Squad Formations and Their Combat Platoon

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Squad and platoon formations for combat
1. Formations
2. Arm and hand signals explained
3. Square in rhombus
4. Rifle platoon in the day attack and the night attack
5. Tactical platoon employment
6. Conclusions
7. Generalities
8. Organization of the rifle platoon and duties of its personnel
9. tactical movements
10. Tactical marches
Squad combat formations are groupings of individuals, adopted to achieve their most efficient tactical use in
combat. Among the factors that influence the boss to select a specific training are:
(1) The mission.
(2) The land.
(3) Weather conditions.
(4) The situation.
(5) The speed of movement and,
(6) The desired flexibility.
One or more of the formations can be used in any probable situation. Although they are not the only
formations to be used since they can be modified as necessary to satisfy a particular situation, they will serve
as a guide and provide unity of doctrine for the training of troops.
All formations are graphed with full-strength units, a condition that may not exist in training or combat. The
squad can often train or fight with less than its strength; Consequently, formations can be modified more
often in accordance with the number of men available. Due to the importance of FAPs and grenadier riflemen
in the rifle teams, these positions are always maintained in the selection or modification of the squad
formations, the following fundamentals must be applied:
(1) The integrity of the equipment is maintained.
(2) The rifle team leader must be positioned to facilitate the command and control of his unit, especially on
deployment.
(3) Heavy automatic rifles are assigned within each team in order to provide the squad with frontal, rear and
flank fires.
(4) When changing from one formation to another, FAP shooters they are required to move less distance.
In combat or training, the squad leader can use his Alpha or Bravo Team in different positions, although it is
recommended that they always occupy the same positions, in order to facilitate learning by the troop
personnel.
Formations
Generalities.
(1) The Rifle Squad is organized for combat into two teams: Alfa and Bravo.
(2) The combat formations for the rifle squad are: single column, marching column, closed rhombus, open
rhombus and line of shooters.
(3) When the Rifle Squad moves as part of the Rifle Platoon, the Platoon commander may prescribe the
initial formation of the squad for combat or march.
A squad leader may alter his formation to meet changes in situation and terrain. The squad leader is located
in the place where he can best control his squad; On the march and at stops, the squad leader observes the
front, flanks and rear. The members of the squad have the responsibility of looking in defined or determined
directions.
(4) The squad leader controls his unit through verbal commands, auditory signals, arm and hand signals and
through his team leaders. Based on the squad leader's order, team leaders choose their positions within the
assigned formation and other members take their positions based on their team leader's location, or as
ordered by the team leader.
(5) The distances between individuals within the formation will vary, depending mainly on visibility and the
terrain over which the squad is moving, maximum dispersion is desirable, in order to reduce vulnerability to
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direct and indirect fires, but effective control must be maintained. In open terrain, the squad may be
dispersed, while in narrow terrain (dense forests, groves, etc.) or under conditions of reduced visibility (at
night, under fog, or smoke effects, etc.) the distances between individuals must be considerably reduced to
allow control.
Training.
Initial training of combat formations is carried out on open terrain. As soon as the soldiers and units have the
proper training to adopt all the formations, all the exercises will be done in varied terrain, in order to teach
them in a practical way the application of such formations in said terrain.
Upon completion of the above training, units will conduct tactical exercises against a simulated enemy.
Conducting the exercise.
During the training period, all movements will be carried out “At discretion” but, always insisting on precision
and discipline. Initial training is carried out at the normal pace. As soldiers understand the formation, the
speed of step and training is increased; This is done progressively until the movements are executed at a
run. For exercises, the normal distance between soldiers is approximately five (05) steps; However, in
tactical situations the following factors actually determine the distance between soldiers:
(1) The type of terrain (open country, thick forests, gorges and narrow roads).
(2) The action of the enemy, especially that of its Air Force, artillery and obstacles against personnel,
(minefields and other prepared defenses).
(3) Visibility (daylight, darkness, fog and rain).
