EN G IN E E RI N G

KOTARA HIGH SCHOOL

TAS

PHONE STATION
Footwear Guidelines for NSW
government schools
Introduction
The Department, through its Safe Working Policy, is
committed to providing a safe working and learning
environment for all staff, students and visitors, in
accordance with statutory and regulatory obligations and
corporate objectives.
Footwear is an important safety item. Good soles provide
a sound grip on the floor preventing accidents such as
slips, trips and falls from occurring. Footwear can also
protect feet from damage caused by accidents such as
falling objects or chemical spillages.
These guidelines have been developed to assist NSW
government schools in providing a safe working and
learning environment. Schools which already have risk
management controls in place in relation to footwear
should refer to these guidelines when reviewing and
evaluating those controls.
Areas where safe footwear must be worn
In accordance with the Safe Working Policy, the
Department has identified areas of its workplaces where
appropriate footwear must be worn by staff, students and
visitors to ensure their safety.
Areas where enclosed leather footwear (or other material
confirmed by the manufacturer to be suitable, refer to
Australian/NZ Standard 2210: Safety Protective and
Occupational Footwear) is required are:
Industrial Arts and trades workshop areas
Science laboratories
Canteen or Food Technology (Kitchen) areas
Sandals, open footwear or high heeled shoes are not
permitted in these areas . If students present for a class
or activity with inappropriate footwear the student should
be offered alternative educational activities until they are
wearing appropriate footwear.
The above list is not exhaustive. Appropriate safe
footwear may also be identified as a requirement in
relation to other areas or activities, documented
procedure or a documented risk assessment .e.g. in work
situations where floors can’t always be kept dry or clean,
the right footwear is especially important, so a slip
resistant shoe may be required. Another example is
wearing enclosed leather footwear (or suitable safe
alternative) in agricultural areas/activities.
In addition, other sites on which the Department provides
services may have specific requirements which should be
adhered to, for example, Education Training Units in
Juvenile Justice settings.
OHS Footwear Guidelines Page 1 of 1
OHS Directorate
Footwear for staff in the general school environment
The Department strongly recommends school staff
consider wearing footwear that is suitable for walking on
a number of different surfaces during the working day
(e.g. stairs, playgrounds, grass and sports fields).
Footwear which is suitable for the general school
environment means enclosed shoes, which are flat shoes
or shoes with a minimal heel, that have a good grip and
fit well.
For some staff, such as general assistants and farm
assistants, wearing enclosed leather footwear throughout
the working day is important. This is because their
responsibilities for ground maintenance and other
activities mean that they need footwear that will assist in
preventing slips, trips or falls or protect their feet from
falling objects.
Implementation of guidelines
School principals, as workplace managers, are
responsible for ensuring procedures are in place to
maintain a safe work environment in accordance with the
Safe Work Policy and these guidelines. In accordance
with OHS legislation, principals have the authority to
determine that staff and students wear shoes that are
appropriate to ensure occupational health and safety for
the planned activity. This includes identified school
activities (see “Areas where safe footwear must be
worn”) and excursions.
However it is not appropriate for schools to require
students, through the use of a general term “occupational
health and safety” to wear particular shoes as part of a
uniform policy.
Principals should communicate the reasons for these
decisions to staff and students i.e. that the decision has
been made for their safety and the safety of others.
“
Further advice
Departmental policies and procedures:
Safe Working Policy
Code of Conduct
Student Discipline Policy and School Uniforms in
New South Wales Government Schools
School Uniform Policy
Further Information:
Your Regional OHS Liaison Manager
OHS Directorate Support Site
OHS_D March 2011
Safety involves the prevention of:

1. Injury to the person using the tools or machines

2. Injury to others
3. Damage to the workshop its equipment and materials

Safe working conditions include:

1. Safe working attire

2. Uncongested working area
3. Adequate ventilation and lighting
4. Safe storage of tools and materials
5. Proper guarding of moving parts of machines
6. First aid equipment

Safe working techniques require a sound knowledge of:

1. The right way to do a job

2. Using the right tools for the job
3. The correct use of tools or machines
4. Proper maintenance of the tools and machines

