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BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR EDUCATION

“SIMON RODRIGUEZ” EXPERIMENTAL UNIVERSITY

CANOABO CORE

MAIN ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Teacher: Student:

Jose Vera Marbelce Ojeda

CI 23,440,111
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YO. INTRODUCTION

Knowledge of the different types of animal production systems is of utmost importance for human

development, we all depend greatly on agriculture, therefore the following text describes point by point

the production systems, classification and the most exploited livestock species and breeds worldwide.
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11.1 INDEX

Content
YO. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................2
Content..............................................................................................................................................3
MAIN ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS..............................................................................3
Industrial systems..........................................................................................................................3
Mixed systems...............................................................................................................................4
grazing system...............................................................................................................................4
2.1 INTENSIVE.......................................................................................................................5
2.2 EXTENSIVE......................................................................................................................5
3 MAIN SPECIES USED IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.....................................6
4.1 LARGER SPECIES:...............................................................................................................6
Main breeds:..................................................................................................................................7
4.1 MINOR SPECIES...................................................................................................................7
TABLE 4 NATIONAL PRODUCTION BY ITEM (FEDEAGRO SOURCE)..........................11
IV. CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................13
ANNEX 7. RABBIT BREEDS...................................................................................................18

III.DEVELOPMENT

MAIN ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

There are three main types of animal production:

industrial system

Mixed systems

grazing system

Industrial systems

Industrial livestock systems are those animals that are separated from the land and constitute the basis of

feed supply and waste disposal. These systems depend on external supplies of feed, energy and other

inputs.
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These produce 50% of pig and poultry meat production and 10% of sheep and beef production. The excess
of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients due to the significant volumes of feed imports can generate manure
disposal problems and poses a potential risk of contamination.

Mixed systems

Mixed agricultural systems, crops and livestock production are integrated into the same farm. These
systems produce the highest percentage of total meat 54% and milk 90% worldwide and are the most used
in small-scale agriculture in many developing countries.

grazing system

The grazing system is defined as livestock systems in which more than 90% of the dry matter supplied as
feed to the animals comes from the land of pastures, pastures, annual forages and purchased feed and less
than 10% of the value of production total comes from non-livestock agricultural activities. Regarding total
production, grazing systems account for only 9% of the world meat production. Although they represent
the only source of income for more than 20 million pastoral families.

1. Animal production systems

It is the set of plants and animals that, under certain environmental conditions, are managed by
man with specific techniques and tools that allow him to obtain a product useful to society.
It can be said that it is the balanced and harmonious way in which the factors of production are
combined to achieve products or services efficiently. Environmental, technical and socioeconomic
elements intervene in this system, each element of the system has influence on the others. In each
production system it presents its own dynamics.

The characteristics of animal production systems:

Economically profitable
Biologically efficient
Ecologically sustainable.

2. TYPES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

intensive production system

Extensive production system

2.1 INTENSIVE
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This system makes intensive use of the means of production, exploiting crops or animal husbandry to the

maximum, using management, labor, specialized inputs and capitalization.

High capital investment per unit area

Modern energy utilization

Use of specialized labor

High degree of mechanization

Well-established marketing channels

Good nutritional management

Good sanitary management

Uses of specialized breeds

Environmental control

All species can be produced

High performance

2.2 EXTENSIVE

The extensive system is based on the use of livestock species of zootechnical interest capable of effectively

taking advantage of natural resources through grazing. These livestock species are adapted to the limiting

and ecological factors of the environment in which they develop.

Little capital investment per unit of area

Use of traditional technology

No specialized labor required

Manual practices predominate

Food based mainly on grazing

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Ruminants are mainly produced

Production is seasonal

There is wastage of forage

Poor marketing channels Animals are exposed to environmental restrictions and predators
Low performance

3 MAIN SPECIES USED IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

The main species are:

Poultry farming such as birds, Ostriches, Turkeys, Geese, Duck, Partridges, Pheasants, Chickens. Likewise

the cattle

Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pigs, Bovines, Buffaloes, Oxen, rabbit breeding.