In the initial stages of training, the squad leader will give verbal orders accompanied by the respective arm
and hand signals, so that the soldiers simultaneously learn the signal that corresponds to the different
formations or other movements. As soldiers must be qualified to hold any position within the squad, the
duties of each of them can be alternated in order to foster interest and give each individual the opportunity to
exercise himself in all the functions inherent to the different positions. But it must first be insisted that they
correctly learn their specific role in the squad. When the squad stops, all elements will take the “At discretion”
position.
The squad leader can move away from his normal position and go where he believes he can best control his
unit.
Observation and control.
All combat formations of the squad allow observation towards the front, flanks and rear. When the squad
stops, the soldiers face and watch in the directions indicated in the respective figures.
As they move forward, they will look in the same directions. The squad leader will control his unit by verbal
orders or arm and hand signals. Soldiers should maintain visual contact with the squad leader as much as
possible to see what instructions he is giving.
Arm and hand signals explained

Arm and hand signals are the common means of conveying visual messages. These signals, when applied
by the soldier, provide him with a means of communication that allows greater control and coordination
between him and other people or units. They must be given correctly and in a clear way so that they can be
understood. They must be practiced until their use becomes customary.
When one or more individuals of a unit are to execute an action or movement, a preliminary signal must be
given pointing towards the individual or individuals who will execute the movement. Unless otherwise
indicated, the person giving the signal will confront the individuals to whom the signal is to be given. When
an action or movement is to be executed together, the ATTENTION signal must precede the action or
movement signal.
A signal is preferable to an inaction of signals; When a combination of signals is to be used, they must be
given in the order in which they are to be executed. For example, to give the signal to assemble in marching
column formation, give the signal to assemble first and then the marching column signal.
Illustrations that describe the arm and hand signals will be shown below; however, these signals are not
exclusive to the Squad Leader or Platoon Commander; they may establish particular signals for different
activities.
Square in rhombus
SQUARE IN CLOSED RHOMBUS
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(1) This is the basic formation for the execution of movements, normally being used when the squad
marches as part of the platoon and lateral and deep dispersion becomes possible without sacrificing control.
In this formation the squad can develop a large volume of fire towards the front and rear. The closed
diamond square is a flexible formation that facilitates the execution of combat exercises.
(2) It is the most frequently used formation in areas suitable for the maneuver of the rear team, this
facilitates combat training because the leading team can immediately attack the enemy, while the rear team
is used to move through the areas. flanks. Alpha Team marches at the head of the formation, unless
otherwise ordered by the squad leader. The basic difference between this formation and the open diamond
formation is the dispersion.
(3) Variations. To facilitate control, the teams can be kept close to each other, in the way shown in
the figure (normal closed rhombus), when the terrain and visibility allow it, the squad leader can separate his
teams allowing the team of The rearguard follows the leader at a certain distance. The distance between the
teams in this variation should not be so great that the squad leader loses direct control of the rearguard
team. This variation is suitable (depending on the terrain) for when the squad fulfills the mission of leading a
vanguard and the movement is carried out cross-country.
(4) To form the squad in a closed rhombus, the squad leader commands or signals: SQUAD IN A
CLOSED RHOMBUS FORWARD! At this voice, the lead team leader advances ± 30 steps and the other
individuals take the position as indicated in figure 19. When the squad leader wants his teams to separate,
he complements his order or signal with the voice: TEAMS SEPARATED ----MTS DISTANCE, at this voice
the leading team begins the movement, waiting for the rear team to advance to the prescribed distance, then
takes formation. Waiting for the rear team to advance to the prescribed distance, then take the formation as
shown in the Figure.
SQUARE IN COLUMN ONE BY ONE
This formation is used to move over terrain so restricted that it does not allow the squad to
adopt a closed diamond formation or when visibility is so reduced that control becomes extremely difficult.
This formation facilitates control of movement and allows the development of greater combat power towards
the flanks and minimum towards the front and rear. To form the squad in a column one at a time, the squad
leader commands or signals: SQUAD IN COLUMN OF ONE AT AHEAD! In this case, the square forms as
indicated in the figure.
