Group 3

Chapter VI: Forms of Popular Culture in the

Philippines

Philippine Popular Beliefs and Practices

Philippine popular beliefs and practices have evolved over time while retaining core
elements of tradition. In the 1980s, superstitions and indigenous rituals were prevalent
alongside Catholic traditions. The early 1900s saw a mix of indigenous and American
influences, with a shift towards Western-style education and Christianity. In the 1950s,
there was a resurgence of traditional beliefs post-war, while the 2000s witnessed
globalization and technological advancements shaping cultural norms. Today, Filipino
culture reflects a dynamic blend of tradition and modernity, with superstitions coexisting
with scientific explanations and secular practices, and a strong emphasis on family ties,
respect for elders, and religious devotion.

1900s: Hermano Pule was a religious leader who led the Cofradia de San José, a
brotherhood advocating for native religious practices during the late 19th century.

Beliefs:

 Syncretism of indigenous beliefs with Catholicism, resulting in hybrid practices.

 Superstitions regarding agriculture, ancestral spirits, and celestial influences.

Practices:

 Herbal remedies and rituals conducted by babaylan (indigenous healers).

 Fiestas venerating patron saints, featuring processions and communal feasting.
  Rituals invoking protection and guidance from ancestral spirits.

1950s: The Santo Niño de Cebú is an icon depicting the Child Jesus, venerated for its
perceived miraculous powers.

Beliefs:

 Many believed in the miraculous powers of the Santo Niño de Cebú, often
seeking its intercession for healing, protection, and blessings.

Practices:

 Devotees would attend processions, offer prayers, and participate in religious

rituals centered around the Santo Niño de Cebú.

1980s: Maria Makiling is a mythical figure believed to dwell in Mount Makiling in

Laguna. She is often depicted as a guardian of nature, associated with healing, fertility,
and protection.

Beliefs:

 Belief in supernatural beings such as Maria Makiling, tikbalang (half-horse, half-

human creature), and kapre (tree-dwelling giant).

Practices:
 Pagmamano (hand blessing) as a gesture of respect to elders.
 Pagtatawas (divination using melted wax or oil) for guidance or diagnosis.
 Anting-anting (amulets) believed to offer protection or luck.

2000s: Our Lady of Peñafrancia is a Marian devotion centered in Naga City, Camarines
Sur, revered for its reputed miracles.

Beliefs:
  Coexistence of traditional superstitions with modern beliefs influenced by
globalization.
 Emphasis on religious devotion and saintly intercession.

Practices:

 Online devotional activities, such as sharing prayers and religious images on

social media.
 Utilization of herbal remedies alongside modern healthcare practices.
 Integration of indigenous rituals into Catholic ceremonies and celebrations.

Present: The Black Nazarene is a dark-colored statue of Jesus Christ bearing the
Cross, venerated for its supposed miraculous properties.

Beliefs:

 The persistence of traditional superstitions alongside increasing acceptance of

scientific explanations.
 Continued reverence for Catholic icons and saints, sought for intercession.

Practices:

 Participation in religious processions and devotions, including the veneration of

religious icons.
 Incorporation of indigenous customs into contemporary cultural expressions.
 Advocacy for environmental and social justice informed by religious convictions.
Philippine Entertainment

The 1950s marked the Golden Age of Philippine Cinema, with the emergence of iconic
stars and timeless classics that captivated both local and international audiences. As
the 21st century unfolded, Philippine entertainment evolved with technological
advancements, witnessing the rise of multimedia platforms, celebrity influencers, and a
fusion of global and local influences.

Presently, Philippine entertainment continues to thrive with a diverse array of content

that celebrates the country's rich cultural heritage and creative talent, resonating with
audiences both domestically and internationally.

1900s: During the early 1900s, one of the most influential figures in Philippine
entertainment was Juan Tamad, a character created by Filipino writer and playwright,
Pascual Poblete. Juan Tamad, portrayed as a lazy yet endearing protagonist in various
stories and plays, became a beloved folkloric figure and symbol of Filipino humor.

