MODEL PAPER

CHEMISTRY – II (2024)
SECTION – A (17 Marks)
(Multiple Choice Questions)
Note: This section consists of 17 part questions and all are to be answered. Each question
carries one mark.
Q.1
(i) The oxidation states of the elements of group VA:
(a) +1 and +3 (b) -3 and -5
(c) -3, +3 and +5 (d) +1, -1 and +3
(ii) Which of the following s-block element form super oxide when burn in air:
(a) Li (b) Na
(c) K (d) Mg
(iii) In the equilibrium of dichromate-chromate ion the colour of CrO−2 is:
4
(a) Orange (b) Green
(c) Yellow (d) Red
(iv) The coordination number of cobalt in Na4[Co(C2O4)3] is:
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 7
(v) The knocking of internal combustion engine can be reduced by the following
petroleum process:
(a) Reforming (b) Refining
(c) Distillation (d) Condensation
CH(OH)COOH
(vi) How many optical isomers are possible for |
CH (Br) COOH
a) 2 b) 3
c) 4 d) 5
(vii) Which of the following pairs of compounds represent functional group isomerism:
(a) 1-butene and 2-butene (b) Ethanol and dimethyl ether
(c) n-butane and iso butane (d) Diethyl ketone and methyl propyl
(viii) Benzene burns with Smokey flame because of its:
(a) Inflammablity (b) High carbon % age
(c) High resonance energy (d) Aromaticity
(ix) The Kinetics of Elimination biomolecular is:
(a) Zero order (b) First order
(c) Second Order (d) Third order
(x) Lucas reagent is a mixture of:
(a) Zn and Hg (b) Zn and HCl
(c) ZnCl2 and HCl (d) NaOH and CaO

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(xi) Clemmensen reduction is the conversion of aldehydes and ketones into:
(a) Alkanes (b) Alkenes
(c) Alkyl halides (d) Alcohols
(xii) Formic acid is naturally found in:
(a) Valciran root (b) Bees string
(c) Vinegar (d) Butter
(xiii) An example of quaternary structure of protein is:
(a) Myoglobin (b) Hemoglobin
(c) Albumin (d) Globulin
(xiv) Drugs that lower the body temperature to normal are known as:
(a) Antibiotics (b) Antipyretic
(c) Antiallergic (d) Anti histamins
(xv) An example of thermosetting plastic is:
(a) Polyethene (b) PVC
(c) Nylon (d) Bakelite
(xvi) The region of sphere which extend from 11km to 50km from our Earth’s is known as:
(a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere (d) Thermosphere
(xvii) Infra red spectroscopy is a technique use to determine in the given organic
molecule:
(a) Double and triple bonds (b) Mass to charge ratio
(c) Functional group (d) Conjugated system

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 MODEL PAPER
CHEMISTRY – II (2024)
SECTION – B (36 Marks)
(Short Answered Questions)
Note: Attempt total nine (09) parts questions from this section. At least four (04) question
from Inorganic-General Chemistry and five (05) questions from Organic Chemistry.
Each question carries 04 marks.

INORGANIC-GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Q.2
i. Explain the general group trend and irregularities of ionization energy in the periodic table.
IONIZATION ENERGY:
The minimum amount of energy which is required to remove an electron from the last shell of
an atom.
Na -2,8,1+ heat +
Na2+8 +e
TRENDS:
From top to bottom in a group in periodic table te ionization energy decrease due to increase in
number of shells and the amount of e—becomes easier as we go down the group.
From left to right alongh the periodic table the ionization energy increase due to increase in
magniitude of charge which shrinks the valence shell so e- becomes difficult need more energy.
IRREGULARITIES:
However there is some exception between between the Aluminum (Al) and Gallium (Ga) due to
poor shielding effect of 3d & 4f electrons.
In group IV-A the irregularity present between (Sn) Tin and (Pb) lead. This is because they
have same artomic radii results to lanthanide contraction, so its require more energy to remove
these electrons.
OR
Give reasons for any four of the following:
* Boiling point of halogens increases down the group in the periodic table?
Boiling point of halogen increases down the group in the periodic table because vander waal
forces increases down the group.
* Electronegativity decreases regularly from top to bottom in s-block
elements?
Because attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons decrease due to increasing
* Alkali
the metals are good conductor of electricity?
They contain
number one as
of shells electron in valence
we move from topshell which is
to bottom in free to move
s block and also have low ionization
elements.
potential values that is why alkali metals are good conductors of electricity.
* Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing agent?
Fluorine has highest electronegativity and smallest atomic size allowing it to readily accept
electron and attain a negative charge that is why it is strong oxidizing agent.
* Multidentate ligands are known as chelating agents.
Chelating means formation of ring with central metal atom, multidentate ligands forms a ring
structure with central metal atom that is why multidentate ligands called as chelating ligands.