SHOOTER SQUAD
(1) This is the basic formation of the squad in the assault. It is also suitable for eliminating enemy
resistance in a frontal attack, for making short crossings of cleared areas and for crossing the starting line at
the initiation of the attack.
(2) She has maximum firepower at the front, but is relatively difficult to control. The location of the
soldiers within the formation can be changed by the squad leader, especially the FAP shooters, for a
particular situation that requires a greater concentration of fire over a certain area.
(3) When used for assault, the squad leader must designate a base team, this being normally the one
that marched in the lead in the previous formation.
(4) To form the squad in a line of shooters, point out: SQUAD IN A LINE OF SHOOTERS FORWARD!
At this voice the individuals take the positions indicated in the figure
Rifle platoon in the day attack and the night attack

-DIRUNO ATTACK
PLATOON MISSION
TO. The mission of the Platoon and its Rifle Squads in the offensive action is to approach the enemy to
destroy or capture it. The Rifle Platoon and Squads accomplish this mission using fire, maneuver and shock
action.
b. The mission of the Support Weapons Squad in the offensive action is: to provide close and continuous fire
support and provide limited anti-tank defense to the Rifle Platoon.
MOVEMENT TOWARDS CONTACT
The Rifle Platoon normally advances from the assembly area to the attack position or LP under Company
control, except when the deployment point is located in the assembly area or multiple Platoon routes are
used for movement. Often the Platoon will be under the Command of the most notable Auxiliary Platoon
Sergeant or Squad Leader during the previous movement.
If an attack position is not used, the deployment of the Platoon and Squads in their initial attack formations is
carried out during the march. Otherwise, the deployment is done in the attack position, with security having
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to be placed and last-minute coordination carried out. The movement from the assembly area is scheduled
so that the leading elements of the Platoon cross the LP at time “H” or at the agreed upon signal for the
initiation of the attack.
COORDINATED ATTACK AND DURING PERIODS WITH LIMITED VISIBILITY
When the enemy approaches friendly defensive positions, several targets will appear in the squad's firing
sector. As soon as they are in effective range, the squad will fire at these targets. To effectively engage and
destroy these targets, the squad must apply what it has learned, both in shooting technique and in the
squad's defensive tactics.
During periods of restricted visibility, surprise and close combat are more likely to occur. For this reason,
security (additional patrols and listening posts) and shooting discipline are emphasized. Unnecessary
consumption of ammunition and premature discovery of positions are avoided by firing only when the targets
are visible. If artificial lighting must be provided, daylight techniques are used. Otherwise night techniques
are applied.
NIGHT ATTACK
The emphasis on night operations that marks the training, as well as the combat operations of modern
Armies, is based on the vast war experience acquired by man. Night attacks have greatly contributed to the
success of commanders since ancient times, recognizing the concealment provided by darkness; which
offers the opportunity to obtain the surprise and psychological effect caused by the attack launched by an
invisible force. From the past to the present day, the ingenuity of man has developed and produced
increasingly destructive weapons; Parallel to that effort, it has constantly devised means to neutralize or
avoid the complete effect of said weapons. The night attack is one of the most important means that man
has found to counteract weapons.
PURPOSES.
Night attack is adopted for one or more of the following reasons.
to. Complete or exploit a success. In other words our forces have been attacking successfully during the day
and wish to continue the attack in the dark in order to complete or exploit the success achieved in the day.
b. To gain important ground for future operations. Which means that considerations of time and tactical
situation demand the night attack of a Rifle Company to capture terrain that is important to achieve the
success of a subsequent general offensive.
c. To surprise the enemy. Because the night casts a partial or complete curtain on visibility, secrecy is more
easily maintained and surprise is more easily achieved.
d. To keep pressure on the enemy. By attacking at night, we can prevent the enemy from preparing a strong
defensive position and be able to defend themselves more easily.
c. To avoid heavy losses. The concealment provided by darkness often offers our assault forces an
opportunity to cross terrain advantageous to enemy defenses or to move undetected through or by an
extremely well-organized enemy defense position.