1950s: In the 1950s, the Philippine film industry experienced its Golden Age, with stars
like Rosa Rosal shining brightly. Rosal was celebrated for her beauty, grace, and
exceptional acting talent, starring in timeless classics such as "Biography of a Filipino"
and "Hindi Mo Ako Susuwayin" (You Will Not Defy Me).

1980s: In the 1980s, the Philippine entertainment industry was dominated by iconic
figures such as Fernando Poe Jr., known as the "King of Philippine Movies." Poe's
action-packed films, such as "Ang Panday" (The Blacksmith), captured the imagination
of audiences and solidified his status as a legendary action star.
2000s: Transitioning into the 21st century, Regine Velasquez emerged as one of the
most influential figures in Philippine entertainment. Known as the "Asia's Songbird,"
Velasquez captivated audiences with her powerful voice and versatility, earning
numerous awards and accolades for her music and acting career, including blockbuster
films like "Pangako Ikaw Lang" (Promise Only You).

Present: Today, one of the most prominent icons in Philippine entertainment is Kathryn
Bernardo. Rising to fame as a teen actress, Bernardo has successfully transitioned into
diverse roles, captivating audiences with her charm and talent. She has starred in hit
television series like "Got to Believe" and blockbuster films such as "Hello, Love,
Goodbye," solidifying her status as a modern-day Philippine entertainment icon.

Philippine Music

Philippine music has evolved significantly across different eras. In the 1980s, it saw the
emergence of Original Pilipino Music (OPM), blending traditional Filipino elements with
contemporary styles. During the early 1900s, a mix of indigenous traditions and
Western influences shaped Philippine music. The 1950s marked a period of transition,
with the popularization of various genres and the rise of influential artists. In the early
2000s, technological advancements and changing consumer preferences transformed
Philippine music, while the present era sees OPM thriving, with artists exploring diverse
genres and gaining international recognition. Throughout history, Philippine music
reflects the country's cultural richness and musical diversity.

1900s: During the early 1900s, National Artist for Music Nicanor Abelardo was a
prominent figure in Philippine music. His compositions, including "Mutya ng Pasig" and
"Nasaan Ka Irog," exemplify the romantic and nostalgic themes prevalent in Kundiman,
a traditional Filipino love song genre.
1950s: In the 1950s, Sylvia La Torre emerged as a beloved icon in Philippine music,
particularly known for her exceptional vocal talent and mastery of Kundiman. Her
rendition of classics like "Sa Kabukiran" and "Waray Waray" resonated deeply with
audiences during the era.

1980s: In the 1980s, the Apo Hiking Society stood out as one of the most influential
musical groups in the Philippines. With hits like "Panalangin" and "Ewan," they became
synonymous with OPM (Original Pilipino Music) and left an indelible mark on the era's
musical landscape.

2000s: Transitioning into the 21st century, Regine Velasquez became a trailblazing icon
in Philippine music. Known as "Asia's Songbird," she achieved immense success with
her powerful vocals and versatile performances, dominating the music scene with hits
like "Dadalhin" and "Pangarap Ko Ang Ibigin Ka."

Present: Today, Philippine music continues to evolve with a fusion of traditional and
contemporary styles. Artists like Ben&Ben and Moira Dela Torre are at the forefront,
producing chart-topping hits that resonate with audiences both locally and globally,
while still celebrating the rich musical heritage of the Philippines.

Philippine Dance

Philippine dance has evolved over the decades, blending traditional and contemporary
influences. In the 1980s, there was a resurgence of traditional forms alongside modern
trends. The early 1900s saw a mix of indigenous and Spanish-influenced dances. The
1950s marked a cultural revival, embracing modern interpretations of traditional styles.
By the 2000s, Philippine dance became more eclectic, blending traditional and
contemporary techniques. Today, it continues to evolve, with artists exploring innovative
ways to express Filipino identity while embracing global influences.
1900s: During the early 1900s, Francisca Reyes-Aquino emerged as a pioneering
figure in Philippine dance. Known as the "Mother of Philippine Dancing," she
meticulously documented and preserved traditional Filipino dances, including the Subli,
Cariñosa, and Pantomina, ensuring their cultural legacy for future generations.