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(ii) Give the diagonal relationship between any two of the following pairs of elements.
* Li – Mg * Be – Al * B – Si
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
The Diagonal relationship refers to the resembles in the properties of elements that located
diagonally to each other in periodic table.
Periods Groups
I-A II-A III-A IV-A
Second Li Be B C
Third Na Mg Al Si
Li : Mg Be : Al B: Si
Having sameat radii Same E.N = 1.5 Same E.N
Li = 152 Mg = 160 B = 2.0 Si = 1.8
Similar EN Li = 1.0, Mg = 1.2 Show +ve with HNO3 Similar Density 2.3562.34
Less soluble Lewis Acid Both are metallic.

(iii) Why transition elements have the tendency to form alloy? Write the name of three alloys of
transition element along with their compositions.
ALLOY FORMATION:
Alloy
metal.is homogenous mixture of two or more elements which at least one of them being
They have tendency to form alloy because of similar atomic size. They exhibit greater

strength
and rigidity.
Stainless steel & USES OF
COMPOSITION Fe,ALLOY:
Cr, Ni Cutlery, surgical instrument
Brass
The Co,are
composition and use of ally Znas follows: Plumbing
Bronze Co, Al Medal, statues

(iv) Write down the IUPAC names of the following complexes.

[Ag(NH3)2]OH diamine silver(I) hydroxide
[Fe(CN)]-46 hexacyano ferrate (II) ion
K[Cr(C2O4)2Cl2)
3 potassium dichloro dioxalato chromate (III)
[Pt(en)2(NO2)2]SO4 bis(ethylenediamine) dinitro platinum (IV) sulphate
(v) What are Pesticides? Write the name of three types of pesticides along with their specific use.
PESTICIDES
Chemicals which are used to control, repel or kill pets or insecys or fungus are pesticiedes.
They cause significant damage to crops, leading to their reduced yields and poor quality.
TYPES OF PESTICIDES:
i) Insecticides ii) Herbicides iii) Fungicides
INSECTICIDES:
Chemical substance which used to kill insects called insecticides DDT.
HERBICIDES:
Herbicides are chemicals that use to either destroy or stop growing weeds, 2, 4 – D.

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 FUNGICIDES:
Fungicides are chemical used to employ to eliminate undesired fungi within crops.
(vi) How was ozone layer formed? Explain the causes of depletion of ozone layer.
OZONE:
Ozone is produced in stratosphere region due to photochemical reaction of sun rays and O2 gas.
UV ray of sunlight breaks oxygen into free radicals. The free radicals combine to form ozone.
O UV radiation2 O. + .O
O. + O2 O3

Causes of Depletion of Ozone.

