Overhead Crane Electrical Control

SEP NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY OF MEXICO
HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF PURÍSIMA DEL

SECRETARY OF
PUBLIC RINCÓN
EDUCATION
National Technological Institute of Mexico

SEP
SECRETARY OF Higher Technological Institute of Purísima del Rincón
PUBLIC EDUCATION
STUDIES WITH RECOGNITION OF OFFICIAL VALIDITY
NUMBER: 11EIT0006A
PROJECT TYPE:
QUALIFICATION:
DESIGN OF A MOTION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A CRANE
BRIDGE.
TO OBTAIN THE DEGREE OF:

Workshop II
PRESENTS:
LÓPEZ GUILLÉN ANGEL OF JESUS
BS13240627
ADVISER:
MC CESAR ALEJANDRO FRAUSTO DAVILA
PURÍSIMA DEL RINCÓN, GTO. AUGUST 2017

PURÍSIMA DEL RINCÓN HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
THANKS
THANKS TO:
God:
That being the great engineer offers more than an answer, and even more than
support.
My parents, M. by Carmen Guillén Marques and Rosendo López Zermeño.
Being the most important impulse of my life.
MY MC advisor Cesar Alejandro Frausto Dávila.
For your support and accessibility during the consultations.
Alma Maricela Sandoval García (rest in peace):
For leaving his memory tattooed inside my soul.
SUMMARY
Keywords:
Bridge crane, electrical controls, three-phase motor rotation reversal, line and power
diagram, Boolean logic.
The company PAILERIA Y MONTAJE was in charge of developing the mechanical

design and construction of an overhead crane, which was in its final stages. To
complete the design of the lifting device, it was necessary to design an electrical
control system, through which the execution of maneuver operations such as: lifting
and translation was established.
The movements of the device were defined on three axes, in both directions, so the
design included the use of short-circuit motors and/or three-phase gear motors, with
rotation inversion. This was how the design was planned to begin, starting from the
calculation to define the requirements of each engine.
An important factor during the analysis was to consider that the company has some
motors, of which it was possible to use two, for the movement of the crane bridge,
providing an economic benefit to the design, without the need to express costs.
Although these machines had certain useful features for the design, for reasons of
safety in maneuvering operations, the required travel speed was relatively small. For
this problem, a coupling by means of a coupling mechanism was proposed and
implemented. transmission made with a set of sprockets and transmission chain. To
define the speeds more precisely, on each axis of the machine it was necessary to
carry out some tests on similar cranes and compare them with the theoretical
standards.
Through the different movements that defined the operation of the lifting and
transport device, it was possible to establish a control logic, which allowed defining
the logical variables necessary for the design and rotation inversion of each
one of the engines, which With the use of Boolean equations () checked the results.
For better technical communication when proposing the design, the line diagram that
defined the control system was prepared, in which the equipment necessary for the
design that was proposed to the company PAILERIA Y MONTAJE was specified. A
very important consideration for the design was the short circuit that can occur when
reversing the rotation of three-phase motors, since said reversal was through the
exchange between the phases, using contactors for the power stage of the electrical
system.
The connection of the power stage of the system was shown through electrical
diagrams, in which the proposed connection was made clear, which generally
complied with the observations made during the design such as avoiding short
circuits and equipment. necessary for connecting the motors.
An economical and safe way to guarantee the functionality of the proposed design
was through the use of simulation software, performing various tests.
After having carried out the tests to complete the design, the technical data of the
equipment was calculated, which in general the vast majority of manufacturers
specify for their acquisition. The project was limited to simply calculating the electrical
equipment and conductors, no quote was made.
In this way, the preparation of this document was intended with the purpose of
providing a means of consultation for future plans, such as in the maintenance area
(especially in the electrical area), the modification of the electrical control system for
the use of more advanced technologies such as a PLC, or simply to create a user
manual.
Content
THANKS.............................................................................................................................2
SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................3
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................13
1.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................14
1.2 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM............................................................................15
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT.....................................................................................16
1.4 GOALS...................................................................................................................17
1.4.1 General objective................................................................................................17
1.4.2 Specific objectives..............................................................................................17
1.5 Hypothesis..............................................................................................................17
1.6 Research questions:................................................................................................17
1.7 Justification.............................................................................................................18
Chapter II. Theoretical framework........................................................................................20
Conceptual framework.......................................................................................................21
2.1 THE USE OF LIFTING DEVICES.......................................................................21
2.2 column cranes.........................................................................................................22
2.3 Electric hoists and suspended cranes......................................................................23
2.4 BRIDGE CRANE...................................................................................................23
2.4.1 Main elements of an overhead crane...............................................................24
2.4.2 crane cars.........................................................................................................24
2.4.3 The crane bridge..............................................................................................25
2.4.4 Electric connection..........................................................................................26
a) Lifting mechanism..................................................................................................26
b) Carriage translation.................................................................................................27
c) Crane translation.....................................................................................................27
d) Control and Operation Considerations...................................................................27
2.4.5 ELECTRIC MOTORS........................................................................................28
2.4.5.1 CALCULATION OF THE NECESSARY POWER OF AN MOTOR......28
" 2(.............................................................................................................................................30
2.4.5.2 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING ENGINES.........................................................30
2.5.3 CHANGE OF ROTATION IN THREE-FACE ENGINES.....................................33
2.6 ELECTRICAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT............................................................35
2.6.1 Overload relay.................................................................................................36
a) Magnetic overload relay:........................................................................................36
b) Thermal overload relay:..........................................................................................37
2.6.2 contactor..........................................................................................................38
2.6.3 Buttons............................................................................................................39
2.6.4 Limit switch.....................................................................................................40
2.7 ELECTRICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS.............................................................41
2.7.1 Line diagrams (ladder diagram)......................................................................41
2.7.2 Wiring diagram and schematic diagram..........................................................42
2.7.3 Boolean logic (switching logic)......................................................................45
2.8 CONTROL COMPONENT SELECTION CRITERIA.........................................47
2.8.1 Des connectors (switches) and thermomagnetic switches..............................47
2.8.2 Thermal relays and fuses.................................................................................49
Magnetic contactors.......................................................................................................50
2.8.3 Drivers.............................................................................................................52
2.8.3.1 Steps to follow in calculating conductors....................................................53
a) Work temperature:..................................................................................................53
b) Active drivers..........................................................................................................54
c) corrected current.....................................................................................................55
d) Installation voltage drop.........................................................................................55
e) Driver selection by voltage drop.............................................................................56
f) Results comparison.................................................................................................58
2.9 Angular velocity transmission.....................................................................................58
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................60
3.1 Design Overview....................................................................................................61
3.2 Calculation and selection of engines......................................................................62
3.3 Motors for horizontal displacement (X axis):.........................................................63
3.3.1 Speed transmission mechanism.......................................................................64
3.3.2 Calculation of dimensions of transmission sprockets.....................................64
3.4 Motor for hoist movement (Z axis)........................................................................66
3.5 Lifting motor (on y axis)........................................................................................67
3.6 Control logic...........................................................................................................68
3.6.1 Simulation of the electrical and control system........................................................72
3.6.2 Calculation and Selection of control equipment.......................................................73
Des connectors (switches) and thermomagnetic switches.............................................73
Button stations...............................................................................................................73
Thermal relays and fuses................................................................................................74
Limit switch...................................................................................................................74
Drivers............................................................................................................................74
CHAPTER IV. RESULTS....................................................................................................75
4.1 Motors for moving the bridge.................................................................................77
4.2 Transmission system for moving the bridge...........................................................77
4.3 Proposed hoist.........................................................................................................78
4.4 Control system simulation......................................................................................81
4.4 CONTROL EQUIPMENT..........................................................................................84
Proposed bell station......................................................................................................85
Drivers:..............................................................................................................................87
CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................88
DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................88
RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................89
References.............................................................................................................................90
Figure 2.2: Electric cable hoist designed for single-rail overhead cranes. 19 Figure
2.3: assembly representation of the drive carriage wheels: a) supported on the
surfaces of the beam, b) supported on the lower flanges of the beam................. 21
THANKS.............................................................................................................................2
SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................3
1.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................14
1.4 GOALS...................................................................................................................17
1.5 Hypothesis..............................................................................................................17
1.7 Justification.............................................................................................................18
2.2 column cranes.........................................................................................................22
2.4 BRIDGE CRANE...................................................................................................23
2.4.2 crane cars.........................................................................................................24
2.4.3 The crane bridge..............................................................................................25
2.4.5 ELECTRIC MOTORS........................................................................................28
" 2(.............................................................................................................................................30
2.6.1 Overload relay.................................................................................................36
2.6.2 contactor..........................................................................................................38
2.6.3 Buttons............................................................................................................39
2.6.4 Limit switch.....................................................................................................40
2.8.3 Drivers.............................................................................................................52
b) Active drivers..........................................................................................................54
3.1 Design Overview....................................................................................................61
3.6 Control logic...........................................................................................................68
Button stations...............................................................................................................73
Limit switch...................................................................................................................74
Drivers............................................................................................................................74
4.3 Proposed hoist.........................................................................................................78
Drivers:..............................................................................................................................87
CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................88
DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................88
References.............................................................................................................................90
Figura 2.5:
Figure 2.7 switching equipment a) relay operation, b) contactor res . 34 Figure 2.9:
Hanging button panel for industrial use. Source [GMI smr, industrial maintenance
management] ....................................................................................................... 35
Figura 2.10: Switch of limit............................................................................. 35
Figura 2.11: Ladder diagram for controlling a reversible motor. (To understand the
symbology see table 2.5)..................................................................... 37
THANKS.............................................................................................................................2
SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................3
1.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................14
1.4 GOALS...................................................................................................................17
1.5 Hypothesis..............................................................................................................17
1.7 Justification.............................................................................................................18
2.2 column cranes.........................................................................................................22
2.4 BRIDGE CRANE...................................................................................................23
2.4.2 crane cars.........................................................................................................24
2.4.3 The crane bridge..............................................................................................25
2.4.5 ELECTRIC MOTORS........................................................................................28
" 2(.............................................................................................................................................30
2.6.1 Overload relay.................................................................................................36
2.6.2 contactor..........................................................................................................38
2.6.3 Buttons............................................................................................................39
2.6.4 Limit switch.....................................................................................................40
2.8.3 Drivers.............................................................................................................52
b) Active drivers..........................................................................................................54
3.1 Design Overview....................................................................................................61
3.6 Control logic...........................................................................................................68
Button stations...............................................................................................................73
Limit switch...................................................................................................................74
Drivers............................................................................................................................74
4.3 Proposed hoist.........................................................................................................78
Drivers:..............................................................................................................................87
CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................88
DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................88
References.............................................................................................................................90
Chapter I :
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The objective of this project is to design an electrical control system that allows
governing the movements of an overhead crane. To achieve the objective, an
investigation is carried out on the equipment to be controlled, in this way the study
problem is raised, which is the control system of an overhead crane, which already
has a mechanical design that supports it. Based on the problem posed, the system
variables are defined.
It begins by identifying the possible movements or maneuvers that will be carried out
with the device, and the speed at which they will be executed. This speed is
determined based on theory and experience of similar devices, obtaining an optimal
standard for the design.
Known parameters such as speed and bearing force 1 , a series of analyzes are
broken down, which are reason for arduous work in the electromechanical area. The
breakdown of the analysis generally begins with a mechanical analysis; based on this
study, the selection of motors and/or gear motors is made that meet the requirements
of the desired application, for each movement, as well as the coupling of the motors.
with arrows that do not entail risks of failure.
The principle of this work is under the hypothesis of improving the efficiency of the
machine through controls, since a manual operation to operate with its maximum
load (which is 9.5 tons) would be almost impossible and expensive. For this reason,
the design proposed will be the most efficient according to the space and cost
requirements in the work area.
The analysis criterion selected to develop the control begins with the study of the
machine. Once the required operating parameters are known,
1 This force depends on the load with which the machine will operate, and for the analysis certain
factors need to be considered.
Using operational logic and the use of Boolean algebra speeds up the work to be
done.
Consequently, once the control and line logic diagram has been developed, with their
respective devices, the step is taken to select said devices, according to the criteria
established for each of them and those available on the market, which in Together
they will provide protection to the circuit, the operator and the machine.
1.2 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM
The use of lifting devices has been known since ancient times, of which a greater
antecedent to control engineering can be known. The technological advancement of
humanity has always constituted the satisfaction of various needs. In the same way,
lifting devices do not refrain from the changes they have had, until reaching those
that today work under different mechanical and/or electrical principles, forming a
machine that can be controlled in various ways.
The progress that is being made in the industrial area makes evident the need for
new forms that facilitate operations. As is the case of bridge cranes, which are used
in various branches of industry, to operate with bulky and heavy objects. It is usually
possible to find various texts, which show the mechanical design of different lifting
devices, however, it is difficult to find any document that covers the area of electrical
control in depth.
Currently there are different designs for the control systems of various types of
cranes. As well as companies that are responsible for the design and analysis of
these devices, even for the specific bridge crane, since it is the most optimal for an
industrial warehouse or workshop. Electrical control projects can vary according to
the desired control characteristics and the limitations that may arise in the study area.
The design of any control system requires the analysis capacity and approach of the
person who carries it out, as well as their knowledge and experiences, in relation to
the system and the operations to be controlled.
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In order to facilitate the work, the design of an overhead crane is implemented. The
work is in charge of the company PAILERIA Y MONTAJE. This project is not yet
completed, because it needs a way to activate the movements of the machine, so
that it is fully functional. Therefore, it is necessary to design a control system for the
movement of the crane, because the movements it will carry out will be with loads of
up to nine tons. Without this system, the purpose of facilitating the maneuvers would
not be met, with less effort and operation time. .
The necessary equipment will be selected for the machine to carry out transversal
and lifting movements over the work area that was selected, which must guarantee
safe and efficient operation.
Before proposing the design of a control system, it is necessary to clearly and
concisely base the elements, which will provide guidelines for controlling the
variables that will appear in it. Another requirement for the design is to create a
consultation document, which in cases of electrical maintenance provides reliable
support for whoever performs it. Consultation of this document will provide visual
aids, such as the electrical control and outline diagrams, of the respective design that
is proposed, together with the specifications that may be provided therein.
1.4 GOALS
1.4.1 General objective

