Applications of Geothermal Sources For Absorption Chillers

Journal of Building Engineering 82 (2024) 108340
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Building Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jobe
Applications of geothermal sources for absorption chillers as

efficient and clean cooling technologies for buildings: A
comprehensive review
Mohammad Alhuyi-Nazari a, b, Azfarizal Mukhtar c, Ahmad Shah Hizam Md Yasir d,
Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi e, *, Ravinder Kumar f, **, TNL Luong a, b
a Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
b School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
c Institute of Sustainable Energy, Putrajaya Campus, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Malaysia
d Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy, 65, Al Inshirah, Al Sa'adah, Abu Dhabi, 22401, PO Box: 114646, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
e Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
f School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Keywords: Population growth in hot and arid regions in addition to global warming would lead to increase
Absorption chillers for cooling demand in near future. Corresponding to energy consuming nature of cooling
Geothermal sources processes, and consequently emissions of greenhouse gases, it is crucial to use clean energy tech-
Cooling nologies for cooling purposes. Absorption chiller is one of the cooling technologies with ability of
Renewable energy systems
producing cooling by using medium or low-temperature heat sources. Employment of absorption
Polygeneration energy systems
chillers for cooling production can lead to electricity saving and reduction of pollutants emis-
sions. These technologies could be cost effective options for cooling of large-scale buildings and
district cooling systems. In order to make these systems more environmentally benign, renewable
energy technologies can be coupled with these systems. It is possible to apply thermal energy ex-
tracted from geothermal energy source instead of combustion of fossil fuels as absorption chillers
heat source to have cleaner technologies. This paper reviews the research works on the applica-
tions of geothermal sources for absorption chillers. In order to find the relevant studies appropri-
ate for this review article, GoogleScholar, Scopus and websites of scientific publishers are used.
The factors influencing the performance of geothermal absorption chillers in addition to the hy-
brid and polygeneration systems composed of geothermal absorption chillers are considered in
this review article. From the results of the reviewed studies it is concluded that performance of
absorption chillers using geothermal sources is dependent on different factors such as the config-
uration of system, operating condition, mass flow rate of geofluid and applied components. More-
over, it is seen that it is possible to integrate other geothermal systems, i.g. power production
units, with absorption chillers to simultaneously produce cooling. Furthermore, some scholars
have applied solar energy in addition to geothermal in these systems to achieve more gain from
the renewable energy sources.
* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: azfarizal@uniten.edu.my (A. Mukhtar), ayasir@ra.ac.ae (A.S.H.M. Yasir), mohammadhosein.ahmadi@gmail.com (M.H. Ahmadi),
rav.chauhan@yahoo.co.in (R. Kumar).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108340
Received 24 September 2023; Received in revised form 16 November 2023; Accepted 15 December 2023
Available online 16 December 2023
2352-7102/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Alhuyi-Nazari et al. Journal of Building Engineering 82 (2024) 108340
1. Introduction
Significant share of final energy consumption in buildings and residential sector belongs to heating and cooling demand [1]. In
building and industry, heating demand is higher than cooling now; however, cooling requirement is gradually increasing principally
owing to food refrigeration, medical supplies and air conditioning. With the present global climate change, enhancement of building
energy saving and thermal comfort have gained significant importance [2]. By 2030, it is expected to reach 72 % increase in energy
use for buildings cooling in European Union (EU); however, requirement for heating would be decremented [3]. These information
and prediction shows the significance of shifting to cooling and heating systems with modified performance and lower environmental
effects [4]. Absorption refrigeration technologies provide a highly favorable alternatives for the conventional vapor compression re-
frigeration systems. These technologies are defined as refrigeration systems that are thermally driven in order to exploit heat from
low grade energy sources to produce cooling. Regarding the advantages of the absorption chiller systems, particularly Absorption
Chillers (ACs), it is beneficial to get deeper insight into these systems. In addition, due to the possibility of using geothermal energy as
a renewable and clean energy source, development of geothermal AC systems would have several advantages in term of fuel saving
and mitigation of greenhouse gases. These technologies, geothermal ACs, are the main focus of the present review article. In the fol-
lowing paragraphs, some of the relevant works are reviewed to provide some general information and findings of the previous studies
on the similar systems.
There are several advantages in making use of absorption systems that are outlined as follows [5].
• High potential for reduction of CO2 emission and energy saving owing to its ability to be driven by renewable energy and low-
grade heat sources.
• Operation on the basis of environmental-friendly refrigerants namely water that reduces their influence on the global warming
and ozone layer.
• Potential of heat recovery from virtually any technology.
• Cycling loss does not happen in the period of on-off operation while there is lots of waste heat for the vapor compression
refrigeration systems in this period.
• High durability and long expected time of about 20–30 years.
Absorption Chillers (ACs) are promising and attractive technologies for cooling purposes in cases there is low or medium-grade
heat sources. Performance of ACs have been assessed and analyzed in numerous research works and studies in recent decades. Lostec
et al. [6] experimentally evaluated performance of an AC by considering variations of different parameters. They reported that the
performance is reduced remarkably with the temperature of the evaporator that was attributed to the partial evaporation problem in
the evaporator when the machine was operated out of its design characteristics. Furthermore, it was noted that temperature of heat
source, cooling temperature and rich solution flow affect the performance. Chahartaghi et al. [7] analyzed function of a LiBr-water
AC with parallel and series flow. Their findings showed that series cycle in case of high temperature generator with inlet vapor tem-
perature of lower than 150 °C has higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) in comparison with the parallel cycle. Moreover, it was
found that increment in the inlet water to absorber mass flow rate induces increment in COP for both cycles. In another research [8],