Human activities contribute in depletion of ozone. The ozone depletion is release of gas from
coolent device such as refrigrator and air conditioners. The CFCs used as coolant in
refrigeration causes of ozone depletion.
(vii) What is proton NMR spectroscopy? On what principle it works.
PROTON NMR SPECTROSCOPY
NMR stands for Nuclear magnetic Resource. Spectroscopy which deals with study of
electromagnetic radiaition with matter in radio frequency region (4 mHz to 750 mHz) is
called NMR Spectrocopy.
Nuclei having odd number of protons are active & spin into own axis. While nuclei having
even number of proton spin inactive and have 0 spin.
PRINCIPLE FOR WORKING:
The Nucleus of certain elements have random spin.
They behave like as a tiny magnetic due to their charged nature.
After absorbing radiowaves of particular frequeny they change their spin. This is called
flipping.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(viii) How is coal produced under the earth crust? Write the name of four types of coal and `
mention the %age of carbon content in them.
COAL:
Coal is derived from earth crust. It is a solid fossil fuel that has significance all over the
world. Plants that were burried underneath the earth crust it slowly turned to coal under high
temperature and pressure owing to bacterial and chemical growth.
TYPES OF COAL:

Peat 45 – 60%
Lignite 60 – 70%
Bituminous 70 – 85%
Anthracite 90 – 95%
OR
Define Homologous series and write its three general properties.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES:
The series of organic compounds in which two adjacent members are different fro each other
by methylene (CH2) group is called homologous series.
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 PROPERTIES
In Homologous series we can easily predict the molecular formula and molecular mass of
upcoming compound.
In Homologous series having same chemical properties but different physical properties.
The compound of Homologous series are manufactured by similar method.
(ix) Draw the orbital structure Ethyne and explain how it is distinguished from ethene by a
laboratory test.
STRUCTURE OF ETHYNE:

Fig. 5.3: Orbital structure of ethyne showing all sigma & pi bonds

G.S:
C(z=6) = 1s↿⇂,2 s↿ ⇂, 2 ↿p x , 2 p ↿ y , 2 p z
E.S:
C(Z=6) = 1s↿⇂, 2↿s , 2 ↿ px, 2p↿y, 2pz↿

sp
Hybridization = sp
Shape = linear
Bond Angle = 180
Bonds = 3𝜎, 2𝜋
DISTINGUISH TEST BETWEEN ETHENE & ETHYNE:
ETHENE:

CNH2H4
+ AgNO3 3 No Reaction
ETHYNE:
H – C ≡C – H + 2AgNO3 NH
3 Ag – C ≡ C – Ag + HNO3

OR
Give the equations and write the name of final product in the following process.
* Ethyne is treated with hydrogen bromide.

CH ≡ CH + HBr CH 2= CHBr
(Vinyl Bromide)
 CH3 – CHBr2
CH2 = CHBr + HBr
(Dibromo ethane)

* 1,2-dibromoethane is heated with alcoholic KOH:

BrCH –2 CH2Br + KOH  BrCH = CH2 + KBr + H2O
BrCH = CH2 + KOH  CH ≡ CH + KBr + H2O
(Ethyne)

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 O
* Ethene is ozonolyzed: CH2 CH2

CH2 = CH + O3  O–O 2HCHO + ZnO

Zn2
(ethylene ozonide) methanal
* Ethyne is treated with H2O in the presence of H2SO4/HgSO4:
CH ≡ CH + H2O  CH2 = CHOH  CH3 – CHO
Vinyl alcohol ethanal

(x) Write the IUPAC name of the following organic compounds.

O
||
* (CH)CH
32 – C – CH (CH)252 4-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hexanone
* CH–3 CH– 2OC(CH)CH32 25 2-methyl-2-ethoxy butane
* CH2 = CH – C  C – CH = CH 2 1,5-hexadiene-3-yne
* CH3 – CH = CH – CH 2 – COOH 3-pentenoic acid
(xi) Why benzene show stability towards addition reaction? Write the mechanism of nitration of
benzene.
STABILITY OF BENZENE:
Benzene shows stability towards addition reaction at extreme conditions.
The 𝜋 – bonds broken down and the benzene ring become destroyed.
The addition reaction of Benzene shows unsaturated nature of Benzene.
For example:

NITRATION:

NITRATION OF BENZENE:

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 OR
What is meant by sterio isomerism? Define Cis & Trans isomers with example.
Stereoisomers are a type of isomers that have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms
but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space, resulting in distinct
physical and chemical properties.
“Geometrical isomers are of two types, one is called cis and other is called trans”. If th
same groups lie on the same side of molecule, this is called cis isomer where as if the same
groups lie on opposite direction in the molecule, this is referred as trans-isomer.

