MOBILE HEAVY EQUIPMENT HYDRAULICS No.

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• TECSU LABORATORY Page 1/18
Code: MM2647
IV
Issue:
LABORATORY N° 01 Semester:
Lab. No.: 01

♦7 IECoU- Passion for Technology

COURSE: EQUIPMENT HYDRAULICS

HEAVY MOBILE
LABORATORY N° 01
Identification of the generation unit
hydraulic energy.

Identification of hydraulic components

training modules.

Pacsi Nina, Ronald

Students): Pucho Medina, John
Quispe Lloclle, Quispe

Professional program: Heavy Machinery Maintenance Note:

Teacher): Victor Ramos

Date of delivery: 12 08 15

HEAVY MACHINERY MAINTENANCE

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Introduction

Archimedes, around the year 250 BC, investigated some of the principles of hydraulics, whose
techniques were already used previously, mainly in water distribution systems in cities. Since
then, various devices and techniques have been developed for the movement, transfer and
use of water. Finally, in 1653, the French scientist Pascal discovered the principle according to
which the pressure applied to a liquid contained in a container is transmitted equally in all
directions.

In the 18th century Joseph Bramah built the first hydraulic mechanism based on Pascal's law:
it was a hydraulic press with a large cylinder that moved a rod at the end of which was applied
to the material to be pressed; The necessary pressure was obtained by means of a manual
pump and the liquid used was water. Already in the 20th century, it was discovered that the
use of oils instead of water facilitated the lubrication of the moving parts of the system
components, while reducing their oxidation and fluid leaks, hence the name Oleo-hydraulics or
oil hydraulics. Currently, Oleohydraulics and Pneumatics are the two most used techniques for
energy transmission, and in many of their applications they are combined with electronic
controls to provide precise and controlled movements.
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1. Identification of the generation unit

hydraulic energy.
1.1 Goals

> The objective of the practice is to identify the hydraulic power generation unit and
describe its important characteristics such as, capacity brand, rpm, symbols,
hydraulic applications.

1.2 Materials and work equipment

» HERION Basic Hydraulics Training Equipment/ Training Equipment

Explore II

1.3 Safety instructions

> Mandatory safety implements

ei Wear safety glasses while in the laboratory

4
Wear safety gloves.

1.4 . RISK ANALYSIS (POTENTIAL HAZARDS)

1.4.1. Security

RISK HAZARD DESCRIPTION

oil spill When working with hydraulic components, No
They should use these components irresponsibly since they could
suffer accidents due to the pressure or when this oil spills, this is a
potential danger.
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 Students who carry out work with the equipment must be careful with
Agents that can their use. correctness of the instruments
damage testing measurement and checking.
instruments.

Environment Students who carry out work with different contaminants such as oils
or similar, must be careful with correct use and disposal of waste after
the test.

1.5 Theoretical foundation

HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION UNIT

PUMPS: CHARACTERISTICS

I. Flow

In all pumps, the theoretical output flow is the product of the displacement or capacity per cycle,
multiplied by the number of cycles or revolutions per unit of time (Equation 1) ; Therefore, the
output flow in these pumps will be a function of the number of revolutions or cycles per unit of
time with which it is working:

Flow rate = displacement x speed (Equation 1)

The flow rate thus obtained is the so-called theoretical flow rate, which is always higher than the
actual flow rate depending on the volumetric performance of the pump, that is, its internal leaks.
The actual flow rate is that supplied by the pump, and is equal to the theoretical flow rate minus
internal leaks or the return of the fluid from the delivery to the suction.

(Basic Manual of Hydraulic Oil, Sohipren SA)

a) Volumetric performance.

The volumetric efficiency is defined as the relationship between the real and theoretical flow
rate (Equation 2) :

T v = Real Q / Theoretical Q (Equation 2)

II. Work pressure

All manufacturers give their pumps a value called maximum working pressure, some include burst
pressures or maximum intermittent pressure, and others attach the pressure/life graph of their
pumps.

These values are determined by the manufacturer based on a reasonable duration of the pump
working under certain conditions. It should be noted that there is no standardized safety factor;
For this reason, some manufacturers include the burst pressure of the element, or the number of
cycles from zero to X Kg/cm 2 that the pump withstands.
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(Basic Manual of Hydraulic Oil, Sohipren SA)

III. Bombs

Classification

Pumps can be classified into two large groups depending on the type of force that must be
applied to them for their operation. Thus, those that work by absorbing a linear force will be
called manual pumps, while those that require a rotational effort applied to their axis will be
called rotary pumps.

a. External Gear Pumps

An external gear pump produces flow by transporting fluid in chambers formed by the space
between the gear teeth, the pump body, and the side plates (Figure 1). (Basic Manual of
Hydraulic Oil, Sohipren SA)

Figure 1 External Gear Pump

(Basic Manual of Hydraulic Oil, Sohipren SA)

b. Internal gear pumps.

