molecules of organic matter in organisms and deriving
food into simpler ones so that they can be absorbed the form of food is their food from them
by blood. called saprophytic without killing them.
nutrition.
18. Which enzyme is present in human saliva?
Ans : [Foreign 2008] 2. It shows It has intracellular
extracellular digestion.
Salivary amylase or ptyalin. digestion.
19. What are the end products of photosynthesis? 3. It does not depend It causes harm to the
Ans : [All India 2008] on living host. organism.
Glucose, oxygen and water.
4. E.g., fungi and E.g., lice, tapeworm,
20. Give two examples of variegated leaves. bacteria. leech.
Ans : [Delhi 2008]
24. How do plants exchange gases?
Crotons, money plant.
Ans : [Foreign 2017]
Plants exchange gases through stomata. Large
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS intercellular spaces ensure that each cell is in contact
with air. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
here.
21. What is Lymph? How is it different from blood?
Ans : [All India 2018] 25. List two factors which decide direction of diffusion of
Lymph is the light yellow fluid containing lymphocyte, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
which fights against infections. Ans : [All India 2017]
Blood Lymph Environmental conditions and requirement of the
plants decide direction of diffusion of oxygen and
1. Blood is pumped Lymph is moved along carbon dioxide.
throughout the body through the normal
by heart. function of the body. 26. What are the strategies of plants to get rid of their
2. Blood transports Lymph removes waste wastes?
oxygen throughout the from the system. Ans : [All India 2017]
body. a. They throw away oxygen and water vapour
3. Blood flows through The movement of through stomata.
the body in a circular lymph is in a single b. Some wastes like gums, oil and resins may be
motion. direction. stored in old xylem or wood in stem.
c. Some wastes may be stored in leaves and bark and
4. Blood contains red Lymph is a light
shed off from time to time.
blood cells, white yellow and clear
d. Roots can also throw some wastes.
blood cells and liquid.
platelets. 27. How is respiration different in plants and animals?
5. We can see blood with Lymph cannot be seen Ans : [All India 20171
the naked eyes. with the naked eyes.
Respiration in Respiration in
6. The kidney purify the Lymph is purified in Plants Animals
blood. the nodes itself.
1. It occurs through It occurs through
22. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this stomata, lenticels, lungs.
process take place? [Delhi 2017] root, etc.
Ans : 2. It occurs through Animals release CO2
Fats are first emulsified with the help of bile salts stomata, lenticels, as waste into the
followed by their breakdown in fatty acids and glycerol root, etc. atmosphere.
due to the action of lipase. All these events take place 3. Plants produce glucose Animals get glucose
in first part of small intestine-duodenum. and oxygen on their and oxygen from
Saprophytic own-to carry out outside to carry out
respiration. respiration.
23. Differentiate between saprophytic nutrition and
parasitic nutrition based on the type of food and 28. Why do we feel pain or cramps in muscles after a
manner of obtaining it. [Delhi 2017] vigorous exercise? [All India 2017]
Ans : Ans :
Actively metabolizing cells of an extremely active Arteries carry blood away from the heart (arteriole:
skeletal muscle, during heavy exercise, carry oxidation small arterial branch). They have thick and flexible
in the anaerobic condition inside the muscle cell, we feel walls to endure higher pressure of blood.
pain after a vigorous exercise because of production of Veins transport blood toward the heart (venue:
ATP by anaerobic respiration in leg muscles. small vessel that carries blood from capillaries to
29. List two ways in which plants can get rid of the veins). They have thinner wall but there are valves in
wastes. them at regular distance to prevent back flow of blood
especially when blood is returning back to heart from
lower organs.
They can throw gases and excess water through
stomata through diffusion. They can store wastes like NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
gums and resins in old xylem tissue (wood). For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
www.cbse.online for
30. What is the role of acid and mucus in stomach? 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
Ans : [Delhi 2016] Bank
It kills germs in food and provides acidic medium for 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
the action of pepsin enzyme to digest the proteins in 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
stomach. 4. NCERT Solutions
Mucus protects the wall of stomach from the action of All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
acid and pepsin. provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
31. Which digestive secretion does not contain any enzyme study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
For School Education
but is important? Discuss. [All India 2016]
Ans :
Bile juice from liver. It contains bile salts which are 37. Differentiate between respiration and breathing.
necessary for emulsification of fats. It means breaking Ans : [All India 2015]
down large fat drops to very fine droplets so that
lipase can act upon them easily. Respiration Breathing
1. It is a biochemical It is a physical process.
32. Differentiate between auricles and ventricles. process.
Ans : [CBSE 2016 C]
2. O2 reacts with Only exchange of gases.
Auricle Ventricle food and energy is
released.
1. Upper thin walled Lower thick walled
chambers. chambers. 3. Energy is released. No energy released.
2. Receive blood from Receive blood from 4. It occurs in Occur in respiratory

veins. the auricles cytoplasm and organs.
mitochondna.
3. Push blood into the Push blood into the
ventricles. arteries. 38. Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis.
33. What is the role of valves in veins?
Light
Ans : [Foreign 2016] 6CO2 + 12H2 O Chlorophyll
C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O + 6O2
They prevent the back flow of blood especially when it 39. Name the enzyme present in Saliva? What is its
moves against gravity and under low blood pressure. role?
34. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested
food? [All India 2016] Salivary amylase enzyme present in saliva. It breaks
Ans : down starch to sugar maltose.
Walls of small intestine has finger like projection called 40. How does nutrition take place in Amoeba? How is it
villi to increase surface area. The food is absorbed different in Paramoecium? [All India 2014]
by villi and brought into blood. Fat is brought into Ans :
lymph vessel.
Nutrition in amoeba: It occurs through phagocytosis.
35. Why are arteries thick walled and elastic? It capture food by pseudopodia (ingestion) ingested
Ans : [All India 2015] food, enclosed in cell membrane is called food vacuole.
The food is broken with enzymes present in cytoplasm
Arteries receive the blood pumped by heart with lots
and undigested food ‘is thrown out through cell
of pressure hence to tolerate and sustain this pressure
membrane.
they are thick walled and elastic.
Nutrition in Paramoecium: The cell has a definite
36. Differentiate between Artery and Veins. shape and food is taken in at a specific spot. Food is
moved to this spot by the movement of cilia present
Ans : [CBSE 2015 C]
on the entire surface of the cell.
41. Discuss how the roles of vena cava and pulmonary organisms?
veins different from each other? Ans : [Delhi 2013]
Ans : [Foreign 2014] Autotrophs can use simple inorganic molecules like
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs water and carbon dioxide while complex organic
to left auricle of heart in humans. molecule are used by heterotrophic organisms as
Vena Cava collects deoxygenated blood from all proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
parts of the body and transport it to right auricle of 49. Why are ventricles thick walled and muscular?
the heart in human.
42. Why is it advisable to breathe through nose? Since ventricles have to pump blood into various
Ans : [CBSE 2014 C] organs, they are thick-walled and muscular.
There are fine hair and mucus gland in the inner lining 50. How is the length of intestine related to food habit of
of nose which filter the incoming air of germs and dust. the animal? [All India 2012]
Moreover the air attains the optimum temperature
Ans :
before reaching the lungs.
Intestine where digestion and absorption occur is
43. Define transpiration. How does transpiration help in very long in herbivores and shorter in carnivores as
upward movement of water from roots to leaves? . digesting meat is easier than digesting grass.
51. Differentiate between Photosynthesis and
Transpiration is the process of removal of water Respiration.
vapours from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly
through stomata in the leaves.
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of Respiration Photosynthesis
a leaf creates a suction force which pulls water from 1. It occurs in all living It occurs in only
the xylem cells. This transpiration helps in upward cells. autotrophs.
movement of water from roots to leaves.
2. O2 reacts with food CO2 and H2O combine
44. Describe the structure of the human heart briefly. and energy is released. to form starch and
Ans : [Sample Paper 2014-15] water in the presence
of light.
Human heart is four chambered. The two upper
chambers are called atria and they receive blood from 3. It occurs in cytoplasm Occur in plastid-
large veins while the two lower chambers are called and mitochondria. chloroplast
ventricles. Between left atrium and left ventricle as
well as between right atrium and right ventricle are 52. Differentiate between alveoli of lungs and nephrons of
valve which allow blood to flow only from atrium to kidneys. [Sample Paper 2009]
ventricle. Ans :
45. Name the respiratory pigment in human beings? What Alveoli in the Nephrons in the
is its role? [All India 2013] Lungs Kidneys
Ans : 1. Thin walled, sac Thin walled,
Respiratory pigment, haemoglobin is present in red like structure, tubular structure,
blood cells. Haemoglobin has affinity for O2 thus surrounded surrounded
helping in its transport. with network of with network of
capillaries. capillaries.
46. What are enzyme? Do they play some role in our
2. Helps in exchange of Helps in filtration of
digestive system too?
gases between blood wastes like urea and
Ans : [CBSE 2013 C] and outside air, that uric acid from blood
They are chemically proteinaceous biocatalyst, which is, removal of CO2
increase or decrease the rate of a biochemical reaction. and taking in of 09.
The enzyme present in our digestive system 3. Waste produced is Waste produced is
help to breakdown of complex molecules of food into C02 and water vapor urine-salts, urea, uric
simpler ones. (gaseous waste) acid etc. dissolved in
water liquid waste
47. What is the role of large intestine? [All India 2013]
Ans : 53. What the components of transport system are in
highly organize plants? [All India 2017]
Water re-absorption occurs through villi, undigested
or
food is stored in rectum and thrown out through anus.
Exit is regulated by anal sphincter. 54. What is the difference between Xylem and Phloem?
48. What are the outside raw materials used by an

Ans : [Delhi 2009]
There are two conducting tissues in transport system
of plants, first is xylem and second is phloem. in desert plants they open at night to reduce the loss
of water. Water is absorbed by roots from the soil
Xylem Phloem
along with other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus,
1. Water and mineral Transportation of iron and magnesium.
from the roots to food and nutrients
aerial parts of the from leaves to growing 61. How do autotrophs obtain CO2 and N2 to make their
plant. parts of plant. food?
This movement of Ans : [All India 2008]
substance is called
CO2 from environment/atmosphere through diffusion/
translocation.
stomata. Nitrogen from soil/environment in inorganic
2. Its movement is Its movement is (nitrates) or organic form.
unidirectional - moves bidirectional - moves
up the plant’s stem. up and down 62. Write one function each of the following components
of the transport system in human beings
3. Tracheids, vessels are Sieve tubes, blood vessels
the elements of xylem. companion cells are blood platelets
the element of phloem. Lymph
55. What is respiration? What is its importance for an
Heart
organism. Ans : [All India 2008]
Ans : [CBSE 2009 C] a. Blood vessels: transport of blood.
The breakdown of food in cells to release energy. b. Blood platelets: clotting of blood preventing its
All kind of food is broken down through oxidation- loss/leakage.
reduction reaction and its chemical energy is converted c. Lymph: carries digested fats/protects from
into a universal source of chemical energy - ATP, infection/exchange of materials between tissues
Adenosine Tri Phosphate. and blood/drains excessive fluid back to blood.
d. Heart: pumps blood to all parts.
56. What is residual volume in our lungs? What is its
importance? [All India 2011] THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans :
Residual volume is the amount of air which is always
left inside the lungs in spite of forceful exhalation. It 63. What is sequence of steps in photosynthesis? How is
helps in continuous gas exchange during exhalation or it different in desert plants and those in temperate
inhalation. regions?
Ans : [All India 2018, Delhi 2017, Foreign 2015]
57. Show direction of flow of lymph with the help of flow
Chloroplast (chlorophyll), on exposure to light energy,
diagram. [All India 2010]
becomes activated by absorbing light energy, and splits
Ans : water (photolysis of water) to oxygen and hydrogen.
Lymph " tissue " sinus " lymph vessel " vein " Hydrogen reduces CO2, and synthesizes glucose.
heart. In plants of temperate regions, stomata open
during day to take in CO2 and release O2.
58. What is the role of saliva in digestion of food?
Ans : [Delhi 2017] Desert plants open stomata at night to check
excessive loss of water hence sequence of steps of
Saliva lubricates and softens the food so that it can photosynthesis are slightly different.
be easily chewed and swallowed. It contains enzyme
amylase which breaks down starch to maltose. These plants take up carbon dioxide at night and
prepare an intermediate which is acted upon by the
59. Why rate of breathing in aquatic animals has to be energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day.
faster than that in terrestrial animals?[CBSE 2008 C]
64. Design an activity to show that CO2 is produced
Ans :
during breathing. [Delhi 2017]
Amount of O2 dissolved in water is less than O2 Ans :
present in air therefore rate of breathing in aquatic
animals has to be faster than that in terrestrial Materials Required:
animals. Terrestrial organism need not spend so much Two test tubes, a cork with two holes, two glass tubes
energy to obtain oxygen. bent at right angle, syringe, lime water Ca(OH)2.
Procedure :
60. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis. How a. Take some freshly prepared lime water, Ca(OH)2
are they obtained by a plant? [CBSE 2008 C] in two test tubes,
Ans : b. Fit cork with two holes in test tubes A and B.
c. Fix two glass tubes in this cork of test tube A as
CO2 and water are needed for the photosynthesis. CO2
shown in the figure.
enters the leaf through stoma present on its surface.
d. Exhale air into the tube and record your
These pores open in day time in most of plants though
observations.
e. Pass air by the syringe through the lime water (ii) Osmoregulation - The process of maintaining
contained in test tube B and record your the right amount of water and proper ionic
observations. balance in body. It is done by controlling
the amount of water and salts reabsorbed by
nephron - tubules.
NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS

For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
www.cbse.online for
1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
Bank
2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
4. NCERT Solutions
All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
(A) provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
Air being exhaled into lime water New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
67. a. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged

between blood and tissue? How are the gases
transported in human being?
b. What is haemoglobin? [CBSE 2016-17]
Ans :
a. Exchange of gases in tissues occurs through
diffusion. Oxygen is carried as oxyhaemoglobin
from lungs to tissues. It dissociates and carbon
dioxide diffuses out into blood from tissues. It is
(B) transported in dissolved form and reaches lungs
Air being passed into lime water with a syringe where again it diffuses to alveoli.
b. Respiratory pigment: Haemoglobin is a red
Observation: coloured protein present in red blood cells.
Lime water turns milky sooner in test tube A than in Haemoglobin has affinity for O2.
test tube B.
Conclusion 68. What are the important features of all respiratory
a. The exhaled air contains lot of CO2 which turns structures in animals?
lime water milky. or
b. This proves that CO2 gas is exhaled out by How are alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of
humans during respiration. gases? [Delhi 2016]
Ans :
65. What is the composition of urine? Are glucose and
All respiratory system have some important features.
proteins normally present in urine? Why? How is
a. Large surface area.
volume of urine regulated? [All India 2017]
b. Thin and delicate surface for diffusion and
Ans : exchange of gases. It is generally located in
The urine contains mainly water, various salts, urea protected inner part of body.
and uric acid. No, they are not present in urine as c. Rich blood supply to respiratory organ. Since all
glucose is reabsorbed by nephron while protein are not of them are present in alveoli hence it is perfectly
filtered from blood in glomerulus in a healthy kidney. designed for exchange of gases.
Volume of urine is regulated by
a. The amount of excess water. 69. What is excretion? Name some parts in our body
b. The amount of dissolved waste in blood. involved in this life process? [Delhi 2016]
Ans :
66. a. What is the role of mucus in stomach?
Excretion means throwing out metabolic waste from
b. What are the two vital functions of human
living body. Many organs perform this process such as
kidney?
a. Kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes like urea and
Ans : [Foreign 2017] uric acid in urine.
a. To protect the stomach lining from the action of b. Sweat and oil by glands in skin.
acid and pepsin. c. Carbon dioxide and water vapor by lungs.
b. The two vital functions of human kidney are: d. Faces or undigested food by large intestine.
(i) Excretion - Removal of toxic wastes like urea, e. Bile pigments by liver. It also converts toxic
uric acid. ammonia to urea.
70. What is the need to have a transport system in d. Enzymes produced in intestinal juice complete
complex organisms? [CBSE 2013C] the digestive process.
Ans : e. Digested food - amino acids, sugar are absorbed
by the blood capillaries present in the villi of
The transport system of an animal moves substances
intestine.
to where they are needed in the body. Even the
f. Digested fats are absorbed by lymph vessels
smallest animal must have the means of transporting
present in the villi of intestine.
substances around its body. Oxygen and food molecules
must move to all the cells, and the waste products 74. Give schematic representation of different pathways of
must be removed from the cells and expelled into the breakdown of glucose molecule.
environment. It occurs through diffusion mainly. [All India 2010,2014,2016]
In a multicellular organism, all cells are not in Ans :
contact with the surrounding hence diffusion will be
insufficient for it. A variety of fluid systems, called
vascular systems, help such transport in most members
of the animal kingdom.
71. Explain how the air is inhaled during breathing in

humans. [Delhi 2012] 75. Which process in plants is responsible for clouds
Ans : formation and precipitation? Define the process. How
is this process important for the plants?
Mechanism of inhalation:
a. The diaphragm and rib muscles contract which
make the throat move upwards and outwards. They are due to transpiration. Transpiration is
b. The volume inside the thoracic cavity increases evaporation of water from aerial parts, leaves of plant,
i.e., it expands. through mainly stomata.
c. Air pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases. a. In plants, water rises because of transpiration and
Thus, air from outside rushes into the lungs / in nature water cycle operates because of it.
alveoli through nostrils, trachea and bronchi. b. Transpiration is the process of cooling the parts
of a plant.
72. How is food transported in a plant? c. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of
Ans : [Foreign 2011] a leaf creates a suction force which pulls water
The food prepared by plant may be sucrose, amino from the xylem cells. This transpiration helps in
acids or other materials. It is done with the help of upward movement of water from roots to leaves.
living cells- sieve tubes and companion cell of phloem 76. What is the fate of glucose molecule in
tissue by utilizing energy of ATP. The movement a. Anaerobic respiration in Yeast and lactobacillus
occurs both upwards and down ward from the place bacteria?
of formation (leaves) to storage organ (roots or stems) b. Aerobic respiration in human cells.
from storage organ to organ of its utilization (growing Write chemical equation for each type.
buds) depending upon the situation. or
a. Translocation: Transport of organic food from the What are the different ways in which glucose is
leaves to the other parts of the plants through the oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?
sieve tubes of phloem tissue is called translocation. [All India 2010, 2013, 2015]
b. Importance: It is an essential process as every part
Ans :
of the plant requires food. For energy, building
and maintenance. Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) is formed by glucose
c. Sugars are synthesized in the leaves whereas (6 carbon molecule) through Glycolysis in all
hormones are synthesized in the growing parts of the organisms. Anaerobic Respiration: Anaerobic
roots and shoots. respiration in microbe such as yeast which is also
known as fermentation produce end-products as
73. What are the main events occurring in the small follows:
intestine? C6H12O6 $ Pyruvate
Fermentation
Ans : [All India 2011] Glucose Ethyl alcohol2C H OH + 2CO + Energy