f.- To trust or attract enemy reserves. Although normally not within the scope of the Rifle Company's
planning, this is a deception maneuver that seeks to sustain or transfer enemy reserves, in order to weaken
their resistance for a subsequent general offensive. Any of these purposes may factor into the commander's
decision to attack at night.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The Night Commander is characterized by the (1) decrease in the effectiveness of aimed fire and a
corresponding (2) increase in the importance of close combat (hand-to-hand). That requires (3) more
detailed orders and better understanding on the part of individuals. Night combat is also characterized by the
difficulty of movement, conduction of troops, maintenance of wired means of transmission, messengers and
especially control. The night attack offers a psychological advantage to the attacker, since it produces fear of
the unknown in the enemy. The difficulties encountered in night combat are overcome through proper
planning, preparation and through complete training in night operations. Normally more time is required for
planning and coordinating a night attack than for a daytime attack. Due to control difficulties, the preferred
maneuver plan will be the simplest one that does not require complicated maneuvers.
TECHNIQUES.
to. A night attack can be done stealthily, using daytime techniques, or employing a combination of both. In a
stealth attack the attacker attempts to maintain secrecy and achieve surprise, approaching the enemy before
the attack is discovered.
b. The particular techniques used will depend on factors such as: manpower, degree of preparation of the
positions, enemy security measures, light conditions and the terrain. The situation may allow a stealth attack
to capture the initial objective, then continuing the attack using essentially daytime techniques. Other
situations may dictate that the entire attack be conducted using day attack techniques. In any case,
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resources will be exhausted to achieve the maximum degree of surprise, without making a difference due to
the technique used. This chapter primarily discusses the techniques used in a stealth attack. Some of these
techniques may be applicable, even if the attack is done as a daytime attack.
Tactical platoon employment

The integration of defensive tactics with shooting training technique will save time, provide more realistic
training and allow you to practice the appropriate tactical use of your weapons.
Rifle squads are normally positioned side by side, using their maximum firepower towards the expected
direction of the enemy attack. They are positioned to take maximum advantage of the terrain and their
weapons capabilities. The Platoon Commander assigns each squad an area to defend and a shooting
sector.
Within each squad, rifle teams are deployed in line and their integrity is maintained. Each team occupies
approximately half of the squad area. Two-man foxholes are normally used. Factors such as squad strength,
firing ranges, and morale influence the selection of one-man or two-man rifle pits. They are: observation
(while one man rests or works, the other is alert), mutual help and trust (including first aid and assumption of
both sectors of fire) and ease in the redistribution of ammunition.
When ordered, the squad prepares supplementary positions. These positions are organized in the same way
as the main positions, but are oriented to cover areas that cannot be covered from the main position.
Upon receiving the platoon defense order, the squad leader prepares a detailed squad order. The order is
given on the terrain to be defended and is clear and defined, so that the men of the squad understand the
mission and the plan.
Conclusions
At the end of the bibliographic research carried out related to the topic “Squad and Platoon Formations for
Combat” we have reached the following conclusions:
combat.
The squad leader controls his unit through verbal commands, auditory signals, arm and hand signals, and
Square in closed rhombus. This is the basic formation for the execution of movements, being normally used
when the squad marches as part of the platoon and lateral and deep dispersion becomes possible without
sacrificing control.
It is the most frequently used formation in areas suitable for maneuver by the rear team. This facilitates
combat training because the leading team can immediately attack the enemy, while the rear team is used to
move along the flanks.
Square in column one by one. This formation is used to move over terrain so restricted that it does not allow
the squad to adopt a closed diamond formation or when visibility is so reduced that control becomes
extremely difficult.
Online squad of shooters. This is the basic formation of the squad in the assault. It is also suitable for
eliminating enemy resistance in a frontal attack, for making short crossings of cleared areas and for crossing
the starting line at the initiation of the attack.