1950s: In the 1950s, Leonor Orosa-Goquingco became a celebrated icon in Philippine

dance. Recognized as the "Trailblazer of Philippine Dance," she combined classical
ballet techniques with indigenous Filipino movements, choreographing groundbreaking
works such as "La Revoltosa" and "Vinta."

1980s: In the 1980s, the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company stood out as a
prominent icon in Philippine dance. Renowned for their vibrant performances
showcasing traditional Filipino dances such as the Tinikling, Pandanggo sa Ilaw, and
Singkil, they became ambassadors of Philippine culture on the international stage.

2000s: Transitioning into the 21st century, the Philippine All-Stars emerged as
influential icons in contemporary Philippine dance. With their innovative choreography
and electrifying performances, they popularized urban dance styles such as hip-hop,
breaking, and street dance, winning numerous international competitions and inspiring a
new generation of dancers.

Present: Today, G-Force Dance Center stands as a prominent figure in Philippine

dance. Led by Georcelle Dapat-Sy, they have become synonymous with precision,
style, and creativity in dance choreography. G-Force has choreographed for numerous
music videos, concerts, and television shows, shaping the landscape of contemporary
dance in the Philippines.
Philippine Cinema

Philippine cinema has evolved significantly across different eras. In the 1980s, it
showcased diverse genres reflecting societal dynamics. The early 1900s marked its
inception with silent films and local experimentation. The 1950s represented a golden
age with internationally acclaimed films centered on social themes. By the 2000s,
independent cinema emerged, exploring alternative narratives. Presently, Filipino
filmmakers continue to produce a variety of content reflecting contemporary issues and
cultural heritage, enriching the nation's cinematic landscape.

1900s: During the early 1900s, the silent film "Dalagang Bukid" (Country Maiden),
starring Atang de la Rama, emerged as a landmark in Philippine cinema. Atang de la
Rama, considered the "Queen of Kundiman" for her contributions to music, showcased
her acting prowess in this silent film, solidifying her status as a multi-talented performer
and early film icon.

1950s: In the 1950s, Rosa Rosal rose to prominence as one of the most beloved
actresses in Philippine cinema. Known as the "Helen of Troy of Philippine Movies," she
starred in classic films such as "Sa Kabila ng Lahat" (Beyond All) and "Anak Dalita"
(The Ruins), captivating audiences with her beauty, talent, and emotional depth.

1980s: In the 1980s, Fernando Poe Jr. was an iconic figure in Philippine cinema.
Known as the "King of Philippine Movies," he starred in numerous action films such as
"Ang Panday" (The Blacksmith) and "Isang Bala Ka Lang" (Just One Bullet), cementing
his status as a legendary action star and cultural icon.
2000s: Transitioning into the 21st century, Vilma Santos became a prominent figure in
Philippine cinema. Known as the "Star for All Seasons," she transitioned from being a
popular child star in the 1960s to a critically acclaimed actress and politician. Her
notable films include "Anak" (Child) and "In My Life," earning her numerous awards and
accolades throughout her career.

Present: Today, Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla, collectively known as KathNiel,
are prominent icons in Philippine cinema. Rising to fame as a love team, they have
starred in numerous blockbuster films such as "She's Dating the Gangster" and "The
Hows of Us," capturing the hearts of audiences with their on-screen chemistry and
versatility as actors.

Philippine Food

Philippine food has evolved over different periods, blending indigenous flavors with
foreign influences. In the 1980s, it showcased diverse dishes, while the early 1900s saw
a fusion of local and Spanish colonial cuisine. The 1950s marked a culinary
renaissance, emphasizing traditional and regional specialties. By the 2000s,
globalization influenced Filipino cuisine, leading to innovative interpretations of classic
dishes. Today, Philippine food continues to evolve, with chefs experimenting with
sustainable ingredients and contemporary gastronomy while preserving traditional
flavors.