2 5 2
Carbon dioxide
The main events occurring in the small intestine are
as follows: Aerobic respiration:
a. Bile emulsifies fat present in the food The second step of respiration in human cell takes
(emulsification means breaking of fat molecules place in the presence of oxygen inside mitochondria
into smaller globules). and is, therefore, called aerobic (in air) respiration.
b. Pancreatic juice containing trypsin for digesting During this stage, the end product of glycolysis, the
proteins and pancreatic amylase for starch act 2 molecules of pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria
upon the food. of aerobic cells and undergo complete oxidation
c. Bicarbonate ions secreted by duodenal wall make by enzymes in Krebs cycle into CO2 and H2O and
the medium alkaline because it is required for the release large amount of energy (30 ATP molecules).
action of pancreatic enzynies. Thus, complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose
and aerobic respiration generates in total of 38 ATP pulling water and minerals upward through xylem
molecules. elements-ascent of sap. Thus transpiration helps
Presence of Oxygen
Glucose $ Pyruvate in upward movement of water from roots to leaves.
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy 7. The roots of a plant absorb water and dissolved
substances from the soil, which is needed by the
77. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with aerial parts of the plants. As such these substances
Vaseline to block the stomata. Will this plant remain are to be transported from roots up to stem,
healthy for long? Stage three reasons for your leaves and flowers.
answer. [All India 2009]
Ans : 80. Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in tissues
and lungs. [Delhi 2015]
No, the plant will not stay healthy for a long time. or
The reasons are: How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in
a. It will not be able to exchange O2 and CO2, hence human being? [CBSE 2016]
respiration will be affected adversely. or
b. Photosynthesis will also be affected as CO2 will How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in
not be available. human being? Explain clearly how the air is inhaled
c. Transpiration will not take place hence there will and exhaled during breathing in humans.
be no ascent of sap, hence no water absorption
from the soil.
Exchange of gases in tissues:
78. If a plant is kept covered with a polythene sheet, a. Most of oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in
we notice some water drops on the inner side of the blood. On reaching the tissues, it gets diffused
sheet after some time. What are they due to? Name into the cells as it is in higher concentration than
and define the process. What is the significance of in the cells.
this process in plants and in nature? How does b. The carbon dioxide, which is formed in the cells,
transpiration help in upward movement of water from gets accumulated there in higher concentration
roots to leaves? [Delhi 2015] as compared in the blood, now diffused into the
Ans : blood.
c. The CO2 mostly dissolved in blood plasma reaches
If a plant is kept covered with a polythene sheet, we
the lungs, from where it is expelled out during
notice some water drops on the inner side of the sheet
exhalation.
after sometime due to transpiration. The loss of water
Mechanism of Inhalation:
in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the
The thoracic cavity expands when diaphragm and
plant is known as transpiration. This process helps in
rib muscles contract. The thorax moves upwards
the absorption and upward movement of water and
and outwards, increasing the volume inside thoracic
minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves. It
cavity. The air pressure in the cavity decreases, hence
also helps in temperature regulation.
the air rushes into the lungs through nostrils, trachea
and bronchi.
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS Mechanism of Exhalation :
Exchange of gases between alveolar sacs and blood
occurs and air having CO2 enters the alveoli. The
79. How are water and minerals absorbed and transported thoracic cavity comes back to its original size as
in the plants? [All India 2009] diaphragm muscles relax. Air containing CO2 is
Ans : exhaled out through bronchi, trachea and nostrils.
1. Transpiration is the process of removal of water NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
vapors from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly
through stomata in the leaves.
www.cbse.online for
2. There are two conducting tissues of plants: first
is xylem and second is phloem. Tracheids and
Bank
vessels which are two kinds of elements of xylem.
3. Tracheids are found in all vascular plants. They
are spindle shaped, have only pits and are not
4. NCERT Solutions
very efficient.
4. Vessels are found in flowering plants, are tube
provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
like, have perforation plates and pits making them Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education,
more efficient. New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
5. When loss of water in vapour occur from leaves For School Education
of plants due to transpiration, deficit of water

is created in the leaves. Evaporation of water
molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction 81. What are the differences between Aerobic and
force which pulls water from the xylem cells. Anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms which
6. Water and minerals dissolved in it move up to use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
leaves from root through tracheids and vessels, Ans : [All India 2008]
Aerobic Anaerobic 84. a. What are two vital functions of the human kidney?
respiration respiration b. Draw labelled diagram of human urinary system.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
1. Presence of air Presence of air not
required. required a. The two vital functions of kidney are —
1. Excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
2. Occur in two steps: Complete process 2. Osmoregulation - regulation of water and salt
1st Glycolysis in occurs in cytoplasm. content in blood.
cytoplasm.
2nd in mitochondria.
3. Glucose completely Glucose incompletely
oxidized to CO, and oxidized to either an
H2O. organic acid or alcohol
with CO2.
4. Large amount of Less energy produced
energy produced
5 E.g., man, higher E.g., yeast,
plants lactobacillus
85. Describe double circulation in human beings. Name
82. a. Mention any two components of blood.
the group of animal with double circulation? How is it
b. Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the
important for them?[Foreign 2017] [All India 2016-17]
body.
c. Write the function of valves present in between Ans :
atria and ventricles. Such a flow in which blood enters the heart twice
d. Write one structural difference between the is called double circulation. It helps in keeping the
composition of artery and veins. [All India 2018] oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.
Ans : The right atrium receives blood from the vena
a. plasma, blood cells. cava and pumps the blood into the right ventricle.
b. Pulmonary vein from lungs " left atrium left Blood is sent to lungs, where it is oxygenated. Then,
ventricle " aorta " arteries to all organs. it is sent through the right and left pulmonary veins to
c. Valves prevent backflow of blood from ventricles the left atrium where it is pumped to the left ventricle.
to atria when latter are contracting. The blood then travels to the ascending aorta where it
d. Arteries have thick, muscular and elastic walls. leaves the heart and delivers oxygen to different parts
Veins have thinner, less muscular walls but have of the body.
valves.
83. a. Define excretion.

b. Name the basic filtration unit present in the
kidney.
c. Draw excretory system in human beings and label
the following organs of excretory system which
perform following functions:
(i) form urine
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from
kidney.
(iii) store urine until it is passed out.
a. Throwing out wastes from the living body.
b. Nephron.
c. (i) kidney (ii) ureter (iii) urinary bladder
Birds and mammals have double circulation because
they need to maintain a constant body temperature
(warm blooded animals or endotherms).
86. Where are kidneys located in our body? Show the

location of different parts of urinary system in man.
What is the importance of kidneys in our body?
The kidneys (renal glands) like high in the abdominal
cavity near and on both sides of the vertebral column.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make
room for the liver. Each kidney is bean shaped and the
concave portion faces medially. The kidney collects passes through the proximal convoluted tubule , Loop
and transports urine from the kidney to ureters. of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule so that useful
The kidneys regulate: substances are re-absorbed by blood present in the
a. The volume of blood plasma (blood pressure). capillaries around them.
b. The concentration of waste products in the blood
(excretion).
c. The concentration of electrolytes such as Na+, K+,
HCO3- and other ions (osmoregulation).
d. The pH of plasma.
e. Figure :
The liquid is now called urine is concentrated and

87. What are the different components of blood? Give the collected in collecting duct and poured in ureters to
function of each of them. [Foreign 2015] be carried to urinary bladder. Urine is passed out
Ans : through urethra, when the urinary bladder is full and
due to pressure there is an urge to do so. Sphincter
Blood is a liquid connective tissue. It is chiefly formed muscles regulate this process
of two components:
a. Fluid matrix or plasma: It is of pale colour Osmoregulation and excretion are intimately
and transports much substance like dissolved related, these processes together maintain homeostasis
carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, urea etc. (i.e. staying the same), and are performed by the
has mainly water, some proteins like albumin, same set of organs. The kidney is the major organ of
fibrinogen (blood clotting protein) and many osmoregulation and excretion in vertebrates.
other substances to be transported. 89. Usman collected her saliva and mixed it with liquid
b. Cellular elements which are of three types: A in the test tube. In another test tube she took only
(1) Red blood corpuscles (R.B.C) or erythrocyt. liquid A after about 10 minutes, she added a few
es, which transport O2 and CO2. They are drops of iodine solution to the mixture in the first test
enucleated, disc shaped, full of a red colored tube. It did not show any colour but when she treated
protein pigment, hemoglobin. the other test tube with iodine, a blue black colour
(2) White blood corpuscles (W.B.C) or leucocytes, appeared. Now answer the following questions:
which fight disease-causing agent. They are a. What is the aim of this activity?
larger, nucleated and are of different types. b. What is liquid A?
(3) Blood platelets or thrombocytes, which help c. Why did the first test tube not show any colour
in blood clotting. They are fragments of some change with iodine while the second one did?
larger cell hence do not have nucleus. d. Which enzyme is responsible for such a result?
88. Draw neat and labeled diagram of nephron and
e. Why does a piece of bread chewed for a long time
describe the process of urine formation. tastes sweet?
or Ans : [All India 2010]
Describe structure and functioning of nephron. a. To show the action of salivary amylase on starch.
Ans : [All India 2012] b. Liquid A is starch.
Within the kidney are small functional units called c. The first test tube did not show any colour
nephrons, which are made up of glomeruli, Bowman’s change with iodine because starch was not present
capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley1 anymore in it. It was already digested by salivary
s loop, distal convoluted loop, and collecting duct. amylase present in saliva. The colour of liquid in
Steps of urine formation: Each kidney is made of the second one changed to blue black as the starch
millions of nephron. Each nephron has a hollow cup was still unchanged due to absence of the enzyme.
like Bowman’s capsule and a long tubule system d. Salivary amylase enzyme is responsible for such
following it. Arteriole branching from renal artery a result.
make bunches of capillaries, one of which is called a e. A piece of bread chewed for a long time tastes
Glomerulus. The first step in the filtration process is sweet because the starch is broken down by
when the blood enters the Glomerulus, where it is then salivary amylase to maltose sugar.
pumped through the porous walls into the Bowman’s 90. How are oxygen and CO2 transported in human
space. This filtered plasma is mainly water, various beings? How are lungs designed to maximise the area
salts, urea and glucose. The “glomerular filtrate” then
for exchange of gases? the dot like structures present in these cells.
Ans : [All India 2008,2016-17]
Exchange of gases in tissues occurs through diffusion.
Oxygen is carried as oxyhaemoglobin from lungs to
tissues. It dissociates and carbon dioxide diffuses out
into blood from tissues. It is transported in dissolved
form and reaches lungs where again it diffuses to
alveoli. Lungs have a tree like branching pattern Ans : [Delhi 2017]
of bronchi and bronchioles. The terminal part of
Stomata. Gas exchange and transpiration occur
bronchiole ends into sac like structures called alveoli
through the stomata. Dot like structures are called
which are present in groups. Alveoli have curved wall
chloroplasts.
to increase surface area for exchange of gases. The
wall of alveoli is extremely thin and is lined by blood 95. Name the chemical in small tube hanging in conical
capillaries. flask. Why is it being used?
91. (i) Explain the importance of the following:
(a) salivary amylase
(b) villi
(c) pepsin
(ii) Explain how oxygenated blood from this chamber
is sent to all parts of the body.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
(i) (a) Salivary amylase: It’s an enzyme present in
the saliva, secreted by salivary glands. It Potassium hydroxide. It is used to absorb carbon
digests starch into maltose there by starting dioxide released by germinating seeds during
the digestion of carbohydrate in the buccal respiration.
cavity.
(b) Villi: They increase the surface area for 96. Identify structure 1-4 in the given figure:
absorption of digested food into the blood.
(c) Pepsin: It is a digestive enzyme secreted
by gastric glands. It is responsible for the
digestion of proteins in stomach.
(ii) When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated
blood is poured into the left ventricle. When the
left ventricle contracts the blood is pumped into
Ans :
the aorta, the largest artery which distributes it
to all the parts of the body through arteries. 1. Guard cells 2. Vacuole 3. Stoma 4. Chloroplast.
92. In order to prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel 97. A student set up apparatus as shown in figure. After 8
to observe stomata, which chemicals used for staining hours what is he likely to observe. Explain the reasons.
and mounting? [Delhi 2017]
Ans :
The chemicals used for staining and mounting
respectively are safranin and glycerine.
93. What are the possible observations in the given setup?

[Delhi 2017]
Ans :
a. Water would have risen in the tube as the oxygen
present in the airtight flask would have been used
up by germinating seeds for their respiration and
CO2 gas which is being produced them must
have been absorbed by KOH. As a result partial
Ans : vacuum created will make water from beaker
move up.
Nothing will happen to the level of water/ KOH as
b. Water will rise initially while seeds are germinating
vacuum will not be created in the flask.
but fall later.
94. Name the gap formed between the kidney shaped cells c. Water.
in the given figure. What role do they play? What are WWW.CBSE.ONLINE
Chap 7 : Control and Coordination www.cbse.online

CLASS : 10th
CHAPTER 7
SUB : Science
For more subject
Control and Coordination
ONE MARK QUESTIONS of pollen tubes towards ovules?

Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Chemotropism.
1. Name two specialised tissues that provide control and
coordination in multicellular organisms. 10. Why endocrine glands release their secretions into the
Ans : [CBSE 2016] blood?
Nervous and muscular tissues. Ans : [CBSE 2014]
It is because endocrine glands are ductless.
2. List two body functions that will be affected if
cerebellum gets damaged. 11. At the time of puberty, both boys and girls show
Ans : [CBSE 2016] lots of changes in appearance. Name the hormones
responsible for these changes.
a. Walking in a straight line.
b. Picking up a thing from the ground. Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Testosterone in male and oestrogen in females.
3. Write the role of motor areas in brain.
Ans : [CBSE 2015] NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
Motor areas of the brain control the movement of For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
voluntary muscles. www.cbse.online for
4. Give the scientific names of the following regions of Bank
the human brain: 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
a. Region for sight. 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
b. Region which controls salivation. 4. NCERT Solutions
Ans : [CBSE 2015] All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
a. Temporal lobe (of the forebrain) Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education,
b. Medulla (of the hindbrain) study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
5. All information for our environment is detected by
specialised tips of some nerve cells. Write the name
given to such tips and also mention where are they 12. Which system facilitates the communication between
located? central nervous system and other parts of the body?
Ans : [CBSE 2014] Ans : [CBSE 2013]
Receptors. They are located in sense organs. Endocrine system.
6. State the function of: 13. Which gland secretes growth hormone in human
a. gustatory receptors beings?
b. olfactory receptors Ans : [CBSE 2013]
Ans : [CBSE 2014] Pituitary gland.
a. To detect taste.
14. Which mechanism control timing and amount of
b. To detect smell.
hormone released?
7. Which part of the nervous system controls reflex arcs? Ans : [CBSE 2013]
Ans : [CBSE 2014] Feedback mechanism.
Spinal cord.
15. Define‘Chemotropism’.
8. What type of movement is shown by mimosa plant Ans : [CBSE 2013]
leaves when touched with a finger? Chemotropism is a nastic response towards the
Ans : [CBSE 20141 chemicals like the germination of pollen tube when
Nastic movement. pollen grain lands on stigma.
9. Which tropic movement is responsible for the growth
16. What are hormones? through which information travels as an electrical

Ans : [CBSE 2013] impulse.
Dendrite $ a $ b$ End point of Neuron
Hormones are the chemical substances secreted in
trace amounts by specialised tissue called endocrine Ans : [Al 2018, CBSE 2017]
glands. (a) Tongue / Nose.
(b) a $ Cell body, b $ axon
17. Name two tissues that provide control and coordination
in multicellular animals. 27. Define neuron. Name the parts of the neuron where:
Ans : [CBSE 2013] a. information is acquired.
b. impulse must be converted into a chemical signal
(i) Nervous tissue (ii) Endocrine tissue.
for onward transmission?
18. What is synapse? Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Ans : [CBSE 2013] Neuron is a functional and structural unit of nervous
Synapse is the functional junction between two system. These cells are specialised for conducting
neurons. It is a gap junction point between nerve information via electrical impulses from one part of
endings of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron. the body to another.
(a) dendrites (b) end of axon.
19. Define ‘reflex action’.
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
Reflex action is a sudden, involuntary, spontaneous www.cbse.online for
response to the stimulus that is usually helpful to 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
protect ourselves from any kind of harm. Bank
20. Name the sensory receptors found in the nose and on
the tongue. 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
4. NCERT Solutions
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Olfactory receptors, gustatory receptors. provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
21. Give one example of chemotropism. study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
The growth of pollen tube towards ovule.
28. Write two differences between the response of the
22. Name the plant hormone responsible for the promotion plants and response of the animals to stimuli?
of cell division. Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Ans : [CBSE 2010]
Cytokinin. Plants Animals
1. No specific or Specialised
23. How is nerve impulses get transmitted across the specialized tissue tissues are present
synapse? present for conduction in the body for
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2014-15] of information. conduction of
Neuron ending transmit the nerve impulse to dendrite of information.
next neuron through the chemical (neurotransmitter). 2. Plant cells change Specialised proteins
shape by changing the are found in muscle
24. What will happen to a plant shoot if sunlight falls
amount of water in cells which help in
on it from one direction only? What do you call this them. changing the shape.
movement?
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2012-13] 29. Trace the sequences of events through a reflex arc
Shoot will bend towards light. Phototropism. which occur when a bright light is focused on your
eyes.
25. How is spinal cord protected? Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2010-11]
Vertebral column made by vertebrae protects the
spinal cord.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
26. (a) Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory

receptor present in human beings.
(b) Write a and b in the given flow chart of neuron
30. How does feedback mechanism regulate the hormone
secretion? Adrenaline. It increase the heart rate, breathing rate

Ans : [CBSE 2014] so that more blood can be pumped and oxygen can be
supplied to the muscles. Blood supply is cut off from
The feedback mechanism regulates the timing and
skin and sent to muscles. The action of this hormone
amount of hormone to be secreted, e.g., if a person
prepares the person to face the situation so that either
has more sugar in his blood, this is detected by the
he/she may run away or fight.
cells of the pancreas. As a result, more insulin will be
secreted to oxidise the sugar. In a reverse situation, 37. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
the secretion of insulin will be reduced. Explain with the help of three examples.
31. What is meant by hydrotropism? Give an example. Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Ans : [CBSE 2013] In plants, chemical coordination occurs through
various phytohormones.
The response of a plant towards water is called
a. Auxins secreted by growing tissues. They provide
hydrotropism. The roots of plants show positive
growth of plants.
hydrotropism.
b. Gibberelins cause stem elongation, seed
32. Define phototropism and give one example. germination and flowering.
c. Cytokinins present in areas of actively dividing
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
cells like fruits, seeds. Promote cell division.
Movement of plant parts towards the light is called d. Abscisic acid inhibits growth and respond to
phototropism, e.g., stem of plant usually move towards environmental stress.
light.
33. Tendrils encircle or coil around the object in contact For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
with it. Elaborate. www.cbse.online for
Ans : [CBSE 2011, 2012, 2013] 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
Tendrils are sensitive to touch. When they come in Bank
contact with any support, the part of the tendril in 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
the part of the tendril away from the object. This 4. NCERT Solutions
causes the tendril to circle around the object and All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
thus, cling to it. provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS For School Education
38. Illustrate with the help of a diagram, the effect of