Design an electrical movement control system for an overhead crane, in the
PAILERIA Y MONTAJE company, to carry out transversal and lifting movement
operations requested by the client.
1.4.2 Specific objectives

Conduct research to select the necessary equipment to execute the design.
Plan the electrical design through control and line diagrams, to facilitate installation
and maintenance.
Propose the control logic analysis, to validate that the proposed design is functional.
Prepare a series of spreadsheets to express the calculations and analyzes that have
to be carried out.
Adequately define the mode of use of the control equipment so that machine
operations are carried out appropriately.
1.5 Hypothesis
If an electric movement control system for an overhead crane is designed, in the
PAILERIA Y MONTAJE company, to govern its movements, then the machine will be
fully functional and its loading and maneuvering operations will be optimized, with
heavy objects within its work area.
1.6 Research questions:

What is the appropriate design according to the use criteria?
According to the calculations, which equipment is the most convenient?

What is the control and line diagram that will define the electrical control design?
What recommendations are specified for electrical use and maintenance?
According to cutting-edge technology, what possibilities does the system have to
function like modern systems?
1.7 Justification
The pailera and assembly company is in charge of the design and assembly of a
crane, in order to facilitate the client's tasks that involve lifting heavy objects, the
device for lifting and transporting heavy objects will facilitate the applicant's work,
reducing the efforts of the personnel and operating times during their work.
The design of an overhead crane is the most convenient for the company, since this
type of lifting device allows the pavement space, or floor of the workshop where it is
installed, to be left completely free, to have more space in its operations. At the same
time, the design of this type of machinery is relatively accessible, in terms of costs,
and offers very low depreciation (high lifespan) if it is used appropriately.
Currently, the company PAILERIA Y MONAJE already has the mechanical design,
such as the travel mechanism of the bridge crane, the only thing missing is the
design of an electrical control system. Through this system, the lifting and moving
movements will be performed in a more efficient way. An appropriate electrical
control system is proposed so that the mechanism performs its necessary
movements and meets the most convenient characteristics for both the company and
the client. One of them is that it will have a consultation document for the operation
and maintenance of the device.
A key point to propose the control of the crane is to provide control and line
diagrams, where the different elements to be used are mentioned. As tools to
achieve the approach of these diagrams, an electrical control analysis needs to be
carried out, beginning by verbally defining the need or functions that the machine will
perform, where the restrictions and operating conditions are selected. With these
steps the control system will be defined,
using Boolean logic considering the input and output signals of the common system
that will be the machine in question.
Other tools considered for the design are static and mechanical analysis, because a
relationship will be made between the mechanical power and the electrical power that
will be needed, the second being the one that we will give the most importance in the
selection of motors. . Once the required parameters have been established for the
electromotive devices that will carry out the movement and the control tools, their
selection criteria will be considered.
Before establishing the proposed design, it will be simulated in software, in order to
demonstrate the operation of the electrical control system reliably.
Chapter II. Theoretical

framework
Conceptual framework
2.1 THE USE OF LIFTING DEVICES
Since ancient civilizations, human beings have been provided with tools or machine
tools, one of which is lifting mechanisms. These devices arise from the need to lift
very heavy loads. There is historical data that shows that the Egyptians used lifting
mechanisms in construction, the knowledge was acquired by the Sumerians. Despite
this historical data, the fundamental principle of lifting devices, specifically the use of
cranes is contributed to Blaise Pascal. (Palma Jami Wilmer Gerardo, 2013)
The first cranes had cables pulled by people and/or animals, the cranes were used
for construction and in ports. During the industrial revolution and the rise of steam
engines, a new design of cranes was invented, which instead of being pulled by
people or animals, they operate by means of steam machinery.
Currently there is a wide variety of crane designs to satisfy a wide range of needs.
These can be; electric which use an electric hoist, manual which can be used in small
workshops, fixed, trestle, bridge, among others.
According to what was mentioned in the previous paragraph, cranes can be classified
according to their application, operation, and system that constitutes them. Cranes
can be classified according to their allowable movements as:
Fixed: these are installed in a place to carry out their work without being able to
move.
Portable: they are called that because this type of crane can be assembled and
disassembled from different places.
Rail cranes: are cranes that perform transversal movements, with the help of rails in
the direction of movement, taking both possible directions.
Mobile cranes. These cranes can be transported to different locations, unlike portable
cranes, a mobile crane does not need to be disassembled.
Below is a mention of some crane designs, which can give general knowledge, to
understand the operation of other designs, which can be treated as a combination,
between the functions and designs of two or more types of cranes, changing their
mechanical operations and applications.
2.2 column cranes.
This type of figure can be a rotating or fixed column, the most common are rotating
column cranes, as these comprise a circular rotating movement around an axis of
rotation. In this way they serve a circular axis. However, with the addition of other
movements, it is possible to widen this line, transforming it into a band. These cranes
are made up of a column, supported by an upper and a lower bearing.
While the slewing column crane must be placed next to a wall or support frame, and
therefore generally has a limited turning area, fixed column slewing cranes can be
kept free standing and therefore arranged with unlimited turning possibilities. In figure
2.1 you can see a fixed column crane. Fixed column slewing cranes are commonly
used on crane trucks, adapting them through mechanisms that provide more degrees
of freedom, such as fixed column slewing mobile cranes.
1Figure 2.1: Slewing column crane. Source [direct industry]

