PRACTICE 7. IODINE CHEMISTRY.

Giselle Isabella Garnica Pérez 1950099

Maria Alejandra Orellano Velásquez 1950108

Teacher: Dora Cecilia Rodríguez

Francisco De Paula Santander University

Faculty of Basic Sciences
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry and laboratory
Cúcuta, Norte de Santander
June, 2020
1. INTRODUCTION

In this practice, a qualitative study of the reactions to which iodine can be subjected was
carried out and as it presents a range of different colors in each reaction carried out,
sublimation, precipitation and redox reactions were also observed.

2. GOALS

• Experiment with the various reactions of iodine and its compounds and observe its
influence on equilibrium reactions.
• Observe how the pH of the medium determines the course of a chemical reaction.

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Nonmetallic element, symbol I, atomic number 53, relative atomic mass 126.904, the
heaviest of the halogens (halides) found in nature. Under normal conditions, iodine is a
black, shiny, and volatile solid; It gets its name from its violet vapor.
The chemistry of iodine, like that of other halogens, is dominated by the ease with which the
atom acquires an electron to form the iodide ion, I - , or a single covalent bond - I, and by
the formation, with elements more electronegative, compounds in which the formal
oxidation state of iodine is +1, +3, +5 or +7. Iodine is more electropositive than the other
halogens and its properties are modulated by: the relative weakness of the covalent bonds
between iodine and more electropositive elements; the large sizes of the iodine atom and the
iodide ion, which reduces the enthalpies of the crystal lattice and dissolution of the iodides,
while increasing the importance of the van der Waals forces in iodine compounds, and the
relative ease with which it rusts.
Iodine is found in abundance, although rarely in high concentration and never in elemental
form. Despite the low concentration of iodine in seawater, a certain species of algae can
extract and accumulate the element. In the form of calcium iodate, iodine is found in the
caliche beds of Chile. It is also found as the iodide ion in some oil well brines in California,
Michigan, and Japan.
The only stable isotope of iodine is 127 I (53 protons, 74 neutrons). Of the 22 artificial
isotopes (masses between 117 and 139), the most important is 131 I, with a half-life of 8
days; It is widely used in work with radioactive tracers and certain radiotherapy procedures.
Iodine exists as diatomic molecules, I 2 in the solid, liquid and vapor phases, although at
elevated temperatures (>200ºC, that is, 390ºF) dissociation to form atoms is noticeable. The
short intermolecular distances I... I in the crystalline solid indicate the presence of strong
intermolecular van der Waals forces. Iodine is moderately soluble in non-polar liquids and
the violet color of the solutions suggests that I 2 molecules are present, as in its vapor phase.
Although it is usually less vigorous in its reactions than other halogens (halides), iodine
combines directly with most elements; Important exceptions are the noble gases, carbon,
nitrogen, and some noble metals. Inorganic derivatives of iodine can be grouped into three
classes of compounds: those with more electropositive elements, that is, iodides; those
formed with other halogens, and those formed with oxygen. Organoiodic compounds fall
into two categories: iodides and derivatives in which iodine is in a formal positive oxidation
state, by virtue of the bond with another more electronegative element.

Iodine's bactericidal properties support its primary uses for treating wounds or sterilizing
drinking water. Additionally, iodine compounds are used to treat certain thyroid and heart
conditions, as a dietary supplement (in the form of iodized salts), and in X-ray contrast
media.
The main industrial uses are in photography, where silver iodide is one of the constituents of
emulsions for fast photographic films, and in the dye industry, where iodine-based dyes are
produced for processing. of food and for color photography. [1]

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. Iodine test with starch.

5 mL of tap water was added with approximately 0.02 g of iodine crystals and
heated in a water bath to dissolve the iodine. When it cooled, 4 drops of a slc of
starch were added.

4.2. Reactions of the iodide ion.

3 test tubes were taken and 2 mL of 0.1 M potassium iodide (KI) slc were poured
into each one, also to tube 1 2 mL of 0.1 M silver nitrate slc were added, to tube 2
were added 5 mL of slc starch and 2 drops of commercial sodium hypochlorite and
continued adding sodium hypochlorite until a second color was observed and
finally to tube 3 5 mL of slc starch and 5 drops of hydrogen peroxide were added. at
3%.