34. Name the hormones secreted by the following
endocrine glands and specify one function of each: auxins in different parts of a plant.
(a) Thyroid (b) Pituitary (c) Pancreas Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Ans : [All India 2018, CBSE 2017]
a. Thyroid: Secretes Throxine. It regulates
metabolism of carbo¬hydrates, fats and proteins.
b. Pituitary: Secretes growth harmone. Growth
harmone regulates growth and development of
body.
c. Pancreas: Secretes insulin. Insulin lowers blood
sugar level.
35. State how concentration of auxins stimulates the cells

to grow longer on the side of shoot which is away from
light?
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2016-17]
Auxin form in the shoot tip but diffuse toward the
part which is in shade/away from the light. 39. a. An old man is advised by his doctor to take less
sugar in his diet. Name the disease from which
The concentration on shady part increase
the man is suffering. Mention the hormone due
stimulation cells in this part to elongate. The side of
to imbalance of which he is suffering from this
shoot on this side grows longer than the part in light
disease. Which endocrine gland secretes this
hence bend towards light.
hormone?
36. Name the hormone which is secreted by the adrenal b. Name the endocrine gland which secretes growth
gland. How does this hormone help to deal with the hormone. What will be its effect on a person if
scary situations? there is:
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2016-17] (i) Deficiency of growth hormones?
(ii) Excess secretion of growth hormones? 43. Give reasons:

Ans : [CBSE 2014] a. Pituitary is often termed as master endocrine
gland.
a. The man is suffering with the disease Diabetes.
b. Pancreas helps in digestion and also regulates
Insulin is the hormone which is responsible for
blood sugar level.
this disease. Pancreas secretes this hormone.
c. Adrenals are known as glands of emergency.
b. Pituitary gland.
(1) Deficiency of growth hormone causes Ans : [CBSE 2014]
dwarfism. a. Pituitary is often called as master endocrine gland
(2) Excess secretion of growth hormone cause because it controls and coordinates the secretion
gigantism in a person. of all the other endocrine glands.
b. Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice as well as a
40. a. Give the functions of cerebellum (any two). hormone called as insulin. Pancreatic juice helps
b. Name the components of central nervous system. in digestion whereas insulin regulates blood sugar
Ans : [CBSE 2014] level.
a. (i) Cerebellum is responsible for precision of c. Adrenalin is secreted directly into the blood and
voluntary action. is carried to different parts of the body. It acts on
(ii) It maintains the posture and balance of the heart. As a result, the heart beats faster in order
body. to supply more oxygen to our muscles. The blood
b. The components of central nervous system are: (i) to the digestive system and skin is reduced due
Brain (ii) Spinal cord. to contraction of muscles around small arteries
in these organs. This diverts the blood to our
41. a. Identify the phytohormone used by plants while skeletal muscles. The breathing rate also increases
performing the following functions: because of the contractions of the diaphragm
1. Cell division in shoot tip. and the rib muscles. All these responses together
2. Inhibiting growth on approach of unfavourable enable the animal body to get ready to deal with
conditions. the situation.
b. List in tabular form two differences between the
movement in ‘touch me not’ plant and movement 44. The two glands A and B which occur in pairs are
of shoot towards light. present in endocrine system. The pair of glands A is
found only in females whereas the pair of glands B
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
occur only in males. The gland A make and secrete
a. (1) Auxin, (2) Abscisic acid. hormone C whereas gland B make and secrete hormone
b. E. In addition to hormone, gland A makes gamete F
Movement of shoot Movement in “Touch whereas gland B makes gamete G.
towards light me not’ plant (Nastic a. What are glands A and B?
(Phototropism) movement) b. Name the hormone C and E
c. Name the gamete F and G.
1. It is slow response It is an immediate
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2013-14]
towards any stimulus. response towards a
stimulus. a. glands A - ovaries B-testes
b. Hormone C - oestrogen E-testosterone
2. It is directional. It is non-directional.
c. The gamete F - ova G-sperms
3. It is growth It is growth
dependent. independent. 45. ‘Brain and spinal cord are two vital organs of our
body’. How is our body designed to protect them?
42. Answer the following: Ans : [CBSE 2013]
a. Name the endocrine gland associated with brain.
Brain is protected a bony box contained in ‘ a fluid-
b. Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as
filled balloon which protects from shocks.
hormone?
c. Name the endocrine gland associated with Vertebral column protects the spinal cord or both
kidneys. are protected by protective layers called meninges,
d. Which endocrine gland is present in males but not protective fluid (CSF $ cerebrospinal fluid).
in females?
e. Which hormone is responsible for changes in 46. Draw and label a neuron. Explain how it carries
females during puberty? messages.
f. Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which Ans : [CBSE S.P. 2012-13]
hormone? Information from the environment is detected by
Ans : [CBSE 2014] dendritic tip of a neuron located in the sense organ.
a. Pituitary gland, A chemical reaction sets off here and it creates an
b. Pancreas, electrical impulse which travels from dendrite to cell
c. Adrenal gland, body and then along the axon to its endings where it
d. Testes, sets off the release of some chemicals. The chemicals
e. Oestrogen, cross the synapse and set off a similar electrical
f. Thyroxine. impulse in dendrites of next neuron. Another synapse
at the end of its axon delivers the impulse to the other Ans : [CBSE 2011]
cells like muscles cells / glands (effector organs) which a. Sensory neurons carry impulses from receptors to
react to perform the action. brain. Motor neurons carry impulses from brain
to effectors.
b. The brain is kept inside a bony box (skull). Inside
the box, the brain is contained in a fluid-filled
balloon which provides further shock absorption.
This fluid is known as Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).

www.cbse.online for
Bank
47. Which hormone is secreted during emergency 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
situations like anger or excitement? How does it help 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
the human body to handle such situations? 4. NCERT Solutions
or All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
How does our body respond when adrenaline is provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
secreted in to the blood? New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2012-13] For School Education
Adrenaline is secreted during emergency situations.

Heart beats faster, supply of more oxygen to muscles,
51. (a) What is reflex arc?
more blood to skeletal muscles, increased breathing
(b) What are the components of reflex arc?
rate. It provides energy to muscles to act swiftly.
(c) How do muscle cells move?
48. a. Name the part of brain which controls Ans : [CBSE 2011]
(1) voluntary action, a. The process of detecting the signal or the input
(2) involuntary action. and responding to it by an output action might be
b. What is the significance of the peripheral nervous completed quickly. Such a connection is commonly
system? Name the components of this nervous called reflex arc.
system and distinguish between the origin of the b. Stimulus " Receptors " Sensory neurons "
two. Spinal cord " Motor neurons " Effector.
Ans : [CBSE 2012] c. Muscle cells have special proteins that change
a. (1) Voluntary actions - cerebellum; their shape and arrangement in the cell in response
(2) Involuntary action — medulla oblongata. to electrical impulse. This leads the muscle cells
b. The communication between the central nervous shortening.
system and the other parts of the body is facilitated
52. a. If the cerebellum is not functioning properly, what
by the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves
are the activities of our body affected?
arise from the brain; spinal nerves arise from the
b. How do muscle cells move?
spinal cord.
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
49. a. Name the diseases by which a person is likely a. If the cerebellum is not functioning properly,
to suffer due to the deficiency of: (i) iodine (ii) voluntary action of our body will be affected
insulin maintaining the posture and balance of the body.
b. How the timing of secretion and amount of b. Muscle cells move by changing their shape so that
hormone secretion are regulated in human system. they get shorten.
Explain with example.
Ans : [CBSE 2012,13] 53. a. Name the hormone which is injected to a diabetic
patient.
a. (i) Goitre (ii) Diabetes.
b. Why should we use iodised salt in our diet?
b. The timing and amount of hormone released are
c. If iodine is insufficient in one’s diet, what might
regulated by feedback mechanisms, e.g., if the
be the deficiency disease and its symptoms?
sugar levels in blood rise, they are detected by the
cells of the pancreas which respond by producing Ans : [CBSE 2011]
more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin a. Insulin.
secretion is reduced. b. Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to
secrete thyroxine hormone. Thyroxine regulates
50. a. Differentiate between sensory neurons and motor carbohydrates, proteins and fat metabolism in the
neurons. body, to provide best balance for growth.
b. How is brain protected in our body? Name the c. If iodine is insufficient in one’s diet, iodine
part of the brain responsible for precision of deficiency disease called goitre occurs. Symptom
voluntary actions and maintaining body posture is swollen neck.
and balance of the body.
54. What are hormones? Name the hormone produced by

thyroid gland and state its function.
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2010-11]
Chemical coordination in animals occurs through
chemicals called hormones which are secreted by
endocrine glands. Thyroxin hormone.
It regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats
and proteins. It is advisable to consume iodized salt
in our food as iodine is required by our thyroid gland
to produce thyroxin hormone. If it lacks in our body
goiter may occur due to enlargement of thyroid in the
neck region.
55. Name the hormones secreted by thyroid, parathyroid Functions

and pancreas. a. Cerebellum which controls posture, balance of
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2010-11] body and accurate voluntary movements.
a. Thyroid gland: It secretes thyroxine hormone. b. Pons regulates respiration
b. Parathyroid gland: It secretes calcitonin hormone. c. Medulla oblongata which controls involuntary
c. Pancreas: It secretes two hormones: actions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting
(a) Insulin (b) Glucagon etc.
56. Name the hormone synthesised at the shoot tips. How 58. Give the function(s) of the following plant hormones:
does it help the plant to respond to light? a. Auxins
b. Gibberellins
Ans : [CBSE 2010]
c. Cytokinins
Auxin is synthesised at the shoot tips when growing d. Abscisic acid
plant detects light and helps the cells to grow longer. e. Ethylene
When light is coming from one side of the plant, Ans : [CBSE 2015]
auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. a. Auxins promote cell elongation, root formation,
This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to cell division, etc. It also promote fruit growth.
grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away b. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, seed
from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards germination and flowering.
light. c. Cytokinins help in breaking the dormancy of
seeds and buds. They delay ageing in leaves. They
also promote the opening of stomata.
d. Abscisic acid promotes falling of leaves and fruits.
e. Ethylene promotes ripening of fruits.
59. (a) Draw the structure of a neuron and label the

following on it:
Nucleus, Dendrite, Cell body and Axon.
(b) Name the part of neuron
(i) Where information is acquired.
(ii) Through which information travels as an
electrical impulse.
Ans : [CBSE 2013, Al 2008]
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS a.
57. Draw a labelled diagram of human brain. Discuss

functions of cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla.
or
Draw and describe the role of various parts of human
brain.
Ans : [CBSE S.R 2016-17]
Human brain has three major parts:
a. Fore-Brain contains mainly cerebrum.
b. Mid-brain.
c. Hind-brain.
b. (i) Dendrite (ii) Axon.
60. Describe an activity to illustrate the phenomenon of
phototropism and explain why does this occur. NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
Ans : [CBSE 2013] For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
a. Take a plant and make such an arrangement that www.cbse.online for
it receives the light coming from a window as 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
shown in the figure and observe it for few days. Bank
4. NCERT Solutions
b. Now, turn the flask so that the shoots are away

from light and the roots towards light. Leave it
undisturbed in this condition for a few days.
c. Again, observe carefully to find the difference in
the movement.
d. When growing plants detect light, auxin,
synthesized at the shoot tip, helps the cells to
grow longer. Auxin always diffuses towards the
shady side of the shoot. This concentrations of
auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the
side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus,
the plant appears to bend towards light.
61. (a) What is phototropism and geotropism? With

labelled diagrams describe an activity to show
that light and gravity change the direction that
plant part grows in.
(b) Mention the role of each of the following plant
hormones: (i) Auxin (ii) Abscisic acid.
Ans :
a. Phototropism It is tropic movements in the
direction of light or away from it e.g. shoots
bends towards light while roots grow away from
it. Hence shoot is positively phototropic and root
is negatively phototropic.
Geotropism: Growth of roots downward towards

the earth hence positively geotropic whereas
stem grows upward, away from earth, hence it is
negatively geographic.
b. Auxins: Synthesized at the shoot tip, helps the
cells to grow longer.
Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, causes wilting and
falling of leaves.
WWW.CBSE.ONLINE
Chap 8 : How Do Organisms Reproduce www.cbse.online

CLASS : 10th
CHAPTER 8
SUB : Science
For more subject
How Do Organisms Reproduce
ONE MARK QUESTIONS beings.

Ans : [Delhi 2015]
a. Testis produce sperms.
1. Name the method by which Spirogyra reproduce b. Produces male sex hormone, testosterone.
under favourable conditions. Is this method sexual or
asexual? 10. Name the causative organism of the disease “Kala-
Ans : [Delhi 2017] azar” and its mode of asexual reproduction.
Fragmentation. Asexual Ans : [Foreign 2015]
Leishmania, Binary fission.
2. Name the method by which Planaria reproduce
under favourable conditions. Is this method sexual or 11. Name two simple organisms having the ability of
asexual? regeneration.
Ans : [Delhi 2017] Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Regeneration. Asexual Planaria/hydra/earthworm (any two).
3. Name the method by which Plasmodium reproduce 12. Give the respective scientific terms used for studying:
under favourable conditions. Is this method sexual or a. The mechanism by which variations are created
asexual? and inherited and
Ans : [Delhi 2017] b. The development of new type of organisms from
the existing ones.
Multiple Fission. Asexual
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
4. When a cell reproduces, what happens to its DNA? a. Heredity
Ans : [All India 2017] b. Fission.
Its DNA first doubles up followed by its equal and NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
accurate division between two daughter cells.
5. List two functions of ovary of human female www.cbse.online for
reproductive system. 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
Ans : [All India 2016] Bank
In human female, ovary contains thousands of eggs. 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
One egg is produced every month one of the ovaries. 4. NCERT Solutions
Ovary also secretes estrogens hormone for development All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
of sexual characteristics at puberty. provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
6. What are those organisms called which bear both sex New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
organs in the same individual. Give one example of For School Education
such organism.
13. Give an advantage of vegetative propagation.
Bisexual. For example: earthworm, leech, starfish,
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
hibiscus, mustard. (Any one)
Vegetative propagation can be practised for growing
7. Where is DNA found in a cell? such plants which usually do not produce seeds or
Ans : [CBSE 2016] produce non-viable seeds.
Genes/Chromosomes. 14. Name the type of cells which undergo regeneration.
8. Name the life process of an organism that helps in the Ans : [CBSE 2015]
growth of its population. Regenerative cells can proliferate and make large
Ans : [All India 2015] number of cells.
Reproduction. 15. What are sexually transmitted diseases? Name an
STD which damages the immune system of human
9. List two functions performed by testis in human
body. Germination: Development of embryo into a seedling.

Ans : [CBSE 2015] Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes.
a. Diseases that spread through the sexual contact. 26. Why is sexual reproduction considered to be superior
b. AIDS to asexual reproduction is terms of evolution?
16. Organisms have a varied body design. Name the Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
property which gives the basic difference in body Sexual mode of reproduction is a source of variation
design. (in a population of organisms) which ensures survival
Ans : [CBSE 2014] of the species.
Errors in DNA copying (variations). 27. Malarial parasite divides into many daughter
individuals simultaneously through multiple fission.
17. How can the chromosomes be identified?
State an advantage the parasite gets because of this
Ans : [CBSE 2014] type of reproduction.
Chromosomes can be seen as thread like structure Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
when cell is dividing.
a. Progeny is identical like parent and in large
18. Why is temperature of scrotal sac 2°C less than the number.
body temperature? b. Single individual can reproduce.
Ans : [CBSE 2014,12] 28. Name two ways of vegetative propagation practiced
Because testes require temperature 2°C less than the by gardeners.
body temperature for the production of sperms. Ans : [All India 2009]
19. How does the embryo gets nourishment from the Cutting and grafting.
mother?
29. What is reproduction?
Ans : [All India 2009 C]
Through placenta.
Reproduction is the process of producing individuals
20. Why does the lining of uterus become thick and of its own kind.
spongy every month?
30. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not
Ans : [CBSE 2013] perfectly accurate on the reproduction process?
To receive and nurture the growing embryo, lining of Ans : [All India 2008]
uterus become thick and spongy.
Leads to variation/ evolution.
21. Regeneration is not possible in all types of animals.
Why? TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Regeneration is carried by specialised cells. The
31. State the changes that take place in the uterus when
organisms which have those cells only can show
a. implantation of embryo has occurred
regeneration.
b. female gamete/egg is not fertilized
22. What is the advantage of reproducing through spores? Ans : [Delhi 2017]
Ans : [CBSE 2012] a. Uterus wall becomes thicker due to development
In the form of cyst, spore with a cell wall can survive of blood vessels and glands in it and placenta
in adverse conditions. develops from the side of foetus so that it can
derive nutrition from mother and pass the waste
They can be easily dispersed through wind as to mother’s blood.
they are more in number and light in weight. b. Uterus lining gets peeled and shed off along with
23. What happens if egg is not fertilized? mucus, blood, dead ovum during menstruation.
Ans : [CBSE 2012] 32. Give reasons as to why the following processes are
If fertilization does not occur then menstruation different from each other:
occurs, i.e., blood and mucus comes out through the a. Fission in Amoeba and Plasmodium .
vagina. b. Binary fission and Fragmentation.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
24. Differentiate between pollen grain and ovule.
a. In Amoeba during binary fission the cell divides
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
into two daughter cells while in Plasmodium
Pollen grains contain male gametes and ovules multiple fission occurs, where the cell divides into
contains female gametes in plants. many daughter cells.
b. In binary fission, a cell divides into two daughter
25. Differentiate between germination and fertilization, cells while in fragmentation, the body of a
Ans : [CBSE 2011 ] multicellular organisms divides into two or more
parts which grow further. a. Each piece grows into a complete organism.
b. Develops into new plants.
33. a. What is the location of the following: c. Changes occurs in the appearance at the time of
(i) DNA in a cell (ii) Gene puberty.
b. Expand DNA.
Ans : [CBSE 2016] 38. What does the diagram given below correctly
illustrate? Give reason in support of your answer.
a. (i) Nucleus. (ii) Located on the chromosomes.
b. Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
34. Explain how do organisms create an exact copy of