The squad prepares for attack in its assigned portion of the platoon assembly area. Security is maintained by
posting sentries and using masking and concealment. Shelters are dug to provide protection against indirect
fire. Upon receiving the platoon's preparatory order, the squad leader issues a preparatory order to the
squad members. This is a brief partial order containing the time of attack and details such as the delivery of
special equipment, ammunition and rations and the return of surplus equipment. The squad then prepares
for the attack, including the delivery and return of equipment, ammunition and rations, checking and cleaning
the weapons, and adjusting the sights.
The mission of the movement element is to approach the enemy and destroy or capture it. He advances and
assaults under the protection of short-range fire from the fire support element. Its main task is to maintain the
advance towards the enemy, using as much as possible all the concealment and cover available.
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Night attack is usually characterized by:

(1) Decreased ability to place targeted fire on the enemy.
(2) Increased importance of hand-to-hand combat, volume of fire, and the fire of certain weapons aimed
at targets during the day.
(3) Difficulty in movement.
(4) The difficulty in maintaining control, direction and contact. Despite these difficulties, the night attack
provides the attacker with a psychological advantage by increasing the defender's doubts and fear of the
unknown.
The mission of the Platoon and its Rifle Squads in the offensive action is to approach the enemy to destroy
or capture it. The Rifle Platoon and Squads accomplish this mission using fire, maneuver and shock action.
The mission of the Support Weapons Squad in the offensive action is: to provide close and continuous fire
Generalities
PURPOSE.
-. The purpose of this chapter is the explanation of the mission, capacity and characteristics of the Rifle
Platoon. Lay out your organization and determine the duties of your staff.
-. The duties listed in this chapter will serve as a guide, since being of a general nature, they should not be
considered the only ones that said personnel must fulfill; since special situations and POV in each unit will
give rise to other duties not explained here
MISSION.
-. The mission of the Rifle Platoon in the attack is: to approach the enemy through fire and maneuver to
destroy it, capture it or dislodge it from its positions.
-. The Platoon's mission in defense is: stop the enemy in front of the LPR by means of fire or repel his
assault through close combat (hand-to-hand) if he manages to reach the position.
-. The Rifle Squad has the same mission
-. The Support Weapons Squadron has the mission of: providing close and continuous fire support and
limited anti-tank protection, both in attack; as in defense.
CAPABILITIES.
-. The Rifle Platoon generally attacks as part of a coordinated Rifle Company action, although it may be
employed as a semi-independent force, when necessary reinforcements are assigned.
(1) It is capable of approaching the enemy through maneuver and destroying or capturing it by means of fire
or shock action.
(2) He is able, with the help of other weapons, to stop the enemy in front of the LPR by means of fire or repel
his assault, through close combat (hand-to-hand), if he manages to reach the position.
(3) It can act as a fire base or constitute a maneuver element.
(4) Can hold or capture a position in all types of terrain and under any weather conditions.
(5) It may be an integral part of an airborne or amphibious force, participating in operations of that nature.
CHARACTERISTICS.
-. The Rifle Platoon is an assault unit, which fights by combining maneuver, fire and shock action. Being able
to capture and retain the land in its possession for long periods of time. With the versatility of being able to
fight within a nuclear or non-nuclear war, under any type of weather and weather conditions.
-. The Rifle Platoon obtains and achieves its innate mobility taking into account the foot soldier. Being able to
achieve greater tactical mobility through the use of personnel transports, trucks, planes, etc.
It is also easily transportable in helicopter units.
Organization of the rifle platoon and duties of its personnel

ORGANIZATION.
The Rifle Platoon is made up of a Platoon Command, three Rifle Squads and a Support Squad.
-.Platoon Command. The Platoon Command is made up of a Commander, a Platoon replacement
Professional Troop and two (2) 2 1/2 Ton vehicle drivers.
-. Three Rifle Squads. Each Squad is made up of: one (01) Squad Leader and two (02) Rifle teams of four
(04) soldiers each; which in this case will be called ALFA and BRA-VO. Each fire team consists of one (01)
chief, one (01) grenadier rifleman and two (02) riflemen.