In this type of pump there is, between the two gears, a separating piece in the shape of a
crescent (half-moon). This piece is located between the inlet and outlet holes.
The hydraulic fluid is introduced into the pump and is transported to the outlet through the space
between the crescent and the teeth of both gears. (Basic Manual of Hydraulic Oil, Sohipren SA)
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Figure 2 Internal gear pump.

IV. Safety Valves

Pressure regulation valve of the "normally closed" type, that is, it does not allow the passage of
fluid under normal conditions.

As their name indicates, these are valves that limit the maximum pressure in the system, thus
offering security that the maximum pressure limit values of the components are not exceeded, or
they are simply used to maintain the maximum pressure within the parameters. for which the
circuit has been designed. (Basic Manual of Hydraulic Oil, Sohipren SA)

to. Pressure Limiting Valves

In this type of valve (Figure 3), between the inlet and the outlet there is a ball or cone that is
kept pressed against its seat by means of a spring. (Basic Manual of Oleohydraulics, Sohipren SA)

Pressure Line

Deposit

Figure 3 Internal gear pump.

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V. Electric motor

For a hydraulic pump, the revolutions of an engine are around 1500 rpm. Every motor is based
on the idea that magnetism produces a physical force that moves objects. Depending on how you
align the poles of a magnet, you can attract or repel another magnet.

In motors, electricity is used to create magnetic fields that oppose each other, in such a way that
they make their rotating part, called the rotor, move.

In the rotor there is wiring, called a coil, whose magnetic field is opposite to that of the static
part of the motor.

The magnetic field of this part is generated by permanent magnets; precisely the repelling action
towards said opposite poles is what makes the rotor begin to rotate inside the stator.

If the mechanism ended there, when the poles aligned the motor would stop. Therefore, for the
rotor to continue moving it is necessary to reverse the polarity of the electromagnet. (Electric
motor, Curious Eye 2011)

Figure 4 Electric motor

(Electric motor, Curious Eye 2011)
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1.6 Procedure

a. We move on to the training equipment, we make sure that the equipment is disconnected
from all power sources.

b. We move on to the training equipment identifying the hydraulic power generation unit.

c. Recognition of the hydraulic power generation unit in the Herion equipment:

The recognition of the hydraulic power generation unit began with recognition of th
the path taken by the hydraulic oil, which is located in a reserve tank that is e
connected to a hydraulic pump which is also connected to an electric motor whose in
characteristics are defined in the following Table 1. go
es
The pressure generated in the system is regulated by relief valves which are responsible for the
system pressure.

Table 1: Generation unit of the Herión team.

BE COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS IMAGE

Tank > Capacity of 25 dm 3
Electric motor
- Power of 1.1KW > 1350 rpm
> 8A
> 50Hz
Hydraulic pump > Internal gear pump.
> Smooth ride.
> Low noise level.

Valve of > The valve body. that encloses

relief the internal parts.
> A usillo mobile that
sits in the port of the
entrance of the
valve.
> A spring that forces the
spindle against the valve
seat.
> A screw to regulate the
compression of
the
spring.
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d. Recognition of the hydraulic power generation unit on the Explore II equipment:

The recognition of the hydraulic power generation unit began with the recognition of the path
taken by the hydraulic oil which is located in a reserve tank that is connected to a hydraulic pump
which is also connected to an electric motor whose characteristics are defined. in the following
table 2.

The pressure generated in the system is regulated by relief valves which are responsible for the
system pressure.

Table 1: Generation unit of the Explore II equipment.

COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS IMAGE
Tank
Electric motor
Hydraulic pump
> Bomb of
external gears.

“ $0e
> Bomb of
fixed
displacement.
> Bomb of
low pressure.
Relief valve
> Limit the
pressure of
maximum of the
system.

e. Follow the instructor's instructions.

The instructor's instructions have been followed, which consisted of carefully reviewing the
elements of the systems in addition to taking notes on their details.

2. IDENTIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS OF TRAINING MODULE

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2.1 Purpose:

The objective of the practice is to identify hydraulic components of the training modules and describe
their important characteristics such as brand, capacity, symbols and applications.