themselves.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
To build the copies of DNA or the genetic material,
the cells use biochemical reactions.
Additional cellular apparatus along with the DNA
copies are separated and so a cell divides to give rise Ans : [All India 2014-15]
to two almost identical cells.
Binary fission in Amoeba. The splitting of the two
35. “Variations” are seen in the organisms. State the two cells during division in Amoeba can take place in any
main causes of variation. plane.
Ans : [CBSE 2015] 39. What is the main difference between sperms and eggs
Variations are caused by: of human? Write the importance of this difference?
a. Change in the genetic material, i.e., DNA at the Ans : [All India 2014]
time of DNA copying.
Sperms are motile and are produced in . large
b. Environmental factors viz., light, temperature,
numbers by a male. Egg are non-motile and only one
nutrition, wind and water supply, etc.
is produced at a time by the female.
c. Mutations.
Sperms are motile as they have to travel up to egg
NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS for fertilization. It becomes zygote, remains protected
For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at inside female’s body and gives rise to foetus and baby.
www.cbse.online for
40. Draw labelled diagrams to illustrate budding in Hydra.
Bank Ans : [CBSE 2014]
2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise). a. In sexual reproduction, fusion of male and female
3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved). gametes takes place, these germ-cells/gametes
4. NCERT Solutions contain half the number of chromosomes and by
All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be the fusion of these gametes the zygote is formed
provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly. with full set of chromosomes.
New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free b. When male and female gametes fuse at the time
of fertilization, it restores the original number
of chromosomes (of the parent), ensuring the
stability of species.
36. Define the following processes of asexual reproduction:
a. Spore formation 41. “The chromosomal number of the sexually producing
b. Regeneration parents and their offspring is the same.” Justify this
c. Multiple fission statement.
a. Reproduction seen in organisms by formation of a. DNA copying is essential for formation of addition
spores. cellular apparatus, so that when DNA copies
b. Organisms are cut into any number of pieces and separate, each cell gets its own cellular apparatus.
each piece grows into a complete organism. b. The process of DNA copying results in variation
c. Unicellular organisms divide into many daughter each time. As a result, the DNA copies generated
cells simultaneously. will be similar, but may not be identical to the
original.
37. What happens when the following situations are
initiated: 42. “The consistency of DNA copying during reproduction
a. A Planaria is cut into three different pieces. is important for the maintenance of body design
b. Leaf of the Bryophyllum with notches falls on the features.” Support this statement with two arguments.
soil. Ans : [CBSE 2014]
c. Testosterone is released in the male reproductive
system. 43. Why is vegetative propagation practised for growing
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
some types of plants? [Delhi 2012] a. Formation of sperms takes place in testes.
or b. Prostate gland contributes fluid to the semen.
Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing
some types of plant? List two plants which are grown 50. Why do we need to adopt contraceptive measures?
by this method. Ans : [CBSE 2012, 13]
Ans : [All India 2013] a. Contraceptive measures are needed to be adopted
Advantages of vegetative propagation: to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
a. The plants bear flowers and fruits earlier than b. To prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
those propagated sexually. c. Spacing between children.
b. Plants have lost capacity to form seeds hence d. For sound health of a mother.
they are propagated vegetatively. Such plants are
51. Give two differences between a male and a female
genetically similar to parent plants and have all
gamete.
their characters.
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
44. Define variation in relation to a species. Why is a. Male gamete is smaller in size or compared to the
variation beneficial to the species? female gamete.
Ans : [CBSE 2013] b. Male gamete is motile whereas female gamete is
Variation means certain changes which occur in non-motile.
sexually reproducing organisms because of errors in
52. What kind of contraceptive methods prevents STDs
DNA copying. Variations are beneficial for species
and how?
because they given survival advantage even in the
adverse environmental conditions. Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Barrier method prevent STDs.
45. State the importance of chromosomal difference By this method there is no direct contact of genital
between sperms and eggs of humans. organs of male and female and thus it prevents
Ans : [CBSE 2013] transmission of any infection.
Eggs always contain same type of sex chromosomes
53. List any two reasons why the Government has banned
(both X). Sperms contain X or Y sex chromosomes.
prenatal sex determination by law.
Thus, sperm containing X chromosome when combines
with X chromosome of egg results in a female child. Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Whereas sperm containing Y chromosome when a. People may get female foetus aborted.
combines with X chromosome of egg results in a male b. Reckless female foeticide has disturbed male-
child. female ratio in society.
46. a. List any two methods of asexual reproduction. 54. Mention any four ways of asexual reproduction.
b. Explain how Spirogyra reproduces. Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
a. Fission
a. (i) Budding in Hydra and Yeast. b. Budding
(ii) Spore formation in Fungi. c. Spore formation
b. Spirogyra breaks up into smaller pieces upon d. Fragmentation
maturation. These fragments grow into new e. Regenerations
individuals
55. Mention the functions of (a) placenta (b) fallopian
47. How can pregnancy be prevented surgically? tube in the human female , reproductive system.
Ans : Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Pregnancy can be prevented surgically by adopting: a. Placenta:
a. Vasectomy: When vas deferens in males are blocked (i) Helps in transporting glucose and oxygen
surgically, sperm transfer will be prevented. from the mother to the embryo.
b. Tubectomy: When fallopian tubes are blocked, (ii) Waste generated by the embryo is removed by
eggs will not be able to reach the uterus. transferring it to the mother’s blood.
b. Fallopian tube:
48. ‘Regeneration is not reproduction’. Justify this (i) Helps in carrying the egg from the ovary to
statement with reason. the uterus.
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14] (ii) Fertilization occurs here.
When a piece is cut from an organism, it grows into
56. List any four modes of asexual reproduction.
complete organisms. Regeneration is carried out by
specialized cells. It is not reproduction since most Ans : [All India 2011]
organisms would not be able to grow through pieces. a. Four modes of asexual reproduction:
b. Fission
49. State one function each performed by the following c. Budding
organs in human beings: (a) Testes (b) Prostate gland d. Spore formation
Ans : [CBSE 2013] e. Fragmentation
f. Regenerations c. ovule
d. sepals and petals
57. Give one example each of a unisexual and bisexual
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
flower. [All India 2011]
or a. forms zygote
Differentiate between unisexual and bisexual flower. b. forms fruit
or c. forms seed
Distinguish between unisexual and bisexual flowers d. shrinks and fall off
giving one example of each.
62. What is the function of copper-T used by some
Ans : [All India 2014-15] women? What is its effect?
Unisexual flower have only one type of sex organ, Ans : [CBSE 2011 ]
either carpels or stamen, hence they are either male
Copper-T prevents pregnancy as it prevents
or female flower. For example: Cucurbit and maize.
implantation in the uterus. It can cause side effect
Bisexual flower have both carpels and stamens. For
due to irritation of the uterus.
example: Marigold and rose.
63. Leaves of Bryophyllum fallen on the ground produce
58. List any two differences between pollination and
new plants. Why?
fertilization.
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
Leaves of Bryophyllum bears adventi¬tious buds/
Pollination Fertilization plantlets in the notches along the leaf margin. When
1. It is the transfer of It is the fusion of male the buds fall on the soil they develop into new plant
pollen grain from gamete with female under favourable condi-tions.
the anther to the gamete (egg).
64. Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-
stigma of flower.
pollination.
2. It is achieved by It is achieved by the Ans : [CBSE 2011]
agents like wind, growth of pollen tube
water or animals. so that the male Self-pollination Cross-pollination
gamete reaches the
1. Self-pollination is Cross-pollination is
female germ cells.
the transfer of pollen the transfer of pollen
3. It leads to It leads to formation of grains from anther grains from anther
fertilization. seeds to stigma within the to stigma in another
4. It is an external It is an internal same flower. flower.
process process. 2. It occurs either in It occurs between
the same flower or two flowers which are
59. Differentiate between plumule and radicle. another flower of the on different plants
Ans : [CBSE 2011] same plant. but are of the same
species.
Plumule Radicle
3. It occurs in the It occurs between
1. The part of growing The part of growing flowers which are flowers which are
embryo which later embryo which later form genetically same. genetically different.
forms the shoot of the root of young plant.
young plant. 65. Label any four parts.
2. It is positively It is positively
phototrophic geotrophic and
and negatively negatively phototrophic.
geotrophic.
60. Name the type of asexual reproduction in:

a. Planaria
b. Rhizopus
c. Spirogyra
d. Hydra
Ans :
a. Regeneration
b. Spore formation
c. Fragmentation
d. Budding Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
1. Stigma 2. Anther 3. Style 4. Filament 5. Petal
61. What happens to the following parts after fertilization?
6. Ovary 7. Sepal (any four)
a. ovum
b. ovary
66. What are the functions of the following in male

reproductive system?
a. Seminal vesicles
b. Prostate gland
a. In human males, seminal vesicles store sperms
temporarily before ejaculation.
b. Both seminal vesicles and prostate gland add
their secretions so that the sperms remain in a
fluid which makes their transport easier and also
this fluid provides nutrition.

www.cbse.online for
Bank
69. Draw a labelled diagram of
4. NCERT Solutions
All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be a. Spore formation in Rhizop us
provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly. b. Multiple fission in Plasmodium.
Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Ans : [CBSE 2008 C]
67. Draw a labelled diagram of

a. Regeneration in Planaria
b. Budding in Hydra [CBSE 2008 C]
or
Explain budding in Hydra with the help of labelled
diagrams only.
Ans : [Delhi 2015]
70. Write two differences between binary fission and

multiple fission in a tabular form as observed in the
cells of the organisms.
68. Draw a labelled diagram of (i) Binary fission in
Ans : [All India 2008, 2010]
Amoeba (ii) leaf of Bryophyllum with buds.
Ans : [CBSE 2008 C] Binary Fission Multiple Fission
1. One cell splits into One cell divides into
two equal halves. many daughter cells
simultaneously
Binary Fission Multiple Fission Define reproduction. How does it help in providing
stability to the population of species?
2. Each nuclear division Nuclear division Ans : [CBSE 2015 C]
is followed by occurs several times,
cytoplasmic division. they move towards the a. Reproduction is the process of producing
It can be irregular, periphery followed by individuals of its own kind. Through reproduction,
longitudinal or cytoplasmic division. the continuity is maintained.
transverse. b. Members of population are eliminated due to old
age, disease, accidents and other reason. They
3. Generally seen during Generally occurs have to be replaced by new members in order to
favourable conditions in unfavourable maintain a stable population.
e.g., Many bacteria conditions or in c. Reproduction brings variation so that population
and Protozoa like, parasitic forms e.g., may adapt better and evolution in species takes
Amoeba, Paramecium Plasmodium (malarial place. Ultimately new species originate from pre-
and Leishmania. parasite) existing ones.
d. Reproduction is not essential for an individual
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS as its survival is not dependent upon it but is
essential for a species for its survival.
71. What is vegetative propagation? List two advantages 74. Mention the total number of chromosome along
and two disadvantages of vegetative propagation. with sex chromosome. Explain how in a sexually
reproducing organism chromosome number of parents
and their offsprings is the same.
Method of producing new plants from vegetative Ans : [Delhi 2017]
parts like roots, stem and leaves is called vegetative
propagation. Total number chromosomes is 23 pairs. The last pair
Advantages are: is called sex chromosome. If they are similar, they are
a. The plants bear flowers and fruits earlier than termed as XX chromosome. They are present in the
those propagated sexually. females. If they are dissimilar, they are called XY.
b. Plants have lost capacity to form seeds hence they They are present in the males. DNA doubling is always
are propagated vegetatively. followed by cell division. But multicellular organisms
Disadvantages are: have special linkages of cells in specialised organs
a. Such plants are genetically similar to parent plants which have only half the number of chromosomes and
and are vulnerable to infections and diseases. half the amount of DNA. Thus, when these germ-
b. They do not have variations therefore do not cells from two individuals combine during sexual
adapt well to changing environment, the plant reproduction to form a new individual, it results in
species does not evolve. re-establishment of number of chromosome and DNA
content.
72. List three techniques to prevent pregnancy. Which of
them is not meant for males? How does the use of such 75. State the basic requirement for sexual reproduction.
techniques have an impact on health and prosperity of Write the importance of such reproduction in nature.
a family? [All India 2017] Ans : [Delhi 2017]
or Sexual reproduction takes place in multicellular
List any four methods of contraception used by organisms with complex body design. There are
humans. How does their use have a direct effect on specialized (sex) organs in which through a special
the health and prosperity of a family? type of cell division, number of chromosome is reduced
Ans : [Delhi 2015, All India 2014] to half and male and female germ cells/gametes form.
Three techniques to prevent pregnancy: These gamete fuse to form zygote on fertilization,
a. Mechanical barrier — male or female. thus the characteristic number of chromosome and the
b. Taking oral pills/i-pill/saheli - changing the normal DNA content for a cell is regained.
hormonal balance of the body so that eggs are Sexual reproduction gives rise to more variations
not released. which are essential for evolution as well as survival
c. Use of the loop or the Copper-T. of species under unfavorable conditions. Species
d. Surgical method - tubectomy / vasectomy reproducing sexually have better chances of survival.
Use of hormonal preparations is not meant for
males. 76. What happens when:
Effect on Health and Prosperity: a. Accidentally Planaria is cut into three different
a. Health of women is maintained pieces.
b. Parents can give more attention to children b. Bryophyllum leaf fall on the wet soil.
c. More resources can be made available. c. On maturation sporangia of Rhizopus burst.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
73. Reproduction is one of the most important
characteristics of the living beings. Give three reasons a. Three new Planaria will form due to regeneration.
in support of your answer. [All India 2017] b. New plantlets will form from these buds helping
or the plant to propagate vegetatively.
c. Spores are released which upon finding suitable flower by agents like wind, water or animals.
substratum germinates to form new individual. c. Style is the middle elongated part of the carpel.
It acts as a passage for pollen to reach ovary for
77. List four steps in sexual reproduction. Write two of the fertilization. Filaments is the elongated part
its advantages. of stamen.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
81. a. Trace the path of sperms from where they are
a. Four steps in sexual reproduction :
produced in human body to the exterior.
b. Formation of gametes in the sex organs.
b. Write the functions of secretions of prostate gland
c. Transfer of male gamete to female gamete which
and seminal vesicles in humans.
involves release of both types of gametes in the
medium outside. Ans : [CBSE 2016]
d. Fusion of gametes, either inside or outside the a. The formation of sperms takes place in testes and
female parents body. delivered through the vas deferens which unites
e. Development of zygote to embryo and then with a tube coming from urinary bladder to form
complete individual. urethra from where they are excreted out of the
Advantages: body.
a. Variations are produced among the progeny. b. Prostate gland and seminal vesicles add their
b. Such populations are able to adapt well to secretions to make the sperms motile in a fluid
changing environment and thus evolves faster. which makes their transport easier and provides
nutrition.
78. Write one main difference between asexual and sexual
mode of reproduction. Which species is likely to 82. Give two examples each of the following:
have comparatively better chances of survival - the a. Plants having unisexual flowers
one reproducing asexually or the one reproducing b. Agents of pollination
sexually? Give reason to justify your answer. c. Physical changes on puberty that are common to
Ans : [CBSE 2017] both boys and girls.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
a. Papaya, watermelon
1. It involves two parents It involves only one b. Insects, air, water, etc.
and causes genetic parent and does c. (i) Appearance of pubic hair.
variation. not causes genetic (ii) Skin becomes oily and may develop pimples.
variation.
83. Why are the testes located outside the abdominal
2. Fertilization/zygote No fertilization/zygote
cavity? Mention the endocrine and exocrine function
formation is observed. formation is observed.
of testes.
The species having sexual mode of reproduction Ans : [CBSE 2016]
have better chances of survival because sexual
reproduction leads to variations which give better Sperm formation requires a lower temperature than
survival advantage to the species over time. the normal body temperature. This temperature is
1-3°C lower than the temperature of the body. Testes
79. Explain the term “Regeneration” as used in relation are thus located outside so that scrotum provides an
to reproduction of organisms. Describe briefly how optimal temperature for the formation of the sperms.
regeneration is carried out in multicellular organisms Endocrine function:
like Hydra. Production of male hormone (testosterone).
Ans : [All India 2016] Exocrine function:
Production of male gametes (sperms).
The ability to give rise to new individuals from
the body parts of the parent individual is called 84. List six specific characteristics of sexual reproduction.
regeneration, e.g., Hydra and Planaria, if their bodies Ans : [All India 2015, CBSE 2016]
get broken into many pieces, each piece is capable of
re-growing into a complete individual. Characteristics of sexual reproduction:
a. Two parents are involved.
80. Compare the following: b. Two dissimilar gametes are formed by meiosis.
a. Unisexual and bisexual flower. c. Variations are produced.
b. Self-pollination and cross pollination. d. Occurs in all the higher and some of the lower
c. Style and filament. organisms.
Ans : [All India 2016-17] e. Fertilization / fusion of gametes leading to zygote
formation.
a. Unisexual flowers have either stamens or carpels,
e.g., Papaya and Watermelon. Bisexual Flowers 85. List four points of significance of reproductive health in
have both stamens and carpels, e.g., Mustard and a society. Name any two areas related to reproductive
Hibiscus. health which have improved over the past 50 years in
b. Self-Pollination is transfer of pollen grains from our country.
the stamen to the stigma of same flower. Cross Ans : [All India 2015, CBSE 2016]
Pollination is transfer of pollen grains to another
Significance: a. Barrier method (Condoms)

a. Prevent STDs. b. Surgical method (Vasectomy in males and
b. Advantage of small family. Tubectomy in females)
c. Less mortality among new-borns. c. Withdrawal method
d. Reduces the cases of maternal mortality. d. Calendar method
Areas which have improved: e. Hormonal method
a. Family Planning. f. IUCD/Copper-T/Loop (any four)
b. Decrease in STD cases. Two advantages:
a. Helps in maintaining health of women.
86. What is placenta? Explain its function in human b. Helps in preventing STDs especially AIDS.
female. [Foreign 2015, All India 2014] c. Helps in birth control.
or
State the role of placenta in the development of NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
embryo. [All India 2013] For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
or www.cbse.online for
What is placenta? Describe its structure. State its 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
functions in case of a pregnant human female. Bank
Ans : [All India 2016] 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
Placenta is a specialized tissue embedded in the 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
uterine wall. It contains villi on the embryo’s side and 4. NCERT Solutions
blood spaces on the mother’s side. All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
Function: provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
a. Helps in passing of nutrients from mother to New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
foetus. For School Education
b. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.
c. Passing of waste materials from embryo to the
mother. 90. List any two modes of asexual reproduction. Under
which mode of reproduction is vegetative propagation
87. Write one main difference between asexual and sexual placed and why? List two advantages of vegetative
mode of reproduction. Which species is likely to propagation.
have comparatively better chances of survival- the Ans : [All India 2014]
one reproducing sexually or the one reproducing
asexually? Justify your answer. Two modes of asexual reproduction are fission
[Foreign 2015, All India 2018] Regeneration
or Vegetative propagation is placed under asexual
How is sexual reproduction better than asexual reproduction as reproduction happens from any part
reproduction? of a plant. It may be either leaf, shoot or root.
Ans : [All India 2013] Advantages are:
a. Asexual reproduction does not involve genetic a. The plants bear flowers and fruits earlier than
fusion while sexual reproduction involves fusion of those propagated sexually.
male and female gametes to form a zygote. b. Plants have lost capacity to form seeds hence they
b. Species reproducing sexually have better chances are propagated vegetatively.
of survival. 91. “Regeneration is not same as reproduction”.
Reason : a. Justify the statement.
Sexual reproduction gives rise to more variations b. What is meant by regeneration?
which are essential for evolution as well as survival c. How is this process different from
of species under unfavorable conditions. fragmentation?
88. What are chromosomes? Explain how in sexually Ans : [All India 2015]
reproducing organisms, the number of chromosomes a. Regeneration is not the same as reproduction,
in the progeny is maintained? since most organisms would not normally depend
Ans : [CBSE 2015] on being cut up to be able to reproduce.
Chromosomes are thread like structures made-up of b. The ability to give rise to new individuals from
DNA found in the nucleus. The original number of the body parts of the parent individual is called
chromosomes becomes half during gamete formation. regeneration.
Hence, when the gametes combine, the original c. In fragmentation, the body of a simple multicellular
number of chromosome gets restored in the progeny. organism breaks down onto many ‘fragments’. All
cells undergo division and the organism develops
89. List four categories of contraceptive methods. State from each fragment. Regeneration occurs only
in brief two advantages of adopting such preventive through some specialised cells.
methods.
92. Explain the process of regeneration in Planaria. How
Ans : [CBSE 2015] is this process different from reproduction?
Four categories of contraceptive methods are: Ans : [All India 2014, CBSE 2008]
Regeneration is the ability to give rise to new a. Binary fission.