(xii) What is Grignard reagent? Write the equation of its reaction with
* H2O * CO2 * CH3NH2
GRIGNARD REAGENT
“Grignard reagent is an organometallic compound that contains a carbon-magnesium (C-
Mg) bond”.
The name Grignard is derived from a French chemist Victor Grignard, who first ABU HURAIRA
AHMAD synthesized this compound and was subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
in 1912.

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(xiii) Why are alkyl amines basic in nature? How a primary alkyl amine is converted into
secondary and tertiary amine? Give the equation.
BASICITY OF AMINES:
Amines are basic in nature. The basicity of amines is explained by the presence of lone pair of
electrons on nitrogen atom.

(xiv) Name four derivative of carboxylic acid and write the equations of their preparation.
DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Certain compounds are structurally derived from carboxylic acids by replacing a part of functional
group of the carboxylic acid. Some common derivatives of carboxylic acids are given as:
(i) Esters: They are formed by replacing the hydrogen atom of carboxylic group with an alkyl or aryl
group. Their general formula is R-COOR.

(ii) Acid Halides: They are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid with a
halogen atom (X). Their general formula is RCOX. e.g. Acetyl chloride (CH3COCl), Propionyl
chloride (C2H5COCl) etc.

(iii) Amides: They are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid with an amino
group. Their general formula is RCONH2. e.g. Acetamide (CH3CONH2), Benzamide (C6H5CONH2)
etc.

(iv) Acid Anhydrides: They are formed by removing a water molecule from two carboxylic
molecules. Their general formula is (RCO)2O. e.g. Acetic Anhydride (CH3CO)2O
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 OR
Define Lipids and explain the following chemical behavior of fat and oil.
* Saponification * Rancidity

SECTION – C (32 Marks)

(Detailed Answer Questions)
Note: Answer any two questions. One from inorganic-bio-general chemistry and one from
organic chemistry. Each question carries 16 marks.
INORGANIC-GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Q.3 (a) With the help of a flow sheet diagram describe the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact
process. Show with the help of equation that
* H2SO4 is a dehydrating agent * H2SO4 is an oxidizing agent
SULPHURIC ACID:
Sulphuric acid is a highly corrosive and colourless liquid with a viscous texture. It is one of the most
widely used and important industrial chemical due to its versatile nature and unique properties. It is
often called oil of vitriol because in past it was obtained through the distillation of green vitriol.
Sulphuric acid is produced worldwide through using the contact process, which involves a series of
essential steps.
Step 1: Oxidation of Sulfur to Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur (S) is burned in the presence of air or oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide (SO2). The reaction
can be represented as follows:

S( s ) + O 2 ( g ) 400-500C
S O2 ( g )
Step 2: Conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is then reacted with oxygen (O2) in the presence of a catalyst (usually vanadium
pentoxide, V2O5) to form sulfur trioxide (SO3). This reaction is carried out at high temperatures:

Step 3: Hydration of Sulfur Trioxide to Sulphuric acid

Sulfur trioxide (SO)3is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to produce oleum, also
known as fuming sulphuric acid (H2S2O7). This is an exothermic reaction, and it needs to be carefully
controlled to avoid excessive heat release.
SO
3(g) + H 2S O4 ( l ) H 2 S 27 (O
l)
Step 4: Dilution of Oleum to Sulphuric acid
Finally, the oleum (HSO)
2 2 is7 diluted with water to obtain the desired concentration of sulphuric
acid. The reaction is highly exothermic and must be performed slowly and with caution:
H
2 2S2
7 (O
l) + H O (l) 2 H 2 S4 O
(l)
CONCLUSION:
Sulphuric acid obtained through the contact process is typically of high purity, often reaching a
concentration of 98%. The high purity is achieved through careful control including the purification
steps.