4.3. Reactions of the iodate ion.

Two test tubes were taken and 5 mL of slc saturated with potassium iodate (KIO 3 )
were poured into each one. To tube 1, 3 mL of 0.1M KI slc and 2 mL of 6M H 2 SO
4 were also added. and the solid formed was decanted and filtered, the decanted was
transferred to another test tube and a few drops of AgNO 3 were added, to tube 2 3
mL of 0.1M KI slc and 2 mL of 6M KOH were added.
In a different test tube, 0.05 g of solid potassium iodate and twice the weight of
sodium metabisulfite (Na 2 S 2 O 5 ) were added and heated with the burner.
 4.4. Reaction of I 2 in basic slc.

In a test tube, 10 drops of 6M KOH and some small crystals of solid iodine were
added and it was stirred and heated a little until no more solid iodine was observed
and the slc remained colorless, the slc was allowed to cool and more were added. of
10 drops of 6M HNO 3 and pH was measured, again a few drops of 6M KOH were
added and gently heated until a color change was observed, to this resulting slc
some iodine crystals were added and dissolved and cooled with tap water and then
heating to concentrate the slc and letting it rest.
In another test tube, 10 drops of 6M KOH with some crystals of solid iodine (larger
amount than before) were also added and stirred and heated a little. The precipitate
was separated by decantation and dried by gently heating the tube. It was allowed to
cool. the tube and 0.2 g of sodium metabisulfite was added, the solids were mixed
with a stirring rod and heated a little.
To the previously decanted liquid, a little distilled water and 10 drops of 0.1M
silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) were added and stirred.

5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1. Iodine test with starch.

As the iodine dissolved the slc turned a translucent brown color and when it was
allowed to cool and the starch slc was added, the slc began to turn a very dark blue
color.
 Figure 1. Reaction of iodine with starch.

5.2. Reactions of the iodide ion.

Initially, in all the test tubes, the KI slc was observed to be colorless. In the first tube, when
the first drop of silver nitrate was added, it was observed how it began to turn white. In the
second and third tube, it was observed that both solutions passed. to a very dark blue color
similar to that of the reaction of iodine with starch.

Figure 2. Comparison between the three test tubes of the iodide ion reactions.

KI + AgNO 3 → AgI↓ + KNO 3

2 KI + NaClO + H 2 O → I 2 (s) + NaCl (aq) + 2 KOH (aq)
2 KI + H 2 O 2 → 2 KOH + I 2
 5.3. Reactions of the iodate ion.
When adding the KIO 3 it is observed to be colorless, to the first test tube when the KI and
H 2 SO 4 are added it is observed that a black precipitate is forming and the slc turns brown,
it is decanted and when passed To the other test tube it is observed to have a color between
brown and light orange, to this AgNO 3 was added and it is observed that the slc turns white
and a precipitate also forms.

Figure 3. Solution of KIO 3 + KI + H 2 SO 4 .

KIO 3 + 5 KI + 3 H 2 SO 4 → 3 I 2 + 3 K 2 SO 4 + 3 H 2 O
 Figure 4. Precipitated, decanted slc, AgI formation, respectively.

When the other reagents are added to the second test tube, it is observed that there is no
noticeable change in color, although a slight oily appearance is observed.
The reaction of KIO 3 with Na 2 S 2 O 5 was exothermic and when it was placed in the
flame, it was possible to observe a release of vapors that were purple in color and at the top
of the tube, which was at a temperature a little higher than low, it was observed as a shiny
gray solid similar to that of sublimed iodine.

Figure 5. KIO 3 + Na 2 S 2 O 5 reaction.

4 KIO 3 + 5 Na 2 S 2 O 5 → 2 I 2 + 2 K 2 SO 4 + 5 Na 2 SO 4 + 3 SO 3
 5.4. Reaction of I 2 in basic slc.
Initially, the slc of KOH + the iodine crystals appear to have a very light translucent yellow
color, so to make it colorless, it was heated a little and when it was allowed to cool and
HNO 3 was added, the slc began to turn brown and HNO 3 was stopped adding until the
brown color persisted. It was also observed that vapors were released and a little precipitate
formed.
Figure 6. Slc of KOH + iodine crystals before and after heating.

3 I 2 (s) + 6 KOH (ac) → KIO 3 (ac) + 5 KI (ac) + 3 H 2 O (l)

Figure 7. Slc of KOH + iodine crystals + HNO 3 .

 KOH (aq) + HNO 3 (aq) → KNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l)

When KOH is added to the previous slc again, it turns yellow and a brown precipitate is
formed and as a greater amount of KOH is added, it is observed that the initially formed
precipitate disappears and when this is heated, the slc becomes colorless, To this resulting
slc, iodine crystals were added and dissolved. When cooled with tap water, it did not
crystallize, so when it was heated and the slc was allowed to rest, small colorless crystals
were observed.