performance of small size LiBr-water AC, with nominal Cooling Capacity (CC) of 7 kW, was investigated and it was noted that to reach
high COP, the chiller should be operated in condition of supplying hot water for generator at temperature of 85 °C. Hu et al. [9] made
comparison between the performance of double effect AC systems in cases of series and parallel connections. The results showed that
chiller in parallel connected condition achieves higher energy and exergy performance in comparison with the series connected state;
however, the economic performance and heat transfer were decreased. Bagheri et al. [10] investigated performance of a parallel flow
double-effect AC system utilizing water-lithium as the operating fluid by employing the exergy analysis. Their findings demonstrated
that endogenous share of Exergy Destruction (ED) is much more in comparison with the exogenous share which means that it is better
to concentrate on the efficiency of the components to enhance the function of system.
Regarding the issues associated with the consumption of fossil fuels like the emissions of environmental pollutants [11], fluctua-
tions in their price and restriction of sources, it would be beneficial to apply clean and renewable energy sources for cooling and heat-
ing production in buildings and other purposes. Employment of renewable energy sources can lead to reduction in building energy
consumption [12]. As one the applications of renewable energy sources with focus on the residential sector, they could be employed
as the thermal energy source of AC system that leads to some benefits such as fuel saving and reduction of greenhouse gases. Lubis et
al. [13] analyzed a solar-assisted single-double effect AC for being used in Asian tropical climates. The proposed system yields a COP
in range of 1.4–3.3 and gas reduction ratio in range of 7–58 % in comparison with the double effect AC utilizing gas. Sokhansefat et
al. [14] simulated a solar-driven AC with capacity of 5 ton in Tehran, Iran as the case study. They reported that increment in the area
of collector induces increase in solar fraction; however, the rate of increment becomes lower for large areas. Moreover, they found
that increase in mass flow rate of collector induces solar fraction increment in cases of less than 1000 kg/h; however, further incre-
ment causes decrement in the solar fraction. Regarding the potentials of nanomaterials in enhancement of thermal properties [15], it
is possible to use them in energy systems to have improved efficiency. Bellos and Tzivanidis [16] applied Cu/water nanofluid in the
flat plate solar collector used in an AC. They reported around 2.5 % enhancement in the thermal efficiency in case of nanofluid uti-
lization. Moreover, it was denoted that use of nanofluid has ability to improve the system exergetic performance by around 4 % and
increment the production of refrigeration by about 0.84 % on a daily basis. In addition to the cases of employing single renewable en-
ergy sources, more than one renewable energy could be applied as the heat source of ACs. Papatsounis et al. [17] tested a single effect
AC with 316 kWc capacity in different scenarios including biomass-driven, solar-driven and hybrid approach. Their findings showed
remarkable advantageous performance in hybrid approach, heat generation from biomass boiler and solar field connected in series, in
2
comparison with the other scenarios. Toghyani et al. [18] proposed a hybrid system composed of solar collector, triple-effect AC,
Rankine cycle, electrolyzer and thermal energy storage for cooling and hydrogen production. The maximum COP of the system was
around 1.7 that was obtained in July while the minimum COP was in December, approximately 1.3. In addition, it was pointed out
that increment in the intensity of solar radiation induces augmentation in hydrogen production. By integration of AC systems with
other energy technologies it is possible to have polygeneration systems. Alirahmi et al. [19] investigated a polygeneration system
composed of parabolic solar planes, geothermal pit, regenerative organic cycle, steam cycle, reverse osmosis component, electrolyzer
and AC. The results in the optimum point showed that the total unit cost and exergy efficiency of the proposed system are 129.7$/GJ
and 29.95 %, respectively. In another study [20], a hybrid combined cooling, heating and power generation system composed of
ground source heat pump, gas turbine, solar photovoltaic array and AC/heater system driven by the exhaust gases of turbine was pro-
posed. It was noted that augmentation in the price of natural gas by 10 % leads to decrement in the average annual cost saving rate by
around 3 %. Karami and Jalalizadeh [21] studied performance of a building integrated photovoltaic/thermal system that produces
both thermal and electrical energy by use of thermoelectric. In their study, two trigeneration systems by employment of AC and vapor
compression chiller were considered. They reported that system payback time in condition of using AC system is 4 years lower in com-
parison with the system using vapor compression chiller.
There is high potential for development of geothermal energy as one of the renewable sources. Since geothermal energy is less vul-
nerable to the variations of climate and environment, it has been anticipated to have a key role in the energy transition [22]. Accord-
ing to the World Bank data, potential of global geothermal power generation is in range of 70–80 GW [23]. This renewable energy
sources can be applied for cooling production in addition to power generation. Aside from solar and biomass, geothermal energy is
applicable as the heat source of ACs. Some review papers have been proposed on the AC systems in recent years; however, there is not
any updated review paper with particular focus on the AC systems using geothermal source. For instance, in 2009, a review paper was
proposed by Wang and Chua [24] on the LiBr/water chiller technologies. In 2011, a review paper was proposed on the renewable en-
ergy with AC systems in Thailand and the focus was on the applications of these systems in their case study, Thailand [25]. In a review
paper by Shirazi et al. [26] in 2018, solar power AC systems were comprehensively reviewed. In 2022, an updated review paper was
proposed by Chakravarty et al. [27] on the integration of renewable energy processes and vapor AC. The goal of their study was em-
phasized on the potential integration of vapor AC systems with different renewable energy technologies. Summary of the previous re-
view articles and differences between the current article and them are presented in Table 1. In the present article, research works as-
sociated with the applications of geothermal energy for AC systems are reviewed and the findings are represented and discussed. The
goal of present review article is provision of comprehensive reference on the applications of geothermal energy for AC systems and
the factors affecting their performance. In addition, proposed hybrid and polygeneration systems by use of AC systems and geother-
mal energy source are represented in this article. In the next section, operating principles of AC is represented and afterwards, the
considered studies are reviewed.
2. Operating principles and classifications of absorption chillers