4 . RACES OF DIFFERENT MAJOR AND MINOR SPECIES

4.1 LARGER SPECIES:

They are those domestic species that are larger in size. The main ones are: Bovines, Equines, buffaloes and

sheep.

Main breeds:

CATTLE: Shorthorn, Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Charolaise, Limousin, Pardo, Fleckvieh

simental, Zebu, Nerole, Brangus, Bradford, Jersey.

Equines: Andalusian, Arabian, Tennessee walking Horse, Thoroughbred, Apalusa, Morgan,

Percherones, Mustang, Friesian, Araapaloosa, Akhal-teke, Austurcon, Aztec, Alter real,

Bardigiano, Berber, Breton, Buckskin, Basuto, Budyonny, Don, Falabella.

Buffaloes: Domestic water buffalo, Wild water buffalo, Murrah, Nili ravi, Mediterranean,

Jafarabadi, Bulgarian Murrah.

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4.1 MINOR SPECIES

They are those domestic species that are smaller in size. The main ones are:

Thistles, birds, goats, rabbit, fish.

Main breeds:

Pigs: Duroc, large, Whitete, Berk, Shire, Landrace, Hampshire, Piertrain, Yorkshire.

Goats (goats): Saanen, Boer, Spanish goat, Kiko, Miotonica, Jamnapari, Kalahari red, Andalusian.

Birds: Domestic chicken, turkeys, geese, guinea pigs, pigeons and doves.

Rabbits: Hotot White, Lionhead Rex, Belier, Chinchilla.

Fish: Crustaceans, Mollusks, Cyprinids, Catta-catta, Clams, Carpin, Salmo salar.

Sheep: Suffolk, Hampshire Down, Finnish Landrace, Texel, Border-Leicester.

TABLE 1. ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN RATIONAL (EXTENSIVE) GRAZING SYSTEM AND

CONFINEMENT

(INTENSIVE).
VARIABLES Rational grazing lockdown
Number of animals 25 25
Number of hectares 6.5 6.5
Number of days of evolution 137 137
Initial average weight per animal (kg) 294 294
Final average weight per animal (kg) 393 444
Average gain per animal(kg) 99 150
Average daily gain per animal(kg) 0,722 1.0948
Average daily gain per hectare a(kg) 2,776 4.2107

Total gain in 6.5 ha/period (kg) 2472 3749.62

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Total profit per hectare/period 380.30 576.86

Projected profit/ha for one year (kg) 1013,24 1536.90
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Analysis: the annual profit per hectare projected for one year, shows that the intensive system

(confinement) is more profitable.

TABLE 2. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

extensive system intensive system

Advantages
- Greater efficiency, since for the same
investment, you obtain greater
-The soil is eroded less, compared to
production in the shortest possible time.
intensive livestock farming.- -Fewer
- Greater flexibility, as it adapts to
energy, labor and material resources are
market demand easily. -More
required per hectare.
homogeneity in production, resulting in
-They allow ecosystems and species
products with equal characteristics.
diversity to be preserved. According to
experts, it allows obtaining higher
quality products.
-Animals receive more ethical treatment
and have greater well-being. For that
reason, they suffer from fewer illnesses
and behavioral problems.

Disadvantages -It requires a large investment in

-It is more inefficient (requires higher facilities, technologies, labor and food.
costs) than intensive livestock farming. - - Composite feed generated from
The production cycle is longer than that agricultural and livestock remains is
of intensive livestock farming, and does used.
not necessarily adjust to the - Although there are many health
requirements of consumers. -That is, controls, there are times when it is
there may be periods in which there is inevitable that diseases appear, such as
no production (because it is not the time avian flu or mad cow disease. -Cattle are
in which the animal resource can be subject to stress conditions (continuous
obtained), but there is a demand that light, artificial fattening, etc.) to increase
could be satisfied. production.
-By not focusing on cost reduction, like - Sometimes semi-stable breeding is
intensive livestock farming, their necessary, that is, part of the time in a
products are usually more expensive and stable and part of the time on pasture.
less competitive in prices in the market.
-The products are not homogeneous,
making them less attractive in the
market.
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-It requires large lands, and to dispose of -The high production of excrement
them in some cases deforestation is (slurry) can contaminate the soil and
resorted to. water.