individuals from the body parts of the parent b. Amoeba.
individual e.g., Hydra and Planaria, if their bodies c. Binary fission occurs in unicellular organisms
get broken into many pieces, each piece is capable of only. In fragmentation the body of a simple
re-growing into a complete individual. multicellular organism breaks down into many
‘fragments’. All cells undergo division and the
organism develops from each fragment.
95. DNA content has the tendency to double itself during

sexual reproduction due to combining of the genetic
materials from the two parents. How the problem
of DNA doubling can be solved to maintain the
consistency of the genetic material throughout the
species?
[All India 2014-15]
or
“The chromosome number of the sexually reproducing
parents and their offsprings is the same”. Justify the
statement.
In some organism regeneration occurs but only DNA doubling is always followed by cell division. Due
to regain lost body parts like in tail of lizard, arm to this special cell division, gametes form with half the
of a star fish. In the case of Planaria, it is a way of content of DNA and single set of chromosomes. These
reproduction that is producing organisms of its own gamete fuse to form zygote on fertilization. Thus the
kind. characteristic number of chromosome and the normal
DNA content for a cell is regained.
93. In the process of reproduction as used by Spirogyra,
Thus the consistency of the genetic material
the organism splits itself into small pieces.
throughout the species is maintained and for the
a. What is this process of reproduction called?
same reason the chromosome number of the sexually
b. Is this type of reproduction sexual or asexual?
reproducing parents and their offsprings is the same.
Answer with reason.
c. Is this process same as regeneration?
Ans : [All India 2014-15] 96. Explain the structure of the female reproductive
a. Fragmentation. system of humans.
b. Asexual as only one parent is involved, Ans : [All India 2014-15]
c. In fragmentation, the body of a simple multicellular Female Reproductive System consists of ovaries,
organism breaks down into many ‘fragments’. All fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
cells undergo division and the organism develops a. Ovaries are located inside the abdominal cavity,
from each fragment. near the kidney. It performs two functions:
In regeneration, body of a multicellular • Produce female germ - cells/eggs. Every
organism get broken into many pieces, each piece month one egg is produced
is capable of re-growing into a complete individual. • Secrete hormones like Estrogens which
stimulate the development of secondary
94. Study the diagram given below:
sexual characteristics at puberty.
b. Fallopian Tubes carry the egg from ovary to the
womb; egg gets fertilized in the oviducts only if it
meets a sperm.
c. Uterus is a elastic bag like structure. The fertilized
egg, the zygote gets implanted in the fining of
uterus and develops into an embiyo.
d. Vagina (Birth Canal) receives the sperms as well
as child is borne through it.
a. Identify the process. 97. Give the functions of the following in the process of
b. Which organism uses the above method of reproduction:
reproduction? a. Pollen tube.
c. How is the above method different from the b. ovary,
process of fragmentation? [All India 2014-15] c. Stigma.
or Ans : [All India 2015]
In context of reproduction of species, state the main
difference between fission and fragmentation. Also a. Pollen tube carries male gamete from stigma to
give one example of each. ovule.
b. Ovary has ovule and forms fruit to protect and
dispersal of seeds.
c. Stigma receives pollen during pollination. formation of zygote is known as fertilization.

The growth of embryo (present in the seed)
98. Justify the following statements: into seedling under appropriate conditions is
a. Variation is beneficial for the species over a period known as germination.
of time.
b. New offsprings produced are similar to their 102. A part of the male reproductive system is shown
parents but not identical. below. Study the diagram and answer the questions
c. Binary fission is different in Amoeba and that follow.
Leishmania.
Ans : [All India 2014-15]
a. Variations help a population in the process of
natural selection and accumulation of adaptations
in a population. It leads to evolution of a species.
b. Offspring, especially when produced sexually, have
minor differences or variations among themselves
hence they may not look identical. By virtue of
them being from same species they look similar.
c. Binary fission in Amoeba is in any plane but in
Leishmania it is in a fixed plane.
99. What happens when:

a. APlanaria is cut into three different pieces,
b. Leaf of the Bryophyllum with notches fall on the
soil.
c. Testosterone is released in the male reproductive a. Two part have been incorrectly labelled. Identify
system. them.
Ans : [All India 2014-15] b. Give the function of urethra.
c. Which hormone is released by testis?
a. Three new Planaria will form due to regeneration.
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
b. New plantlets will form from these buds helping
the plant to propagate vegetatively. a. Testis, penis.
c. The male shows masculine features and attains b. Urethra serves as a common passage for both
fertility. Sperm starts forming in testis. sperms and urine.
c. Testosterone.
100. What is the effect of DNA copying, which is not
perfectly ccurate, on the reproduction process? How 103. Mention one function each of the following parts with
does the amount of DNA remain constant though respect to the female reproductive system:
each new generation is a combination of DNA copies a. Vagina
of two individuals? b. Ovary
a. DNA copying leads to more variations in the a. The uterus open into vagina through the cervix.
offspring. The sperms enter through the vaginal passage
b. Sexually reproducing organisms have special during sexual intercourse.
lineage of cells which have only half the number b. One egg (female gamete) is produced every month
of chromosomes as the parent cell. by one of the ovaries.
c. When such germ cells fused, a new individual is
104. List and explain in brief three methods of contraception.
formed with the same amount of DNA as that of
[All India 2013]
parent.
or
101. Differentiate between the following: List any four methods of contraception. How are they
a. Placenta and uterus helpful to young couples?
b. Unisexual and bisexual flowers Ans : [All India 2014]
c. Fertilization and germination Four methods of contraception:
Ans : [CBSE 2014] a. Condoms
a. Placenta and uterus : The embryo gets nutrition b. Copper-T
from the mother’s blood with the help of a special c. Diaphragm
tissue called placenta. d. Oral pills
After fertilization, embryo gets attached to All these help in family planning as it helps in
the walls of uterus. keeping gap between two children. They help in proper
b. Unisexual flowers contain either stamens or utilization of family resources.
carpels. Bisexual flowers contain both stamens
and carpels. 105. Write scientific name for malarial parasite. How
c. Fertilization and germination : The fusion of is fission in amoeba different from that of malarial
male gamete with female gamete leading to the
parasite? (ii) Use covering on vagina.

110. a.How do organisms reproduced by fission?
a. Plasmodium, b. Write names of any two organisms which reproduce
b. Fission in amoeba produces two daughter cells by this method.
- binary fission. Fission in Plasmodium produce c. Differentiate between the fission of Leishmania
many daughter cells - multiple fission, and Plasmodium.
106. a.Give the functions of the following: Ans : [CBSE 2013]
1. Pollen tube a. Cell division takes place which leads to creation of
2. Ovary new individuals.
b. List any two changes observed in the body of a b. Bacteria, Protozoa.
female during puberty. c. Leishmania — binary fission occurs in a definite
Ans : [CBSE 2013] orientation.
Plasmodium — undergoes multiple fission,
a. (i) Transfer of male gamete. (ii) Production of
female gamete. 111. Give reasons:
b. (i) Growth of mammary glands. (ii) Onset of a. Wind acts as a pollinating agent.
menstrual cycle. b. Variation is essential and beneficial to a species.
c. Use of condoms prevents pregnancy.
107. What is meant by DNA copying? Mention its
importance in reproduction. Ans : [CBSE 2013]
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14] a. Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
b. Helps in evolution and survival.
Cells use chemical reactions to build copies of their
c. Prevents fertilization - Barrier method.
DNA. This creates two copies of the DNA in a
reproducing cell. DNA copying is accompanied by 112. What are secondary sexual characters in humans?
the creation of an additional cellular apparatus to Name one such character of male and female.
facilitate the DNA copies to separate with its own Ans : [CBSE 2013]
cellular apparatus. DNA copying gives rise to some
inbuilt tendency for variation during reproduction The characters which distinguish a male from female
which is the basis for evolution. are called secondary sexual characters.
Secondary sexual characters of male are moustache,
108. Distinguish between the functions of ovary and testis. beard, thick growth of hair on body, strong muscles
Ans : and harsh voice.
Ovary Testis Secondary sexual characters of female are less hair
on body, broad hips, development of breasts and soft
1. Ovary is the primary Testis is the voice.
sex organ in females primary sex organ
which produces eggs in males which 113. Name and explain the method by which Rhizopus
produces sperms. reproduces.
2. It also secretes hormone It also secretes Ans : [CBSE 2013]
such as estrogen hormone Rhizopus reproduces by spore formation. Method: It
(which imparts female testosterone which is a method of asexual reproduction.
secondary sexual imparts male
characters) and secondary sexual
progesterone (which characters.
maintains
pregnancy).
3. Ovary remains Testis remains
functional up to 50 functional even
years of age. more than 70 years
of age.
109. a.What are sexually transmitted diseases? Name

any one which is caused by bacteria and one
caused by viral infection. Spores are produced in a structure called sporangium.
b. Mention any two methods to avoid such diseases.
114. a.Give the functions of: (i) Stigma (ii) Ovary
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
b. State in brief the formation of seed in a flower.
a. Diseases that spread through the sexual contact Ans : [CBSE 2011]
are called sexually transmitted diseases.
(i) Gonorrhoea or syphilis is caused by bacteria. a. (i) The sticky terminal part of the carpel is called
(ii) Warts, HTV, AIDS is caused by virus. stigma. It receives pollen.
b. (i) Use of condoms on penis. (ii) The swollen bottom part of the carpel is
called ovary. It contains female germ cells
which form seed after fertilization. they be prevented?

b. After fertilization, the zygote divides several times Ans : [All India 2008]
to form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule
a. Bacterial infections: Syphilis, Gonorrhoea.
develops a tough coat and is gradually converted
Viral infections: Warts, AIDS, Hepatitis B,
into a seed.
Herpes.
115. In the diagram of human male reproductive system b. Spread of these diseases can be prevented by
given below: using physical barrier, avoiding sex with multiple
partners.

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Bank
4. NCERT Solutions
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

a. Label parts A and B.
118. Name the type of asexual reproduction demonstrated
b. Name the hormone produced by organ “X’. What
is the role of this hormone in human male? by the following organisms:
c. Mention the name of substances that are a. Amoeba
transported by tubes (i) C and (ii) D. b. Rhizopus
c. Planaria
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
d. Plasmodium
a. A - seminal vesicle, B - prostate gland. e. Bryophyllum
b. Testosterone: It controls gamete formation/ Ans : [All India 2016-17]
secondary sex organs/ accessory glands.
c. C - sperms, D - sperms/semen and urine. a. Binary fission
b. Spore formation
116. a.Identify the asexual method of reproduction in c. Fragmentation
each of the following organisms: d. Multiple fission
(i) Rose (ii) Yeast (iii) Planaria e. Vegetative propagation
b. What is fragmentation? Name a multicellular
119. Answer the following:
organism which reproduces by this method.
a. How is zygote formed?
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
b. State the function of placenta in the mother’s
a. (i) Vegetative propagation by stem. body.
(ii) Budding c. At what interval the egg is formed in human
(iii) Regeneration female ovary?
b. Fragmentation is a asexual method of reproduction d. Name two STDs caused by bacterial infection.
in which an organism simply breaks up into smaller e. Why is prenatal sex determination prohibited?
pieces/ fragments upon maturation. These pieces Ans : [All India 2017]
or fragments grow into new individuals. Spirogyra
is the multicellular organism with relatively a. Zygote is formed by the fusion of male and female
simple body organisation which reproduces gamete.
through this simple method of reproduction, i.e., b. Placenta is a special tissue through which the
fragmentation. developing embryo/foetus gets nutrition from
mother’s blood. It also transports wastes of the
117. a.Give one example each of sexually transmitted embryo into mother’s blood.
diseases in each of following cases c. Ovulation releases mature ovum from ‘ the ovary.
(i) Bacterial infections (ii) Viral infections It happens once during a menstrual cycle that is
b. How can spread of these diseases be prevented? for roughly 28 days.
[All India 2011] d. STDs caused by bacterial infection are Gonorrhoea
or and Syphilis.
Name one sexually transmitted disease each caused e. Prenatal sex determination is misused and it may
due to bacterial infection and viral infection. How can be the reason for female foeticide.
120. a. List two reasons for the appearance of variations which when fall on the soil, develop into new
among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction. plants.
b. Cutting: A piece of stem, root, leaf or even a bulb
scale is placed partly under moist soil which grows
into a new plant, e.g., rose.
c. Layering: A part of the stem is pulled out and
buried in the soil. The layered stem grows into a
new plant, e.g., Pudina.
d. Grafting: In grafting, two parts from two different
plants are joined together so that they can unite
and grow into a new plant, e.g., sugarcane.
123. a.(i) Write full form of DNA.

(ii) State the role of DNA in the cell nucleus,
(iii) What will be the after effect if the information
of the DNA is changed.
b. Explain the importance of DNA copying in
b. (i) Name the part marked A in the diagram.
reproduction.
(ii) How does “A” reaches part B?
(iii) State the importance of , the part C. Ans : [CBSE 2016]
(iv) What happens to the part marked D after a. (i) Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
fertilization is over? (ii) Informational source for making proteins.
Ans : [All India 2016] (iii) Proteins will be changed.
b. Its only due to DNA copying that body designs
a. Sexual reproduction confers new characteristics
are similar because DNA cell nucleus carries
on the offspring due to genetic recombination
information for making proteins if DNA copying
occurring during gamete formation in the sex
will not take place then body design will change.
organs. Moreover it involves union of two gametes
coming from two parents which different genetic 124. List five distinguishing features between sexual and
combination. Thus it ensures more diversity in asexual types of reproductions in tabular form.
characteristics.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
b. (i) Pollen
(ii) Pollination Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
(iii) Pollen tube carries male gametes to the ovule
in ovary. 1. It involves two parents It involves only one
(iv) Ovule turns into seeds. and causes genetic parent and does
variation. not causes genetic
121. Identify the following methods and giving one example variation.
of each: 2. Fertilization/zygote No fertilization/zygote
a. Process in which reproduction takes place by formation is observed. formation is observed.
breaking up of parent into fragments.
b. Process of dividing of organisms into many cells 3. Gametes are formed in No gametes are
simultaneously. both males (sperms) produced.
c. Process of reproduction by formation of bud on and females (ova).
parent body. 4. Meiosis occurs during Meiosis does not
d. Process of reproduction by formation of spores. gamete formation. occur at any stage of
e. Process used by multicellular organisms to reproduction.
reproduce by cutting into many pieces each piece
5. Genetic variation Genetic variation does
forms a new individual.
occurs. not occur.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
a. Fragmentation, Spirogyra 125. a.Name the human male reproductive organ that
b. Multiple fission, Plasmodium produces sperms and also secretes a hormone.
c. Budding, Hydra Write the functions of the secreted hormone.
d. Spore formation, Rhizopus b. Name the parts of the human female reproductive
e. Regeneration, Planaria. system where
(i) Fertilization takes place,
122. How does vegetative propagation occur in nature? (ii) Implantation of the fertilized egg occurs.
Explain with four different examples. Explain how the embryo gets nourishment
Ans : [CBSE 2016] inside the mother’s body.
There are many plants in which parts like the root, Ans :
stem and leaves develop into new plants under a Testis - secrete male hormone - testosterone.
appropriate conditions. This is called as vegetative Functions : (i) Formation of sperms, (ii)
propagation. Examples of vegetative propagation: Development of secondary sexual characters.
a. Adventitious buds: In Bryophyllum, adventitious b. (i) fallopian tube/oviduct. (ii) uterus.
buds grow in the notches along the leaf margin,
Placenta is a special disc like tissue embedded (ii) Nourishment of developing embryo.
in the mother’s uterine wall and connected to the b. Placenta is a special disc like tissue embedded in
foetus/embryo. Placenta provides a large surface area the mother’s uterine wall and connected to the
for glucose and oxygen/ nutrients to pass from the foetus / embryo.
mother’s blood to the embryo/ foetus. Placenta provides a large surface area for glucose
and oxygen/nutrients to pass from the mother’s
126. a. Identify A,B,C and D in the given diagram and blood to the embryo/ foetus.
write their names.
128. Differentiate between:
a. Pollen tube and Style
b. Fission of Amoeba and Plasmodium
c. Fragmentation and regeneration
d. Bud of Hydra and bud of Bryophyllum
e. Vegetative propagation and spore formation.
a. Pollen tube forms and male gametes are carried
by it to the ovule.
Style is part of female part- carpel through
which pollen tube passes.
b. Amoeba shows binary fission where one cell splits
into two equal halves.
Plasmodium (malarial parasite) shows
b. What is pollination? Explain its significance. multiple fission where one cell divides into many
c. Explain the process of fertilization in flowers. daughter cells simultaneously.
Name the parts of flower that develop after c. Fragmentation occurs in multi-cellular organisms
fertilization into (i) seed (ii) fruit with simple body organisation like Spirogyra (a
Ans : [Foreign 2015, CBSE 2017, All India 2014,] filamentous alga). It involves breaking up of a
a. A - pollen grain; B - stigma; C - Pollen tube, D - filament into many fragments and each fragment
Female germ cell/Egg cell. growing into new individual.
b. Pollination - Transfer of pollen grains from anther Regeneration is the ability to give rise to new
to the stigma of a flower. individuals from the body parts of the parent
Significance of pollination - Process of pollination individual, e.g., Hydra and Planaria, if their
leads to fertilization as it brings the male and bodies get broken into many pieces, each piece is
female gametes together for fusion. capable of regrowing into a complete individual.
c. After a pollen falls on a suitable stigma, the pollen d. In Hydra, a bud is formed at a specific site by
tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels repeated cell division and develops into a tiny
through the style to reach the ovule in the ovary. hydra.
Here the male germ cell (carried by the pollen In Bryophyllum, vegetative buds arise from
tube) fuses with the female germ cell to form a the notches of its leaves and develops into a new
zygote. plantlet.
e. Vegetative Propagation is the development of new
127. a.Write the function of following parts in human plants from parts like root, leaf and stem under
female reproductive system: (i) Ovary (ii) Oviduct suitable conditions, e.g., Bryophyllum vegetative
(iii) Uterus buds arise from the notches of its leaves. In potato,
b. Describe in brief the structure and function of ginger, garlic etc. it occurs through stems.
placenta. Spore formation: A spore is a special cell
[All India 2018] protected by thick coating. It is capable of
or germinating into a new plant when comes in
Write the functions of the following in human female contact with suitable and environment conditions
reproductive system: Ovary, oviduct, uterus and moist surface, e.g., in Rhizopus (bread
How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mould), they are formed inside reproductive,
mother’s body? Explain in brief. bob¬like sacs called sporangia.
Ans : [Delhi 2015]
129. What happens when
a. Functions of Ovary, oviduct, uterus a. Testosterone is released in the male reproductive
Functions of Ovary system.
(i) Production of female hormone, oestrogen and b. Pollen grain falls on the stigma of flower.
progesterone. c. Egg fuses with the sperm cell.
(ii) Production of female gamete / egg /germ cell. d. A Planaria is cut into three different pieces.
Functions of Oviduct: e. Buds are formed on the notches of leaf of the
(i) Transfer of female gamete from the ovary. Bryophyllum.
(ii) Site of fertilization.
Ans : [All India 2014-15]
Functions of Uterus:
(i) Implantation of Zygote/ embryo. a. The male shows masculine features and attains
fertility/ sperm starts forming in testis. organism. This is known as regeneration. Hydra
b. Pollen tube forms and male gametes are carried and Planaria reproduce through this process.
by it to the ovule.
c. Fertilization occurs and a zygote forms. 132. a. Identify the organisms A, B and the mode of
d. Three new Planaria will form due to regeneration. asexual reproduction exhibited by them.
e. New plantlets will form from these buds helping
the plant to propagate vegetatively.