ACs are able to produce cooling with low-temperature heat sources. The operating principles and their classifications are repre-
sented in the following subsections.
2.1. Operating principles

As illustrated in Fig. 1, the main components of ACs are absorber, generator, condenser, evaporator and pump. In the generator,
also known as desorber, heat is added in order to separate liquid solution and gaseous refrigerant. Afterwards, the refrigerant, in the
gaseous form, goes to the condenser and reject thermal energy to the sink with medium temperature, mainly ambient condition. This
is expanded and subsequently evaporated by making use of heat input in low temperature which provides useful cooling. Afterwards,
in the absorber, the solution recombines. In typical, a solution heat exchanger is installed between the two pressure changing tools
and generator and is applied to improve the performance. There is the same operating principle for the double effect absorption cy-
cles; however, increased pressure level is applied. A portion of the solution at the outlet of generator is moved to a generator with
higher pressure by a pump. The obtained fluid is condensed in the condenser with higher pressure and sent to the other condenser.
The solution at the generator with higher pressure goes into the generator with the lower pressure. In this cycle, external heat is ap-
Table 1
Previous review articles on AC systems and the differences between them and present review article.
Reference Focused subject Main differences between the present and previous article
Wang and Chua [24] Patents related to AC systems. • Particular focus on geothermal ACs.
• Consideration of articles and recent studies.
Jaruwongwittaya and Chen Renewable energy with AC in Thailand • Consideration of all case studies in addition to Thailand.
[25] • Inclusion of updated references.
Shirazi et al. [26] Solar-powered AC systems • Inclusion of updated references.
• Consideration of geothermal AC systems.
Chakravarty et al. [27] Integration of renewable energy processes with vapor AC • Particular focus on the AC systems using geothermal energy
systems source.
• Consideration of hybrid and polygeneration systems with more
details.
3
Fig. 1. Schematic of a single effect AC system (Adapted from Refs. [28,30]).
plied to the generator with higher pressure, while the condenser with higher pressure rejects thermal energy to the generator with the
lower temperature [28]. These processes can be summarized as follows.
• Heat absorption in generator to separate liquid solution and gaseous refrigerant.
• Heat rejection of refrigerant in the condenser.
• Expansion of refrigerant in expansion valve.
• Heat absorption in evaporator (cooling) and evaporation of refrigerant.
• Recombination of solution in absorber.
The performance of these systems is dependent on numerous factors namely the characteristics of the components, operating con-
dition, specifications of the applied refrigerant and the heat source. Different energy sources with such as waste heat, geothermal and
solar can be used in the generator of AC systems [29]. Due to some advantages of geothermal energy like availability in all hours of a
day, this renewable energy source is attractive option to be used as heat source of generator component of AC systems.
2.2. Classifications of AC systems

As denoted in Ref. [26], three main criteria can be used for the classifications of AC systems that are represented in Fig. 2. As
shown in this figure, the AC systems are mainly classified based on firing method, number of effects and working fluid pair. The firing
method refers to kind of driving heat input of the system. In direct-fired ACs, driving thermal energy is directly obtained from the fos-
sil fuel combustions while in the indirect-fire ACs, driving thermal energy is obtained from another source and it is supplied by an in-
termediate component such as heat exchanger. Utilized working fluid pair in the AC systems is another criterion applied for their clas-
sifications. Water-ammonia (H2O–NH3) and lithium bromide water (LiBr–H2O) are among the two most conventional working fluid
pairs useable in AC systems. AC systems can be classified on the basis of number of effects considered in their architecture. Number of
effects refers to the number of times which thermal energy is recycled in the AC system for cooling production. Applying ACs with
higher number of effect causes increment in COP of the system; however, higher temperature for driving heat input is needed [26].
3. Methodology
In the following part of the present article, research works related to the applications of geothermal energy in AC systems are re-
viewed. In order to find the studies appropriate for this review article, different databases including GoogleScholar, Scopus and web-
sites of reputable publishers namely Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, Oxford Press, MDPI and Frontiers were used. The key-
words applied in the search were “geothermal”, “absorption chiller”, “renewable cooling systems” and “polygeneration systems”. It
should be noted that all studies published between 1985 and 2023 were included for evaluation if they are proper for the present re-
view article or not. Afterwards, the retrieved articles were screened according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The inclusion
criteria for the found references were being represented in English, consideration of geothermal energy as heat source of AC systems,
focus on the technical, environmental and economic aspects of the geothermal AC systems. In the initial search, 276 references based
4
Fig. 2. Classification of AC systems.
on the applied keywords were found. The title, abstract of content of the articles were evaluated by two of authors in order to deter-
mine f the source is proper for consideration or not. In cases there was conflict, another author was asked to finalize the selection. It
should be noted that just original articles were considered for review. The process of reference selection for review is illustrated in
Fig. 3.
4. Applications of geothermal sources in absorption chillers

Geothermal energy, as one of the main renewable energy sources, has been used in for different purposes such as power genera-
tion [31], cooling [1,32–34], heating [35] etc. In case of cooling production from geothermal sources, the main applicable technolo-
gies are ACs and heat pumps. It is estimated that direct utilization of geothermal energy for cooling and heating, including geothermal
heat pumps would increment to 7.57 EJ/year, approximately 800 GWt) by 2050 and between 12.4 EJ/year to 53.8 EJ/year by 2100
[36]. The main benefits of making use of geothermal energy as heat source of AC systems are fuel saving and reduction of greenhouse
gases emissions. In this section, studies on the ACs driven by the geothermal energy sources are reviewed. The systems are divided
into three types namely stand-alone, hybrid and polygeneration. In general, stand-alone systems have simpler structure than the hy-
brid and polygeneration systems; however, they are just used for cooling production and there is not any other product such as heat-
ing or electricity. In hybrid systems, more components and technologies are applied compared with stand-alone systems. These sys-
tems can use other energy sources such as solar for cooling production and/or produce one other product aside from cooling. The
structure of these systems is more complex than stand-alone types in general; however, they are simpler than polygeneration systems.
Polygeneration systems are composed of some subsystems and applied for generation of more than one product such as cooling, heat-
ing, power and hydrogen. These systems are the most complex in general among the mentioned types of systems. Possibility of gain-
ing higher overall efficiency, utilizations of wastes of some subsystems as the input of other subsystems and generation of several
products are among the main advantages of polygeneration systems.
4.1. Stand-alone absorption chillers