Figure 8. previous slc + KOH and heating.

Figure 9. Crystals formed.

By repeating the previous procedure and adding a greater amount of iodine crystals and
adding KOH, the formation of a precipitate is observed and the slc is decanted.
0.1M AgNO 3 was added to the decanted slc and a precipitate formed. The previously
 separated solid was gently dried in the flame and later when Na 2 S 2 O 5 was added and
mixed with the stirring rod, it was heated and it was observed that there was release of
vapors and particles of a complex formed in the walls of the test tube.

Figure 10. AgI precipitate and previously obtained precipitate + Na 2 S 2 O 5 .

AgI + 2 Na 2 S 2 O 5 → Na 3 [Ag(S 2 O 5 ) 2 ] + NaI

6. CONCLUSIONS

• The various reactions of iodine were clearly evident in a qualitative manner.

•reaction.
It was observed and evidenced how the pH of the medium determined the

ANNEXES
1. Write the chemical equations corresponding to the reactions observed in
sections a, b, and c. Look for the standard potentials of the reactions.

KI + AgNO 3 → AgI + KNO 3

2 KI + NaClO + H 2 O → I₂ (s) + NaCl (aq) + 2 KOH (aq) E=0.89 V
2KI + H 2 O 2 → 2KOH + I₂(s) E=0.54 V (for iodine)

2. What is the disproportionation reaction of iodine for examples and write the
disproportionation reactions in acidic and basic medium for iodine.

The disproportionation reaction is a special type of redox reaction. In a disproportionation

reaction, the same element in an oxidation state is oxidized and reduced at the same time. In
a disproportionation reaction a reactant always contains an element that can have at least
three oxidation states. The element itself is in an intermediate oxidation state, that is, higher
and lower oxidation states can exist for the same element.[2]

Examples:
1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................2
2. GOALS......................................................................................................................2
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................................2
4.1. Iodine test with starch............................................................................................3
4.2. Reactions of the iodide ion....................................................................................3
4.3. Reactions of the iodate ion.....................................................................................3
4.4. Reaction of I 2 in basic slc.....................................................................................3
5.1. Iodine test with starch............................................................................................4
5.2. Reactions of the iodide ion....................................................................................5
5.3. Reactions of the iodate ion.....................................................................................6
5.4. Reaction of I 2 in basic slc.....................................................................................8
6. CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................10
ANNEXES......................................................................................................................10
3I 2 + 6 K0 H — 5K.............................................................................................................11
I+ KIO 3 +3H2O.....................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................12

3I 2 + 6 K0 H — 5K
I+ KIO 3 +3H2O

3. How important is iodine in medicine and daily life.

Iodine is added to almost any salt. It is an ingredient in bread, marine fish, and ocean plants.
Iodine is naturally present in the oceans and some marine fish and aquatic plants store it in
their tissues.
Many medicines and skin wound cleansers contain iodine. It is also an ingredient in water
purification tablets used to prepare drinking water.
Iodine is a building material for thyroid hormones that are essential for growth, the nervous
system and metabolism. People who eat very little or no bread may experience iodine
deficiency. Then the function of the thyroid gland will decrease and the thyroid gland will
begin to swell. This phenomenon is called struma. Now this condition is rare, since table salt
carries a small dose of iodine. Large amounts of iodine can be dangerous because the
thyroid gland would work too hard. This affects the entire body; causes tachycardia and
weight loss. Elemental iodine, I 2 , is toxic, and its vapor irritates the eyes and lungs. The
maximum concentration allowed in air when working with iodine is only 1 mg/m 3 . All
iodides are toxic if taken in excess.
Iodine 131 is one of the radionuclides involved in atmospheric nuclear testing, which began
in 1945, with an American test, and ended in 1980 with a Chinese test. It is among the long-
lived radionuclides that have produced and will continue to produce increased cancer risk
for decades and centuries to come. Iodine 131 increases the risk of cancer and possibly other
thyroid diseases and those caused by thyroid hormone deficiencies.[1]

REFERENCES
[1] Iodine (I) Chemical properties and effects on health and the environment. (2020).
Retrieved 1 June 2020, from https://www.lenntech.es/periodica/elementos/i.htm
[2] Chang, R., & Goldsy, K. (2017). Chemistry . Mexico: McGraw-Hill/Interamericana
Editores.

EVIDENCE