Personal Safety:

1. Remove loose fitting outer garments

2. Roll up shirt sleeves above the elbows
3. Remove or tuck tie in close to collar
4. Wear protective PPE
5. Keep long hair out of the way – always use a cap or hairnet
6. Wear leather shoes
7. Always wear eye protection when using machinery
8. Report all injuries to the teacher immediately
9. Always ask permission to use a machine
10. Be alert at all times, report anything that may lead to an accident
11. No running in the workshop
 MIXED MATERIALS METALANGUAGE LIST

Research and fill in the following definitions

Term Definition

Measurement

Dimension

Aesthetics

Functional

Appearance

Feature

Decorative

Design

Create

Construct

Concept
 Term Definition

Product

Parameters

Material

Budget

Technology

Target Market

Research

Timber

Minimise

Maximise
 KOTARA HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR 8
2022

PHONE STATION
OUTCOMES
• designs, communicates and evaluates innovative ideas and creative solutions to authentic problems or opportunities
TE4-1DP
• plans and manages the production of designed solutions TE4-2DP
• selects and safely applies a broad range of tools, materials and processes in the production of quality projects TE4-3DP
• investigates how the characteristics and properties of tools, materials and processes affect their use in designed
solutions TE4-9MA
• explains how people in technology related professions contribute to society now and into the future TE4-10TS

DESIGN BRIEF
A common safety issue associated with high mobile phone use is when the user falls asleep with their
mobile phone under a pillow or on the bed, and an electrical fire is started due to the mobile phone
overheating. This is reason enough to keep a mobile phone at a safe distance whilst sleeping, recent
reports indicate that simply charging your phone at night can cause it to overheat.

A solution to this safety issue, is to design and produce a phone station that will safely house and charge a
mobile phone. It will be important for the phone station to:
• Be stable
• Not over heat when the phone is charging
• Be designed so that air can flow around the mobile phone charging components
• Be aesthetically pleasing and multi-functional

PART A
• You are to construct a phone station out of plywood from the provided working drawing

PART B
You are required to design and produce your own phone station product. You will need to complete:
1. Completes a detailed sketches of the designed phone station
2. A working drawing with measurements
3. A finished, working phone station product
 KOTARA HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR 8
2022

Criteria for Assessment and Feedback

PART A

Assessment Criteria Achievement Indicators Marks

Outstanding (18-20)

• The Phone Station is complete and is a usable product

• The Phone Station has been sanded, stained, and lacquered
• Both components of the Phone Station interlock and fit together
• All of the cutting component areas have been neatly and accurately marked
out, cut, filed and sanded
High (14-17)

• The Phone Station is complete and is a usable product

• The Phone Station has been sanded, stained, and lacquered
• Both components of the replica Phone Station interlock and fit together
• The cutting component areas have been neatly marked out, cut, filed and
sanded
Sound (9-13)
Plywood Phone
Station • The Phone Station is incomplete
• Some parts of the Phone Station have been sanded
• The construction of the interlocking system has been started but is incomplete
• The cutting component areas are unfinished and are incorrectly sized
Basic (5-8)

• The Phone Station is incomplete

• No finish has been applied to the mobile phone holder
• The construction of the interlocking system has not been started
• The cutting component areas have been marked out but construction has not
been started
Limited (0-4)

• The Phone Station is incomplete

• No finish has been applied to the Phone Station
• No construction has taken place on the Phone Station
KOTARA HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR 8
2022

PART B

Assessment Criteria Achievement Indicators Marks

Outstanding (18-20)

• Submits a detailed sketch of the front piece of the Phone Station and the
support brace (bottom)
• Each detailed sketch has been technically rendered
• Each sketch has a minimum of three detail notes about the front piece of the
Phone Station and the support brace (bottom)
• All detail descriptions use metalanguage words associated with Industrial
Technology - Timber
High (14-17)

• Submits a detailed concept sketch of the front piece of the Phone Station and
the support brace (bottom)
• Each sketch has been technically rendered
• Each sketch has a minimum of two detail notes about the front piece of the
Phone Station and the support brace (bottom)
• Most detail descriptions written use metalanguage words associated with
Industrial Technology - Timber
Sound (9-13)