As denoted in the last part, geothermal energy is useable as the thermal energy source in generator section of AC systems. In stand-
alone AC systems considered in this subsection, geothermal energy sources is mainly employed as heat source of AC systems to supply
the needed thermal energy for cooling purpose. The general structure of these systems is similar to Fig. 1 and geothermal energy is
utilized in the generator sector of the AC. Studies have focused on different aspects of geothermal AC systems namely economic and
technical. Making use of geothermal energy for cooling production can be useful in term of economy. Yilmaz [37] in 2017 in Turkey
considered ammonia-water AC system driven by geothermal energy for economic investigation. In this work, it is assumed that a liq-
uid source of geothermal with 100 kg/s mass flow rate and temperature of 100 °C is applied. It is determined that the COP of the sys-
tem is 0.441. They investigated impact of temperature of geothermal at the outlet of generator on the cooling rate and COP and re-
ported increment in the mentioned parameters with increase in the geothermal temperature. It was attributed to lower geothermal
energy use rate in the absorption system for the same cooling impact in condition of higher temperature of geothermal output. Eco-
nomic analysis revealed that the yearly potential revenue of the system is around 653,818 $/year with discounted payback period of
8.816 years. In addition, it was denoted that yearly monetary benefit of 166.610 $/year on the system total lifetime is provided based
on the life cycle cost analysis. Impact of geothermal water temperature on the annual cooling cost was investigated and reported that
higher cooling capacity can be supplied and more revenue would be provided with elevation of the geothermal temperature. Since the
performance of these system depends on several factors, scholars have investigated the systems by considering the effective factors.
Assad et al. [38] thermodynamically analyzed a geothermal-driven AC system by considering different factors. In their work, impact
of inlet temperature of generator on the COP was investigated and it was reported that for a specific effectiveness value, COP dramati-
cally increments to achieve a maximum value, after that, it monotonically decrements. It was attributed to the fact that in cases of low
5
Fig. 3. Process of finding the appropriate references for review.
inlet temperature of generator, increment in the heat rate of generator is less than the increment in the evaporator cooling load while
for cases of high temperature, the situation is opposite that causes decrement in the COP. Moreover, it was pointed out that increment
in the temperature of chilled refrigerant causes increase in COP for a particular temperature of heat source. It was attributed to more
requirement for heat input in the evaporator. Furthermore, it was pointed out that by augmentation in the pressure of separator of ge-
othermal water vapor from 0.23 to 0.45 MPa, the cooling load of AC was incremented by 28 %; however, the COP decremented by
less than 1.4 % for the same pressure of condenser. In another work [39], parametric study was performed on a parallel flow double-
effect AC system driven by geothermal source. It was reported that increment in the inlet source temperature of generator induces
slight decrement in the COP while causes increment in the CC. For each 6 °C decrease in the temperature of source, 2.5 % reduction in
the COP and around 12.5 % augmentation in the CC was noticed. Moreover, it was reported that increment in the mass flow rate of
hot water at the generator inlet causes decrement in the COP while the CC increases. This is attributed to the faster rate of heat input
increment in the generator than increase rate of cooling. Similar study was performed on the series-flow double-effect AC system uti-
lizing geothermal energy [40]. It was reported that increment in the mass flow rate of geofluid induces augmentation in the CC and
reduction in COP. It was attributed to the fact that increment in the mass flow rate of geofluid causes augmentation in the heat rate of
generator at a higher rate in comparison with the increment in the CC. This in turns causes decrement in the COP based on its defini-
tion.
Aside from the heat source, it is possible to apply geothermal well as the heat sink of AC systems. Similar to the previously dis-
cussed ones, the performance of these types of AC is dependent on some other factors. Ketfi et al. [41] analyzed function of AC system
utilizing geothermal energy as heat sink, as shown in Fig. 4. In their study, two types of AC, namely single and double-effect, were
considered. The released heat by the condenser and absorber of the AC systems was dissipated into the soil through a heat exchanger
located under ground. They reported that increment in the temperature of heat source causes increment in the CC for the all of the
6
Fig. 4. Schematic of the AC system using geothermal energy as heat sink (Reprinted from Ref. [41]).
considered zones. Moreover, they denoted that maximum COP of the double-effect AC was higher than the single-effect AC. Further-
more, it was found that needed length for the underground tube in case of applying double-effect AC is around 35 % higher than the
corresponding length in condition of utilizing single-effect AC. That was mainly attributed to the more amount of rejected thermal en-
ergy in double-effect absorption cycle driven by the high-temperature thermal energy sources.
4.2. Hybrid systems with absorption chillers

Hybrid energy systems are comprised of two or more systems with ability of power generation, heating etc [42,43]. In the hybrid
energy systems composed of AC and other technologies, geothermal energy source and other technologies such as solar collector or
output of fuel cells or gas turbines are employed as the heat source for cooling production by the AC. The general structure of AC com-
ponents of these systems is similar to Fig. 1; however, more than one source is applied could be applied in for thermal energy supply
of generator part. In addition, in some of hybrid systems, geothermal energy is applied to supply required thermal energy of AC and
other cycles or technologies for additional purposes such as heating or electricity generation. It is possible to integrate different geot-
hermal energy technologies with other systems to have hybrid systems for variety of energy-related applications [44]. ACs can be uti-
lized in hybrid energy systems by being integrated with different technologies [45]. Bendaikha and Larbi [46] considered AC that was
integrated with a geothermal source and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). The proposed system was comprised of two
loops in order to achieve the highest heat recovery. In the first one, heat was recovered from the geothermal source by applying a flat
plate heat exchanger and in the second loop heat was recovered from the PEMFCs by using another heat exchanger which increase
heat in the thermal storage tank. It was used for both cooling and heating. In mode of cooling, hot water of the tank was applied in the
generator of a LiBr/water AC. The efficiency of the system in cooling mode was in range of 30–45 %. Their feasibility study revealed
that employment of geothermal resources and PEMFC for purpose of air conditioning is a proper solution for creating independent en-
ergy system in order to supply sites that are isolated from the electrical grid. In a work by Ehyaei et al. [47], geothermal energy was
applied to run an ORC and AC system as shown in Fig. 5. They reported that adding LiBr AC system as the bottom cycle induces incre-
ment in the energy efficiency from 9.3 % to 47.3, while the Exergy Efficiency (EE) was decremented from 15.6 % to 4.6 %. Decrement
in the EE was attributed to the elevation f system ED. They denoted that the highest rate of ED happens in the AC evaporator that was
higher than ORC evaporator which was attributed to the larger temperature difference in the AC evaporator. Furthermore, optimiza-
tion was implemented by considering electricity and cooling cost and EE as the objective functions. Their results indicated that opti-
mum cost of electricity and cooling and EE were 0.0033 $/kWh and 6.8 %, respectively. In another work, Leveni et al. [48] studied a
hybrid energy systems using geothermal energy source that was composed of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and AC system by em-
ploying exergy analysis. In the investigated configuration, ORC and AC were considered as top and bottom cycles, respectively. The
geothermal brine was firstly used for heating the operating fluid of ORC in a heat exchanger and afterwards was exploited to feed the
AC generator. Among the components of the AC system, the largest ED occurred in the generator that was followed by the absorber. In
another work [49], performance of the AC subsystem of a single-flash steam power plant, as shown in Fig. 6, was analyzed by consid-
ering different parameters. They reported that by increment in the temperature of supplied flow from the geothermal well, evaporator
CC increases while COP decreases. It was attributed to the higher thermal energy supply in the generator compared with the incre-
ment in the cooling rate in the evaporator. In addition, it was reported that increment in the area of heat exchanger in the evaporator
section causes increase in both COP and CC regarding the better heat transfer in this component.
7
Fig. 5. ORC and AC system driven by geothermal source (with permission from Elsevier, from Ref. [47]).
Fig. 6. Schematic of single flash plant with AC system (Adapted from Ref. [49]).
8
Behzadi et al. [50] analyzed a hybrid energy system composed of power generation and AC subsystems utilizing solar and geother-
mal energy sources, as shown in Fig. 7. Their exergy analysis demonstrated that absorption cooling system has the minimum ED rate
that is around 2.68 % of the whole. In this system, it is required to focus more on the dissipative units, cooling set, regarding their
high share in the ED rate that is around 46.19 %. Furthermore, they reported that PVT is an important unit with ED rate share of
5.72 % of the total ED rate. In addition, exergoeconomic analysis was carried out on the systems. Corresponding to the determined
values for the exergoeconomic factor of the components and its high values for high pressure turbine, low pressure turbine and reheat
exchanger indicated that it is needed to replace these units with another lower purchasing and EE components while for condenser 2,
with low exergoeconomic factor of 0.604 %, it is needed to change it with another one with higher purchasing cost to decrement the
ED. Aside from exergy and exergoeconomic analyses, optimization was implemented on this system by considering the overall EE and
total product cost unit as the objective functions. In the optimized conditions, the overall EE varied between 11.03 % and 13.07 %
while the total product cost unit was in range of 63.52–66.97 $/GJ.
4.3. Polygeneration systems with absorption chillers