Analysis: The selection of the production system will depend on the owner of the property and his

technical advisors, since each one has its advantages and disadvantages. Personally, an extensive or semi-

intensive system is the most appropriate, since well managed it has less environmental impact.

TABLE 3. GROWTH IN MEAT PRODUCTION BY REGION AND TYPE OF MEAT

Analysis : growth in carcass meat production of all species is observed in the countries

developed and developing, it is natural in view of the fact that the human population increases year by
year.
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TABLE 4 NATIONAL PRODUCTION BY ITEM (FEDEAGRO SOURCE)

Subsector production value

animal: 1,398,834 million Bs

Analysis : The largest production is the bovine sector; poultry production follows; then milk production;

pigs; consumer eggs; fertile eggs and goats and sheep are still in very low percentage margins.

5.DESCRIPTION OF THE MILK PRODUCING AREAS IN VENEZUELA

Llanera area : In this area it constitutes the basic exploitation unit, being an extensive livestock area. In

addition, transhumance processes occur as a consequence of the alternation between rain and drought. The

purpose of raising cattle in the plains is fundamentally to obtain meat in a higher percentage and milk in a

lower percentage.

Zuliana area : In this area, livestock farming is aimed at milk production (Machiques de Perijá
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municipality) and meat production (Colón municipality). In it, technological advances are used and

crossbreeding is practiced, seeking higher productivity. This area is the one with the highest milk

production in the country with 70% and 40% meat.

Guiana area : Livestock are used in free grazing work, which is favored by the existence of grass

vegetation, typical of the Guiana savannahs. Regarding the current spatial distribution, this indicates that

the municipalities Piar (Upata) and Cedeño (Caicara del Orinoco) are the most important spaces within the

area. The purpose of this livestock is to obtain more meat and less milk.

Andean area : This area lacks abundant flat lands, so livestock farming must be developed on slopes and in

some interior depressions of the temperate and cold thermal floors. The feasible livestock farming to be

developed has to be of the dairy type, in order to achieve high levels of profitability.
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IV. CONCLUSIONS

Production systems worldwide are varied, and all have advantages and disadvantages. At this social and

humanitarian moment on the planet, we must not only focus on the profitability of the production system,

it must be urgently established at all levels as a priority to choose the system that has less environmental

impact in frank and sincere ways, since the human being is a race that will not survive climate changes,

especially global warming, perhaps it seems like a conclusion out of context, but what will society do with

clearly profitable systems that do not guarantee human survival due to their effects on nature.
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ANNE
XES

ANNEX 1. BOVINE
BREEDS

ANNEX 2.GOAT
BREEDS
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ANNEX 3. GOAT BREEDS

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ANNEX 4. INTENSIVE
LIVESTOCK

ANNEX 5. EXTENSIVE
LIVESTOCK
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ANNEX 6. PIGS PRODUCTION
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ANNEX 7. RABBIT
BREEDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF RABBITS FOR MEAT PRODUCTION

RAC COAT COLOR EYE COLOR COLOR ONE DEWLAP

ES
White Reds White or Flesh
3.5 Discreet only
NEW ZEALAND
4.5kg Black Dark Cale Dark in females.

Red Hazelnuts Dark

White with
3.6 black ears,
CALIFORNIA
4 0kg nose, legs and Rosés Dark Median
tail.
L. .)
j ) __
CHINCHIUA
4.5 Mezdade blue, pearl V Dark brown Dark
Median only in
5.5kg black. females

L * . ' 33
Bunco with black spots
distributed on the
4.5 dorsal spine, Chestnut Voluminous both
BUTTERFLY hindquarters, ears, Dark
to • " 5.0kg Dark sews
•••M circle of the eyes and
martpone-shaped nartz
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