2.2 Necessary material

> HERION Basic Hydraulics Training Equipment/Training Equipment

> Explorer II

2.3 Procedure:

a. Pass on training equipment to ensure that the equipment is disconnected from all
power sources.
b. Move on to the training equipment, identify each of the components of the training
equipment.
c. Follow the instructor's instructions.
d. Prepare the report for item 2.1.

2.4 HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS OF THE HERION BASIC HYDRAULICS TRAINING

EQUIPMENT

NAME REFERENCE SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

Connections: 2 nozzles of
coupling and 1 plinth of
coupling
T connector Maximum allowable pressure: 12 MPa
(120 bar)
Couplings car shutters
with reduced oil leakage

'g,o
Measuring range and maximum
admissible pressure: 10 MPa (100
bar)

9
Quality: 1.6% of full scale
Manometer Static operating pressure: 3/4 scale
(Bourdon tube) maximum
Pressure of functioning

g
dynamics: 2/3 of full scale
Glycerin cushioning

flowmeter EIT Correct name is variable area

flowmeter
Maximum temperature 260°
Maximum pressure is 6000 psi

HER
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Manual override
Operating pressure: 6 MPa (60 bar)
Manual shut-off
valve
' „mhsqu,n •K Maximum allowable pressure: 12 MPa
(120 bar)
Self-sealing coupling nipples/coupling
socket with reduced oil leakage

In this type of valves, the regulated

valve flow rate is influenced by the circuit
pressure since increasing the
regulator of
flow without
compensation
1
$7 2
pressure will also increase the flow
rate that passes through the valve
(although, with a greater pressure
depression loss and increase in temperature).
Maintains clamping pressure until
released by a separate pilot
pressure line (only

valve |Z
allows flow in one until it address
retention is released)
b T
Flow from B –> A without
with 2- flow.
operation and locked until that is
pilot unlocked hydraulically
applying pressure to control port Z.

2 A series hydraulic manifold is

Manifold —- designed for multiple hydraulic
line connections in a central
kz n location.

The fluid passages rotate the motor.

If the direction of flow changes, the
direction of rotation also changes.
The circuit selector channels engine
leaks to the low pressure side.

Operating pressure: 6 MPa (60 bar)

Maximum allowable pressure: 12
Engine
MPa (120 bar)
hydraulic
Maximum allowable pressure in the
return line: 5 MPa (50 bar)
Absorbed volume: 8.2 cm³ per

revolution, 0 10 l/min
corresponds to 0 – 1,220 rpm
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With this valve it is possible to limit
higher flow rates than with a direct
drive valve. The valve limits the
pressure from port P to port T
depending on the spring force and the
pilot pressure applied at X.

Manual regulation
Hydraulic piloted servo
Pressure of accessible piloting to
Piloted relief via connection
Connection and separately from the
valve HL = .1 ' 4
limiting valve to the tank.
Operating pressure: 6 MPa (60 bar)

L1*
Maximum allowable pressure: 12 MPa
(120 bar)
Self-sealing coupling nozzles, with
minimal oil leaks

Hydraulic hoses are manufactured

according to SAE or DIN standards,
which allow a wide range ofspectrum
of fluids, with
pressures up to 10,000 PSI, and
temperatures up to 120° C.
The Applications of are
Hydraulic hoses <• e A” e 5 -- Hoses are very diverse which include
the conduction of hydraulic fluids,
hydrostatic transmissions of
high pressure,
machinery of motion of
land, mining machinery, high-pressure
water jet work, in general.

E.T.
Are components facts of
steel and bronze alloys.
streamers
Its function is to generate pressure.

a filter hydraulic is he

M—
main component of the system
filtration of a machine
hydraulic , lubrication or grease.
These systems HE

—</YO
used for pollution control by

\ 1/ >—
Hydraulic oil 1
particles
filter solids of external origin and those

6
generated internally by
wear or erosion processes on the
surfaces of the machinery, allowing
the useful life of both the equipment
components and the hydraulic fluid to
be preserved.
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The following functions are

available thanks to the 3-way ball
valve integrated in the shut-off
block:
1. Open connection between P and
diaphragm accumulator
2. Closed connection between P
and diaphragm accumulator
3. Open connection between T and
diaphragm accumulator (discharge)
Overload safety valve
Manometer for working pressure
Nominal volume: 0.32 dm³
Accumulator Gas medium: nitrogen (N)
diaphragm Gas filling pressure upon delivery: p
with block 1 MPa (10 bar)
closing Operating pressure: 6 MPa
(60 bar)
Maximum allowable pressure: 12
MPa
(120 bar)
Self-sealing coupling nipples with
reduced oil leakage for P
Flexible hose with open coupling for
T plug