Polygeneration systems are applied in order to produce more than one kind of product [51,52]. Aside from the improvement in the
overall efficiency, there are environmental benefits in making use of these systems [53]. In this subsection, the systems with ability of
producing more than two products are considered. In the considered polygeneration systems in the present subsection, AC is one of
the subsystems for cooling production. Generally, different technologies are applied in polygeneration systems and the outputs can be
electricity, heating, cooling, hydrogen etc. Geothermal sources are useable in different polygeneration systems [20,54,55]. In poly-
generation systems considered here, geothermal energy with or without other systems and sources is applied to supply the thermal
energy of generator. Utilization of AC in geothermal-based polygeneration systems make it possible to produce cooling in addition to
other energy products [56]. Studies have shown production of more than one product from the geothermal source can be beneficial in
term of economy [57]. Moreover, making use of renewable energies in polygeneration technologies can lead to energy saving and
decrement in the emissions of greenhouse gases [58]. Corresponding to these advantages, some studies have investigated the poly-
generation systems composed of AC and utilizing geothermal energy. Nami and Moghaddam [59] investigated a geothermal driven
micro Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP). In the proposed system, a small-scale ORC was employed for power generation
from geothermal source, AC system was employed for providing cooling and heat exchanger was applied to deliver hot water and
needed thermal energy for space conditioning. They found that in the base condition, half of water was fed to the ORC to run it and
the remained part passes via the chiller. In this condition, it was found that generator of the AC is the most exergy destructive compo-
nent that was followed by the ORC evaporator. ED rate in the AC is mainly owing to the evaporation of water content within this com-
ponent that causes 24 % of total ED. ORC evaporator ED is owing to irreversibilities within this unit and was responsible for 21 % of
total ED. Moreover, it was observed that variation in the flow rate of geothermal has no remarkable impact on the performance of sys-
tem. It was due to the variations in all products of system, including cooling, heating and electricity, and system input energy as well.
Moreover, it was indicated that in order to achieve higher first and second law efficiencies in the summer time, higher domestic water
and cooling production is suggested. In another work [60], a polygeneration system composed of different subsystems, as shown in
Fig. 8, were proposed for heating, cooling, power generation and oil recovery. The considered temperature for geothermal well was in
range of 373.15–423.15 K. It was reported that EE of this polygeneration system was always higher than the ORC for all temperatures
Fig. 7. Schematic of solar-geothermal system for power generation and cooling production (HPG: High Pressure Generator, LPG: Low Pressure Generator, EV: Expan-
sion Valve, HTEX: High Temperature Heat Exchanger, LTHEX: Low Temperature Heat Exchanger, RH: Reheat Exchanger, HPT: High Pressure Turbine, LPT: Low Pres-
sure Turbine) (with permission from Elsevier, from Ref. [50]).
9
Fig. 8. Schematic of polygeneration system for heating, cooling, power generation and oil recovery (with permission from Elsevier, from Ref. [60]).
of heat source. It was noted that thermal efficiency increases as the temperature of heat source elevates for both systems; however,
thermal efficiency of polygeneration system increments more compared with the ORC. Although both absorb heat and net power out-
put increments with elevation of heat source temperature, there is more significant increment in the net power output compared with
absorb heat which results in an improvement in the thermal efficiency. Moreover, it was noticed that EE increased with increment in
the temperature of heat source. The trends are basically the same of thermal efficiency trend; however, regarding the effect of irre-
versible losses, EE is not much enhanced, particularly in the ORC system. It is due to the increment in the irreversible losses due to the
elevation of temperature difference especially in the ORC. Furthermore, it was noted that increase in the heat source temperature pro-
vided AC system with higher energy efficiency and CC.
It is possible to use other energy sources, in addition to geothermal, in polygeneration systems [61,62]. Assareh et al. [63] applied
solar and geothermal energy sources to produce cooling, power and fresh water. As shown in the schematic of this system (Fig. 9), AC
was employed for cooling production. They indicated that by replacing the condenser with Thermoelectric Generator (TEG), EE
would be improved and the total cost rate would be reduced. Their results showed that by increment in the temperature of fluid from
Fig. 9. Schematic of solar-geothermal polygeneration system (with permission from Elsevier, from Ref. [63]).
10
geothermal well, outlet temperature of the solar collector would be increased. Consequently, the steam Rankine cycle mass flow and
turbine operation improves due to evaporator temperature elevation. This induces increment in the system second law efficiency. In
another research [64], a solar geothermal system composed of some subsystems, as shown in Fig. 10, was investigated and analyzed.
In this system, the provided energy from the geothermal source was much higher than the solar; consequently, production of electric-
ity is mainly influenced by the geothermal energy availability. The solar fraction of this system was in range of 4–14 % in a year de-
pending on the season. The solar gain induces an increment in the pressure and temperature of the system, including an increased
electric power production and efficiency of the ORC module and reduction in the geothermal source exploitation. Furthermore, it was
noted that despite some thermodynamic advantages in increase of the collector area, economic analysis shows opposite trend which
means increment in the simple payback period. In another study [65], a polygeneration system composed of heat pump system, single
flash geothermal cycle, single-effect AC, thermal energy storage linked to the auxiliary steam turbine, drying system and hot water
system utilizing both solar and geothermal energy was analyzed by applying energy and exergy efficiencies. The system was em-
ployed in order to produce refrigeration for industry, domestic hot water, air heating for residential sector, generating electricity and
food drying. The overall energy efficiency of this system was 69.6 % while the EE was 42.8 %. The energetic and exegetic COP of the
chiller in this system was 0.678 and 0.2532, respectively. They found that elevation in the mas flow rate of geothermal hot water sig-
nificantly influences the energy and exergy efficiencies. By increase of mass flow rate, EE of the system increases while the energy effi-
ciency reduced. The reason behind these trends was higher increase rate in the exergy output in comparison with the system energy
output.
Polygeneration systems utilizing geothermal energy are applicable for providing more energy products. Afshari et al. [66] investi-
gated a polygeneration system, as shown in Fig. 11. This system had ability to produce cooling, electricity, desalinated water, hydro-
gen and sodium hydroxide. They reported that by supplying geothermal working fluid at temperature of 150 °C, pressure of 547.5 kPa
and mass flow rate of 100 kg/s, it can generate cooling and electricity with capacities of 465 GWh/year and 631 GWh/year, respec-
tively. In this case, produced sodium hydroxide and hydrogen were 6.22 ton/year and 1.57 ×108 m3/year, respectively. The pro-
Fig. 10. Schematic of multigeneration system composed of desalination, power generation and AC (ACH: Absorption Chiller, MED: Multi-effect Desalination, MedHE:
Multi-effect Desalination Heat Exchanger, GHE: Geothermal Heat Exchanger, SecHE: Secondary Heat Exchanger) (with permission from Elsevier, from Ref. [64]).
11
Fig. 11. Polygeneration system for producing cooling, power, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen and desalinated water (reprinted from Ref. [66]).
duced water for this condition was 386,000 m3/year. For this state, the energy efficiency was 58.3 % while the EE was 94.2 % and the
payback period of the proposed system was 5.3 years. Moreover, they reported that the net present value of this system lower than the
other scenarios that are based on the non-renewable energy sources. In another work [67], a polygeneration system based on geother-
mal energy was proposed for combined cooling, heating, power in addition to desalination by using AC, absorption heat transformer
and humidification-dehumidification desalination unit as illustrated in Fig. 12. They reported that the system's CC, heating capacity,
rate of freshwater production and net power output are 4991 kW, 6251 kW, 92.1 m3/day and 78.47 kW, respectively. Furthermore, it
was noted that the highest ED amount occurs in the absorption heat transformer which was followed by AC. High ED rate in the ab-
sorption heat transformer is due to higher outlet temperature compared with other streams and occurrence of phase change in this
unit. Moreover, they indicated that absorber of the chiller has the highest ED cost rate. The determined value for the payback period
of this system was 5.63 years. In another study [68], a polygeneration system was proposed that was consisted of ORC, double-effect
AC, single-flash power system, Multi Effect Desalination (MED) and PEM electrolyzer. The flow from geothermal well goes to a sepa-
rator. The steam portion of this flow was used in the steam turbine for power generation. The outlet flow was brought to a boiler in or-
der to supply the needed thermal energy of an ORC. The generated power by the steam turbine and ORC expander was applied for
production hydrogen by making use of the electrolyzer. The AC system was activated by the liquid portion of the geothermal flow
from the outlet of separator. The AC absorbs thermal energy from the evaporator and reject it in the absorber and condenser. Con-
denser waste heat is applied to drive the MED. The high-pressure generator outlet water is brought to the electrolyzer to be used in the
decomposition process of hydrogen production. The simulation results revealed that total cost rate and EE of the system increases by
increment in the temperature of geothermal. By increasing the temperature from 260 °C to 300 °C, EE of the system was elevated for a
mean value of 12 % at different operating pressure and the system cost incremented by 13 %. The reason behind the improvement of
EE by temperature increase is that increment in the geothermal temperature leads to less receive of heat in the bottom cycle, includ-
ing MED, which leads to drop in ED and consequently reduction in the overall ED. In addition, for producing geothermal flow with
higher temperature, more cost is needed to be spent which leads to increase in the total cost.
Components characteristics and configuration of the system are among the factors that affect the performance of polygeneration
systems using geothermal energy source. Schifflechner et al. [69] applied four configurations as shown in Fig. 13, by testing three dif-
ferent types of chiller namely basic AC, double lift and double effect ACs. They denoted that COP of the AC is strongly dependent on
the chiller type and the temperature of generator. In cases of high temperature of generator, the highest COP belonged to the double
12
Fig. 12. Schematic of geothermal-based polygeneration system with humidification-dehumidification desalination (with permission from Elsevier, from Ref. [67]).
effect AC. The maximum annual net power output was determined in case of applying SC-AC3 configuration and double lift chiller
and generator temperature of 45 °C which was 3 % more than the highest value of the second best configuration that was SPC config-
uration.
4.4. Objectives of the study and summaries of the review

