1. Definition of landscape.

A landscape is characterized by its relief, its vegetation, its

rock outcrops and manifestations of human activities.
2. Definition of relief. Relief is the topographic configuration of the earth's surface, in
which there are differences in height, slopes and volumes.
3. Transport. Transport is the mobilization of weathered rock fragments, carried out using
a transport agent, a fluid.
4. The erosion process. The erosion process is due to the so-called external geological
agents, which are the waters that slide across the earth's surface, ice, wind and sea
waves.
5. Definition of geomorphology. Part of physical geography that deals with the
description and explanation of the current terrestrial relief.
6. How geomorphology is focused. It is the study of the forms of the Earth's surface
focused on describing, understanding its genesis and understanding its current behavior.
7. Geomorphology-geography relationship. Geomorphology is closely related to
both physical geography and human geography (with regard to natural risks and the
relationship between man and the environment).
8. Geographic factors. Among those considered are abiotic factors of exogenous origin,
such as relief, soil, climate (pressure, temperature and winds) and bodies of water
(surface water, with the action of runoff, fluvial and marine action). , or ice in glacial
modeling).
9. Biotic factors. The effect of biotic factors on relief usually opposes modeling
processes, especially considering vegetation.
10. Geological factors. Such as tectonics, diastrophism, orogenesis and volcanism, are
constructive processes of endogenous origin that oppose modeling and interrupt the
geographical cycle.
11. Anthropic factors. The action of man on the relief is very variable, depending on the
activity carried out, in this sense it is very difficult to generalize and can influence for or
against erosive processes.
12. Climatic geomorphology. Study the influence of climate on the development of
relief. Atmospheric pressure and temperature interact with climate and are responsible for
winds, runoff, and continuous modeling of the geographic cycle.
13. Fluvial geomorphology. It is the specialized branch of geomorphology that is
responsible for the study of geographical features, shapes and reliefs caused by river
dynamics.
14. The geomorphology of slopes. It is one that studies the phenomena produced on
the slopes of the mountains, as well as studying mass movements, slope stabilization, etc.
It is related to the study of natural risks.
15. Aeolian geomorphology. It is responsible for studying the processes and forms of
wind origin, especially in morphoclimatic domains where wind action is predominant.
16. Glacial geomorphology. It is responsible for studying the formations and processes
of geographical features, glacial and periglacial forms and reliefs. This branch is closely
linked to glaciology.
17. Structural geomorphology. Prioritizes the influence of geological structures on the
development of the relief. This discipline is very relevant in areas of marked geological
activity where, for example, faults and foldings.
18. Catastrophism. It is a hypothesis that assumes that the Earth in its beginnings was
formed suddenly and catastrophically.
19. Uniformitarianism. It is the principle according to which the natural processes that
acted in the past are the same ones that act in the present.
20. Uniformitarianism – catastrophism. Catastrophism tells us about radical changes
in environmental conditions, which causes destruction, and uniformitarianism is one that
talks about changes in the environment that occur gradually.
21. The bark. It is the outer rock layer of the Earth, which is located in the most superficial
position and in direct contact with the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere.
22. The mantle. Its temperature is very high and some of its rocks are molten. It is called
magma.
23. The nucleus. It is the innermost part and is made up of iron. Its temperature is higher
than that of the mantle.
24. Continental drift. It is the displacement of continental masses with respect to each other.
25. The isostasy. It is the equilibrium condition that the Earth's surface presents due to the
difference in density of its parts.
26. Definition of ocean floor. It is a plain at a depth between 2000 and 6000 m that
occupies around 80% of the oceanic relief.
27. Characteristics of the oceans. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface, with the
Pacific being the largest of the oceans. The average depth is estimated to be
approximately 3900 meters.
28. Composition of the oceans. These elements, in descending order, are Chlorine,
Sodium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Calcium, Potassium, Bromine, Silver, Gold.
29. Waves. The waves are due to the wind blowing over the surface. The height of a wave is
given by the speed of the wind, the length of time it has blown, and the distance the wave
has traveled.