www.cbse.online for
Bank b. How will an organism be benefitted if it reproduces
2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise). through spores?
3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved). c. Mention the two asexual methods by which hydra
4. NCERT Solutions can reproduce. Explain briefly any one such
All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be method.
provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly. Ans : [CBSE 2013]
a. (i) Bryophyllum - vegetative propagation. (ii)
For School Education Plasmodium - multiple fission.
b. Spores are covered with thick walls that protect
them until they come into contact with a moist
130. Explain what happens when: surface.
a. Testosterone is released in males. c. Budding and Regeneration.
b. Pollen grain falls on the stigma of the flower. Budding : A bud develops as an outgrowth due to
c. Egg fuses with sperm cell. repeated cell division at a specific site, these buds
d. Planaria is cut into many pieces. develop into tiny individuals, mature and detach
e. Buds are formed on the notches of the Bryophyllum from the parent to become new individuals.
leaf. Regeneration: Specialized cells divide to form
Ans : [CBSE 2014, 2015] large number of cells and undergo changes to
a. (i) Formation of sperms, change in appearance. become various cell types and tissues.
(ii) Thick hair growth on the face and voice begin
133. a. Identify the organisms in figure A, B, C and D.
to crack.
b. A tube grows out of the pollen grain and travel
through the style to reach the ovary.
c. Zygote is formed (fertilization).
d. Each piece grows into a complete organism.
e. Buds may fall on the soil and develop into new
plants.
131. Define the following processes:

a. Fertilization
b. Menstruation
c. Binary fission
d. Vegetative propagation
e. Regeneration
Ans :
a. The fusion of male gamete with female gamete is b. Identify the life process commonly shown in all
known as fertilization. the figures,
b. Menstruation cycle takes place every month when c. How is this life process .advantageous to the
egg is not fertilized. It lasts for about two to eight organisms? Mention any two advantages.
days and during this cycle the lining of uterus Ans :
slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina a. (A) Hydra (B) Rhizopus
as blood and mucus. (C) Bryophyllum (D) Planaria
c. Binary fission is the splitting of nucleus into two b. Asexual mode of reproduction
daughter cells which can take place in any plane. c. (i) Only one individual is required. (ii) Progeny
It can be observed in Amoeba. is identical like parents (iii) Produced in large
d. When vegetative part of a plant like the root, number (Any two)
stem or leaves develops into new plant under
appropriate conditions, it is known as vegetative 134. a.Draw a diagram of the longitudinal section of a
propagation. flower and label on it sepals, petal, ovary and
e. When body of an organism cuts into any number stigma.
of pieces and each piece grows into a complete b. Write the names of male and female parts of a
flower. NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS

Ans : [All India 2010, 2015] For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
a. www.cbse.online for
Bank
4. NCERT Solutions
b. Male Part : Stamen; Female Part : Carpel/pistil
135. a.Draw a sectional view of human female

reproductive system and label the part where:
(i) Eggs develop
(ii) Fertilization takes place
(iii) Fertilized eggs get implanted.
b. Describe in brief, the changes the uterus undergoes:
(i) To receive the zygote
(ii) If zygote is not formed.
Ans : [Delhi 2008, All India 2014, CBSE 2015]
a.
(i) Ovary
(ii) Oviduct or fallopian tube
(iii) Uterus or uterus wall
b. (i) It becomes thicker due to development of
blood vessels and glands in it.
(ii) It gets peeled and shed off along with mucus,
blood, dead ovum during menstruation
WWW.CBSE.ONLINE
Chap 9 : Herededit and Evolution www.cbse.online

CLASS : 10th
CHAPTER 9
SUB : Science
For more subject
Herededit and Evolution
ONE MARK QUESTIONS in next progeny?

Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Since no biochemical reaction is reliable, therefore, in
1. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding pea copying of DNA, it may cause slight difference which
plants bearing violet flowers with pea plants bearing causes these variations.
white flowers. What will be the result in Fj progeny?
Ans : [All India 2018] NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
All will bear violet flowers. For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
www.cbse.online for
2. In a beetle population, the number of green beetles is 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
more than blue and red beetles. Give a reason behind Bank
this situation. 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
Ans : [CBSE 2018] 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
4. NCERT Solutions
Variation/Natural selection. All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
3. What indication do we get by reappearance of dwarf provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
plant in F2 generation? New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
Ans : For School Education
After obtaining progeny in F2 generation in a

dihybrid cross, Mendel concluded that when two 9. How can the chromosomes be identified?
pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, one pair of
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
character segregates independently of the other pair
of character. In human beings, the individual chromosomes are
identified by their lengths, position of centromere and
4. How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human banding pattern on staining.
beings?
Ans : [CBSE 2016] 10. A normal baby girl receives her X chromosome from
whom : mother, father, both mother and father or
23 pairs. either from mother or father?
5. An organism which is a worm, has very simple ‘eyes’, Ans : [CBSE 2015]
that are really eye spots which detect light. Name that From both mother and father.
organism.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Planaria.
6. Why is the progeny always tall when a tall pea plant

is crossed with a short pea plant?
11. No two individuals are absolutely alike in a population.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Why?
The trait which represents the tallness in a pea plant Ans : [CBSE 2015]
is dominant over the another trait, shortness (dwarf).
All individuals have different kind of DNA. So all
7. All the variations in a species do not have equal individuals are not alike to each other.
chances of survival. Why?
12. When does the process of gene flow take place?
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Some variations are caused by environmental changes
and they do not bring out any change in DNA. Gene flow or gene migration takes place in between
Therefore, all the variations do not have equal chances the populations that are partly but not completely
of survival. separated.
13. How are characters or traits controlled?

8. Why is it that asexual reproduction produces exact
copies but sometimes minor variations are also seen Ans : [All India 2014]
Characters or traits of an organism are controlled by 24. Name the plant on which Mendel performed his
the genes /DNA. experiments.
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14]
14. What is a gene?
Ans : [All India 2014] Garden pea (Pisum sativum).
It is a functional piece of DNA that is responsible for 25. What are the basic events in evolution?
expression of a trait in the organisms. Ans : [CBSE 2013.14]
15. What is heredity? The changes in DNA during reproduction are the
Ans : [All India 2014] basic events in evolution.
Transmission of characters and traits from one 26. What is genetic drift?
generation to the next. Ans : [CBSE 2012,13]
16. Mendel observed a contrasting trait in relation to The change in the frequency of certain genes in a
position of flowers. Mention the trait. population over generations.
Ans : [All India 2014-15] 27. What are fossils?
Axial flower position (dominant), terminal flower Ans : [CBSE 2012, 13]
position (recessive).
Preserved traces of living organisms.
17. Name the term used for the traits that are exhibited
28. What are analogous organs?
externally.
Ans : [CBSE 2011, 12, 13]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
The organs which have similar functions but different
Phenotype.
structures are called analogous organs.
18. Give the respective scientific terms used for studying:
29. The human hand, cat paw and the horse foot, when
a. the mechanism by which variations are created
studied in detail show the same structure of bones and
and inherited, and
point towards a common origin.
b. the development of new type of organisms from
a. What do you conclude from this?
the existing ones.
b. What is the term given to such structures?
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
a. Heredity
a. They have common origin/ancestory.
b. Species
b. Homologous organs.
19. Write the sex of the baby that inherits Y-chromosomes
30. When a tall and dwarf pea plant were crossed, Fx
from the father.
showed only tall plants but in F2 generation, some
Ans : [CBSE 2014] plants were dwarf. What does it mean?
Male. Ans : [CBSE 2008]
20. What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross in F2 It means reappearance of the dwarf character, a
generation? recessive trait in B’2 generation shows that the dwarf
Ans : [CBSE 2014] trait/ character was present in individuals of F* but
it did not express (due to the present of tallness, a
9 : 3 : 3 : 1. dominant trait / character)
21. Give an example where sex determination is regulated 31. How is the age of fossil determined?
by environmental factors.
Ans : [Panchkula 2008]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
The age of fossil fuels is determined through carbon-
In snail, sex is determined by environmental factors dating or time dating method.
(temperature).
32. What is evolution?
22. Define speciation.
Ans : [Panchkula 2008, CBSE 2013,14]
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14]
Gradual unfolding of organisms from pre-existing
Speciation means origin of new species from the organisms through change is called evolution.
existing one.
23. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
perfectly accurate on the reproduction process?
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14]
33. What are fossils? What is their significance in the
It will result in less variations which may further lead study of evolution?
to less adaptation to changing environment, thus,
Ans : [Sample Paper 2016-17]
giving less chances of survival.
Fossils are impressions of the body/ body parts or
the remains of organisms living in the past, which got or second generation.
preserved in sediments of earth.
a. Study of fossils helps in working out evolutionary 40. “The chromosome number of the sexually producing
relationships. parents and their offspring is the same”. Justify this
b. Fossils provide one of the most acceptable statement.
evidences in support of evolution, because we can Ans : [CBSE 2015]
study the evolutionary past of individuals in the In sexual reproduction, both the gametes (male and
form of their fossils. female) contain half the number of chromosomes
c. Age of fossils can also be found by time dating (haploid or n) and by the fusion of these gametes,
using isotopes of carbon! carbon dating. the zygote have full set (diploid 2n) chromosomes.
d. By studying fossils occurring in different strata of
rocks, geologists are able to reconstruct the time 41. If YYRR is round yellow, what do the following
course of evolutionary events. represent?
yyrr yyRR
34. (a) On what rules inheritance is based?
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
(b) Is each trait influenced by both paternal and
maternal DNA? yyrr - Wrinkled, green seeds
Ans : [CBSE 2016] yyRR — Round, green seeds
a. The rules of inheritance is based on the fact that 42. How did Mendel explain that it is possible that a trait
the traits in the progeny are carried out by DNA’s is inherited but not expressed in an organism?
of both the parents (mother and father). These Ans : [All India 2017]
rules are known s ‘Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance’.
The rules are: Yes, it is possible.
(i) Law of dominance, Example - When pure tall pea plants are crossed
(ii) Law of segregation, and with pure dwarf pea plants, only tall pea plants are
(iii) Law of independent assortment. obtained in F1 generation.
b. Yes, it is true that each trait is influenced by both On selfing tall plants of F1 both tall and dwarf
paternal and maternal DNA. plants are obtained in F2 generation in the ratio 3:1.
35. a. What is the genetic constitution of human sperm? Reappearance of the dwarf character, a recessive
b. Mention the chromosomes pair present in zygote trait in F2 generation shows that the dwarf trait/
determining the sex of a male child. character was present in individuals of F1 but it did
not express (due to the present of tallness, a dominant
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
trait / character)
a. 22 + Y or 22 + X
b. (22 + Y + 22 + X) 43. What is a dominant trait with respect to height in pea
plant. Give any two examples.
36. a. How many gene sets should a germ cell have? Ans : [All India 2014]
b. Mention two factors causing evolution.
Characters/Traits like ‘T’ are called dominant trait
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
(because it express itself) ‘t’ are recessive trait
a. One gene set. (because it remains supressed).
b. (i) Reproduction isolation (ii) Natural selection
Character Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
37. What is micro evolution? Does it explain speciation? Seed shape Round Wrinkled
Ans : [CBSE 2016] Pod shape Inflated Constricted
a. In micro evolution, the changes are small which
Pod colour Green Yellow
occurs in lower categories and change the common
characteristics of a particular species. Height of plant Tall Dwarf
b. It does not properly explain speciation.
38. In an area A, the leaf materials available to beetles

were very less. What are the two consequences seen in 44. Variations are important for the survival of species
case of beetles? overtime. Justify this statement with reasons.
a. Due to poor nutrition, the average weight of adult a. It causes adaptations,
beetles decreases. b. It promotes natural selection.
b. The number of beetles (population) decreases due
45. How can we say that change in genes can be brought
to starvation.
about the change in DNA?
39. What is F2 generation? Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Ans : [CBSE 2015] A gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome
The generation produced by the offsprings of F1 occupying a specific position.
generation i.e., first generation as parent is called F2 a. It provides informations from one protein to
another and is responsible for its alteration. surface”. Comment on the statement stating
b. It ensures the stability of the DNA of the species. reason.
So, we can say that change in gene segment b. List two factors which could lead to the rise of
can bring about change in DNA. new species.
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
46. Where are the genes located? What is the chemical
a. This statement is correct as the fossils found
nature of gene?
closer to the surface of earth are more recent and
Ans : [CBSE 2014] those found in deeper layers are older ones.
Genes are located on chromosomes in linear sequence b. Natural selection and genetic drift.
and at fixed positions. Chemically, genes are acidic in
52. “Experience of an individual during its lifetime cannot
nature since they are nucleic acids which constitute
DNA. be passed on its progeny and cannot direct evolution”.
Justify this statement giving an example.
47. State the meaning of inherited traits and acquired Ans : [CBSE 2013]
traits. Which of the two is not passed on to the next
Since acquired characters are not inherited over
generation? Explain with the help of an example.
generations. Change in non-reproductive tissues
Ans : [All India 2013, (C) 2008] cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells.
Acquired Trait Inherited Trait 53. What are sex chromosomes? Which sex chromosomes
1 Experiences of an Genetically inherited are found in male and female human beings? State the
individual during its chromosome responsible for the development of male
lifetime. child in human beings?
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
2. It cannot be passed on They can be passed on
from one generation to from one generation to Sex chromosomes are set of chromosomes present in
the next. the next. human beings which help in sex determination.
XX and XY.
3. Example: power to lift Example: Eye colour
Y chromosome.
weights and reading or height
French 54. How are fossil studies important in working out
evolutionary relationships. How would the age of
48. Tails of some mice were amputated and they were
fossils be determined?
allowed to breed. The mice that were produced also
had their tails amputated and it was repeated for Ans : [CBSE 2012]
many generations. What is the reason of tail appearing Fossils are impressions of the body/ body parts or
again and again? the remains of organisms living in the past, which got
Ans : [All India 2013] preserved in sediments of earth. Any remains of an
organism that has been preserved in the earth’s crust.
Such traits are acquired traits. Traits acquired during
Study of fossils helps in working out evolutionary
the life-time of an individual are not inherited as these
relationships. Age of fossils can be determined by time
changes are not in the genes of reproductive tissues.
dating using isotopes of carbon (carbon dating).
The changes in the non-reproductive tissues cannot be
passed on to the DNA of the germ cells, hence such 55. A tall pea plant was crossed with a dwarf one. F1
acquired changes are not inherited by the progeny. generation was allowed to self pollinate and F2
Example: tailless mice (if tail is removed by surgery) generation was also obtained. Answer the following
cannot produce tailless progeny. questions:
a. What would be the phenotype of plants in F1
49. a. Write full form of DNA.
generation?
b. Why are variations essential for the species?
b. What would be the phenotypic ratio in F2
Ans : [CBSE 2013] generation?
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid c. Give reason for your observation in F1 generation.
b. Survival Ans : [CBSE 2012]
50. What is the importance of DNA copying in a. all tall
reproduction? Why is variation beneficial to the b. 3:1
species but not necessary for the individual? Explain. c. Reason: The tall trait of pea plant is dominant
trait over short trait, a recessive trait.
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
DNA copying is essential part of reproduction because 56. A violet pea plant [VV] was crossed with a white
it ensures that same blueprint of the body design is one[vv]. F1 generation was allowed to self pollinate
maintained. Variation for the species is beneficial for and F2 generation was also obtained,
adaptation and better survival. It may result in new Answer the following questions:
species formation. a. What would be the phenotype of plants in F1
generation?
b. What would be the percentage of plants with
51. a. “Recent fossils are found closer to the earth’s
white flowers in F2 generation? themselves to produce fertile offsprings.

c. What would be the ratio of vv: Vv in F2
generation. 60. Some of the traits are acquired while others are
inherited. Explain. Which of two will not be passed
Ans : [Delhi 2012]
on to next generation?
a. all violet flowers Ans : [Delhi 2009 C]
b. 25%
c. 1 : 2. Acquired traits are those features which are present
in an organism due to experiences during its life time,
57. a. Do eyes of octopus, insect and human show for example, swimming and knowledge of a language
relation in their evolutionary process? in human beings.
b. How can we say that birds have evolved from Inherited traits are those features which are
reptiles? transferred from one generation to the next through
Ans : [CBSE 2012] DNA or genes present in the cells of a reproductive
a. No, eyes of these animals do not show any tissue. For example, colour of eyes and hair in human
evolutionary relationship as they are analogous beings.
organs. Traits acquired during the life time of an individual
b. The presence of feathers both in dinosaurs and can not be inherited because the information of this
birds indicate birds have evolved from reptiles. feature is not ingrained in the DNA of individual.
Some organs may be adapted to perform new
functions during evolution, e.g., feathers which 61. What is the difference between homologous and
were meant for providing insulation in cold analogous organs? Give one example each.
weather, slowly became adapted for flight. Hence Ans : [CBSE 2008 C, 2012]
birds are closely related to reptile as dinosaurs
a. Homologous organs: Structures in animals share
had feathers, though could not fly.
a common ancestry. The structure, which has
58. From the set of figures given below, make a pair of similar basic structure and developmental origin
homologous and analogous organs each and give one but perform different functions.
reason in case of both, to justify your answer. For example: Fore limbs in vertebrates.
Homologous organs give an evidence of common
ancestory and evolutionary relationship between
apparently different species.
b. Analogous organs: Analogous organ are the
organs in different organisms which have different
basic structure but have similarity in shape and
function. However, these organs do not provide an
evidence in support with common ancestory, e.g.,
Wings of bat and bird.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
62. Discuss the role of variations in evolution. What is