• Submits a detailed sketch of the front piece of the Phone Station and the
support brace (bottom)
1. Detailed Sketches • Some rendering techniques have been applied to the detailed sketches
• Each sketch has a detail note about the front piece of Phone Station and the
support brace (bottom)
• Some detail descriptions use metalanguage words associated with Industrial
Technology - Timber
Basic (5-8)

• Submits a detailed sketch for the front piece of the Phone Station and the
support brace (bottom)
• Some rendering techniques have been applied to the detailed sketches
• Each concept drawing has a detail note about the front piece of Phone Station
and the support brace (bottom)
• Some detail descriptions use metalanguage words associated with Industrial
Technology - Timber
Limited (0-4)

• Submits a basic sketch for the front piece of the Phone Station and the support
brace (bottom)
• No rendering techniques applied
• No detail descriptions about the front piece of the Phone Station and the
support brace (bottom)
• No metalanguage words used that are associated with Industrial technology -
Timber
KOTARA HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR 8
2022

Assessment Criteria Achievement Indicators Marks

Outstanding (18-20)

• Neatly and accurately sets out the working drawing borders and title block
with all necessary drawing details
• Accurately sets out the working drawing components in the correct layout
• Uses the correct scale
• All components are labelled and dimensioned correctly
• The same dimension is only written once
High (14-17)

• Neatly sets out the working drawing borders and title block with some drawing
information
• Sets out the working drawing components in the correct layout
• Applies a scale to the working drawing
• Most of the components are labelled and dimensioned correctly
Sound (9-13)

2. Working • Neatly sets out the working drawing borders and title block with some drawing
Drawings information
• Sets out the working drawing components in the correct layout
• No scale has been applied to the working drawing
• Some of the components are labelled and dimensioned correctly
Basic (5-8)

• The working drawing has a border but has no title block with drawing
information
• Sets out the working drawing components in the correct layout
• No scale has been applied to the working drawing
Some of the components are labelled and dimensioned correctly

Limited (0-4)

• No border or title block completed for the working drawing

• A basic attempt of a working drawing has been completed
• No scale has been applied to the working drawing
• No labelling or dimensioning has been completed on the working drawing
KOTARA HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR 8
2022

Assessment Criteria Achievement Indicators Marks

Outstanding (18-20)

• The phone station is complete and is a usable product

• The phone station holder has been sanded, stained and lacquered correctly
without any blotches and scratches
• All components of the phone station interlock and fit together
• All of the cutting component areas have been neatly and accurately marked
out, cut, filed and sanded
High (14-17)

• The phone station is complete and is a usable product

• The phone station has been sanded, stained and lacquered but some surface
defects such as scratches can be seen
• All components of the phone station interlock and fit together
• The cutting component areas have been neatly marked out, cut, filed and
sanded
3. Phone Station Sound (9-13)
Product
• The phone station is incomplete
• Some parts of the phone station have been sanded
• The construction of the interlocking system has been started but is incomplete
• The cutting component areas are unfinished and are incorrectly sized
Basic (5-8)

• The phone station is incomplete

• No finish has been applied to the phone station
• The construction of the interlocking system has not been started
• The cutting component areas have been marked out but construction has not
been started
Limited (0-4)

• The phone station holder is incomplete

• No finish has been applied to the phone station
• No construction has taken place on the phone station
TOTAL MARKS /80
Marks awarded above are indicative of the grades earned below

A B C D E N

80-72 71-56 55-33 32-17 16-0 0

Outstanding High Sound Basic Limited Zero Marks

Comment:
 Workshop Measurement Activity

Using the workshop steel rulers, measure the following workshop tools in mm

TOOL MEASUREMENT (mm)

 THE DRILL PRESS

A drill press (also known as pedestal drill, pillar drill, or bench drill) is a fixed style of drill that may
be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. A drill press consists of a:

• Base,
• Column (or pillar),
• Table,
• Spindle (or quill), and
• Drill head, usually driven by an induction motor.