2.3 Electric hoists and suspended cranes
Electrically driven trolleys up to 5 tons load-bearing force2 , for current conditions, and
in the most economical form, are provided with an electric hoist with a lifting form.
There are different models of these electric hoist cars, depending on the case in
question, it may be that it circulates on the interior or exterior parts of a beam (crane
bridge), or it may be a bridge crane car of the current model in two lanes. In figure 2.2
a conventional hoist model.
2Figure 2.2: Electric cable hoist designed for single-rail overhead cranes.
2.4 BRIDGE CRANE
Usually its main field of application is the transport of loads within the workshop
thanks to the fact that it circulates on elevated tracks, almost always linked to the
construction of the building, unlike what happens with other types of cranes, they
leave the entire surface of the workshop free. workshop, so that work and traffic on
the ground can be carried out in a more efficient way, with greater space and
comfort. (Ernst, LIFTING AND TRANSPORTATION APPARATUS, volume 2, 1972).
The load-bearing force and working speed of the crane are determined by the
maximum load to be transported. The speeds tend to vary because in
Sometimes the crane does not reach its maximum load. However, most cases
present a standardized speed, to save investment in gear trains. The mentioned
parameters describe the main conditions or variables on which an overhead crane
depends. Given these conditions, it is possible to identify the important elements that
constitute it, in a general way
2 Maximum average contact pressure such that it does not produce shear failures.
2.4.1Main elements of an overhead crane
According to the description of the crane operation, the load-bearing force and
working speed are the most important parameters. Both mechanical and electrical
analysis are based on them for selection criteria. According to these variables, it is
possible to identify the main elements that characterize an overhead crane, which are
mentioned below.
2.4.2 crane cars
Consisting of a frame with wheels mounted on the upper or lower parts of a beam on
which it slides (figure 2.3) is the simplest way to describe a cart. They are used for
secondary purposes, in combination with the crane. These carriages are responsible
for movement on a given axis and can be used in conjunction with the hoist (like the
one in figure 2.2). The wheels are the support points for the bridge crane, at the
same time they are part of the movement system. (Ernst, LIFTING AND
TRANSPORTATION APPARATUS, volume 2, 1972). This consideration is very
important to carry out calculations, in the coupling of the motors with the wheels,
through some power transmission system.
3Figure 2.3: assembly representation of the drive carriage wheels: a) supported on the surfaces of the beam, b)
supported on the lower flanges of the beam.
2.4.3 The crane bridge
All crane bridges consist of one or two main beams, on which the carriage rails and
end beams rest.3 , arranged perpendicularly to the main beams, which carry the
crane wheels.
The single-girder bridge crane with trolley on the lower wings is only executed as a
hand-held bridge crane for up to 3 tons of force, while an electric crane like the one in
figure 2.4 can handle more weight. The cart load hook moves between the main
beams. In most cases, along with the electric drive, there is a horizontal surface that
has to resist the forces produced by acceleration and braking.
3 Known as headers. They are the side beams on which the main beam rests.
4Figure 2.4: Single lane bridge crane with load capacity of 10 tons. Source [IMK SAS].
2.4.4 Electric connection
As already mentioned in the previous paragraph, although bridge cranes can be

manually operated at lower loads. For high loads, they can use alternating current or
direct current electrical distribution systems. It is difficult to find a combination of both
in use, as is the notorious use of alternating current distribution systems. To this end,
the possibilities of electrical systems will be described below, which are characterized
by the operations performed by an overhead crane:
a) Lifting mechanism
In case of direct current (DC) operations, the lifting speed with full load can be
reduced from 50% to 30%, through a system
lifting braking. Thanks to its operation with CD, this type of system is used for very
high degrees of accuracy.
The use of alternating current (AC) for the lifting mechanism is carried out by means
of short-circuited motors. The application of this system is for practical purposes, with
reduced demands on speed grading, even more so if we talk about relatively small
speeds. The use of this type of motors can be extended to various applications, such
as double motor drive for crane translation.
b) Carriage translation
In the case of using DC systems, connecting an inverter is almost always sufficient.
For the use of AC, a short-circuited rotor motor is feasible. If speed reduction is
necessary, simple motor reversal connections with slip rings are used.
c) Crane translation
When operating with direct current, in speed ranges of (0.5 to 1 m/s), a simple
connection of an inverter is made. At higher speeds, rheostatic braking or the
potentiometer is used. On the other hand, in AC system operations, three
configurations are taken into account, according to the operating speeds, which can
be the following:
1. Speeds up to 0.5m/s. (shorted rotor motor).
2. Speeds from 0.5 to 1 m/s. (slip ring reversal connections.
3. Speeds greater than 1m/s. (introduction to electric braking).
d) Control and Operation Considerations

Currently there are different designs, approved for the operation of a crane, that
cover needs in terms of; the operator's environment and the electrical wiring with due
safety for both. Maneuvering operations can be carried out from far away from the
load with a control cabin or by means of radio signal circuits. Another way is when
the crane operator accompanies the load, operating using straps or a button panel.
However, for the latter the speed must be moderate, so that the crane operator can
accompany it. The fact of accompanying the load facilitates assembly operations with
speed ranges of 30 to 35m/min. (Ernst, LIFTING AND TRANSPORTATION
APPARATUS, volume 2, 1972).
Both in cranes and in any application, the control systems are always specified in a
user manual. For example, a button control system requires a cable to be close to the
load. The user manual must specify care with the cable so as not to become
entangled with the load.
2.4.5 ELECTRIC MOTORS

The electric motors used in lifting machines are, for the most part, three-phase
asynchronous slip ring motors. (Antonio Miravete, 2013) As mentioned in chapter
2.4.4, in some cases short-circuit and direct current motors are used, it is also
emphasized that the use of asynchronous motors is for very high powers and with
speed adjustments. more complex, which are sometimes not necessary, thus
generating a more economical design.
Squirrel cage motors are used in hoists, small overhead cranes, bridge translation,
among others. They are best suited for applications where no speed regulation is
needed and they are operated with very little power. When calculating squirrel cage
motors, they must be oversized, but avoiding excess power that causes a sudden
start. The acceleration must not exceed 0.6m/s 2 in lifting movements or 0.3m/s 2 in
translational movements.
2.4.5.1 CALCULATION OF THE NECESSARY POWER OF AN

MOTOR
This calculation corresponds to the mechanical technician, since he is the one who
knows the torque necessary for the drive. Usually the different brands of motors
provide a direct way to calculate the motors, although these may differ, due to a
formula necessary to overcome the action of the wind in open spaces (Antonio
Miravete, 2013). The equations for calculating motors are the following:
Lifting movements:
p =G2Y e - e " (CV) (2.1)
4500 ɳ
Where: 1. G2 = evacuation load (payload plus elements) (daN)
2. ^eIev = ve Iocity of elevation (m/min)
3. ɳ = mechanical performance
G2 includes the hook ride, chain, etc.
Translation movement:
(G2+G1) W Vtras
4500000n
(C (2.2)
V)
Where: 1. G1 = dead weight (daN)
2. Vtras = translation speed (m/min)
3. W = coefficient of friction:
7 for rolling bearing.
20 for sliding bearing.
In the case of translation, for this continuous power. The torque necessary for
acceleration must also be taken into account:
MA = Mw + Mb (daN. m) (2.3)
Be:
MA = starting torque (daN. m)
Mw = for resistant (daN.m)
Mb = acceleration torque (daN.m)
The resisting torque is determined by the following equation:
Mw = (Pw 716 ) (daN. m) (2.4)
Where n1 is the engine speed in rpm
The acceleration rate is calculated by:
XGD 1.2 nor

MB = 375 ta (daN.m) (2.5)
(ta) is the acceleration time and 2 refers to the sum of the inertia parts of the motor
which for linear masses is calculated by:
GD 1,2 = ( G - 1+
G
- 2) daN.m 2 ) (2.6)
Being:
" 2( Vtras
nn1
For rotating masses:

GD 1.2 = GD 1.2
I2( (2.7)
daN.m 2 )
The most common values for the acceleration time (ta) can be the
following:
Lifting, bucket closing ta= 2 sec.
Trolley or overhead crane ta= 4 sec.
translation, rotation
ta= 6 sec
Portico translation
2.4.5.2 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING ENGINES

The selection of a motor is according to the needs of the project. Fundamentally
three important characteristics are considered, which have to be known as
accurately as possible. These parameters are power, drive torque and rotation
speed. Among others that will be mentioned below.
Engine power
In general, care must be taken that the maximum resistive torque does not exceed
80% of the maximum torque that the motor can provide and that its nominal power
is greater than or equal to the nominal power demanded by the drive. (Antonio
Miravete, 2013). In this way the following equations will be established:
Mw ≤ 0.8Mmotor
(2.8)
pmotor > P action

(2.9)
Type of motor:
The type of motor is selected according to the power, starting torque and speed
range that is desired.
Types of service:
Each electric motor is subject to a regime of connections and disconnections that
influence its heating. These regimes are grouped into service types according to DIN
VDE 0530 1/1.69 for intermittent service, selection S1 for AC and S5 for DC is
specified. (Antonio Miravete, 2013).
Gear factor:
The gear factor is defined by:
Walking time
2 run time + S stop time
(2.10)
Another factor to consider is the number of connections per hour which, although not
useful in the choice of motor, influences the calculation of contacts.
The constructive form of the engine is considered for its location, allowing a desired
construction to be obtained.
Each manufacturer indicates in their catalogs the method of choice, but they all
classify their motors in tables ordered according to the type of service, the power for
the drive and the duty factor (%ED). For each model, the construction forms and
available protections are indicated (Antonio Miravete, 2013) that can be obtained
separately from another brand. Table 2.1 shows the different (%ED) for some types
of crane as well as their connection frequencies.
1Table 2.1: gear factor
Pos. Crane type mechanism Connection
ED relative 3% frequency (c/h)
warehouse cranes Elevation 25
Workshop cranes Carriage 25
150
railway cranes transfer. 25 or 40
floating cranes 25
Crane
movement.
Elevation
Cranes heavy of Trolley and 40
150
workshop assembly, more crane 25, 25
than 5 tons lifting weight. translation
Construction cranes Elevation Twist 40 150
40
port cranes Elevation. 40
Translation 40 150
Turn 40
Port cranes with jaws Elevation Close. 40 or 60
Turn. 40 150
40
loading bridge 60
Elevation. 60
150 up
Car transfer. 60
300
Bridge 40
translation.
Cranes light (for Elevation. Car 40
iron and steel industry) transfer. 40 300
foundry cranes claw Translation. 60

