PHILOSOPHY OF

RESEARCH METHOD
Didik Setyawarno
PHILOSOPHY OF RESEARCH METHOD

PRAPOSITIVISME

DEVELOPMENT OF
RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY POSITIVISME

POSTPOSITIVISME
 COMPARISON OF THREE PHILOSOPHYS
PRAPOSITIVISME POSITIVISME POSTPOSITIVISME
REALITY DEVELOPES OBSERVABLE REALITY, REALITY IS HOLISTIC
NATURALLY SINGLE, (WHOLE), DYNAMIC
CLASSIFICABLE, (NOT FIXED), COMPLEX,
DETERMINISM (CAUSE MUTUAL INFLUENCING,
AND EFFECT), FREE FULL MEANING AND
VALUE, RELATIVELY VALUE BINDING
FIXED AND
MEASURABLE
RESEARCH METHOD IS QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE,
QUALITATIVE DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH INDUCTIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTION METHODS METHODS
PASSIVE RESEARCHER, DOING EXPERIMENTS, UNDERSTANDING THE
DESCRIBING WHAT IS SEARCHING FOR MEANING OF COMPLEX
OBSERVED INFLUENCE (EFFECT) REALITY,
CONSTRUCTING
PHENOMENON
 PRAPOSITIVISME

QUALITATIVE METHODS, REALITY IS NATURAL

 POSITIVISME
QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
 POSTPOSITIVISME

QUALITATIVE METHODS, TO FIND OUT MEANING

 BASIC QUESTION

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Careful consideration of study regarding a particular

concern or problem using scientific methods.

According to the American sociologist Earl Robert

Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe,
explain, predict, and control the observed
phenomenon.

It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Research Method
Ancient Age :
- trial and error
- experience (own > , others <)
- instinct
= > Slow development

Modern Age :
- trial and error (optimized)
- experience (own <, others >)
- speculation
- Scientific Method (scientific approach)
=> Fast development
Research Method
Engineering
... develop ways …
Technically, economically, ethically, etc.,
must be feasible

How ?
RESEARCH METHOD COMPONENTS

1. SCIENTIFIC STEP

2. DATA
RESEARCH METHOD
COMPONENTS
3. PURPOSE

4. UTILITY
 RATIONAL
Done in a reasonable way
Affordable human reasoning

SCIENTIFIC STEPS EMPIRICAL

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Human senses can observe
BASED ON SCIENTIFIC Other people can observe and
CHARACTERISTICS Knowing how to use

SYSTEMATIC
The process used using
logical step
RESEARCH DATA CRITERIA
VALIDITY

Indicates the degree of accuracy between the data that actually occurs
on objects with data that can be collected by researchers
For example: 900 thousand people reported different tsunami victims

RELIABILITY

Indicates the degree of data consistency in a certain time interval

For example: there are 50 local participants, if other person is asked to remain 50 people at any time

OBJECTIVE

Degree of equality of perception regarding agreement between many people

(interpersonal agreement)
For example: the researcher's data is different on one object, it means that the data is not objective
 QUALITATIVE

DISCRETE/
DATA
NOMINAL

QUANTITATIVE
ORDINAL

CONTINUOUS/ INTERVAL
MEASUREMENT RESULTS

RATIO
 QUALITATIVE DATA

Data is expressed in the form of words, sentences or

pictures
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
Data expressed in numbers or qualitative data
which is numbered
Quantitative data is divided into two:
1. Discrete/nominal: data that can only be classified
separately, discrete or category.
Data obtained from the results of calculating
For example: in class I after calculated there are 50 students
consist of 30 men and 20 women

2. Continuum: data that varies by level and obtained from the

measurement results
 ORDINAL CONTINUUM DATA

◼ Ordinal continuum data is data in the form of

rankings
For example: I, II, III winners
Or
data expressed on a scale, with the distance from
one data to another data is not the same

I II III IV V VI

88 83 66 60 40 30
 CONTINUUM DATA RATIO

◼ Continuum ratio data is data that is the same

distance and has an absolute zero value
example
0 kg weight means no weight

◼ This data can also be converted into intervals

and ordinal or can be added / multiplied
 DATA CONTINUM INTERVAL
◼ Interval continuum data is data that is the same
distance but does not have an absolute zero (0)
value.
◼ for example: thermometer scale, even though there
is a value of 0ºC but there is still value
◼ Interval data can be made into ordinal data (rank).

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ordinal Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
 THE AIMS OF RESEARCH

◼ INVENTION
Never known before

◼ CLARIFICATION
Proving doubts about certain information/
knowledge

◼ DEVELOPMENT
Deepen and expand existing knowledge
 RESEARCH UTILITY
◼ UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM
The researcher clarifies a problem/
information that is not known and then
becomes known

◼ SOLVE THE PROBLEM

Researchers minimize/ eliminate problems

◼ ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS
Researchers try to prevent problems from
happening
8 tips for conducting
accurate research
TASK 1 – Group
Discussion
1. Explain the difference between research
methodology and research methods!
2. Mention examples of research on prepositivism,
positivism, and postpositivism?
3. Mention examples of research data (variables) in
education which include nominal, ordinal,
interval, and ratio data