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 OXIDIZING AGENT:
C(s) + 2H 2SO4(aq) CO 2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
3SO
S(s) + 2H 2SO4(aq) 2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)

Cu(s) + 2H 2SO4(aq) CuSO 4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)

DEHYDRATING AGENT:
C 6H12O6
6H12O5)n(s) H2SO4 6C + 6H2O
H2SO4
(C 6nC + 5nH2O

(b) Write the balance chemical equations for the following processes.
* A mixture of carbon and silicon is heated under elevated temperature
C + Si SiC (Carborundum)
* Phosphorus is put into water
2P4 + 12H2O 3H3PO4 5PH3
* Bleaching powder is treated with hydrochloric acid
CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + Cl2
* Chlorine gas is pass through hot aqueous solution of caustic soda
3Cl2 + 6NaOH NaClO3 + 5NaCl + 3H2
* Copper is treated with concentration nitric acid
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
* A piece of chromium is put into dilute hydrochloric acid
2Cr + 6HCl 2CrCl3 + 3H2
* Reaction between KMnO4 and FeSO4 (write ionic equation)
MnO + 5Fe+24 2CrCl3 + 3H2
* Reaction between K2Cr2O7 and FeSO4 (write ionic equation)
Cr +32O76Fe+2
+ + 14H+ 2Cr + 6Fe + 7H2O
Q.4 Describe various steps involve in the extraction of 99.99% pure copper from its
chalcopyrite ore.
COPPER:
Copper is reddish brown in clour. It is dense, melleable and ductile. It is known for its higher
electrical conductivity. The copper is used in wires, motors, cables, plumbing and piping.
METALLURGY OF COPPER:
The chief ore of copper metal is copper pyrite or chalcopyrite having chemical formula CuFeS2.
This ore contains 6% CuFeS2 and 94% gangue particles or impurities. There are five steps for the
extraction of 100% pure copper metal from its chalcopyrite ore.

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 STEP#1 (CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE)
First of all, the gangue particles from copper pyrite ore are removed. It’s done by means of froth
floatation process. The crushed copper pyrite ore is mixed with a mixture of water and pine oil. Air
is introduced into the mixture so that the gangue particles settle down while copper pyrite ore is
deposited at the top.

Fig 2.4: Concentration process of copper ore

STEP#2 (ROASTIN OF CONCENTRATED ORE)

In this step the concentrated copper pyrite ore is heated at high temperature in a kiln or
reverberatory furnace. Copper pyrite ore is thermally decomposed into cuprous sulphide (Cu2S),
ferrous oxide (FeO) and Sulphur dioxide gas (SO2).

STEP#3 (SMELTING OF ROASTED PYRITE ORE)

Roasted copper pyrite ore is then introduced into a blast furnace along-with silica (SiO2) and coal.
Hot air is blown inside the furnace by means of tuyeres. The temperature inside furnace reaches to
1200 °C to 1500 °C. At this temperature, ferrous oxide reacts with silica to form ferrous silicate
which is also known as slag. The slag remains at the top of molten matte (Cu2S). Slag is removed
from the
top and it can be
F eused
O + for S
making roads.
 – 1500C
i O 1200C 
FeSiO 3
2 (Slag)
(iron oxide) (Silica)
STEP#4 (BESSEMERIZATION OF MATTE)
Matte (CuS)
2 is then transferred into Bessemer converter in which matte reacts with oxygen gas to
form a mixture of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and Sulfur dioxide gas (SO2). Cuprous oxide finally reacts
with cuprous sulphide to produce blister copper which is 99% pure. Due to the evolution of SO2 gas
from copper, blisters are formed on its surface. Hence, it’s known as blister copper. Blister copper
contains 1% impurities that’s why it is not suitable for making wires as it the impurities produces
resistance in the flow of electric current.
2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2