This safety valve is used to protect

hydraulic circuits from unexpected
increases in pressure.
valve Port P (system pressure) is the only
relief from connection required. Port R (return
direct to tank for overflow in case of
command pressure relief) is optional.
7500 psi max
or simple Hydraulic cylinders (also called
motors hydraulic
linear)
They are mechanical actuators that
are used to provide a force through
a linear path.
In general, cylinders can be

Cylinder classified into two groups:

hydraulic Simple effect.
Double effect.

Operating pressure p: 6
MPa (60 bar)
anti valve Maximum allowable pressure
pmax: 12 MPa (120 bar)
return
Drive: Hydraulic
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2.5 COMPONENTS OF THE EXPLORER II TRAINING EQUIPMENT

NAME REFERENCE SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

A series hydraulic manifold are

designed for multiple
Manifold connections of lines
return hydraulics in this case are
return connections for tank.

A series hydraulic manifold are

designed for multiple
Manifold connections of lines
pressure Hydraulic connections in this
case are pump outlet
connections for the system.

He system uses
three
Pressure manometers, one to control the
gauges pressure in the system and
another 2 manometers to
of control control the pressure in the oil
supply lines

Pressure relief valves, also called

safety valves or relief valves, are
designed to relieve pressure when
a fluid exceeds a limit
preset (pressure of
tared). Its mission is to prevent the
explosion of the protected system
Valve or the failure of equipment or pipes
relief due to excess pressure. There are
also valves that relieve the
pressure of a fluid when the
temperature (and therefore the
pressure) exceeds an established
limit.
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The valve connects P to T when the
pressure at X is greater than the sum
of the spring (elastic) force and the
pressure at connection T.

Pressure
■R Sy ,- Adjustment: manual
Operating pressure: 6 MPa (60 bar)
reducing
valve L[ww Maximum allowable pressure: 12 MPa
(120 bar)

T Self-sealing coupling nipples with

reduced oil leakage

in

A solenoid valve is a valve

electric used for
control the passage of gas (pneumatic
systems) or fluids (hydraulic systems).
The opening or closing of the valve is

us, based on electromagnetic impulses of

1---DG-<
a

4k/\o7
solonoid (a electromagnet) that
Control valve
2
works together with a spring designed
to return the valve to its position
CONTROL VAEVE neutral when
solenoid is deactivated. This type of
he

valves are usually used in places that

are difficult to access, in multi-valve
systems. and in sites of
dangerous environment.

R
Sequence valves are used to control
the sequence of operation of two or
more actuators hydraulic. The
Sequence valve pressure is set higher
than the operating pressure of the first
actuator. Once the first actuator has
—— completed its cycle, the sequence
Sequence
valve • valve opens and allows the second
actuator to move. Parker's range of
P L- pilot operated sequence valves
includes a series of internally piloted
and externally drained valves and a
series of valves piloted
externally and purged
internally.

Operating pressure p: 6
MPa (60 bar)
Retention
valve — Maximum allowable pressure pmax:
12 MPa (120 bar)
Drive: Hydraulic

■
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The cylinders
hydraulic (also
called linear hydraulic motors)
They are mechanical actuators
that are used to provide a force
through a linear path.
In general, cylinders can
Cylinder be classified in
hydraulic two
groups:
Simple effect.
Double effect.

3. Activities

1. What are the standards that are responsible for representing the symbols
that must be used in the hydraulic diagrams of heavy equipment and in
industrial hydraulics? (Support your answer).

The standardized symbology consists of a series of pictograms and drawings with

complete meaning whose purpose is the representation on paper or other means of
the elements that make up a hydraulic circuit. This symbology is represented by the
following international standards:

> ISO 1219 ------------------------- (International Standard Organization)

> DIN 24300 ------------------------- (Deutsches Institute für Normung)

> CETOP RP3 -------------- (European Transmission Committee

Oleohydraulics and Pneumatics)

> UNE 101-149-86 --------------------- (A Spanish Standard)

> BS 2917 -------------------------- (British Standards)

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Symbols according to ISO:

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Mechanisms (actuators)
Description
Single-acting cylinder, return due to
external forces.
Single-acting cylinder, spring return.

Double acting cylinder, single rod

Double-acting cylinder, double rod.