cranes Elevation. Turn. 40 300
60
Cranes for pit furnaces. Translation. 60
Cranes for forges. Elevation. Turn. 60 300 Up to 600
Source: (Antonio Miravete, 2013) page 192.
2.5.3 CHANGE OF ROTATION IN THREE-FACE ENGINES
Changing the direction of rotation of an electric motor essentially depends on whether

the working current is (AC) or (DC), as well as the type of motor in which you want to
reverse the direction of rotation. For a direct current motor, it is enough to
change the direction of the supply current, however, if we are talking about an
alternating current motor, the number of faces or supply lines is taken into account.
The direction of rotation of a three-phase induction motor can be modified by
exchanging any of its two terminals as shown in Figure 2.5, where each phase is
represented by L1, L2 and L3.
5Figure 2.5: change of direction of rotation of a three-phase induction motor. a) Clockwise, b) counterclockwise.
In practice, it is customary to perform a test to identify the direction of rotation of the

motor according to the faces selected on each terminal. Well of
This connection depends on the turn, and is a way to identify the configuration of the
lines
2.6 ELECTRICAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Every stage of electrical control is basically for the purpose of carrying out a process,
through different variables. For example; the movement of an electric overhead crane
on three possible axes (which is the topic in question). The translation and elevation
movements are carried out by means of a set of electrical or electronic elements,
which activate contacts, all interconnected by conductors. This set is known as
electrical control.
The control set is usually classified according to the function they perform within the
electrical system: maneuvers, manual control, auxiliary or automatic control, signaling
and protection. In this document we will define some of them, considered as
fundamental elements regarding the topic.
Maneuvering equipment: they allow opening and closing a circuit when necessary,
these can be manually controlled such as; the switch, push button and fuse. Or
automatic control such as a switch, relay, fuse, among others.
Control elements: they are very low power electrical circuits, which are designed for
operation. They can be applied depending on maneuvers, this
application is known as power electronics. Usually its operation is through signals.

Auxiliary control elements : they are activated through physical variables, such as
pressure, position, temperature, among others. Its most common control application
is opening and closing circuits or as protection.
Signaling elements: their function is to indicate the status of a piece of equipment or
a machine, according to the operating conditions, for example the activation of a
beacon alarm, which indicates the start of a mechanism.
Protection elements: the main function is to protect equipment or loads against
current failures or short circuits. An example may be the contactor, which as a
principle protects against overcurrent.
In a few words, it could be said that the aforementioned classification of teams act
together for a common goal. Classifying them according to type would be a very
extensive task. In a way, through certain characteristics its application can differ in a
control system. For example, a limit switch, which is an auxiliary element, can be
used for signaling or protection at a travel limit. This depends on the design or criteria
of the designer of a control system. Despite this, it is still an auxiliary element, with
the main function being to provide an auxiliary signal. Below we will mention some of
the equipment, most used in different applications for electrical control, which can be
sensors or switches.
2.6.1 Overload relay

The fuse has maximum short-circuit and overload protection, but its use is limited to a
single occasion, since it is composed of a material, which melts during operation. On
the other hand, there are various overload relay devices, combined with a fuse, to
operate with 110 to 250 of the overload value. This feature mainly provides a much
longer life time. (Kosow, 1993). Among the overload relays, we can find thermal
and/or magnetic types, the operation for each case is:
a) Magnetic overload relay:

Magnetic relay coils are generally a type of overload relay, which obeys a magnetic
operating principle. Can be used in DC circuits and with modifications in AC circuits
The fixed contacts are normally closed when the overload relay is de-energized. At
rated current or less, spring pressure may prevent movement of the armature. It can
be found in two versions (instant action and delayed action) as seen in figure 2.6.
6Figure 2.6: Magnetic overload relay, a) instantaneous action b) source [IL Kosow CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL
MACHINES page. 7]
b) Thermal overload relay:

They can be made of fuse alloy or thermal bimetallic (figure 2.7).
a) Alloy fuse:
Connects to a high temperature thermal heater. Under overload conditions
the heat melts the metal and activates the mechanism. An advantage is that
the return device takes time to act, due to the cooling time of the alloy, this
helps to stabilize motors after an overload.
b) Bimetallic:
A rectangular bimetallic strip curves, in relation to expansion. This type of

deflection is slow, so it can burn out the contacts at very high currents.
7Figure 2.7: different source thermal overload relays [IL Kosow CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES page.
10]
2.6.2 contactor
In general terms, a contactor can be defined as a relay, like the one in figure 2.8 a).
The operation is practically the same. The contactor operates by means of a coil
wrapped around an iron core, which is energized with a current. In this way an electro
magnet is produced, which attracts another piece
metallic where the terminals or fixed contacts join 4 With the mobile ones, the latter
are attached to the mobile metal part. This simple operation through the terminals
opens or closes circuits depending on the spring (normally open and normally
closed). The contactors can be operated for maneuver, from one to more phases
simultaneously, such as the one shown in figure 2.8 b) which is for three phases or
lines.
b)
8Figure 2.7 switching equipment a) relay operation, b) contactor res
2.6.3 Buttons
Buttons are devices to open and/or close a circuit (interruption or power respectively).
Although its application is very simple, it is useful for manual control applications. We
can find them in a set called a button panel, this can be hanging as shown in figure
2.9 or attached to a command center.
4 Also known as platinum: a platinum metal piece that opens or cuts the circuit with the help of more
components. It is located inside the contactors among many more control elements
9Figure 2.9: Hanging button panel for industrial use. Source [GMI smr, industrial maintenance management]
2.6.4 Limit switch.

Among the auxiliary electronic components, there is the limit switch or contact sensor
(also known as a "limit switch"), these are electrical, pneumatic or mechanical
devices located at the end of the travel or a moving element, such as a conveyer belt.
Its use can be for safety purposes such as an emergency stop or also for signaling.
In figure 2.10 you can see a limit switch.
10Figure 2.10: limit switch.
Once the operating parameters of an electric motor are known, it is possible to apply
an appropriate control system, which can be according to the desired start, the
necessary protection, the energy requirements and the logic involved in the
application. These parameters can be controlled with the use of electrical control
devices, such as those mentioned in this chapter. For example, the raising and
lowering of an elevator requires the motor that pulls the elevator to rotate in two
directions. The function is controlled according to needs, such as the stops on each
of the floors, which it runs through randomly, according to the levels you want to
climb. The fundamentals that make
This operation extends into several branches, such as classical and modern control
engineering. But the main foundation is the use of electrical controls.
2.7 ELECTRICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
Electrical control is the construction of binational and sequential circuits to solve

control needs, such as the movement of a machine or the electrical protection of a
ship.
To establish the electrical control stages, only the components that will act for the
operation of a piece of equipment are considered, in this way they are separated into
two different diagrams.
2.7.1 Line diagrams (ladder diagram)
The basic form of communication in the electromagnetic control language is through

the use of so-called line or ladder diagrams. (Harper, 2014). The purpose of these
diagrams is to indicate the flow of electric current drawn from the different devices on
a line.
The line diagram as shown in Figure 2.11 expresses the power supply, usually with
thicker lines on both sides, and how current flows through the control elements. The
diagram arguably shows control logic in its simplest form.
11Figure 2.11: ladder diagram for controlling a reversible motor. (To understand the symbols see table 2.5)
2.7.2 Wiring diagram and schematic diagram.

A wiring diagram schematically shows the physical location of all the components
(coils, contacts, motors, etc.), the commonly used use is to represent the number of
conductors, but not for easy interpretation of the circuit. (Harper, 2014). However, a
series of reference numbers are assigned, which indicate the path of the current
between the elements of the circuit. The representation of these connections is
assigned with the same values for both the ladder diagram and the wiring diagram as
shown in Figure 2.12 (the right side represents the wiring diagram).
12Figure 2.12: Line and wiring diagram of a series of interconnected symbols. Source (Harper, 2014).
Regarding the symbology of a control diagram, it has been defined so that it can be
understood by personnel trained in the subject. Below, table 2.5 shows some
standardized symbols.
2.7.3 Boolean logic (switching logic)
Boolean or logical algebra (also called commutation algebra, contact algebra,

provisional algebra), is a calculation method that fundamentally consists of the rules
of operations referring to the form of the signs and not to the content. Boole proposed
a purely formal system, characterized by a constructive method in which a logical
system is proposed, in which the natural language of an ideal physical system offers
logical propositions. (Gómes, 2005).
For the application of logical analysis, in the design of electrical controls, contact
algebra turns out to be a very useful tool, which provides great help, when defining
the possible states of a machine, which can be an open loop system or closed loop 5 .
In a simple way, the logical axioms under which Boolean algebra is established will
be described.
Consider a system of elements B= {0,1}, and the vinary operators (*), (+) and (-).
Defined as shown in table 2.6. Where the operators are named by:
AND operator = *
OR operator = +
NOT operator= (´) or (-) where if A=1, then A'=0
2Table: 2.6: logical operations and, or and not.
TO b A+B A*B
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
Below, table 2.7 shows the elementary logical functions for the study of electrical
controls, with their respective electrical symbol, represented by switches. In the
logical sense, contacts and switches can be used since in general we talk about
opening and closing the lines.
5 An open loop system is thus defined for repetitive sequential machines. On the other hand, a closed
loop is for non-repetitive sequential machines.
TABLE 2.7: BASIC LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION ELECTRICAL SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

POWER ENERGY:
,— L1 12
—\ THE OUTPUT IS ENERGIZED IF ALL INPUTS ARE
ACTIVE.
DE -ENERGIZED:
-------------oo-----------or (2)
AND THE OUTPUT IS DE- ENERGIZED IF ANY OF THE INPUTS
IS DISABLED.
L1
L2
ENERGIZED:
OR — —5 or------------
—( L— THE OUTPUT IS ENERGIZED IF EITHER OF THE TWO
INPUTS IS ACTIVATED
DE-ENERGIZED'
THE OUTPUT IS DE-ENERGIZED IF ALL OUTPUTS ARE