Fig. 2.5: Structure of Bessemer Converter

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 STEP#5 (ELECTROLYTIC REFINING OF BLISTER COPPER)
The impurities of blister copper can be removed by electrolytic method. The electrolytic cell used for this
purpose is made up of blister copper anode and pure copper cathode. Copper sulphate solution is used as
electrolyte. When an electric current of 1.3 volts is passed through the cell, copper metal is oxidized at
anode to form Cu+2 ions by the loss of two electrons. Cu+2 ions are reduced into pure copper metal at
cathode by the gain of two electrons. The impurities of blister copper are deposited below anode as anode
mud. In this manner, 100% pure copper metal is produced which can be used for making wires.

Cu C u+ 2 + 2 e̅̅ (oxidation at anode)

(Blister copper)
C u+ 2 + 2 e̅̅ Cu (reduction at cathode)

OR
Explain the following properties of transition elements.
* Catalytic property * Paramagnetic property
* Variable oxidation state * Colour formation
CATALYTIC PROPERTY
Transition elements and their compounds can be used as catalyst to increase the rate of reaction.
For example:
* In contact process, V2O5 is used as catalyst.
* In Haber’s process Fe is used as catalyst.
* In Ostwald’s process Pt is used as catalyst.
* In hydrogenation reactions Ni is used as catalyst etc.
MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR
Those elements which are attracted towards magnetic are called para magnetic elements and those
elements which are not attracted towards magnet are called diamagnetic elements.
Most of the transition elements are paramagnetic in nature due to the presence of unpaired electron.
Unpaired electrons give raise to magnetic behavior in an element.
The elements of group II-B do not have unpaired electron, that’s why they are diamagnetic.
Variable Oxidation State
The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom to acquire stability is called oxidation number.
Transition elements exhibits variable oxidation states or variable valency because they can make
bond with ns orbital as well as (n-1)d orbital. Elements of group I-B such as Zn/Cd/Hg/Cn only have
+2 oxidation state. Due to this reason, they are also known as pseudo transition elements.
Colour of Complexes
Transition elements can form colored compounds which can be explained by Crystal Field Theory
(CFT). According to this theory, d-orbitals split into two parts i.e; t2g and e.g orbitals. t2g has lower

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 energy than e.g orbitals. The difference in energies between t2g and e.g orbital is Δo. When light rays
fall on any transition metal compound then t2g orbitals absorb light of a specific wavelength and
jumps to e.g orbital. When electrons from e.g orbitals return back to t2g orbital, they emit light rays of
reciprocal wavelength.
For example, Copper Sulphate (CuSO) contains Cu+24 ions. Cupric ions absorb red and green light.
They radiate blue light afterwards so that copper sulphate appears blue in color.
Elements of group II-B have full filled valence orbital so that d-d transition is not possible. Due to this
reason, they form white compounds instead of colored compounds. Hence, they are called pseudo
transition elements.
(b) What is meant by acid rain describe its causes and adverse effect on human life s
ACID RAIN:

The term caid rain was first introduced by an English chemist Robert Angus in 1872. Acid rain refers
to rainfall that has acidic components such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid and carbonic acid. The pH of
normal rainfall generally ranges between 6 to 6.5 but the pH of acid rain is below 5. Pollutants like
oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur are present in the atmosphere. These oxides may undergo
chemical reaction with atmospheric water to produced sulfuric acid, nitric acid and carbonic acid.
These acidic components mixed with rainwater and fall to the earth as acid rain.
Acid rain has several adverse effects on the environment and human life. For example:
1 Acid rain increases the acidity of rivers, which affect negatively on aquatic animal and plants causing
a disturbance of eco system.
. Acid rain reduces soil fertility due to lowing in soil pH from their normal range and ultimately
affects on crops production.
2 Acid rain causes corrosion of building, bridges and other concrete and metal things.
Acid rain makes underground water toxic and undrinkable.
.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.5
3 (a) What is meant by orientation of benzene? Explain orthopara and meta directing group.
Write the equation for the preparation of TNT and m-nitro toluene from benzene.
. SUBSTITUENT EFFECT/ ORIENTATION OF BENZENE
4 When an electrophile reacts with benzene, a monosubstituted product is obtained. The second
. electrophile is substituted according to the substituent effect of first electrophile,
“The effect of first substituent on the incoming electrophilic reagent is known as substituent effect or
orientation in benzene”