As it was mentioned, the goal of present article is provision of a review study on the use of geothermal energy for AC systems and
exploring the factors influence their performance. Moreover, different configurations can be developed by use of geothermal AC and
other energy systems and sources. The implemented studies have focused on different aspects including the thermodynamic analysis,
parametric study, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis, design and optimal configuration of the system. In the previous subsection,
important findings of the studies using geothermal energy as one of the sources of AC systems in different configurations were pre-
sented and discussed. In Table 2, the reviewed articles in this work are summarized. In the following subsections, the reviewed arti-
cles are discussed and explained in more details.
5. Limitations and challenges related to geothermal absorption chillers

Similar to other energy systems, there are some limitations for applying geothermal AC systems. It is reported that widespread im-
plementation of absorption technologies for small-scale applications is restricted by the systems complexities and large footprints in
comparison with the systems working based on vapor compression [70]. In order to have proper energy system, it is needed to investi-
gate potentials of the site and plant for installing geothermal AC system facilities. In this regard, it is needed to consider different cri-
teria namely technical, environmental and economic to distinguish proper location and sites. In addition, in conditions of operating
13
Fig. 13. Schematic of different configurations of polygeneration system (a) SC-AC2, (b) SC-AC3, (c) PC, and (d) SPC (Adapted from Ref. [69]).
temperatures above 100 °C, it is necessary to apply waterproof insulation since infiltration of water into insulation, e.g. from rain, can
lead to boiling off during the working with high cost [26]. Furthermore, the COP of single-effect geothermal ACs are relatively low
and to obtain higher values of COP, more effect should be used; however, it causes some complexities in the design of system and in-
crements the investment cost.
There are some problems in the development of geothermal energy systems that exist for the geothermal ACs. It can be extremely
hard to handle geofluids display high contents of gases and components. Consequently, these fluids can severely influence the envi-
ronment such as groundwater and surface. It is reported that geothermal fluid can have remarkable effects on the environment in con-
ditions they are disposed in an uncontrolled way. Some other problems can be faced for the geothermal systems such as the environ-
mental problems during the drilling phase [71]. There are some other issues related to the development of geothermal plants, for dif-
ferent purposes such as power generation and cooling, like high investment cost and requirement for land for installation of the facili-
ties. In this regard, development of AC systems using geothermal energy would be feasible for large-scale buildings and may not be
feasible for small-scale buildings. Thermal imbalance is one of the common problems in the developments of geothermal systems and
occurs when due to the unbalanced injection/extraction of thermal energy to/from the ground [72]. Thermal imbalance can nega-
tively affect the performance of geothermal systems and some methods must be applied to mitigate this problem. Regarding the sig-
nificant impact of ground source heat exchanger on the performance of the geothermal systems, modifications of their configuration
is reported as one of the solutions to decrease thermal imbalance. In this regard, improvement in borehole length and spacing can be
considered [72]. Furthermore, it would be useful to prevent thermal imbalance by applying other energy sources such as solar which
has been considered in some studies mentioned in the previous section.
6. Recommendations for the forthcoming studies on geothermal absorption chillers