Ans : [Sample Paper 2010] natural selection and genetic drift? [CBSE 2017]
Organs: or
a. Bird wing and Bat wing - Analogous organs. Explain the following:
Structures are different but functions are same. (a) Speciation (b) Natural Selection
b. Human forelimb and Bird wing — Homologous Ans : [All India 2015, CBSE 2011]
organs. a. The members of a population have minor
Structure are same but functions are different. differences among them which is called variations.
b. Two sources of variations are sexual reproduction
59. Why do human beings look different from each other?
and environmental factors.
What do you mean by species?
c. Sexual reproduction has greater chances of
Ans : [All India 2009] producing variation.
Human beings are sexually reproducing organisms. d. Variations with some advantage has greater
Genetic recombination occurs during gamete chances of surviving, for example, long neck of
formation in the sex organs followed by union of giraffe.
two gametes coming from two parents with different e. Natural selection and genetic drift lead to
genetic combination. Thus it ensures more diversity formation of new species hence evolution.
in characteristics in terms of colour, size, and looks. Natural Selection: Some variations may have
Inspite of this, they are able to reproduce among survival advantage hence they happen to gain
themselves to produce fertile offsprings. A species over others so that they can propagate more than
is a group of individuals which have some common others. Ultimately such variations are selected and
characters and they are able to reproduce among propagated among all members of the population.
This is called adaptation of the species which with pure dwarf pea plants, only tall plants were
help them to cope well in their surroundings. obtained in F1 generation. On self pollinating the
In course of time, it could lead to accumulation F1 progeny, both tall and dwarf plants appeared
of adaptation. In geographically separated in F2 generation in the ratio 3 : 1.
populations of a species and development of Appearance of tall character in both the F1
reproductive barrier among them may lead to the and F2 shows that it is a dominant character.
formation of a new species. The absence of dwarf character in F1 generation
Genetic Drift: Some variation may not give and its reappearance in F2 shows dwarfness is the
survival advantage to members of population. recessive character.
But if by chance other variations are wiped out b. When Mendel conducted a dihybrid cross having
from populations, the remaining variations get two sets of characters, he obtained only one set of
propagated in next generations. parental characters in F1 generation whereas in F2
generation he obtained both the set of parental
63. Explain how gene expresses itself in a cell? Why are characters now recombined in the ratio of 9 : 3 :
we somewhat similar to our parents yet not identical 3 : 1.
to them? The appearance of new recombinants in the
Ans : [CBSE 2017] F2 generation along with parental type shows that
Genes are functional segments of DNA. They are units traits are inherited independently.
of heredity that gets passed on through reproduction
66. “Natural selection and speciation lead to evolution”.
from parents to progeny. It is the blue print of life.
Justify the statement.
DNA expresses itself through synthesis of proteins.
Proteins make structures in our body and also controls Ans : [Delhi 2017]
the functioning. In other words cells, tissues, organs Natural selection: Some variations are advantageous
and hence a living body expresses the traits inherited for an organism to adapt better in the prevailing
as genes/ DNA. Since we inherit the DNA, half from conditions of habitat. It makes it easy to obtain food
one and half from other parents, hence we somewhat and mating partner by them. In this manner they are
resemble them. At the same time we show mixed able to propagate more, transmitting their genes to
traits of both so can not be identical to either of them. next generation and producing more individuals with
similar genetic makeup and phenotype.
64. “It is a matter of chance whether a couple will have a. It leads to change in frequency of some genes in
a male or a female child.” Justify this statement by a population which give survival advantage to a
drawing a flow chart. species from elimination.
Ans : [Foreign 2015,2017] b. When most of the members of a population
Women produce only one type of ovum (carrying possess this variation, it is called its adaptation.
X chromosome) and males produce two types of c. Over a period of time large numbers of adaptations
sperms (carrying either X or Y chromosome) in equal are accumulated in the various populations of a
proportions. So the sex of a child is a matter of chance species which may be physically segregated from
depending upon the type of sperm fertilizing the ovum. each other.
d. Geographical barriers like mountains, rivers
etc., lead to incapability to reproduce amongst
themselves in the population.
e. By processes like genetic drift and natural selection
combined with geographical separation, when the
populations of a species become incompatible/
fail to reproduce with each other, speciation
- evolution of a new species from pre-existing
species - occurs.
67. With the help of one example each, distinguish between

inherited traits and acquired traits. Why are the traits
acquired during the life time of an individual not
inherited in the next generation? Explain the reason
of this fact with an example. [All India 2017]
or
Distinguish between inherited traits and acquired
traits in a tabular form, giving one example of each.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
65. How do Mendel’s experiments show that the Acquired Trait Inherited Trait
a. traits may be dominant or recessive,
1 Experiences of an Genetically inherited
b. traits are inherited independently?
individual during its
Ans : [All India 2017] lifetime.
a. When Mendel cross pollinated pure tall pea plants
Acquired Trait Inherited Trait b. Mendel studied that genes segregate during the
formation of gametes (sperms in males and ova in
2. It cannot be passed on They can be passed on females) and they again combine in the offspring
from one generation to from one generation to (one from each parent) and appear as dominant or
the next. the next. recessive trait. This can be worked out by making
3. Example: power to lift Example: Eye colour a test cross.
weights and reading or height c. Mendel proposed three laws, namely:
French (i) Law of segregation: Each inherited trait is
defined by a pair of gene. Parental genes are
68. What is evolution? How does it occur? randomly separated to the germ-cells so that
Ans : [All India 2016] germ contain only one pair of gene.
(ii) Law of independent assortment: Genes of
Organic Evolution: Gradual unfolding of organisms
different traits are sorted separately from one
from pre-existing organisms through change is called
another so that the inheritance of one trait is
evolution.
not dependent on the inheritance of another.
a. Evolution occurs in the form of genetic drift and
(iii) Law of dominance: An organism with alternate
natural selection combined with geographical
forms of a gene will express the form that is
separation.
document.
b. Speciation - evolution of a new species from pre-
existing species-occurs. 71. a. What function is performed by human arms,
c. Fossils are impressions of the body/body parts or forelimbs of dog and forelimbs of whales?
the remains of organisms living in the past, which b. Which type of organs are these?
got preserved in sediments of earth. c. Why do we call them so?
d. Study of not living species but also fossils helps in
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
working out evolutionary relationships.
e. Fossils provide one of the most acceptable a. Human arm : holding things Forelimbs of dog :
evidences in support of evolution, because we can running Forelimbs of whales : paddles
study the evolutionary past of individuals in the b. Homologous,
form of their fossils. c. Same origin, different functions.
69. “Two areas of study namely evolution and classification 72. If a population of red beetles, living on green bushes,
are interlinked”. Justify this statement. is being eaten by crows. During sexual reproduction,
Ans : [All India 2016,2017] a green beetle is found in progeny:
a. What is the future of new trait?
All living things are identified and categorised on the b. Will it survive in the new habitat?
basis of their body design in form and function. After a
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
certain body design comes into existence, it will shape
the effects of all other subsequent design changes a. Among progeny, when green beetle is found, it
simply because it already exists. So, characteristics escaped attack of crows as it merged with green
which came into existence earlier are likely to be colour. Green beetles increased, red decreased.
more basic than characteristics which have come into b. New trait will survive.
existence later.
73. An angiosperm plant having red coloured flowers
This means that the classification of life forms will when crossed with the other having the same colour
be closely related to their evolution. On connecting produced 40 progenies, out of which 30 plants were
this idea of evolution to classification, it is seen with red coloured flowers, 10 plants were with white
that some groups of organisms with ancient body coloured flowers. Find out:
designs have not changed very much. However, other a. What is the possible genotype of parent plants?
groups of organisms have acquired their particular b. Which trait is dominant and recessive?
body designs relatively recently. Because there is a c. What is this cross called as and what is its
possibility that complexity in design will increase over phenotypic ratio?
evolutionary time, it may not be wrong to say that Ans : [CBSE 2016]
older organisms are simpler, while younger organisms
are more complex. a. Rr and Rr.
b. Red colour of flowers is the dominant trait while
70. Explain Mendel’s concept of heredity, by giving three white colour is the recessive trait.
points. c. Monohybrid cross, phenotypic ratio is 3 : 1.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
74. What is DNA copying? State its importance.
a. Mendel worked on pea plant {Pisum sativum) and Ans : [Delhi 2015]
discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He
found that traits (characteristics) are controlled A process where a DNA molecule produces two similar
by factors (which are now called genes) and each copies of itself in a reproducing cell.
factor (gene) come in pairs. These factors (genes) Importance -
are inherited as distinct units, one from each a. It makes possible the transmission of characters
parent. from parents to the next generation.
b. It causes variation in the population.
75. “We cannot pass on to our progeny the experiences denoted by ww.
and qualifications earned during our lifetime”. Justify a. What is the expected colour of the flowers in their
the statement giving reason and examples. F1 progeny?
Ans : [Delhi 2015] b. What will be the percentage of plants bearing
white flower in F2 generation, when the flowers of
Acquiring knowledge / skill in one’s lifetime such as
F1 plants were selfed?
learning dance, music, physical fitness or any other
c. State the expected ratio of the genotypes BB and
suitable example.
Bw in the F2 progeny.
Reason:
a. Such characters / experiences acquired during Ans : [CBSE 2015]
one’s lifetime do not bring any change in the DNA a. F1 generation — blue.
of the reproducing c$ll/germ cell. b. 25%
b. Only germ cells are responsible for passing on the c. BB : Bw = 1 : 2.
characters from the parents to the progeny.
80. Give reasons for the following:
76. a. Insects, octopus and vertebrates all have eyes. a. Traits acquired during lifetime of an individual
Can we group eyes of these animals together to are not inherited.
establish a common evolutionary origin? Justify b. All the human beings belong to a single species.
your answer. c. Variations keep on accumulating during
b. “Birds have evolved from reptiles”. State evidence reproduction and do not disappear in next
to prove the statement. generation.
Ans : [Delhi 2015] Ans : [CBBE 2015]
a. No, the structure of the eye in each of the a. These are acquired traits that do not make any
organisms is different. change to the DNA of an organism.
b. Fossils of certain dinosaurs/reptiles show imprints b. Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread
of feathers along with their bones but they across the globe in stages. The humans with
could not fly presumably using the feathers for different colours in different regions have come
insulation. into being as an accident of evolution, so that
Later they developed / evolved and adapted they could live their lives the best they could. So
feathers for flight, thus becoming the ancestors of all belong to the same species.
present day birds. c. Inheritance from the previous generation provides
(OR any other suitable evidence/example) both a common basic body design, and subtle
changes in it, for the next generation. So the
77. What are chromosomes ? Explain how in sexually changes keep on accumulating generations after
reproducing organisms the number of chromosomes in generations.
the progeny is maintained.
Ans : [Outside Delhi 2015] 81. In a pea plant, find the contrasting trait if:
a. the position of flower is terminal.
Chromosomes - Thread like structures made up of
b. the flower is white in colour.
DNA found in the nucleus. The original number of
c. shape of pod is constricted.
chromosomes becomes half during gamete formation.
Hence, when the gametes combine, the original Ans : [CBSE 2015]
number of chromosomes gets restored in the progeny. a. Axial position of flower.
(or same thing explained in the form of a flow chart). b. Purple colour of flower.
c. Inflated shape.
78. Explain with an example for each, how the following
provides evidences in favour of evolution in organisms: 82. a. “Chromosomes are heredity carriers.” Why do we
a. Homologous organs say so?
b. Analogous organs b. Which vital function is not controlled by
c. Fossils autosomes?
Ans : [All India 2015, 2016, 2011, Delhi 2017] Ans : [CBSE 2015]
a. Homologous organs - study of homologous organs a. Chromosomes are made-up of DNA. Genes are
suggests that the organs having same structure located on the chromosomes. It is the DNA copy
but performing different functions have evolved which transfers from both the parents to their
from a common ancestor. Example: forelimbs of a offspring. Therefore, chromosomes made-up of
frog, lizard, bird and man. DNA and containing genes are said to be the
b. Analogous organs - show adoption of organs for heredity carriers.
common use. Example: wings of butterfly and b. Sex of the child is not controlled by autosomes.
wings of bat.
c. Fossils - provide the missing links between two 83. a. During evolution some changes may have occurred
species. Example: - Archeopteryx / fossils of some for a reason but proved to be useful for some other
dinosaurs with feathers. purpose. Cite one such example.
b. Has the evolutionary changes took place all of
79. A pea plant with blue colour flower denoted by BB sudden. Elaborate.
is cross-breed with a pea plant with white flower Ans : [All India 2014]
a. Evolutions of feathers: Functional Advantage: A c. Birds developed feathers for insulation.

change that is useful for one property to start
with can become useful later for quite a different 86. With the help of suitable examples, explain why certain
function. Feathers, for example, can start out as traits cannot be passed on to the next generation.
providing insulation in cold weather. But later, What are such traits called?
they might become useful for flight. In fact, some Ans : [CBSE 2014]
dinosaurs had feathers, although they could not Example: Acquiring knowledge by reading/change
fly using the feathers. Birds seem to have later in body weight. Reason: Because such changes do
adapted the feathers to flight. This, means that not bring any change in the DNA of the germ cells/
birds are very closely related to reptiles, since such changes take place only in the non-reproductive
dinosaurs were reptiles. Birds have evolved from tissues.
reptile. Traits: Acquired traits.
b. Evolution changes has not took place all of
sudden. Evolution takes place in stages, i.e., bit 87. List three main factors responsible for the speciation
by bit over generations. Even an intermediate and briefly describe each one of them.
stage, such as a rudimentary eye, can be useful Ans : [CBSE 2014]
to some extent. This might be enough to give a
fitness advantage. In fact, the eye seems to be a Genetic Drift: Random change in the frequency of
very popular adaptation. genes.
Insects have them, so does an octopus, and Natural Selection: Nature selects the fittest individual
so do vertebrates. And the structure of the eye in in a population. Reproductive Isolation: When two
each of these organisms is different - enough for individuals are geographically isolated and natural
them to have separate evolutionary origins. selection operates upon them differently leading to
inability of the individuals to interbreed.
84. Variation is useful for the useful over long time. But
the variants have unequal chances of survival. Explain
this statement. [All India 2014-15] For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
or www.cbse.online for
Define variation in a species. How does it increases the 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
survival chances of a species? Bank
a. Identify the organism shown in the above figure. 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
b. Name one incipient feature selected by the nature. 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
c. Mention any other primitive feature of birds. 4. NCERT Solutions
Ans : [All India 2014-15] All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
Variation are minor differences among members Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education,
of a population. They are useful for the process of study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
evolution which take place over long time. But some of
the variants find it more advantageous in the present
environmental conditions to survive than others
88. (a) Which type of organs are shown in the figure
variants by virtue of the variation possessed by them
below?
hence they have unequal chances of survival. Thus
some get selected and others get eliminated. Those
which survive pass their genes to next generation
therefore frequency of genes possessed by them
increase in frequency in the population. Example - in
a population of beetles, a new variation (green colour)
get survival benefit/advantage to green beetles
whereas other (red) perishes.
85. (a) Identify the organism shown in the above figure. (b) Which type of origin and structure do these
organs have?
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. These are organs which help in flying (wings of
insects and wings of birds).
b. The structure and components of these wings are
different. They look similar because they have a
common use for flying, but their origins are not
common, i.e., they are analogous.
(b) Name one incipient feature selected by the nature.
(c) Mention any other primitive feature of birds. 89. (a) “Each organism has its own identity”. Explain.
Ans : [All India 2014-15] (b) What is speciation?
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. Planaria.
b. Eyes which were there only for detecting light. a. (i) The DNA of each organism is different from
others. makeup and phenotype.