Ortho, para directing groups “These substituent groups when attached to benzene
ring, direct incoming Electrophilic
substituents to the ortho and para positions” . They increase the electron density on ortho and para
positions through resonance effect. The increased electron density on these positions make more
attraction for the incoming electrophile to attack.

FACULTY TEACHER : SIR ASIF IZHAR | SIR FAIZAN SIDDIQUI | SIR ANAS SOORTI | SIR NAVEED HASAN | SIR FAHAD KHAN | SIR TALHA
 PREPARATION OF TNT

PREPARATION OF m-nitrotoluene

(b) Draw the structure of the following organic molecules:

(i) Isopropylbutanoate
O CH3
|| |
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – O – CH – CH3

(ii) Ethyl neo-pentyl ether

CH3
|
C2H5 – O – CH2 C – CH3
|
CH3
(iii) Divinylacetylene
CH2 = CH – C ≡ C – CH = CH2
(iv) p-cresol

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 (v) Pyrogallol

(vi) -methyl butyric acid

O
||
CH3 – CH – CH2 – C – OH
|
CH3

(vii) Benzamide

(viii) Benzen-1,4-dioic acid

Q.6 What is meant by nucleophile? Give the mechanism of

* SN1 reaction between 3 alkyl halide and NaOH
* SN2 reactions between 1 alkyl halide and NaCN
NUCLEOPHILE
The Nucleophile is electron rich central. It is nucleus lover. It is neutral or negative.

Example: HO, NH, Cl-,

3 Br-, OH-, CN-, CHCOO-2
3 etc.
SN1 MECHANISM
It is unimolecular bi-step SN reaction. “The SN1 reaction mechanism proceeds in two distinct steps,
with the first step involving the departure of the leaving group (the halogen atom) from the substrate
molecule, leading to the formation of a carbocation intermediate, followed by nucleophilic attack in
the second step”.
Step-1: Departure of halogen from substrate to form carbocation

(Rate determining step)

(tert-butyl bromide) (carbocation)

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 Step-2: Attack of strong nucleophile on carbocation to form product

(carbocation) (nucelophile) (product)

Tertiary alkyl halides undergo SN1 reactions more readily than primary or secondary alkyl halides
due to the stabilizing effect of electron-donating alkyl groups, and favoring the formation of the
carbocation intermediate, thus facilitating the SN1 reaction.
Chemical reactions that processed via the SN1 mechanism exhibit first-order Kinetics, and the
rate of the reaction is dependent on the concentration of the substrate, not on the nucleophile
involved in the reaction.
R = K [Substrate]
SN2 MECHANISM
It is bimolecular single step SN reaction “In the SN2 mechanism, bond formation
and bond breaking occur simultaneously in a single step process”. The
nucleophile directly attacks the
electrophilic carbon atom of the substrate, leading to the departure of the halogen atom attached
to the electrophilic carbon. The nucleophile attacks from the back side because the front side is
sterically hindered by the nucleophile of the substrate.