DEACTIVATED.
------------ LI L2
ENERGIZED:
THE OUTPUT IS ENERGIZED IF THE INPUT IS
NOT
- -0o L )---------
ACTIVATED.
DE-ENERGIZED: OUTPUT IS DE-ENERGIZED IF INPUTS

ARE DE-ENERGIZED
------------L1 L2----------------•
ENERGIZED:
THE OUTPUT IS ENERGIZED IF NO INPUT IS ACTIVATED
------------ or| EITHER 0 I 0-------( L}
NOR DE-ENERGIZED:
THE OUTPUT IS DE-ENERGIZED
IF THE INPUTS ARE DISACTIVATED
— L1 L2
— 3 1 c '—
ENERGIZED:
ELDER
BROTHER — L )---------
THE OUTPUT IS ENERGIZED IF ONE OR ALL INPUTS
ARE OFF.
DE-ENERGIZED:
THE OUTPUT IS DE-ENERGIZED IF ALL INPUTS ARE
DISABLED
SOURCE: [ Harper, G E (2014). CONTROL OF ELECTRIC MOTORS Mexico:

Li musa]
2.8 CONTROL COMPONENT SELECTION CRITERIA
Each control circuit is made up of a certain number of basic components connected

together to fulfill certain functions. For motor starting, the principle of operation of
these components is the same, and their size varies depending on the power of the
motor to be controlled, even though the variety of control circuit components is wide.
Certain main elements can be considered for this purpose (Harper, 2014). These
components are those mentioned below:
• Des connectors (switches).
• Thermomagnetic switches.
• Drivers
• Button stations.
• Control relays.
• Thermal relays and fuses.
• Magnetic contactors.
• Pilot lamps
• Level switch, limit and others guys.
In general terms, these elements were already mentioned in chapter 2.6 regarding
their operation. For design in control applications, certain considerations must be
taken into account when selecting equipment. Below we will describe the selection
criteria for some of the equipment or components mentioned in the previous list.
2.8.1 Des connectors (switches) and thermomagnetic switches.
For the calculation of switches with overcurrent protection, it is possible to rely on

article 430-24 of the NOM-0001 since it is based on the conduction capacity, which is
the main specification characteristic among manufacturers.
I cc = ^(125IPCmajor + IPCmajor)
Where:
(8.1)
IPChigher = motor full load current higher

IPCmasmot = full load current of the other motors
The full load current is generally calculated as shown in equation 8.2.

¡pr = CPXiooo)
n- (^3)(VWP) (8.2)
Where:
P = power in KW
V = voltage in volts
fp = power factor
2.8.2 Thermal relays and fuses.
Usually the manufacturers and/or suppliers of this equipment, for the use of motors,
simply define the motor service factor and the nominal or full load current as main
parameters.
The Service Factor is expressed in Per Unit, with values such as: 1.1, 1.15, 1.2,
among others. This means that a motor with a service factor equal to 1.15 can
operate at 115% continuous load without damage. In this way, during the analysis
and selection of a thermal relay, the little current that causes the motor to start is
implicitly considered.
Thermal protection is obtained by multiplying the service factor by the full load
current.
Pt:(/pc)(fs) (8.3)
Where:
fs = service factor
Ipc = full load current
Magnetic contactors.
To select a contactor, it is necessary to know primarily the characteristics of the

receiving coil that is responsible for locking or actuating the mechanism. The
necessary parameters are:
1. The nominal operating voltage, in volts (V).
2. The service current (Ie) that it consumes, in amperes (A ).
Table 8.1 shows calculated values for the service current, corresponding to
the power of the motors. It can also be calculated as the full load current for
three-phase motors by means of equation (8.2)
3Table 8.1: service current
Service current
Mechanical power Service current
(Pm) (kW) (Ie) (A)
220V 380V
0,75 3 2
1,1 4 2,5
1,5 6 3,5
2,2 8,5 5
3 11 6,5
4 14,5 8,5
5,5 18 11,5
7,5 25 15,5
10 35 21
11 39 23
15 51 30
22 73,5 44
3. The nature and use of the recipient (service category)
To consider the choice of these devices it is necessary to know the service factor as
shown in table 8.2.
4table 8.2: service factor
Ic / Ie
Service Category power factor
AC1, AC3 1 0,95
AC2, AC4 2,5 0,65

ACE 1 0,35
AC4 6 0,35
4. Applications.
The applications of the contactors, depending on the service category, are:
Service Category Applications

AC1 Purely resistive loads for heating
Electrical,...
AC2 Asynchronous motors for mixers, centrifuges,...
AC3 Asynchronous motors for air conditioning units , compressors,
fans,...
AC4 Asynchronous motors for cranes, elevators,...
5. Durability
6. The current cut ,
The value of the cut current depends on the type of service category and is
obtained from the service current, amperes (A), as shown in table 8.2. Below
in table 8.3, the cut current values for different service factors are presented.
5 Table 8.3: Service categories and interrupted current

Service Category Ic / Ie power factor
AC1 1 0,95
AC2 2,5 0,65
ACE 1 0,35
AC4 6 0,35
2.8.3 Drivers
Currently there are laws that cover the calculation of conductors for electrical
installations. The main rationale for drivers is the calculation by the driver's driving
capacity (ampacity).
The calculation of ampasity is frequently used not only in the selection of conductors
but also in some equipment, such as an overloaded relay. In Mexico there is
regulation NOM-001-SEDE-2012, this legislation is also based on other international
regulations.
This section aims to summarize in a summary the important considerations for the
calculation of conductors, especially for machinery such as lifting and transport
devices, operated by an electromotive force and a series of logical controllers and
actuators as defined. NOM-001-SEDE-2012 in article 670-2
2.8.3.1 Steps to follow in calculating conductors.
To calculate the ampacity, in the case of motors, article 403 of NOM-001-SEDE-2012

(motors, motor circuits and controllers) is specified, where the driving capacity is
determined, according to the amount of engines in the installation as shown in the
following articles.
Article 430-22. Single engine:
Ice = 1.251PC
Article 430-24 several engines or a single engine and other loads.
(8.4)
Ice = Z(1.251PCmajor + IPCmajor) (8.5)
Where:
a) Work temperature:
Consequently, the current conduction capacity is corrected, depending on the

ambient temperature of the installation, as indicated in article 310 of the
NOM-001-SEDE-2012, for this it is divided by the correction factor indicated in table

8.4. The data was obtained from table 310-16. Current carrying capacity (A),
permissible of insulated conductors for 0 to 2000 V nominal. It is recommended to
consult it for further clarification and understanding.
6Table 8.4: Correction factors for temperature (30°c)
Table 8.4: Correction factors for temperature

(30°c)
Temperature 60°c 75°c 90°c

21-25 1.08 1.05 1.04
26-30 1 1 1
31-35 0.91 0.94 0.96
36-40 0.82 0.88 0.91
41-45 0.71 0.82 0.87
46-50 0.58 0.75 0.82
51-55 0.41 0.67 0.76
56-60 --- 0.58 0.71
b) Active drivers
According to article 310-15 of NOM-001-SEDE-2012, it is specified to consider a

grouping factor (FA), which is considered by the number of active drivers. This factor
has to be divided by the full load current. Table 310-16 NOM-001-SEDE-2012 shows
the (FA) to be considered.
Table 310-15(g) NOM-001-
2012 HEADQUARTER
S-
Quantity of of Factor of
electrical current- clustering
carrying of correction
conductors
From 4 to 6 drivers 0.8
From 7 to 9 drivers 0.7
Of 10 to 20
drivers 0.5
Of 21 to 30
drivers 0.45
Of 31 to 40
drivers 0.4
Further of 41
drivers 0.35
7Table 310-15(g) NOM-001-SEDE-2012
c) corrected current
As the full load current correction factors (I PC) are considered, the corrected full load
current (Icoreg i da) is defined by:
I PC
I coregi da — 7------77- - -7
(F .A)( FT)
(8.6)
d) Installation voltage drop.
A traditional method was to find the nominal current, and find the section or gauge of
the conductors by ampacity, although considering the correction factors (FA) and
(FT). Based on the calibers obtained, the
impedance in tables to later calculate the voltage drop. This procedure turns out to be
too long, because if the voltage drop is greater than the proposed one, it has to be
recalculated for another conductor of a larger size than the previous one.
Considering what was mentioned in the previous paragraph, it can be understood
that if we consider the voltage drop, which is already defined by NOM-001-SEDE-
2012 with percentages of 3% for derived circuits and 5% in feeders, these
considerations give guidelines. In reestablish the equation to calculate the impedance
( z ) , in relation to the percentage of voltage drop ( e %) . Table 8.5 shows the
different equations to obtain ( z ) according to the system.
8Table 4.2; impedance calculation
charging system impedance of

the
conductor (ohms/km)
5 e- -----------
z= % In 1
(Icoreg i da ) L
1 phase- 2 wires
1phase- 3
10 e % At z =----- (Ic or eg
threads ida)L
(127V)
1phase- 3
threads 5 (Icoreg
e % Ef zi =
da) —
L
(220V)
3phases- 3
10e% Ef z=
threads ^3(1 cor eg out)L
(220V)
3phase- 4
10e% Ef z= ^3(1 cor
threads eg one way)L
(220V)
e) Driver selection by voltage drop