Single-acting angular opening clamp______

Single-acting parallel opening clamp
Double-acting angular opening clamp.

Double-acting parallel opening clamp

Pumps, compressors and motors

Symbol Description
One-way flow hydraulic pump.

0 Compressor for compressed air

13 Hydraulic tank.

1 1 Pneumatic tank
Pneumatic motor 1 direction of
rotation.
Pneumatic motor 2 directions of
2 rotation.
Tilting cylinder 2 directions of rotation.
1I
Hydraulic motor 1 direction of rotation.

Hydraulic motor 2 directions of

y rotation.
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Blocking valve (non-return).

O (OR) valve.
Selector.
Quick exhaust valve, Non-
return valve.

Y (AND)
valve.
One-way throttle valve.
Non-return valve with adjustable
regulation in one direction

Vacuum ejector. Vacuum blow-

off valve.

Image 1. ISO Symbology

Recovered from:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/92286610/Cursos/curso-
lectura-
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2. To represent the hydraulic schemes, a color code is used. What are the
colors according to the standard for hydraulics of heavy equipment and
industrial hydraulics? (Support your answers).

Color code for heavy equipment hydraulics:

"4 B -ncCEeÜlLEAALlLaS I/DtEWiGG * Cm 42#33

COLOR CODE
BLACK:
Mechanical RED: High Pressure
Connection - Seal Oil
DARK GRAY: Cross
Section RED WITH WHITE STRIPES:
First Pressure Reduction
LEAD: Surface CROSS RED: Second
Pressure Reduction
WHITE: Atmosphere or
Air (No Pressure) PINK: Third Pressure
Reduction
PURPLE: Pneumatic
Pressure RED WITH PINK STRIPES:
Second Pump Pressure
YELLOW: Moving or Activated
Components ORANGE: Pilot, Signal or
CAT YELLOW: (Restricted Use) Converter Oil
Component Identification of a ORANGE WITH WHITE STRIPES:
Moving Group BROWN: Lubrication Reduced Pilot, Signal or
Oil Converter Oil
CROSSED ORANGE: Second
GREEN: Oil Tank (Low Pressure) Pilot, Signal or Converter Oil
Reduction
GREEN WITH WHITE STRIPES:
BLUE: Blocked Oil
Racking or Free Oil (Without
Pressure) Ferreyros SAA - Technical Development 01/02/2013
Image 2. Color code
Recovered from:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/92286610/Manuales/manual-
hydraulic-heavy-machinery-ferreyros.pdf , on 08/08/15

In image 3 we have a hydraulic circuit where we have the green color that indicates
tank oil (low pressure) which is then converted to red which indicates high pressure oil
and finally we have the blue color that indicates that there is blocked oil.
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Image 3. Hydraulic circuit example

Recovered from:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/92286610/Manuales/manual-
hydraulic-heavy-machinery-ferreyros.pdf , on 08/08/15

For industrial hydraulics we have:

Image 4. Color code

Retrieved from: https://-Manual-de-Hidraulica-Industrial.pdf , the
08/08/15
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3. Are hydraulic oils dielectric? Sustain.

Oils are dielectric but they depend on the quality and the place where these oils work,
since if the oil contains impurities and is contaminated it loses its dielectric property.

They are designed to be used in any type of climate in hydraulic systems, mainly of
mobile equipment, that require the use of a fluid with high dielectric strength.

There is a company that manufactures these types of lubricating oils called “Mexicana
de lubricantes”, the name of this oil is HIDRAULICO D and it has the following
applications:

Due to its high dielectric resistance, it is recommended in hydraulic systems, electric

cranes, etc. that require an insulating oil. It is also recommended in mobile equipment
that has high speeds, large loads and operating conditions at elevated temperatures,
such as mobile loading machines and continuous mining operations. (Hydraulic D,
Page. 1)

4. How does the Bourdon manometer work?

Bourdon tube manometers contain measuring elements (Bourdon tube) that deform
elastically under the influence of pressure. This movement is transferred to a needle
mechanism.