(ii) The DNA of each organism is specific within
the same species with specific number of 94. Rekha is very dark in colour. She stays very quiet at
chromosomes/genes. home and in her class also. She is always seeing for
b. Emergence of new species from pre-existing forms the beauty products which can help her to become
through natural selection/artificial selection/ fair. Her friend Lila talks to her about excessive use
genetic drift/evolution, etc. * of beauty products and tells her that they are very
harmful and colour comes by birth and she is not
90. An organ like a wing in birds are an advantage to an responsible for her dark colour.
organism. Did they appear in different stages or were a. What might have caused Rekha’s colour to be
formed due to a single sudden change in them. dark?
Ans : [CBSE 2014] b. Is it possible that all the family members of
Rekha’s family were dark?
Feathers in dinosaur were long and they could not
c. What value do you learn?
fly using feathers. It gave them protection from cold
weather and warmth. Birds seem to have later adapted Ans : [All India 2013]
the feathers to flight. a. Her dark colour may be due to the genetic
inheritance.
91. How are fossils formed? Describe, in brief, two methods b. All may not be dark, depending upon the genes
of determining the age of fossils. inherited and the environmental conditions that
Ans : [All India 2013] each one of them living in.
Fossils are formed when dead organisms are not c. Awareness, logical thinking, scientific
completely decomposed. The organisms may get temperament.
trapped in resins of tree, lava of volcanoes or hot mud
95. A cross was carried out between a pure bred tall pea
which when hardens, retains the animal’s parts thus,
plant and a pure bred dwarf pea plant and F1 progeny
forming fossils.
was obtained. Later, the F1 progeny was selfed to
Two methods of determining the age of fossils:
obtain F2 progeny. Answer the following questions:
a. Relative method: By estimating the age of the
a. What is the phenotype of the F1 progeny and
layer of earth’s crust where the fossil is found.
why?
Fossils near the surface are recent and those in the
b. Give the phenotypic ratio of the F2 progeny.
deeper layers are more ancient.
c. Why is the F2 progeny different from the F1
b. Radio-carbon dating method: By detecting the
progeny?”
ratios of different isotopes of carbon in the fossils.
Ans : [CBSE2013,14]
Fossils help in determining the connecting links
between various groups and their origin from their a. Tall, because genes responsible for tallness are
primitive ones, e.g., Archaeoptyrx. dominant over dwarf trait.
b.
92. Explain the term homologous organ with an example.
The organs which have similar basic structure and c. Because in F2 generation, recessive genes got
mode of origin but perform different functions in expressed in homozygous condition.
different animals are called homologous organs. E.g.,
Forelimbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. 96. a. State any two factors that could lead to the rise of
Homologous organs give an evidence of common a new species.
ancestory and evolutionary relationship between b. How do analogous organs provide evidence in
apparently different species. favour of evolution?
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
93. How green beetles had colour advantage over red
beetles? Explain. a. Natural Selection, Genetic drift, Mutations,
Variations.
Ans : [All India 2013] b. The organs which are similar in function but are
Green beetle merge with green background of structurally different suggest that although these
vegetation which give survival advantage to a species two organs may look alike superficially giving
from elimination. an idea of common ancestory but the different
a. in the population of beetles, the new variation in structure and origin suggests that organisms
(green colour) get survival benefit / advantage to having these organs have a distant ancestor but
green beetles whereas other (red) perishes. such organs have developed during the course of
b. It is because of Natural selection — some variations evolution as an adaptation to similar mode of life.
are advantageous for an organism to adapt better
in the prevailing conditions of habitat. It makes it 97. a. Why traits such as intelligence and knowledge
easy to obtain food and mating partner by them. cannot be passed on to the next generation?
In this manner they are able to propagate more, b. How can we say that birds are closely related to
transmitting their genes to next generation and reptiles and have evolved from them?
producing more individuals with similar genetic Ans : [CBSE 2013]
a. Traits such as intelligence and knowledge are observation regarding their ancestry?
not heritable traits, which do not bring upon Ans : [Delhi 2012]
any changes in the DNA of the germ cells and,
The organs which have similar basic structure and
therefore, cannot be passed on to the progeny.
mode of origin but perform different functions in
b. This can be said because traits such as feathers
different animals are called homologous organs, e.g.,
were first seen in reptiles like Dinosaurs, which
forelimbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
performed the function of providing insulation
Homologous organs give an evidence of common
to them in cold weather although they could not
ancestory and evolutionary relationship between
fly using the feathers but later birds adapted
apparently different species.
the feathers for flight. This means that birds are
very closely related to reptiles, as dinosaurs were Analogous organ are the organs in different
reptiles. organisms which have different basic structure but
have similarity in shape and function, e.g., wings of
98. (a) Differentiate between: bat and bird. These organs do not provide an evidence
1. Homologous organs and Analogous organs. in support with common ancestory.
2. Pollination and Fertilization
(b) What do fossils tell us about the process of
evolution? THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
a. (i) Organs in different organisms with same origin 102. A group of grasshoppers — some green and some
with different function/ different origin, same brown lived in a grassland having dry bushes and dry
function. grass.
(ii) Transfer of pollen from the stamen to the a. Which one would normally be picked up by
pistil of the flower/fusion of male and female predatory birds and why?
gametes. b. Population of which grasshopper will increase?
b. Help in establishing links and act as evidence of c. Name this phenomenon.
evolution. Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
99. (a) Explain giving examples how artificial selection a. Green grass hopper, because they stand out,
has helped in the formation of newer varieties of against brown background of dry bushes.
cauliflower. b. Brown
(b) List the steps involved in the formation of new c. Natural selection.
species.
103. (a) Explain why the wing of a bat and the wing of
(c) How different races of human beings belong to the
bird are considered to be analogous organs.
same species?
(b) List two factors that lead to the formation of a
Ans : [CBSE 2013] new species.
a. Formation of newer varieties, e.g., Broccoli, Ans : [CBSE 2012]
cauliflower, red cabbage, etc. by man.
a. Design, structure and components are different.
b. Migration, gene flow, natural selection, new
Origins are not common.
species.
b. Genetic drift and natural selection.
c. Capable of interbreeding among themselves.
104. a.Name the scientist who gave the idea of evolution
100. What is speciation? Discuss any two factors that lead
of species by natural selection.
to speciation.
b. What conclusion did Mendel draw from his
Ans : [Delhi 2012] experiments about traits?
Speciation means creation of new species from pre c. Arrange the following according to evolution.
exiting ones. Cockroach, Mango tree, Gorilla, Fish
The two main factors which could lead to the Ans :
formation of a new species are natural selection leading a. Darwin
to accumulation of adaptation in geographically b. Traits are inherited independently.
separated populations of a species and development of c. Mango tree — Cockroach - Fish — Gorilla.
reproductive barrier among them.
105. a.What are fossils?
Complete separation of sub-populations of a
b. Explain the importance of fossils in evolutionary
spices (Genetic drift) and difference in way of Natural
relationship.
selection in them for many generations results in
speciation i.e. formation of new species that cannot Ans :
interbreed under natural conditions. a. Impressions of the body parts of the organisms
and preserved traces of the living organisms are
101. Fore limbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
called fossils.
show similarity in their bones but Wings of bat and b. The presence of fossilized remains of the organism
bird don’t. What conclusion can be drawn from such is the evidence of existence of organisms million
years ago which have now become extinct. Fossils
also help in determining the connecting links If a sperm with “X’ fuses with the ovum, female
between various groups and their origin from child is born and if a sperm with ‘Y’ chromosome fuses
their primitive ones. with the ovum, male child is born as shown below in
the cross.
106. What are fossils? What do they tell about the process
of evolution?
Ans : [Outside Delhi 2008, CBSE 2008 C]
The fossils can be defined as remains or impressions
of the hard parts of the past individuals in the strata
of the earth. Fossils helps in working out evolutionary
relationships. Fossils provide one of the most
acceptable evidences in support of evolution, because
we can study the evolutionary past of individuals in
Hence, we find that the sex of the child is actually
the form of their fossils. By studying fossils occurring
determined by the type of sperm that fuses with ovum
in different strata of rocks, geologists are able to
at the time of fertilization.
reconstruct the time course of evolutionary events.
Age of fossils can also be found by time dating using In this manner we can justify that the sex of the
isotopes of carbon (carbon dating). children is determined by what they inherit from their
father and not their mother.
107. “Only variations that confer an advantage of an
individual organism will survive in a population”.
Comment. FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : [Delhi 2008 C]
According to Theory of Natural Selection, some 109. How do Mendel’s experiment show that traits are
variations are advantageous for an organism to inherited independently?
adapt better in the prevailing conditions of habitat. Ans : [All India 2016]
It makes it easy to obtain food and mating partner
Mendel carried out dihybrid crosses by crossing
by them. In this manner they are able to propagate
two pea plants differing in contrasting traits of two
more, transmitting their genes to next generation
characters. For example, he crossed a pea plant
and producing more individuals with similar genetic
having yellow colour and round seed characters with
makeup and phenotype.
another pea plant bearing green colour and wrinkled
Though according to Genetic Drift Theory, even seed characters. In the F2 generation, he obtained
those not having a variation that confers an advantage pea plants with two parental and two recombinant
also get to 5 survive but only in a small population. If phenotypes as yellow round and green wrinkled
due to an accident most of the individual with other (parental) and yellow wrinkled and green round
variation get removed, the organisms with leftover (recombinant). This indicated that traits separated
variation get to propagate and survive under such from their original parental combinations and got
circumstances. inherited independently.
Hence it is wrong to say that only variations that
confer an advantage of an individual organism will
survive in a population.
108. Explain the manner in which sex is determined in

human beings? [Delhi 2008 C]
or
Explain how equal genetic contribution of male and
female parents is ensured in progeny?
Ans : [CBSE 2011] [Delhi 2012]
The sex of the child is determined at the time of
fertilization when male and female germ-cells (gametes)
are fused to form a zygote. The sex is determined by a
specific pair of chromosomes called sex-chromosomes.
In female human being, this pair consists of two similar
(homologous) chromosomes denoted as XX. Hence,
females produce only one type of gametes (Ova/ eggs)
each having an “X’ chromosome.
Whereas male human being has two different types 110. Define evolution. How does it occur? Describe how
of sex chromosomes i.e., X, Y (heterologous) having fossils provide us evidences in support of evolution.
different sizes and shapes. Hence male produces two Ans : [All India 2016]
different kinds of gametes (sperms). Half of them have
Evolution is the formation of more complex organisms
‘X’ chromosome and half have Y” chromosome.
from pre-existing simpler organisms over a certain
period. Accumulation of variation in genetic material sense light.

forms the basis of evolutionary processes.
113. a.What are monohybrid and dihybrid cross?
Fossils provide a unique view into the history of b. How Mendel proved that tallness is the dominant
life by showing the forms and features of life in the trait and dwarfness is recessive in a pea plant?.
past. Fossils tell us how species have changed across Explain with the help of a monohybrid cross.
long periods of the Earth’s history.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Importance of fossils in the evolutionary process:
a. Some invertebrates living on the sea bed died and a. A monohybrid cross is the cross between two
were buried in the sand. homozygous parents, which differ in only one
b. More sand was accumulated and formed , contrasting trait in F2 generation ratio 3:1.
sandstone under pressure. A dihybrid cross is a cross between two
c. After millions of years, dinosaurs living in the area heterozygous parents which differ in two
died and their bodies were buried in the mud. contrasting traits. This type of cross yields a
d. The mud got compressed into the rock, just above phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 in F2 generation.
the rock containing earlier invertebrate fossils. b. Mendel took pea plants with different
e. Again millions of years later, the bodies of horse- characteristics - a tall plant and a short plant,
like creatures dying in the area were fossilised in produced progeny from them and calculated the
the rocks above the earlier rocks. percentage of tall or short progeny.
f. Much later, because of erosion and water flow,
some rocks wore out and exposed the horse-like
fossils.
111. Give five points to show the significance of variations.

Ans : [CBSE 2016]
a. Variations help an organism to get adapted to the It was found that all plants were tall. This
changing environment. proves that tallness is the dominant trait while
b. Variations lead to evolution through natural dwarfness is the recessive trait.
selection and adaptation. 114. What are fossils? How are they formed? Describe in
c. During sudden change in the environment only brief two methods of determining the age of fossils.
those variants will make the population of that State any one role of fossils in the study of the process
particular species which can withstand such of evolution.
changes.
d. Variations result in more genetic vigour, i.e., Ans : [CBSE 2016]
organism emerges as a strong species maintaining Fossils are preserved remains or impressions of pre-
its large population. historic organisms in the different strata of the earth’s
e. Variations make an organism to be resistance to crust.
diseases and environmental fluctuations. or
Fossils are dead remains of animals and plants from
112. a.“Evolution has occurred in stages.” Justify the remote past.
statement.
b. Differentiate between eye and eyespots. Which Fossils are formed when dead organisms are not
animal possesses eyespots? completely decomposed. The organisms may get
trapped in resins of tree, lava of volcanoes or hot mud
Ans : [CBSE 2016] which when hardens, retains the animal’s parts thus,
a. “Evolution has occurred in stages” it is said forming fossils.
because the process of evolution has took place Two methods of determining the age of fossils:
over a long period of time. The complex organs a. Relative method: By estimating the age of the
are created bit-by-bit over generations. layer of earth’s crust where the fossil is found.
There was increasing complexity of the Fossils near the surface are recent and those in the
organs. For example, eye was present in the deeper layers are more ancient.
earliest organism as eyespot which got developed b. Radio-carbon dating method: By detecting the
into a more complex and evolved eye. ratios of different isotopes of carbon in the fossils.
Further there are some organs in the human Fossils help in determining the connecting links
body which are present in the reduced form and between various groups and their origin from their
do not perform any function, e.g., nictitating primitive ones, e.g., Archaeoptyrx.
membrane of the eye, vermiform appendix, third
pair of molars etc. 115. How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human
Similarly, during the course of evolution, some beings? Out of these how many are sex chromosomes?
structures changed their function. So we can see How many types of sex chromosomes are found in
that evolution has occurred in stages over a long human beings?
period of time. “The sex of the new-born child is a matter of chance
b. Eye is a complex structure made-up of different and none of the parents may be considered responsible
tissues which can see image as well as light for it”. Draw a flow chart showing determination of
whereas eyespots are merely dot-like structure to sex of a new-born to justify the statement.
Ans : [Delhi 2015] beetle eaten up by crow, leading to increase in the

a. 23 pairs of chromosomes. population of green beetle.
b. One pair, two types. Artificial selection: It is the artificial mechanism of
c. selecting the breeds having desirable characters to
bring about major changes in plant and animals.
Example, different vegetables generated from wild
variety of cabbage.
119. a.What is geographical isolation?

b. Illustrate formation of a species with the help of
an example where individuals are very different
from each other and one capable of reproduction
among themselves.
116. What is speciation? List four factors that could lead Ans : [CBSE 2012,13]
to speciation. Which of these cannot be major factors a. Geographical isolation is the isolation of
in the speciation of a self pollinating plant species? population by physical barriers such as stretches
Explain. of water or mountain ranges.
Ans : [Foreign 2015] b. There is a population of red beetles living in
a mountain area covered with green bushes.
Speciation - formation of new species from pre-existing
Various sub-population in the large-population
ones.
exists in the neighbourhood. Individuals of
Factors - (1) Mutations (2) Natural selection (3)
a sub¬population reproduce sexually among
Genetic drift (4) Geographical Isolation
themselves and numerous variations accumulate
Geographical isolation cannot be a major factor in these sub-populations of red beetles.
in the speciation of a self pollinating plant species. There may be some reproduction among
Reason - physical barrier cannot be created in self these sub-populations. If a beetle from one sub-
pollinating plants. population strays into other’s area and some
individuals from one sub¬population may be
117. a.Why do we say that homozygous plants produce carried by predators to the area of other sub-
pure progeny? population, then random reproduction takes
b. Define heterozygous. place. It may lead to migration of genes from one
c. Explain how the process of speciation take place. sub¬population to other.
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
120. Identify male and female in the figures given below.
a. Because of presence of same set of genes.
b. Having different pair of genes. Also fill in the blanks 3 to 8 and then clarify about
c. (i) Natural selection. the misconception that mother and not father is
(ii) Geographical isolation, reproductive isolation. responsible for bearing daughters and not sons.
(iii) Genetic drift.
(iv) Accumulated variations causing changes in
the DNA of germ cells to an extent, such
as a change in the number of chromosomes.
Due to this, the germ cells of the two groups
cannot fuse with each other. This results in
the emergence of a new species.
118. Give differences between:

a. Heredity and variations.
b. Dominant and recessive traits,
c. Natural and artificial selection.
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. Heredity: It is the transmission of characters from
parents to the next generation.
Variations: The changes that occur in the DNA of
an organism because of mutations, or by chance. Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
b. Dominant: The trait which is able to express
itself even in the presence of contrasting trait. It 1. Male 2. Female
appears in all the progenies in Fj generation. 3. X and Y 4 X and X
Recessive: The trait which can express itself only 5. XX 6 XX
in homozygous condition. It doesn’t appear in Fj 7. XY 8 XY
generation. A child who inherits ‘X’ chromosome from father
c. Natural selection: Is the gradual natural process will be a girl and the one who inherits ‘Y’ chromosome
by which any biological traits become either more from father will be a boy.
or less common in a population. Example, red
121. a.In which form the traits are transferred from F1 - RrYy
parent to the offspring? Ratio - 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
b. Mention the two processes that essentially J occur b. To study the independent inheritance of two traits
in sexual reproduction? in subsequent generation.
c. How the number of chromosomes is retained in a c. F1 progeny exhibited both the dominant traits.
species? F2 exhibited parental traits along with new
Ans : [Delhi 2013] mixtures/recombinants.
a. Chromosomes - thread like structures made up of 123. Woman are often blamed for bearing daughters. As a
DNA found in the nucleus. student with knowledge in science how will you explain
b. Formation of gametes that involves reducing it to your fellow students that the sex of the child is
the chromosome number to half and genetic not determined by mother’s genetic contribution?
recombination. Ans :
Fusion of gametes to maintain the chromosome
number characteristic of that species. Sex of the child is not determined by mother’s genetic
c. The original number of chromosomes becomes contribution. The sex is determined by a specific
half during gamete formation. Hence, when pair of 7 chromosomes called sex-chromosomes. In
the gametes combine, the original number of female, this pair consists of two similar (homologous)
chromosomes gets restored in the progeny, (or chromosomes denoted as XX. Hence, females produce
same thing explained in the form of a flow chart). only one type of gametes (Ova/eggs) each having an
‘X’ chromosome.
122. Given below is the experiment carried out by Mendel Whereas male human being has two different types
to study inheritance of two traits in garden-pea. of sex chromosomes i.e., X, Y (heterologous) having
different sizes and shapes. Hence male produces two
different kinds of gametes (sperms). Half of them have
“X’ chromosome and half have ‘Y’ chromosome.
If a sperm with ‘X’ fuses with the ovum, female
child is born and if a sperm with ‘Y’ chromosome fuses
with the ovum, male child is bom as shown below in
the cross. Therefore, the father’s genes is responsible
for the determination of the sex of the child.

www.cbse.online for
Bank
4. NCERT Solutions
a. Fill in the boxes with appropriate answer.

b. Why did Mendel carry out an experiment with
two traits?
c. What were his findings with respect to inheritance
of traits in Fj and F2 generations?
d. What do you conclude from this experiment?
Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
a. Gametes - Ry, rY

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Chap 6 : Life Process www.cbse.

File Revision Date : 10 July 2019

ONE MARK QUESTIONS onwards?

Anaemia. For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at

2. Receive blood from Receive blood from 4. It occurs in Occur in respiratory

48. What are the outside raw materials used by an

NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS

67. a. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged

71. Explain how the air is inhaled during breathing in

Ans : [All India 2011] Glucose Ethyl alcohol2C H OH + 2CO + Energy

of plants due to transpiration, deficit of water

83. a. Define excretion.

86. Where are kidneys located in our body? Show the

The liquid is now called urine is concentrated and

93. What are the possible observations in the given setup?

File Revision Date : 10 July 2019

Control and Coordination

ONE MARK QUESTIONS of pollen tubes towards ovules?

9. Which tropic movement is responsible for the growth

16. What are hormones? through which information travels as an electrical

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

26. (a) Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory

secretion? Adrenaline. It increase the heart rate, breathing rate

38. Illustrate with the help of a diagram, the effect of

35. State how concentration of auxins stimulates the cells

(ii) Excess secretion of growth hormones? 43. Give reasons:

NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS

Adrenaline is secreted during emergency situations.

54. What are hormones? Name the hormone produced by

55. Name the hormones secreted by thyroid, parathyroid Functions

59. (a) Draw the structure of a neuron and label the

57. Draw a labelled diagram of human brain. Discuss

60. Describe an activity to illustrate the phenomenon of

b. Now, turn the flask so that the shoots are away

61. (a) What is phototropism and geotropism? With

Geotropism: Growth of roots downward towards

File Revision Date : 10 July 2019

How Do Organisms Reproduce

ONE MARK QUESTIONS beings.

body. Germination: Development of embryo into a seedling.

34. Explain how do organisms create an exact copy of

60. Name the type of asexual reproduction in:

66. What are the functions of the following in male

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67. Draw a labelled diagram of

70. Write two differences between binary fission and

Significance: a. Barrier method (Condoms)

Regeneration is the ability to give rise to new a. Binary fission.

95. DNA content has the tendency to double itself during

c. Stigma receives pollen during pollination. formation of zygote is known as fertilization.

99. What happens when:

parasite? (ii) Use covering on vagina.

109. a.What are sexually transmitted diseases? Name

which form seed after fertilization. they be prevented?

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FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

123. a.(i) Write full form of DNA.

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131. Define the following processes:

flower. NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS

b. Male Part : Stamen; Female Part : Carpel/pistil

135. a.Draw a sectional view of human female

File Revision Date : 10 July 2019