1900s: During the early 1900s, one of the most iconic Filipino foods was Adobo, which
has roots dating back to the pre-colonial era. This dish, featuring meat (often pork or
chicken) cooked in vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, and spices, exemplifies the blending of
indigenous Filipino ingredients and Spanish cooking techniques.

1950s: In the 1950s, Lechon became a popular icon of Philippine cuisine. This
traditional Filipino dish consists of a whole roasted pig, seasoned with herbs and spices,
resulting in crispy skin and tender, flavorful meat. Lechon is often served at special
occasions and celebrations, symbolizing abundance and festivity.

1980s: In the 1980s, Jollibee emerged as an iconic fast-food chain in the Philippines.
Known for its signature Chickenjoy and Jolly Spaghetti, Jollibee became a beloved
symbol of Filipino comfort food and family dining, establishing itself as a cultural icon
during this period.

2000s: Transitioning into the 21st century, one iconic Filipino dish that gained
international recognition is Halo-Halo. This beloved dessert is a colorful mix of shaved
ice, sweet beans, fruits, jelly, and leche flan, topped with evaporated milk and ice
cream. Halo-Halo reflects the Philippines' tropical climate and diverse culinary
influences.

Present: Today, the sisig has emerged as a popular icon in Philippine food. Originating
from Pampanga, sisig is a sizzling pork dish made from chopped pig's face and ears,
seasoned with calamansi, onions, and chili peppers. It has gained popularity not only
locally but also internationally, with variations featuring seafood, chicken, and tofu,
showcasing the adaptability and creativity of Filipino culinary traditions in the modern
era.

Philippine Fashion

Philippine fashion has evolved over different periods, reflecting a mix of global
influences and local heritage. In the 1980s, it embraced bold colors and oversized
silhouettes influenced by Western fashion. The early 1900s saw a fusion of European
styles with indigenous elements during Spanish colonial rule. The 1950s marked a
revival of traditional attire like the terno, adorned with intricate embroidery. By the
2000s, Filipino designers gained international recognition, blending traditional and
modern aesthetics. Today, Philippine fashion continues to innovate, drawing inspiration
from local culture while embracing global trends on the world stage.

1900s: During the early 1900s, the baro't saya emerged as the quintessential Filipino
attire for women. The baro't saya consists of a blouse (baro) and a skirt (saya), typically
made from delicate fabrics such as piña or jusi and adorned with intricate embroidery.
This elegant ensemble symbolized Filipino femininity and grace, with variations in style
and detailing reflecting regional and cultural diversity across the Philippines.

1950s: In the 1950s, Western influences began to shape Philippine fashion, leading to
the popularity of tailored suits and dresses. Women embraced the "Terno" with a
modern twist, featuring streamlined silhouettes and bold patterns. Men's fashion saw
the rise of the "Americana" suit, characterized by its slim-cut trousers and fitted jackets,
reflecting the post-war era's optimism and economic growth.

1980s: In the 1980s, the "Maria Clara" style experienced a revival, influenced by the
popularity of traditional Filipino attire. This period saw the rise of designers like Pitoy
Moreno, who incorporated intricate embroidery and indigenous fabrics into their
creations. The "Terno" also made a comeback, with its butterfly sleeves and elegant
silhouettes, becoming a symbol of Filipino femininity and national pride.

2000s: Transitioning into the 21st century, Filipino fashion became increasingly diverse
and eclectic, blending traditional elements with contemporary aesthetics. Designers like
Rajo Laurel and Cary Santiago gained recognition for their innovative designs, which
fused Filipino textiles and craftsmanship with modern silhouettes. The "modern
Filipiniana" emerged as a popular choice for formal events, featuring updated versions
of classic Filipino attire with sleeker lines and embellishments.

Present: Today, Filipino fashion continues to evolve with the rise of streetwear and
sustainable fashion. Local designers such as Carl Jan Cruz and Ken Samudio are
gaining attention for their eco-conscious collections, using locally sourced materials and
artisanal techniques. Streetwear brands like Team Manila and Proudrace are also
making waves, catering to the younger generation with their urban-inspired designs that
reflect Filipino culture and identity.