30. Tsunamis or earthquakes. They are a type of waves whose origin is earthquakes,
tidal waves or the eruption of underwater volcanoes. They move large amounts of water
very quickly, modifying the surface of the sea.
31. The tides (live and dead). Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction exerted by
the Moon and the Sun. LIVE. The moments in which the maximum attraction occurs are
called spring tides, and they are formed when the Moon, the Sun and the Earth are on the
same line. DEAD. They are less intense tides that occur when the Moon and the Sun form
 a right angle with the Earth, because the attractions of both, being in opposite directions,
subtract from each other instead of adding.
32. Marine currents. Marine currents close to the surface of the oceans are driven by the
winds, which drag them with them.
33. The sea water. It contains solid substances in solution, the most abundant being
sodium and chlorine, which, in their solid form, combine to form sodium chloride or
common salt and, together with magnesium, calcium and potassium.
34. The continental shelf. It is the shallowest, reaching 200 m deep, and is quite flat. The
water that covers it usually contains marine life in abundance.
35. The continental slope. The extent of the slope varies depending on the ocean in
which it is located. It has a steeper slope than the previous one and is located between
200 and 3000 meters deep.
36. Oceanic trench. They are the deepest parts of the oceans, with an average depth of
7,000 to 8,000 m, which can be thousands of kilometers long.
37. Abyssal zone. It is a deep region of the ocean, ranging between 2,000 and 6,000
meters. The place is cold and very dark.
38. Oceanic ridge. They are underwater mountain ranges that extend for thousands of
kilometers. They arise in the underwater contact zones of two plates.
39. Ocean basin. It is a very extensive, relatively uniform depression, with almost rounded
contours, that constitutes the bottom of the oceans.
40. Endogenous processes of the underwater relief. It is present at the bottom of
the oceans and is as rugged as the continental relief.
41. Mountain formation. Mountains form through a general process called "warping" of
the Earth's crust. When two sections of the lithosphere collide, which are not under
subduction, it causes slabs of the lithosphere.
42. The cratons. It is a continental mass that reached such a state of rigidity in the distant
geological past that, since then, it has not suffered fragmentation or deformation, as it has
not been affected by orogenic movements.
43. Failures. It is a fracture in the ground along which there was movement of one side with
respect to the other.
44. Volcano. It is a geological structure through which magma (molten rock) emerges in the
form of lava, volcanic ash and gases from the interior of the planet.
45. Island formation. An island is an area of land, more or less extensive, completely
surrounded by a body of water, smaller in size than a continent.
46. Exogenous processes. Exogenous processes tend to eliminate the inequalities of
the relief, lowering the highest parts and filling in the depressed parts, that is, they model
the earth's relief. They occur thanks to the combined action of atmospheric agents such
as: wind, gravity, temperature, humidity, rays. and meteorites.
47. Geological action of the wind. In high pressure areas, winds originate that descend
strongly towards the ground. The wind is strong enough to carry particles of different sizes.
48. Geological action of wild waters. They are those that do not have fixed courses,
they originate with rainwater or when the thaw occurs and the water begins to run over the
land.
49. River action. It is the action of wear caused by the waters of torrents, wild waters, and
rivers.
50. Groundwater action. They are those found in the subsoil, and are produced by the
filtration of water from rain, melting ice and lakes.
51. Glacial action. It is caused by very intense erosion, breaking out fragments of rock that
remain included in its mass and contribute to eroding the bed.
52. Geological action of the sea. The tremendous erosive force of water is increased in
the sea due to the movement of the waters that act on the coast: the ebb and flow of the
tide and currents.
53. Tectonic plates. It is a fragment of lithosphere that moves as a rigid block without
internal deformation occurring on the asthenosphere (outer or upper mantle) of the Earth.
54. The expansion of the ocean floor. It occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new
oceanic crust forms through volcanic activity and the gradual movement of the bottom
away from the ridge.