The head has a set of handles (usually 3) radiating from a central hub that, when turned, move the
spindle and chuck vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is
generally moved by a rack and pinion; however, some older models rely on the operator to lift and reclamp
the table in position. The table may also be offset from the spindle's axis and in some cases rotated to a
position perpendicular to the column. The size of a drill press is typically measured in terms of swing. Swing
is defined as twice the throat distance, which is the distance from the center of the spindle to the closest
edge of the pillar. For example, a 16-inch (410 mm) drill press will have an 8-inch (200 mm) throat distance.

A drill press has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill:

• Less effort is required to apply the drill to the work piece. The movement of the chuck and spindle
is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which gives the operator considerable mechanical
advantage
• The table allows a vise or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work, making the operation
much more secure
• The angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to be drilled accurately and
repetitively

Speed change is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement. Modern drill
presses can use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Some machine
shop (tool room) drill presses are equipped with a continuously variable transmission, giving a wide speed
range, as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running.

Drill presses are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks such as sanding, honing or polishing, by
mounting sanding drums, honing wheels and various other rotating accessories in the chuck. This can be
unsafe in some cases, as the chuck arbor, which may be retained in the spindle solely by the friction of a
taper fit, may dislodge during operation.
 THE DRILL PRESS QUESTIONS

1. List two more name a drill press is known by

2. List the five components that make up a drill press

•
•
•
•
•

3. How can the drill press table be moved?

4. Define the term ‘swing’

5. What advantage gives the user a considerable mechanical advantage?

6. What does the drill press table allow the user to do whilst drilling?

7. How is the speed on the drill press changed?

8. When using the chuck what can be considered unsafe?

How Do Forstner Bits Work?
https://www.ehow.co.uk/video_6857756_do-forstner-bits-work_.html

Use the HTML address provided and answer the following questions on forstner bits.

1. What is the purpose of the cantering bit on a forstner bit?

2. Explain what a flat bottom hole is?

3. In the space provided, draw the side profile of a flat bottom hole

4. How do the teeth on a forstner bit make a flat bottom hole?

5. List two ways in which forstner bits can be used

a.

b.
6. Name this tool

7. Explain the following statement

“Keep in mind with Forstner bits is they are removing a lot of stock.”

8. Why do you think it is necessary to do light passes with forstner bits when drilling holes?

A 5 piece Forstner Bit Set

 COPING SAW

A coping saw is a type of bow saw used to cut intricate external shapes and interior cut-outs in
woodworking or carpentry. It is widely used to cut moldings to create coped rather than mitre joints. It is
occasionally used to create fretwork though it is not able to match a fretsaw in intricacy of cut, particularly
in thin materials. Coping saw blades are always thicker and much coarser cutting than typical fretsaw
blades and many others of its family members. Coping saws can however cut slight bends in the work,
allowing circles to be cut if used carefully.

The coping saw was most likely invented in middle of the 16th century following innovations in metallurgy
and with the invention of the spring-driven clock. Blades made of this material were strong and flexible. A
coping saw consists of a thin, hardened steel blade, stretched between the ends of a square, c shaped,
springy-iron frame to which a handle is attached. The blade is easily removed from the frame so that the
blade can be passed through a drilled hole in the middle of a piece of wood. The frame is then re-attached
to the blade and the cut starts from the middle of the piece. Long cuts perpendicular to the edge of the
material are possible but the shallow depth of the frame rather limits how far from the edge one may cut.

The coping saw blade is installed with the teeth pointing towards the handle. Unlike a hacksaw, which has
the teeth pointed away from the handle, the coping saw cuts on the pull stroke. The coping saw blade is
removable by partially unscrewing the handle. The blade is prevented from rotating by means of the short,
steady bar provided where the blade is attached. Loosening the handle also allows the blade to be rotated
relative to the frame as desired. Carefully aligning the finger with the steady bars at the top and bottom of
the blade ensures that the thin blade is straight and not twisted along its length. Retightening the handle
tensions the blade and locks it at the desired angle relative to the frame. The short steady bar nearest the
handle is held securely between finger and thumb while the handle is tightened to ensure the blade
remains at the desired angle. Unlike the fretsaw the coping saw blade has holding pins which lock securely
into the angled slots of the rotatable blade holders.