(Attacking (Substrate) (Transition state) Product)

Nucleophile)

The SN2 mechanism is typically observed in primary alkyl halides and methyl haldies because
primary carbocation and methyl carbocation are highly unstable due to the lack of electron
donating alkyl groups.
The SN2 mechanism is followed by second order kinetics which means that the reaction rate is
dependent upon the concentration of both substrate and attacking nucleophile.
R = K [Substrate][ 𝐍 �̅ �̅ ]
OR
What are Carbohydrates? Classify them on the basis of structure and give their biological
significance.
CARBOHYDRATE
“Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones are called carbohydrates.”
Carbohydrate is a nutrient for human beings and animals.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE
On the basis of structures, carbohydrates can be classified into four categories:
1) Monosaccharides
2) Disaccharides
3) Oligosaccharides
4) Polysaccharides

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 1) Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides contain a single sugar unit. For example: glucose, fructose, galactose etc.
Monosaccharides are further classified on the basis of number of carbon atoms.

Class of
Monosaccharide Formula Examples

Triose C3H6O3 Glyceraldehyde

Tetrose C4H8O4 Erythrose
Pentose C5H10O5 Ribose
Hexose C6H12O6 Glucose

. Glucosesugars
Hexose is an example
are classified
of into aldohexoseand ketohexose
aldohexose because it contains aldehyde group while fructose is an example of ketohexose
because it contains ketone group.
Glucose and fructose exist in both open chain and closed chain form. However, the open chain
form is relatively unstable. The close chain form of glucose is called pyranose (6 membered
ring) whereas the close chain form of fructose is called furanose (5 membered ring).

2) Disaccharides:-
Disaccharides contain two sugar units. For example: sucrose lactose, maltose etc.
Monosaccharides are joined together though ‘glycosidic bond’ to form disaccharide. (O-C-O) bond
is called glycosidic bond. It’s formed through a condensation reaction by the elimination of water
molecule.

3) Oligosaccharides (Oligo = Few)

Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 sugar units.
For example: kestose (glucose+fructose+fructose), melezitose (glucose+fructose+glucose)
4) Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides contain more than 10 sugar units. For example: cellulose, starch, glycogen etc.
Polysaccharides are macromolecules or polymers of monosaccharides. They are amorphous,
water insoluble and made up of more than 10 hexose sugars.
Hexose units are joined together by glycosidic bond.
Polysaccharides are further classified into animal polysaccharides and plant polysaccharides. An

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 example of animal polysaccharide is glycogen, which is found in the liver of animals.
It’s a storage of carbohydrate and commonly known as anima starch.
Examples of plant polysaccharide are starch and cellulose. Starch is found in potato, wheat, barley
etc. Cellulose is found in the cell wall of plant.

ROLE OF COMMON CARBOHYDRATES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

GLUCOSE
It’s a vital component of our blood. The normal range of glucose in blood ranges between 70 to 110
mg per 100 dl. However, if glucose level exceeds this range, it can lead to Diabetes.
FRUCTOSE
It is found in fruits and honey. It’s the sweetest sugar.
LACTOSE
It’s a disaccharide. It’s found in milk so it’s also known as milk sugar. It’s broken down into glucose
and galactose in the alimentary canal by the enzymic activity.
SUCROSE
It’s also a disaccharide and made up of a glucose and a fructose sugar. It’s known as table sugar or
cane sugar. An excess amount of sucrose in our diet can cause the development of gum disease such
as plaque formation in the teeth and even tooth decay.

(b) Write the equation for the following reactions.

* 
Oxidation of 2-alcohol with KCrO/HSO4
2 2 7 2

* Reaction of phenol with H2SO4 at 20C

* Reduction of acetaldehyde with Zn(Hg) amalgam

* Reaction of an aldehyde with tollen’s reagent

O O
|| ||
H – C – H + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH H – C – ONH4 + 2Ag + 3NH3  + H2O

* Dehydration of ethyl alcohol at 170C in conc. H2SO4

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 * Reaction of ethylene glycol with periodic acid.

* Reduction of acetic acid with LiAlH4

O O
|| ||
LiAlH4
CH3 – C – OH + 2[H] CH3 – C – H + H2O
Acetic acid Aceraldehyde

O OH
|| |
LiAlH4
CH3 – C – H + 2 [H] CH3 – C – H
Aceraldehyde |
H
Ethanol
* Oxidation of 1-alcohol with PCC.

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