Table 4.3 below shows the different 4 possible reactances and resistances,
according to the type of conductors as well as the gauge to be selected. (It is clarified
that based on this table the impedance of each case can be calculated).
Consider also that the impedance is defined by:
^=√ X 2 + ^ 2
(8.7)
9tabal 4.3: Ohms to neutral / km
tabal 4.3: Ohms to neutral / km
nominal size of Resistance to alternating current

the in drivers of copper
driver reactance inductive (ohm/Km)
(ohm/Km)
with. PVC
with. To
mm^2 AWG or Al with. Steel with. PVC with. Steel
the
2.08 14 0.19 0.24 10.2 10.2 10.2
3.3 12 0.177 0.223 6.6 6.6 6.6
5.26 10 0.164 0.207 3.9 3.9 3.9
8.36 8 0.171 0.213 2.56 2.56 2.56
13.3 6 0.167 0.21 1.61 1.61 1.61
21.15 4 0.157 0.197 1.02 1.02 1.02
33.62 2 0.148 0.187 0.62 0.66 0.66
53.48 1/0 0.144 0.18 0.39 0.43 0.39
67.43 2/0 0.141 0.177 0.33 0.33 0.33
85.01 3/0 0.138 0.171 0.253 0.269 0.259
107.2 4/0 0.135 0.167 0.203 0.22 0.207
126.67 250 0.135 0.171 0.171 0.187 0.177
152.01 300 0.135 0.167 0.144 0.161 0.148

177.34 350 0.131 0.164 0.125 0.141 0.128
202.68 400 0.131 0.161 0.108 0.125 0.115
253.35 500 0.128 0.157 0.089 0.105 0.095
304.04 600 0.128 0.157 0.075 0.092 0.082
380.03 750 0.125 0.157 0.062 0.079 0.069
506.71 1000 0.121 0.151 0.049 0.062 0.059
Fountain:VIAKON (Monterey drivers) ELECTRICAL MANUAL. Where

specified according to NOM-0001
Based on what was said in the previous paragraph we can find the caliber of the
conductor to use .
f) Results comparison
Once the type of conductor has been selected, as well as its gauge according to the
capacity and voltage drop, the larger gauge of the two methods is used, since this will
meet both conditions.
2.9 Angular velocity transmission
One of the main purposes of a mechanism is to transmit motion from one place to
another, usually achieved by modifying the motion during its transmission. How can it
be transmitting the rotation from one axis to another. In many cases a constant
relationship or ratio of angular velocity between the input and output shafts is
required. (Sandor, 1998).
A simple example is the use of a simple set of gears, which is used to transmit at a
certain rate the angular velocity of a motor to a machine that may demand more or
less angular velocity than that provided by the motor. This is an example of a simple
gear train like the one shown in Figure 2.13, which has only one gear on each shaft.
13Figure 2.13: speed relationship of simple gear train.

There is a point of contact between both gears, therefore the step speeds (V2, V1)
are equal.
VP2 =VP1
The previous equation is described in vector form by means of the angular
velocities (^) and the radius of each gear ( r) as: (9.1)
r2m2í e — = r1m1íe —
(9.2)
i0° i0°
It can be seen that the ratio of angular velocities is inversely proportional to either the
ratio of pitch radii (r) , the ratio of pitch diameters, the ratio of pitch circumferences or
the ratio of the number of teeth (N) . since each gear must have the same circular
pitch.
r(
w( input) _ output) _ N(output)
r(
( exit) input) N(input to)
(9.3)
The previous equation is also known as transmission ratio (i), and apart from cases
with gear sets, it is also applied to pinion systems with transmission chains, such as
the one shown in figure 2.14, for example transmission of a motorcycle, other cases
may be in belt systems.
14Figure 2.14: Transmission of angular velocities in the set of sprockets and transmission chain
CHAPTER III.
METHODOLOGY
To carry out the design of the movement control system of the bridge crane, an
investigation was carried out through which the parameters that define the operation
of the machine and the necessary equipment were identified in a clear and concise
way, through Google searches for academics and books, which were mentioned in
the references consulted.
Based on the previous study of the problem, a series of stages were proposed, which
were described in the following topics. For a better identification of the general
characteristics of the design, we began with a SWOT analysis of the project, where
the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats for the project were shown.
The result of the analysis was described in chapter 4 (results)
3.1 Design Overview
Through the study of the bridge crane, the conditions that the mechanism had to
meet were analyzed, which were identified as shown below:
a) The crane had to perform horizontal movements by moving the bridge,

mounted on rails, with the help of two bearings at each end.
b) The lifting of the loads was defined by means of a hoist, mounted on the beam
or bridge, which with the help of a transverse carriage had the possibility of
moving in two directions.
c) The use of stroke limit sensors was proposed in the design, making the
operation of the machine safer.
d) As a key point, it is established that the movements were specified with the
use of motors.
e) The company has some engines and wants to be able to use some of them,
as long as it does not affect the design.
The design was prepared according to the planning through a Gantt diagram,
where the tasks of chapter 3 were specified.
3.2 Calculation and selection of engines.
Based on the standards, the use of three-phase motors was proposed, according to
chapter 2.4.4 electrical connection. This choice was economically favorable for the
project, since the company had some three-phase squirrel cage type motors, which
could be used.
The selection of the motors began from the dynamic analysis of the mechanisms that
generate movement through mechanical couplings to the motor. In this way, certain
parameters were calculated, necessary for the selection, such as the speeds and
power necessary for each engine. At the same time, the motor selection criteria have
been considered (see chapter 2.4.5.2).
To calculate the motors, it was first necessary to determine 3 axes as shown in figure
3.1, on which the mechanism will move as follows:
a) X axis: for horizontal movement of the load, with the help of the displacement
of the bridge. Two motors were used for this movement.
b) Y axis: for lifting movements of the load (up and down) c) Z axis: movement of
the load with the hoist, on the bridge.
15Figure 3.1: sketch of a bridge figure where the X, Y, and Z planes are shown. source [José Erik Justiniano
Leiguez. Advanced Excel course manual for civil engineering. Gabriel Rene Moreno Autonomous University].
3.3 Motors for horizontal displacement (X axis):
In this case, there were 2 1/2hp motors, which were useful and reduced the cost of
the design, since both were used to move the bridge. Having considered all the
characteristic parameters for the calculation of the motors, the necessary data were
identified as shown in table 3.1. In this case, in order to use the proposed motors, it
was necessary to design a power transmission mechanism that would provide the
required bridge speed.
10Table 3.1: data necessary for the calculation of the motors (X)
Table 3.1: data necessary for the calculation of the motors (X)
Parameter Symbol and units
x axis speed ^=3 m / min 1
Motor angle speed n = 12 rpm
Coefficient of friction W=7
starting torque MA=? daN.m
Resistant pair Mw = 9000 daN.m
Acceleration torque Mb = ? daN.m

Acceleration time ta= 4 sec
Lifting load G2 = 10 ton
Dead weight G1 = 1.7 ton
Mechanical performance ɳ = 0.8
Engine power P= 12 HP or 11,832 hp
3.3.1 Speed transmission mechanism.
As mentioned in the previous paragraph, a speed transmission mechanism was

designed, similar to the one shown in Figure 3.2, composed of two sprockets and a
chain, with one driving sprocket (where the motor was coupled) and another driven
( where the bearing was attached), They can also be identified as input and output
respectively.
16Figure 3.2: representation of the sprocket and chain set.
3.3.2 Calculation of dimensions of transmission sprockets.

Knowing the bearing radius and the travel speed of the bridge:
n 2= ^ (9.1)
r2
Where
^=3 m /min ( bridge speed)
n2 = 4.736rpm (bearing angular speed yp iñ on)
r2 = O.1m (bearing radius)
By means of equation (2.2)

(G2+G1) W Vtras
45000n
(
) (2.2)
The use of two motors was considered, therefore the load was distributed
between them.
(CV)
(G2 + G1)) W Vtras
(2)(45000)n
In this case, the translation speed was obtained, which was the speed of passage
between both pinions:
90000 nP
Vafter = -— —lu m/min
(G2 + G1) W /
The relationship of the angular velocities of both pinions was obtained by equation
(9.3)
n2r2 = Vtras = nlrl (9.3)
Where:
ni = 12rpm (angular speed of motor or input pinion)
ri = radius of input pinion
Therefore the radius of the pinions was:
r2 = Vt.ras¡n2
ri = Vafter/ni
The number of teeth of each gear was obtained through the relationship of angular
velocities which was established by.
n
2_r1_N1_15
n 1 r2 N2 38
(9.2)
Where: N= represents the number of teeth of the gear or pinion
In this way, the number of teeth and the radius for each gear or pinion were found.
For the calculation, maintaining the relationship of angular velocities was considered.
3.4 Motor for hoist movement (Z axis)
In table 3.2 you can see the parameters that were considered for the calculation of
the motor, which was coupled to the hoist carriage.
11Table 3.2: data necessary for the calculation of the motor (Z)
Table 3.2: data necessary for the calculation of the motor (Z)
Known parameters Unknown parameters
z axis speed ^ = 3 m/min Motor angle speed n = rp m
Coefficient of friction1 W=7 starting torque MA= daN.m
Acceleration time ta= 4 sec Resistant pair Mw = daN.m
Mechanical performance ɳ = 1 Acceleration torque Mb = daN.m
Lifting load G2 = 10 ton Engine power P= HP or .832 hp
Based on the parameter declaration, the following calculations were carried out.
Engine power: it was calculated using equation (2.2)
( G 2+ G 1)
W Vtras (CV
45000 ɳ
Acceleration torque and resistive torque: were determined using equations (2.4) and
(2.5).
Mw = ( P w 716 )
( daN.m)
(2.(4)
Mb _2 GD 1.2
71(
daN.m)
375 ta B ‘
(2.(5)
Once Mw and Mb were obtained, the starting torque defined by equation (2.3) was
calculated.
MA = Mw + Mb (daN.m) (2.3)
Having considered the selection criteria, the motor power was estimated to be
greater than the drive power, and the resistive torque was considered less than 80%
of the maximum torque that the motor can provide.
3.5 Lifting motor (on y axis)
For the motor, the parameters shown in table 3.3 were taken into account,
consequently the calculations were carried out to select the appropriate motor.
12Table 3.3: data necessary for the calculation of the motor (y)
Table 3.3: data necessary for the calculation of the motor (y)
Known parameters Unknown parameters
Lifting speed ^ = Motor angle speed n = rp m
1m/min
Coefficient of friction W=7 starting torque MA= not considered
Acceleration time ta= 4 sec Resistant pair Mw = not considered
Mechanical performance ɳ = 1 Acceleration torque Mb = not considered
Lifting load G2 = 10 ton Engine power P= HP or cv
The corresponding calculation for engine selection was only the power and
acceleration of 0.6m/s at start. Therefore, using equation (2.1) the power was
defined.
VeIev
P = G2 4500 ɳ
(C (2.1)
V)
3.6 Control logic
As stated in the motor calculation, three reference axes were taken, on which the
movements of each part of the crane were estimated, in both directions of its
respective axis, in that case the same criterion was considered to locate a plane.
about the machine:
• ) X axis: for horizontal movement of the load, with the help of the displacement
of the bridge.
• ) Y axis: for lifting movements of the load (up and down) c) Z axis: movement of
the load with the hoist, on the bridge.
The state variables were identified, which described the actuation of the motors for
each movement, considering the movement in each direction, by means of rotation
inversion of the three-phase motors, which were already calculated and selected
previously. The restrictions of the control system were established, which in summary
defined the following:
• Motor starting for each axis (X,Y,Z) in both directions