The direction of the cut is quite easy to change because of the thinness of the blade. Gentle curves are
achieved by slowly turning the whole frame by means of the handle while continuing to cut steadily. When
necessary, the blade can also be rotated with respect to the frame to make sharper curves in the material
being cut. Blade breakage is much rarer than with a fretsaw. A coping saw (with the correct blade) can also
be used to cut through aluminum tubing and other metal objects.
 COPING SAW QUESTIONS
1. List two uses of a coping saw

a.

b.

2. Is it possible for coping saws to cut circles?

(Please circle the correct answer)

YES OR NO

3. When was the coping saw likely invented?

4. Why is the coping saw blade is easily removed?

5. In which direction of the blade teeth positioned in a coping saw?

6. Which stroke does the coping saw cut on?

7. How is the blade removed from the coping saw?

8. Explain how gentle curves are achieved?

9. Name the following parts of the coping saw

10. Why is the direction of a cut easy to change?

11. What other material can be cut with a coping saw?

 S A F E T Y O P ER A T I N G P R OC E D U R E S

Disc Sander
DO NOT use this machine unless a teacher has instructed
you in its safe use and operation and has given permission.
Safety glasses must be worn at all Long and loose hair must be
times in work areas. contained.
Sturdy footwear must be worn at all Close fitting/protective clothing must
times in work areas. be worn.
Rings and jewellery must not be Gloves must not be worn when using
worn. this machine.

PRE-OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS

1. Check workspaces and walkways to ensure no slip/trip-hazards are present.
2. Locate and ensure you are familiar with the operation of the ON/OFF starter and E-Stop
(if fitted).
3. Check the table is set not more than 2mm. from disc.
4. Check abrasive disc is in a serviceable condition.
5. Start the dust extraction unit before using the machine.
6. Faulty equipment must not be used. Immediately report suspect equipment.
OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS
1. Allow machine to reach maximum revolutions before operating to avoid overloading.
2. Always place material on the table on the downward side of the disc travel to hold it
down on the table surface.
3. Hold material firmly against the table before applying pressure on abrasive.
4. Keep hands/fingers clear of abrasive disc while sanding.
5. Never leave the machine running unattended.
6. Before making adjustments switch off and bring the machine to a complete standstill.
HOUSEKEEPING
1. Switch off the machine.
2. Leave the machine in a safe, clean and tidy state.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
 Abrasions
 Eye injuries
 Excessive dust
 Unsecured material being flung around
FORBIDDEN
 Attempting to sand very small items
 Attempting to sharpen tools
 Attempting to sand metal
 WHS FOR THE DISC SANDER

1. What does PPE stand for?

2. List 4 items of PPE that MUST be worn in the wood workshop

a.
b.
c.
d.

3. Draw the correct signs for the following safety terms

SAFETY TERM SAFETY SIGN

Safety glasses must be worn at all times in work areas.

Gloves must not be worn when using this machine.

Sturdy footwear must be worn at all times in work

areas.

4. How far should the table be set from the disc pad?

5. What is the dust extractor used for and when should it be tuned on?

6. Which side of the disc sander should only be used?

7. Why should the machine never be left running?

8. List two potential hazards

a.
b.
9. Why is it forbidden to sand small objects on the disc sander?

10. Write down the correct terms for the safety signs

SAFETY SIGN SAFETY TERM

11. Explain why it is dangerous when material is used on the disc sander when it is unsecure

12. How do you secure timber on the disc sander

13. List two health problems that can occur from using the disc sander incorrectly
a.
b.

14. Only one material is used on the disc sander, what is it?

15. In your own words write a definition for the disc sander
16. In the space below design your own OH & S safety poster, remember to incorporate the following into your
design
• Safety colours
• Images
• Appropriate text
 FILES