There are several valuable research works on the geothermal-driven AC systems that were reviewed in the foregoing section of this
article; however, consideration of some points for the forthcoming studies in this subject and relevant field could be useful. The con-
ventional AC systems using ammonia/water and LiBr/water fluid has shown problematic behaviors such as corrosiveness and crystal-
14
Table 2
Summaries of the reviewed articles.
Reference System Objective Findings
Yilmaz [37] Geothermal AC Thermodynamic and economic Discounted payback period of the system was 8.816
analysis years.
Assad et al. [38] Geothermal AC Thermodynamic analysis Augmentation in the pressure of separator of
geothermal water vapor from 0.23 to 0.45 MPa, the
cooling load of AC was incremented by 28 %
Assad et al. [39] Geothermal AC Parametric study For each 6 °C reduction in the temperature of
source, 2.5 % decrease in the COP and around
12.5 % improvement occurred.
Assad et al. [40] Geothermal AC Thermodynamic analysis Increase in mass flow rate of geofluid provided
higher CC.
Ketfi et al. [41] AC with geothermal heat sink Performance analysis Applying double-effect AC requires around 35 %
higher underground tube length compared with the
single-effect AC.
Bendaikha and Geothermal AC and fuel cell Performance analysis of the Efficiency of the system in cooling mode was in
Larbi [46] hybrid system range of 30–45 %.
Ehyaei et al. [47] Geothermal AC and ORC Performance analysis of the Adding AC as the bottom cycle increased the
hybrid system energy efficiency from 9.3 % to 47.3 % while
decremented the EE from 15.6 % to 4.6 %.
Leveni et al. [48] Geothermal AC and ORC Energy and exergy analysis of The highest ED among the units of the AC belonged
hybrid system to the generator (relative ED of 6.3 %).
Assad et al. [49] Single effect plant with AC Performance analysis of hybrid Increase in the area of heat exchanger in the
system evaporator induced increase in both CC and COP.
Behzadi et al. [50] Solar-geothermal power generation and AC Energy, exergy and ED rate in the high pressure generator was higher
exergoeconomic analysis of hybrid than low pressure generator.
system
Nami and AC, heat exchanger and ORC Energy, exergy and sustainability The most exergy destructive component was AC
Moghaddam analysis of polygeneration system generator. 24 % of total ED belonged to the
[59] generator.
Li et al. [60] AC, ORC and oil recovery Performance analysis of Increment in the heat source temperature boosted
polygeneration system CC and energy efficiency of the AC.
Assareh et al. [63] AC, steam Rankine cycle, solar collector and Performance analysis of Increment in the well outlet temperature of fluid
TEG polygeneration system induces increase in second law efficiency.
Calise et al. [64] AC, solar collector, MED and ORC Design, dynamic simulation and Increase in the area of solar collector is
economic evaluation of advantageous in term of thermodynamic; however,
polygeneration system increase simple payback period.
Ezzat and Dincer Heat pump system, single flash geothermal Energy and exergy analysis of The energy efficiency of the system was 69.6 %.
[65] cycle, AC, thermal energy storage, auxiliary polygeneration system
steam turbine, drying system and hot water
system
Afshari et al. [66] CO2 cycle, AC, reverse osmosis desalination, Performance and economic Payback period of the proposed system was 5.3
electrolysis and liquification unit analysis of polygneration system years.
Ghiasirad et al. ORC, AC, absorption heat transformer and Thermoeconomic analysis of Payback period of the system was 5.63 years.
[67] desalination polygneration system
Cao et al. [68] ORC, steam turbine, AC, electrolyzer and MED Exergy, exergoeconomic and Increment in geothermal temperature leads to
optimization of polygneration elevation in EE.
system
Schifflechner et al. AC, district heating and power generation Optimal integration of Configuration of the system influences the
[69] polygneration system performance.
lization. Due to the convenient solving characteristics and low pressure of vapor, ionic liquids are novel promising kind of sorbents
useable in AC systems [73]. It is suggested to apply these kinds of fluid in geothermal AC systems and evaluate their performance un-
der different operating conditions. In addition, some ideas have been employed in the AC systems utilizing waste heat such as improv-
ing the absorption pressure of absorber and reduction of temperature in generator that induced modification in their performance
[74]. It is useful to apply these ideas in geothermal-driven AC systems. For instance, it is possible to improve the performance of AC
systems by adding surfactant to the operating fluid [75] and this idea, using surfactant, could be applied in the AC systems using geot-
hermal energy. This idea can be applied in the geothermal-driven systems. Moreover, in term of optimization of the polygeneration
systems with geothermal AC, it is recommended to apply different algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization and hybrid methods
and compare their performance and speed [76,77]. In addition to the employment of different optimization techniques for the cycles
and configurations, it is useful to perform optimization on the components of the systems and their characteristics, i.g. geometry of
the units that can affect the fluid flow and heat transfer, to find the optimal conditions. In term of modeling, it is possible to develop
models by use of intelligent techniques like neural network and support vector machines. Employment of these techniques would fa-
cilitate and accelerate the modeling; however, it is needed to provide adequate datasets. Intelligent methods and optimization tech-
niques can be applied in the optimal control of AC systems particularly in building application to have energy saving [78]. Aside from
the mentioned suggestions, it is possible to improve the performance of the components used in the geothermal AC systems, stand-
alone ones or hybrid systems, to achieve higher output and efficiency. For instance, in cases of employment of heat transfer mediums
15
and devices, some modifications such as employment of fins with different specifications [79] and arrangements [80] or utilization of
nanomaterials, can be applied. Employment of some additional components in different section of geothermal Ac systems can lead to