• If two movements were activated in both directions, a short circuit would occur
on the same axis.
• The displacement or stroke on each axis was limited.
• The control command is manual through a button panel (see topic 2.6.3).
• On the keypad, an on and off button was proposed for the entire system.
With the proposed state variables, we proceeded to define the components or control
elements that would be used for each operation. Table 3.4 established the
components and the logical state they represented (operation).
13Table 3.4: declared logical variables

Table 3.4: declared logical variables
assignment Component operation
P1 Push button (NO) hoist lifting (load)
P2 Push button (NO) Load drop
P3 Push button (NO) Bridge displacement on x axis
P4 Push button (NO) Bridge displacement on axis - x
P5 Push button (NO) Movement of the carriage on the bridge (z
axis)
P6 Push button (NO) Movement of the carriage on the bridge (z-
axis)
KM1 auxiliary contactor If M1 is activated, it does not allow M2 to
KM2 auxiliary contactor be M2
If activated
is activated, it does not allow
KM3 auxiliary contactor If M3 is activated, it does not allow M4 to
KM4 auxiliary contactor beM4
If activated
is activated, it does not allow M3 to
KM5 auxiliary contactor be M5
If activated
is activated, it does not allow
KM6 auxiliary contactor If M6 is activated, it does not allow
M1 Contactor Coil activating
Starts the M5
hoist motor for lifting
M2 Contactor Coil Starts the lowering hoist motor
M3 Contactor Coil Start the bridge motor in x axis

M4 Contactor Coil Start the bridge motor in -x axis
M5 Contactor Coil Starts the carriage motor on y axis

M6 Contactor Coil Starts the carriage motor in -y axis
S1 Stroke limit Limit the stroke on –x
S2 Stroke limit Limit the run on x
S3 Stroke limit Limits lifting stroke
S4 Stroke limit Limit the stroke on z
S5 Stroke limit Limits the run on -z
ENC Turn on the system
Power switch (NC)
APG Turn off the system
Off switch (NO)
Consideration: the NO components are normally open, and those indicated as NC
normally closed
Once the conditions were known, a logical switching analysis was carried out,
identifying the logical gates that described each function (see topic 2.7.3). The line
diagram was laid out as shown in Figure 3.3, starting with the Boolean logical
interpretation, according to the operations of each component.
The Boolean equations shown in Table 3.4 were obtained for the drive of each motor
in relation to the rotation reversal and the operation of the moving parts.
14Table 3.4: Boolean equations for each motor
Engine
Operation Boolean Equation
and
sense 1 (+)
Engine of Elevation of ENC * APG *P1*KM1∗S3 ′ = M1∗^M2´
hoist
Engine 1 (-) Decline of ON * OFF *P2*KM2=M2∗^M1´
hoist
Engine 2(+) ENC*APG*P6*KM6∗S 1 ′ =
Bridge advance at x+ M6∗^M´
Engine 2(-) Bridge advance in x- ENC *APG *P6*KM6∗S 1 ′ =
M6 ^M5´
Engine 3(+) Carriage advance in ENC *APG *P6*KM6∗S1 ′ = M6 ^M5´
y+
Engine 3(-) Carriage advance in ENC *APG *P6*KM6∗S1 ′ = M6 ^M5´
y-
As seen in table 3.4, the Boolean equations resulted in the activation of the motors,
with rotation inversion through the contactors, such as M1 and M2, which
corresponded to the coil of their respective contactor, which activated the motor. of
the hoist so that M1 activated the lifting and M2 the lowering.
The KM multiplication factor corresponded to the normally closed auxiliary
contactors. For example; KM1 was activated when raising the hoist, so KM2
presented a change from (NC) to (NO), thus the motor could not be activated in
descent (opposite direction), as specified in the corresponding Boolean equation in
the table 3.4 (Engine 1 (-)).
In accordance with what was established in the previous paragraph, it is stated that
rotation reversal circuits were used for the selected three-phase motors, and the
control installation theoretically did not cause a short circuit when activating any of
the controls at the same time.
Returning to figure 3.3, some changes could be made to the logic gates, providing a
design with less wiring and repetition of components. The change is implicitly
established in the line diagram
17Figure 3.3: Line diagram of the control system.
3.6.1 Simulation of the electrical and control

system
In order to validate the design, the proposed electrical control circuit was simulated,
using electrical control design software as an aid. At the end of the control analysis,
the control and force diagrams were made, which were described in chapter four of
this document
3.6.2 Calculation and Selection of control equipment
According to the parameters or selection criteria required for each piece of

equipment proposed in the control design (see topic 2.8), the characteristics of
each piece of equipment were established as follows:
Des connectors (switches) and thermomagnetic switches.
In accordance with what is described in article 430-24 of NOM-0001, the current

value of the switches was established as
Ice = ^(1.25IPCmajor + IPCmajor)
Where:
In the process, the full load current of each motor had to be calculated in a general
way by:
(P)(100Q)
(^3)(T)(fp)
Where:
P = power in KW (depends on each engine)
V = voltage in volts = 220V
fp = power factor = 0.9
Button stations.
According to the usual characteristics of the manufacturers, a keypad with 6

buttons was recommended to perform all the maneuvers, plus the on and off
buttons with the following characteristics:
Protection degree IP67 according to IEC 529.
Service temperature: -25º + 70º.
Rubber cable guide with variable sections.
Mechanical life of pushbuttons and selectors: 1 million operations.
Boxes in self-extinguishing thermoplastic material with double insulation.
Thermal relays and fuses.

The thermal relays were proposed according to the common characteristics
requested by the manufacturers, such as the power and voltage of the
motors, as well as the thermal protection that was calculated by:
p t (I pc)(fs )
Where:
fs = service factor = 1.15 (for all motors)
To choose the contacts, it was necessary to know the characteristics of the

receiver (connection to the control signal), which were obtained with the use
of the tables. In this way, the required contactors were defined according to:
The service current (Ie).
The nature and use of the receiver.
The current cut.
Limit switch
They were proposed according to the data usually required, which were the
mechanical and electrical operating frequencies and the working power.
Drivers
The drivers were calculated as established in chapter
(2.8.3.1) , according to NOM-0001
CHAPTER IV. RESULTS

Planning:
The planning for the development of the project is based on the Gantt diagram shown in
table 4.0.
15Table 4.0: control system design for bridge crane
control system design for bridge crane

Concept: work plan
year: 2017
Dec-01
Sep-01
Sep-08
Sep-15
Sep-22
Sep-29
Oct-06
Oct-13
Oct-20
Oct-27
Nov-03
Nov-10
Nov-17
Nov-24
Duration
activity weeks
project proposal 2
investigation 9
mechanical analysis 3
speed tests 2
reduction motor selection x 2
z reduction motor selection 2
reduction motor selection and 2
state variables 4
rotation reversal (motor) 1
control logic 3
diag.(control and line) 3
team selection 3
reducer motorcycle arrow 2
simulation 2
delivery 1
The characteristic data for the equipment selected and proposed in the design of the bridge
crane movement control system will be described below. Among the selected equipment,
the parts of the transmission mechanism are also shown, which were mechanically coupled
to the bridge displacement motors.
4.1 Motors for moving the bridge.
There were two gear motors (figure 4.1) which had the same characteristics, this was
favorable for the design since two motors equal in power and speed were needed to move
the bridge, so that the movement of the bridge was symmetrical. at both support points.
Table 4.1 shows the technical data of the gearmotors.
16TABLE 4.1: technical data of motors for moving the bridge
Technical data of motors for moving the bridge.

Technical data
Power: ½ HP
Angular speed: RPM
Weight: 8kg
Rated efficiency
Rated current
Voltage: 220V
Considerations: the motors have a motor-reducer coupling. Both the
motor and the reducer provide the same power and speed.
18Figure 4.1: one of the gear motors that were used for the design
4.2 Transmission system for moving the bridge

A transmission system was selected (figure 4.2), using two sprockets and a chain with the
following characteristics:
Input pinion (coupled to engine shaft):
Radius: 20cm
Number of teeth: 38 teeth
Output pinion (coupled to the bridge bearings):
Radius: 10cm
Number of teeth: 15 teeth
4.3 Proposed hoist.