A file is a tool used to remove fine amounts of material from a work piece. It is common in woodworking,
metalworking, and other similar trade and hobby tasks. Most are hand tools, made of a case hardened
steel bar of rectangular, square, triangular, or round cross-section, with one or more surfaces cut with
sharp, generally parallel teeth. A narrow, pointed tang is common at one end, to which a handle may be
fitted.
A rasp is a form of file with distinct, individually cut teeth used for coarsely removing large amounts of
material.
Machining in the mid-19th century was heavily dependent on filing, because milling practice was slowly
evolving. As late as the early 20th century, manufacturing often involved filing parts to precise shape and
size. In today's manufacturing environment, milling and grinding have generally replaced this type of work,
and filing (when it occurs at all) usually tends to be for deburring only. Skillful filing to shape and size is still
a part of diemaking, moldmaking, toolmaking, etc., but even in those fields, the goal is usually to avoid
handwork when possible.

TYPES OF FILES
Files come in a wide variety of materials, sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations. The cross-section of
a file can be flat, round, half-round, triangular, square, knife edge or of a more specialized shape. Steel files
are made from high carbon steel (1.0 to 1.25% carbon) and may be through hardened or case hardened.

A file is "blunt" if its sides and width are both parallel throughout its length. It is "tapered" if there is a
reduction in its dimensions from its heel toward its point. A file may taper in width, in thickness, or both. A
"tang" is a protrusion at the heel, tapered, parallel sided, or conical, for gripping, inserting in a handle, or
mounting in a chuck.

The cut of the file refers to how fine its

teeth are. They are defined as (from
roughest to smoothest): rough,
middle, bastard, second cut, smooth,
and dead smooth. A single-cut file has
one set of parallel teeth while a cross-
cut or double-cut file has a second set
of cuts forming diamond shaped
cutting surfaces. In Swiss-pattern files
the teeth are cut at a shallower angle,
and are graded by number, with a
number 1 file being coarser than a
number 2, etc. Most files have teeth
on all faces, but some specialty flat
files have teeth on only one face or
one edge, so that the user can come
right up to another edge without
damaging the finish on it.
 HOW TO FILE

Holding work for filing

The work should be a little below the height of the elbows. It should be held tightly in the vise. The part to
be filed should be near the vise jaws to keep the work from chattering.

Holding the file

For heavy filing, place the palm of the left hand on the point of the file with the fingers pressing against the
underside. For light filing, the thumb of the left hand should be placed on the top of the file.
FILE QUESTIONS
1. What is a file used for?

2. List two trades in which files are used

a.
b.

3. What are files made out of?

4. What is a rasp used for?

5. What is the cut of the file?

6. Explain the following types of files

Single- Cut File

Cross Cut File

7. Place the words rough or smooth into the correct position

 TIMBER FINISHES

Reasons for Finishing

Improve Appearance: by providing sheen and enhancing colour or enhance the natural beauty of the
timber

Preserves: moisture control, a finish will prevent moisture being absorbed or released from the timber
preventing warping and splitting

Easy maintenance: cleanliness, spills, dust, and most other marks can be wiped from the surface & provide
a durable surface to withstand wear

Timber Finishing Processes

The most important part of the production of a woodwork project is the finish .It is important because it
determines the final appearance of the project. The term finishing refers to the following eight processes:

Sanding Stopping

Staining Filling

Sealing Under-coating

Top-coating Polishing

The number of these processes which are used on a project will depend on:
• The quality of finish required
• The type of finish being used
• The material on which the finish is being applied

Explanation of the Process

Sanding
This refers to the process of rubbing the surface of the project: with a coated abrasive to produce a very
smooth surface. This is usually done before the project is assembled. A cork block is used on flat surfaces
with abrasive to ensure an even surface.

Stopping
Holes and cracks are filled with ‘wood stop’, sometimes incorrectly called ‘wood filler’. The wood stop is
pressed into the holes with a knife to a level just above the surface of the timber. This allows for shrinkage
and sanding after it has dried.

Staining
This is done only if the colour of the timber needs to be changed. This may be necessary when one timber
needs to look like another, e.g. when faded timber needs to be matched to dark pieces of the same timber.
It is important that the directions on the can are followed and that the stain is compatible with the finish to
be used.
Top Coating
This refers to the application of the final coat or coats of finish. Each coat should be allowed to dry and
then lightly sanded with a light abrasive.