its performance. For instance, Belmonte et al. [81] applied Phase Change Material (PCM) in the heat rejection loop of an AC system in
residential sector of Spain and observed enhancement in the overall performance. Such of this idea would be beneficial for use of AC
systems utilizing geothermal energy. Moreover, in case of analysis of the AC systems, it is useful to consider some other analyses such
as exergoenvironmental analysis to get deeper insight into the geothermal-driven ACs.
Furthermore, it is useful to develop the applications of geothermal AC systems in addition to their use for their conventional appli-
cations such as building cooling. For instance, regarding the potential of gas turbine for performance improvement by cooling the in-
take gases [82], it is suggested to use geothermal AC systems for this purpose and investigate the overall performance. Aside from in-
take cooling, it is possible to apply geothermal AC systems for precooling the coolants used in the turbines for thermal management of
the blades [83]. Employment of geothermal ACs for the abovementioned purposes in the power plants can leads to cleaner electricity
generation with higher efficiency. Moreover, these systems can be developed for other industrial processes such as natural gas liquifi-
cation that need precooling [84]. In addition to the mentioned applications, it can be useful to apply geothermal ACs in other indus-
tries require refrigeration, such as food industry, to obtain the benefits of these systems.
7. Conclusion
Absorption chillers are useable devices for cooling production by making use of medium- or low-temperature heat sources. Em-
ployment of renewable energies as the heat source of these technologies can lead to cooling production in cleaner way with possibility
of fuel saving. This article reviews the studies on the geothermal absorption chillers by consideration of different types of systems in-
cluding stand-alone, hybrid and polygeneration. On the basis of the findings of the considered research works for review, following
conclusions can be represented.
• Use of geothermal absorption chillers instead of conventional air conditioning or cooling technologies can lead to fuel saving and
significant reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases.
• Operating condition, configuration of the system, mass flow rate of refrigerant and geofluid are among the most important
factors influencing the function of considered systems.
• Number of effects of absorption chillers in condition of using geothermal energy influences the underground tube required
length.
• Augmentation in the mass flow rate of geofluid can increment the cooling capacity of geothermal absorption chillers.
• It is possible to improve the energy efficiency of power generation plants utilizing geothermal energy by adding absorption
chillers as the bottoming cycle.
• Improvement in the characteristics of heat exchangers such as increment in their area can induce augmentation in the cooling
capacity and coefficient of performance.
• Aside from the technical analyses, economic analysis has been implemented on the geothermal absorption chillers to determine
some factors such as payback period.
• It is possible to integrate geothermal energy with other renewable energy sources such as solar to supply required thermal energy
of absorption chillers.
• In polygeneration systems, absorption chillers can be employed to produce cooling that leads to the increment in the number of
products and increase in the overall efficiency.
• There are some limitations in the development of geothermal absorption chillers such as environmental issues during drilling
phase and increase in complexities of the systems by using chillers with higher numbers of effects.
• Geothermal absorption chillers can be developed for other engineering applications such as precooling in power plants and the
industries require refrigeration namely food industry.
• Use of intelligent methods with optimization algorithms would be useful to design optimal control of AC systems using
geothermal energy to have energy saving in buildings is one of the proposed suggestions for the upcoming works and studies.
• Applying some techniques, i.g. using fins or nanomaterial, for improvement of heat transfer in different components of systems is
another suggestion proposed for future studies.
Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Nomenclature
AC Absorption Chiller
CC Cooling Capacity
COP Coefficient of Performance
16
CP Circulating Pump
ED Exergy Destruction
EE Exergy Efficiency
EV Expansion Valve
GHE Geothermal Heat Exchanger
HPG High Pressure Generator
HPT High Pressure Turbine
HTEX High Temperature Heat Exchanger
LPG Low Pressure Generator
LPT Low Pressure Turbine
LTHEX Low Temperature Heat Exchanger
MED Multi-effect Desalination
MedHE Multi-effect Desalination Heat Exchanger
ORC Organic Rankine Cycle
PEMFC Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
RH Reheat Exchanger
SecHE Secondary Heat Exchanger
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Applications of Geothermal Sources For Absorption Chillers

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Journal of Building Engineering 82 (2024) 108340

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Journal of Building Engineering

Applications of geothermal sources for absorption chillers as

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

2. Operating principles and classifications of absorption chillers

2.1. Operating principles

Fig. 1. Schematic of a single effect AC system (Adapted from Refs. [28,30]).

2.2. Classifications of AC systems

Fig. 2. Classification of AC systems.

4. Applications of geothermal sources in absorption chillers

4.1. Stand-alone absorption chillers

Fig. 3. Process of finding the appropriate references for review.

4.2. Hybrid systems with absorption chillers

4.3. Polygeneration systems with absorption chillers

4.4. Objectives of the study and summaries of the review

5. Limitations and challenges related to geothermal absorption chillers

6. Recommendations for the forthcoming studies on geothermal absorption chillers

Reference System Objective Findings

Declaration of competing interest

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