Bourdon tubes are circular in shape, their cross sections are oval. The pressure to be
measured acts on the inside of the tube, so that the cross section approaches the
circular shape. Due to the bending of the Bourdon tube, tensions are formed at the
edge that tend to open the spring. The untensioned end of the tube moves and this
movement represents a measure of the pressure

Image 5. Bourdon manometer

Recovered from:
http://www.ima.cl/INSTRUMENTACION/Presion/Manometros/172-
Bourdon-type-manometers-filled with glycerin-with-body-of-
bron.html , on 08/08/15
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5. How a diaphragm flowmeter works

It consists of a plate with a hole that is inserted into the pipe. As a result of this
obstruction there is a pressure loss, which is measured by comparison with a probe
upstream and other downstream of the installation. This type of meter is used in pipes
where a large loss of energy is allowed. The change in area generated by placing the
diaphragm causes a constriction of the section, which gives rise to a change in
pressure before and after the diaphragm, the value of which determines the flow rate
in the section.

Image 7. Diaphragm flowmeter

Recovered: http://fluidos.eia.edu.co/hidraulica/articuloses/medidores/medidor
esdeqentuberias/medidoresdeqentuberias.html, on 08/08/15
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4. Observations

FIRST. In the HERION basic hydraulics training equipment, the hydraulic

generation components could not be observed: the pump and the electric motor,
because they were inside a sealed metal box.

SECOND. The support grid had to be dismantled to be able to comfortably view the
components of the HERION equipment generation unit.

THIRD. Great caution was taken when handling the hydraulic components since
they were lubricated.

5. Conclusions

FIRST. It was possible to identify the components of the hydraulic power

generation unit of the training equipment, with the same diagram for both and as
follows: The electric motor responsible for generating torque that moves a hydraulic
pump which generates flow and at the same time it is It is regulated by a relief
valve that controls the system pressure.

SECOND. The name of the valves and other components are different both in the
field of industrial hydraulics and mobile heavy equipment but they have the same
function.

THIRD. It was possible to identify the hydraulic components of the

HERION/Explorer II basic training equipment

QUARTER. It was possible to describe the characteristics of each component,

recognizing its parts and its function of the Herion / Explorer II equipment.

6. Bibliography

> Bourdon, M. d. (July 2, 2009). Pressure gauges. Retrieved on August 8,

2015, from Manometros:
http://www.ima.cl/INSTRUMENTACION/Presion/Manometros/172-
Bourdon-type-manometers-filled with glycerin-with-bronze-body.html

> Flowmeter. (July 18, 2011). Flowmeter. Retrieved on August 8, 2015, from
flowmeter:
: http://fluidos.eia.edu.co/hidraulica/articuloses/medidores/medidoresdeqent
uberias/medidoresdeqentuberias.html

> Ferreyros. (January 14, July). Heavy hydraulics manual.

Retrieved on August 8, 2015, from Heavy Hydraulic Manual:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/92286610/Manuales/manual-hidraulica-
maquinaria-pesada-ferreyros.pdf
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> Komatsu. (June 15, 2009). Heavy machinery. Recovered on 31
August 2015, Heavy Machinery:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/92286610/Cursos/curso-lectura-planas-
hidraulicos-komatsu.pdf

> Mech. (January 5, 2010). engineerblogspot. Retrieved on August 8, 2015,

from Engineerblogspot: http://mech-
engineer.blogspot.com/2008/12/introduction-to-control-valves-symbols.html

> Vickers. (May 14, 2008). Industrial hydraulics manual.

Retrieved on August 8, 2015, from Industrial Hydraulics Manual: https://-
Manual-de-Hidraulica-Industrial.pdf

> www.sohipren.com/imagenes/.../Manual_Basico_de_Oleohidraulica.pdf

> BASIC MANUAL of OLEOHYDRAULICS 2nd Edition May 2005 (sohipren

sa)
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> http://www.directindustry.es/prod/hedland/product-14005-472917.html
> http://www.festo-didactic.com/es-es/productos/equipos-de-practices/
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> http://ricardosolis26.blogspot.com/2015/04/valvulas-de-blocko-y-de-caudal-
oleo.htmlhttp://ricardosolis26.blogspot.com/2015/04/valvulas-de-bloqueo-y-de-
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> http://es.made-in-china.com/co_fyhydraulic/product_A-64-Hydraulic-Oil-
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> http://www.festo-didactic.com/es-es/productos/equipos-de-practices/
hidraulica/componentes/motor-http://www.festo-didactic.com/es-es/productos/
equipos-de-practicas/hidraulica/componentes/motor-hidraulico.htm?
fbid=ZXMuZXMuNTQ3LjE0LjE4LjU2MC4zNDg1
hydraulic.htm?fbid=ZXMuZXMuNTQ3LjE0LjE4LjU2MC4zNDg1
> http://www.dimahisac.com/productos/mangueras-hidraulicas.html
> https://curiosoando.com/que-es-una-valvula-solenoide