Polishing
When the top coat has dried (approx time 1 week) it can be polished to give a uniform lustre. This is done
with a soft rag and a fine liquid abrasive e g brasso, buffing compound, or a polish or wax (e g Marveer or
Mr Sheen)

Important Tips for a Good Finish

1. Don’t Skimp When Sanding

Begin with a coarse abrasive & complete with a fine grit. Examine surface and ensure it is clean &
smooth.

2. Use Good Equipment & Materials

Good results are achieved if good quality clean brushes are used with clean finishes of correct
consistency.

3. Work in Dust Free Area.

This is not often possible in schools, however ensure that the storage area is unused during drying,
especially the last coat.

4. Cut Back Between Coats

Lightly sand each coat with a fine grit abrasive and dust off the project with a damp cloth before
applying the next coat

5. Polish The Completed Job.

Polish the surface of the completed task with a polish or wax to give a consistent lustre .
TYPES OF TIMBER FINISHES

Oils and Waxes

Main use --- Where a quick protective coat
is required

Application - Rubbed into the timber with

a soft rag.

Sanding Sealer
Main Use --- used before stain or final coat
is applied

Application – Best used with a rubbing mop

(cloth wrapped around cotton
waste)

Clear Plastic Finishes

Main Use --- Provide a strong durable coat
on timber

Application – Can be applied by brush, spray

gun or spray can.

Shellac
Main Use --- Used for French polishing or
providing a quick method of
sealing timber

Application – brush or rubbing Mop.

 EXPAINATION OF FINISHES

French polish (Shellac)

Shellac is a spirit varnish prepared, by dissolving shellac flakes in methylated spirits.
Application is by brush and a polishing rubber or pad. Although a brilliant high gloss and
flexible surface can be produced, this finish is affected by heat, water and alcohol and it is
not sufficiently hard to resist scratching.

Lacquer
Lacquer consists of a nitrocellulose compound dissolved in a volatile thinner. The finish
produced is fast drying but slow hardening. Drying results from the evaporation of the
solvent. The surface film can be burnished to a high gloss but it is affected by alcohol, water
and heat and it is not particularly scratch resistant.
Lacquer is usually applied by spray, but a brush can be used.

Varnish
Varnish is a clear surface finish consisting of natural or artificial resins combined with a
vegetable oil or a spirit. This type of surface finish has been largely superseded by modern
plastic coatings which have improved properties.

Oils
Oil polishing and oiling is best suited to hardwoods or woods rich in colour penetrating oil
finish is often applied without a filler to enhance the open grain effect of teak, mahogany,
cedar and like timbers. A distinct advantage of this type of finish is
the ease of application. Any vegetable oil may be used. The oils
readily available are linseed, maize, peanut, safflower and
proprietary mixtures. Linseed oil is satisfactory for general use,
but the odour affects food. Oil finishes are durable and easily
maintained, requiring only an occasional rub over with a cloth
dampened in oil.

Wax
Wax finish is frequently used for small sculptures and some turned work. The surface of the
timber is sealed with a clear or pigmented, natural or manufactured wax. The wax is
reduced to a workable paste by the addition of turpentine. Beeswax, carnauba wax,
paraffin wax or specially compounded commercial preparations are used. While easily
applied and easily restored, this type of surface coating is not durable and is affected by
heat and moisture.
 FINISHING TECHNIQUES

Brushing Techniques

Tilt the work slightly so that faults may be readily noticed. To coat a flat surface follow this method.

• Charge the brush with the finishing material.

• Commence the stroke in from one end and work over the other end.
• Use a short stroke and brush towards the end to complete the brush stroke.
• Care must be taken to ensure that each new brush stroke overlaps
• the edge of the previous stroke
• Always work along the grain.

When coating internal surfaces, commence the brush stroke in the enclosed corner.
Continue the stroke along the grain towards the centre. There the brush is lifted off to feather the stroke.