This motor will be responsible for the lifting and lowering movements of the load. To have
the best guarantee when purchasing the equipment, it is proposed to obtain a complete
hoist (figure 4.2). Table 4.2 shows the necessary technical data. The hoist has a trolley
(trolley) which will be responsible for moving the load on the bridge. In this way, the hoist
was selected according to the brand specifications.
17Table 4.2: technical data for the motor / hoist
Technical data for the engine /

hoist
Brand: YALE
Model: CPE 100-2
Maximum lifting load =
100000kg
Boot time = 2s
Lifting speed
^=1.5 m / m in____________________________
Engine weight = 340
Motor power = 4.9 kW
Gear factor = 1.15
Operating voltage 220-230 V/ 3
phases/ 60 H
Motor for moving the hoist (trolley)

Table 4.3 shows the necessary technical data for the proposed motor for moving the hoist,
which can be obtained in conjunction with it.
18Table 4.3: technical data of the travel motor (trol)
Technical data of the travel motor (trol)

Brand: YALE
Model: CPE 100-2
Maximum lifting load =
100000kg
Hoist weight, G1= 340 kg
Lifting speed ^=
3m/m in___________________________________
Motor power = 0.1 kW
Gear factor = 1.15
Operating voltage 220- 230 V/ 3
phases/ 60 H
Starting torque: MA ≥ 32,816 da N. m
19Figure 4.2: comparison of the technical data for a standard hoist with the requirements
4.4 Control system simulation
System control and force diagram

Figure 4.3 a shows the control and force diagram proposed for the start and
rotation reversal of the motors that will carry out the crane movements.
20Figure 4.3 a: System control and force diagram

Figures 4.3 b and c show the simulation of the control and force diagram for the system. The
simulation was carried out using the cade-cimu software. The tests that were carried out were
the following:
1 .- Motor rotation in both directions (figure 4.3 b): the operation is checked for both the
control stages and the force for each of the motors.
21Figure 4.3 b): start-up test and direction reversal of each of the motors
2 . Short circuit test (figure 4.3 c): this test is important, since through it it was demonstrated
that the use of the auxiliary contacts prevents a short circuit, by activating the buttons in both
directions for each of the motors.
22Figure 4.3 c: short circuit tests

4.4 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
The control and maneuver equipment was selected, according to the technical data that is
generally required in the manuals, which will be described below, among the proposed devices.
Des connectors (switches) and thermomagnetic switches.
The switches were selected by driving capacity, and are shown in table 4.4, below. To
understand which switch you are referring to, it is recommended to take table 3.4 of chapter 3
as a reference.
19Table 4.4: technical data for the proposed disconnection devices.

switch Application ICC (A)
general for the entire electrical installation (3
inputs and 3 outputs) 25
Connector for hoist trolley (3 inputs and 3
QZ outputs) 0.5
Connector for the hoist (3 inputs and 3
QY outputs) 18
Disconnector for bridge motors
QX 5
Note: these data are for the designer, if the component with the proposed capacity (ICC) does
not exist, it is recommended to take the next higher one.
Proposed bell station
Protection degree IP67 according to IEC 529.

Service temperature: -25º + 70º.
Rubber cable guide with variable sections.
Mechanical life of pushbuttons and selectors: 1 million operations.
Boxes in self-extinguishing thermoplastic material with double insulation.
Thermal relays and fuses.

The thermal relays are shown in table 3.4 as FX, FZ, and FY. The degree of thermal protection
(the most important technical data), as well as the operating power, is shown below in table
4.5.
20Table 4.5: technical data for the proposed relays
Thermal relay Application ICC (A) Power Thermal
(KW) protection (PT)
Service
factor
relay for him car of the
hoist (3 inputs and 3 outputs) 0.5
F.Z. 0.15 1.15 0.3
Relay for the hoist (3

F.Y. inputs and 3 outputs) 18 4.9 1.15 20.7
Relay for engines of

FX the 5 0.75 1.15 5.75
bridge
Taking as reference the assignment of table 3.4, table 4.6 shows the important technical
characteristics for the proposed contactors.
21Table 4.6: contactors technical data of the proposed contactors.

Nature and Service Current ratio Cut current
use current (Ie) (Ic)
Assignment
M1 AC4 18 6 108
M2 AC4 18 6 108
KM1 AC4 18 6 108
KM2 AC4 18 6 108
M4 AC4 6 6 36
M3 AC4 6 6 36
KM4 AC4 6 6 36
KM3 AC4 6 6 36
M5 AC4 3 6 18
M6 AC4 3 6 18
KM5 AC4 3 6 18
KM6 AC4 3 6 18
On this occasion, the definitions for the stroke limit switches will be omitted, which although
they are for protection, the use is at the discretion of the client. If the recommendation is
accepted, they must be used according to the power of the motors. With operating frequencies
of 30 and 35 electrical and mechanical, respectively
Drivers:
According to NOM-0001 legislation, conductors of the following type must be used:
• THW
• Temperature of tables 60°C
• 14 AWG gauge
• Ampacity = 20 TO
• Short circuit current (at 8 cycles): 0.6 KA
• Maximum length for 3% voltage drop = 29 m

CONCLUSIONS
DISCUSSION
Through this design, the figure will be able to carry out operations in a relatively efficient way,
since it satisfies the need despite using cutting-edge technologies, which in turn are more
expensive. .
At the moment, its implementation remains undefined for the design, to a certain extent, since
some proposals, such as some motors and their mechanical coupling, have already been put
into operation, however the electrical control system, the equipment and its data technical,
remain as a proposal among a set of options, which the company can consider as the most
convenient for its needs.
It is necessary to clarify that there are automation and control designs that are more advanced
than the one proposed, which work with greater accuracy and security. Despite this, the
fundamental principle for the operation of machines is the control of electric motors, control
logic. Well, from this logic, a computer programming logic can be made to facilitate the use of
the bridge crane.
The work carried out in this project will be useful for future plans such as maintenance, creating
a user manual, or even innovative modifications for a new electrical control system.
RECOMMENDATIONS
By carrying out some field studies, experiences can be acquired that facilitate tasks, such as
analysis and a more approximate knowledge of the results that have been obtained for this
design.
There are different criteria for the selection of electric motors that can be seen in manuals,
books or previous research, however when performing the calculation, for each of the
methodologies that were found the results varied on a large scale, a recommendation in case
of Not having technical experience means considering the opinion of trusted experts on the
subject, knowing and looking for similar cases where results are compared, and comparing the
results, which are obtained theoretically, with real results. In this way it will be possible to
provide a methodology that works and is totally applicable.
References
Antonio Miravete, E. L. (2013). TRANSPORTATION IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
(THEORY). Barcelona, Spain: reverté editorial. S. TO.
Beer/Jhomston/Mazurek/Eisenberg. (2010). VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS
STATICS, 9 ed. McGraw Hill.
Ernst, H. (1972). LIFTING AND TRANSPORTATION APPARATUS, volume 2. Spain: Blume
publishing house.
Ernst, H. (1972). LIFTING AND TRANSPORTATION APPARATUS, volume 3. Spain: Blume
publishing house.
Gomes, C. b. (2005). BOOLEAN ALGEBRA TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS. Candals
University Editorial.
Harper, G. AND. (2014). CONTROL OF ELECTRIC MOTORS. Mexico: Limusa.
Kosow, I. (1993). CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES. New Jersey USA: publishing
reverte SA
Palma Jami Wilmer Gerardo, m. m. (2013). DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CONTROLLED LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT SYSTEM OF THE 500 KG BRIDGE
CRANE. FROM THE ARMY AVIATION MAINTENANCE CENTER CEMAE-15.
Latancunga: university of the armed forces.
SA, [. S. ( 1999). Telesquemario electrotechnical manual. Spain.
Sandor, A. g. (1998). DESIGN OF MECHANISMS ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS, 3rd ED.
prentice hall.
VIAKON (moterrey-9 drivers. (2015). calculation of low voltage cables.

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SEP NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY OF MEXICO

HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF PURÍSIMA DEL

National Technological Institute of Mexico

STUDIES WITH RECOGNITION OF OFFICIAL VALIDITY

TO OBTAIN THE DEGREE OF:

PURÍSIMA DEL RINCÓN, GTO. AUGUST 2017

The company PAILERIA Y MONTAJE was in charge of developing the mechanical

1.2 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM

1.4.1 General objective

1.4.2 Specific objectives

1.6 Research questions:

According to the calculations, which equipment is the most convenient?

Chapter II. Theoretical

2.1 THE USE OF LIFTING DEVICES

2.2 column cranes.

1Figure 2.1: Slewing column crane. Source [direct industry]

2.4 BRIDGE CRANE

2.4.2 crane cars

2.4.3 The crane bridge

2.4.4 Electric connection

As already mentioned in the previous paragraph, although bridge cranes can be

d) Control and Operation Considerations

2.4.5 ELECTRIC MOTORS

2.4.5.1 CALCULATION OF THE NECESSARY POWER OF AN

G2 includes the hook ride, chain, etc.

The acceleration rate is calculated by:

XGD 1.2 nor

For rotating masses:

2.4.5.2 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING ENGINES

pmotor > P action

foundry cranes claw Translation. 60

2.5.3 CHANGE OF ROTATION IN THREE-FACE ENGINES

Changing the direction of rotation of an electric motor essentially depends on whether

In practice, it is customary to perform a test to identify the direction of rotation of the

2.6 ELECTRICAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT

application is known as power electronics. Usually its operation is through signals.

2.6.1 Overload relay

a) Magnetic overload relay:

b) Thermal overload relay:

A rectangular bimetallic strip curves, in relation to expansion. This type of

2.6.4 Limit switch.

2.7 ELECTRICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

Electrical control is the construction of binational and sequential circuits to solve

2.7.1 Line diagrams (ladder diagram)

The basic form of communication in the electromagnetic control language is through

2.7.2 Wiring diagram and schematic diagram.

Boolean or logical algebra (also called commutation algebra, contact algebra,

TABLE 2.7: BASIC LOGICAL FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION ELECTRICAL SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

THE OUTPUT IS DE-ENERGIZED IF ALL OUTPUTS ARE

DE-ENERGIZED: OUTPUT IS DE-ENERGIZED IF INPUTS

SOURCE: [ Harper, G E (2014). CONTROL OF ELECTRIC MOTORS Mexico:

2.8 CONTROL COMPONENT SELECTION CRITERIA

Each control circuit is made up of a certain number of basic components connected

• Des connectors (switches).

• Thermal relays and fuses.

• Level switch, limit and others guys.

For the calculation of switches with overcurrent protection, it is possible to rely on

IPChigher = motor full load current higher

The full load current is generally calculated as shown in equation 8.2.

To select a contactor, it is necessary to know primarily the characteristics of the

1. The nominal operating voltage, in volts (V).

2. The service current (Ie) that it consumes, in amperes (A ).