Care of brushes
Brushes must be thoroughly cleaned with the appropriate solvent. Wash the brush five or six times in a
small container
 FINISHING QUESTIONS (16 Marks)
1. List three reasons for finishing timber (3 Marks)

a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________

2. List the eight processes of finishing timber (8 Marks)

a. e.
b. f.
c. g.
d. h.

3. What is meant by the term sanding? (1 Mark)

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is meant by the term stopping? (1 Mark)

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

5. With sketches explain the procedure used to clean brushes (3 Marks)

 PRODUCT RESEARCH

PRODUCT PLUS MINUS INTERESTING

• The shape of the man and dog

• Interesting shapes have been
cannot be seen from the front • There is no place for a charger
used as the main back support
once the phone is in place cord to be connected
brace
• This is a very simple design and • Two different timbers have been
• This phone holder would be
does not allow for the product to used
popular with children
have more than one use

RESEARCH 5 DIFFERENT PHONE STATION PRODUCTS

TIPS TO FOLLOW
• Write a minimum of two points for each product
• Ensure you use all of the same style font and the correct font sizes
• You may need to adjust the position of the dot point in the box to give you more room to write
• All of the images should roughly be about the same
• Be conscience of the layout around the image
 WORKING DRAWINGS

A working drawing is the final ‘constructed’ drawing, produced as part of the design process. It consists of
a front, side and plan view of the solution. Working drawings contain the information needed to make the
article you have designed. They need to convey details such as

• Dimensions
• Construction methods and
• Assembly techniques

Working drawings usually use orthographic projection, but they could also include other views such as
oblique or isometric projection and be distinct as architectural drawings and electronic circuits. As the
designer and producer you need to decide what is best for your project.

Dimensions are added to the working drawing so that any person using the working drawing can
manufacture the design. Usually there are at least six dimensions but you can add as many as you feel are
required in order for the manufacturer to make your solution.

The working drawing should be precise and drawn to a scale. If the drawing is half the size of the solution
then the scale is 1:2. If the drawing is a 3rd the size of the solution then the scale is 1:3. A 2H pencil or a
fine black pen should be used for the final outline of the working drawing. As this will allow the drawing to
stand out. The dimensions are usually quite faint apart from the arrow heads and the measurement.
 OBLIQUE PROJECTION

Oblique projection is a method of drawing objects in 3 dimensions. It is quite a simple technique compared
to isometric or even perspective drawing. However, to draw accurately in oblique projection traditional
drawing equipment such as the following is needed:

• Drawing board • Clips

• Set Square • T square

The technique for drawing a cube in oblique projection is outlined below, stage by stage. To draw it
correctly in oblique projection three main rules must be followed:

1. Draw the front or side view of the object.

2. All measurements drawn backwards are half the original measurement.
3. 45 degrees is the angle for all lines drawn backwards
 1. Following the provided example, fill in the oblique projections on diagram 2

DIAGRAM 1 DIAGRAM 2

2. On the provided title block draw an oblique projection of diagram 3 within the title block

NOTE: the dimensions of each square is 10mm x 10 mm

DIAGRAM 3
TITLE:

NAME: SCALE:
DESIGN CONCEPT 1

PLUS MINUS INTERESTING

DESIGN CONCEPT 2

PLUS MINUS INTERESTING

DESIGN CONCEPT 3

PLUS MINUS INTERESTING

Selected Design:

List two different reasons as to why you have selected this design

1.

2.

List all of the materials and hardware components you will need to construct the design

NOTE
• Material components are items such as timber
• Hardware components are items such as nails and screws

MATERIAL HARDWARE
 EVALUATION

Use the following questions to evaluate your phone station product

1. Explain how your design satisfies the requirements of the design brief?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. On a scale of 1-10, 1 being poor – 10 being excellent how would you rate the construction quality of your
design solution.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Explain, (give reasons) why you awarded the mark you did?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. On a scale of 1-10, 1 being poor – 10 being excellent how would you rate the finish quality of your design
solution.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Explain, (give reasons) why you awarded the mark you did?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What do you think you did well in the design and manufacturing process?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What do you think you could have done better in the design and manufacturing process?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Is there anything you would change about the design or construction process if you had your time again?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________