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-. Support Squad. The Squad is made up of a (01) Squad Leader, a (01) machine gun team, and a (01)
rocket launcher team; The machine guns are organized into two (02) ALFA and BRAVO fire teams and the
rocket launchers are organized into three (03) pieces.
HOMEWORK.
-. Platoon Commander.
The Platoon Commander is responsible for the discipline, training, control and tactical employment of his
unit.
He trains his subordinate bosses and uses them to the fullest in accomplishing the mission. Emphasizes the
development of initiative, self-confidence, and professional ability on the part of subordinate bosses;
providing them with the necessary guidance and allowing them free action in carrying out their specific or
assigned tasks. Monitors the behavior of individuals under his command and takes positive action to correct
any known or potential deficiencies. Additionally, he is responsible for all weapons and equipment assigned
to his unit.
-. Replacement of the Platoon.
The Platoon Sergeant or replacement performs the duties assigned to him by the Platoon Commander. He
helps him in the control of his unit, assuming command of it in his absence and supervises the maintenance
of weapons and the supply of ammunition.
-. Chief or Commander of the Rifle Squad.
The leader or Commander of the Rifle Squad is responsible for the discipline, training, control and tactical
employment of his Squad using the assistance of his rifle team leaders to control the unit.
-. Rifle team leader.
The Fusiliers team leader is a combat leader. In the action, he helps the leader or Squad Commander,
initiating the action decided by him, thus giving an example to the members of his team, according to the
requirements of the situation. In other situations, he helps the Squad Leader with everything he asks of him.
The most senior or senior team leader commands the Squad in the absence of the Squad Leader or
Commander.
-. Riflemen and Grenadiers.
FAP riflemen and marksman must be trained to act skilfully in combat both in individual and team action.
Their specific tasks are indicated by the leader or Squad Commander or team leader.
-. Chief or Commander of the Support Squad of the Rifle Platoon.
The leader or Commander of the Support Squad is responsible for the discipline, training and control of his
Squad and based on the instructions of the Platoon Commander, regarding the use of his weapons. He also
makes recommendations to the Platoon Commander for the tactical use of his unit.
-. Shooters of the Support Weapons Squad.
The machine gunners and rocket launchers use their weapons as ordered by the squad leader. They control
the fire of their weapons and the movement of their teams as ordered. The shooter of the 3.5 or AT-4 rocket
launcher commands the Squad in the absence of the Squad Leader.
-. Members of the Support Squad.
The shooters' loaders provide the necessary help in the use of their respective weapons. Suppliers replenish
required ammunition in machine guns and/or rocket launchers and must be prepared to replace crew
members of each machine gun or rocket launcher team in the event of casualties.
tactical movements
GENERALITIES
TACTICAL MOVEMENTS.
A tactical movement is one carried out under combat conditions when contact with the enemy is expected.
The Rifle Platoon can, according to operational plans, participate in this type of movement in the following
ways: movement towards contact, movement away of the enemy and others to relocate troops. During the
execution of all tactical movements, the Platoon must be prepared against probable ground or air attacks
from the enemy; even atomic, biological or chemical ones. The degree of deployment required in units will
depend on the enemy's capabilities. The probabilities of contact with the enemy will vary in degree as
follows: remote, probable and imminent; depending on factors such as the distance the enemy is from
friendly forces, the relative mobility of the enemy, and the presence of friendly cover or security forces.
FORMATIONS.
The formation adopted by the Platoon is based on the probability of contact with the enemy. When contact is
remote, troops are arranged in the column in a manner that facilitates control, speed of movement, and other
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administrative considerations. Adequate dispersion is maintained in order to provide protection against air
attack and the effects of long-range artillery fire.
As ground contact with the enemy becomes more likely, elements are tactically grouped within the column,
so as to facilitate the early adoption of combat formations. The Tactical grouping of troops in the column is
based on the future employment of the Platoon.
When contact is imminent, troops are tactically grouped and deployed before the enemy develops ground
action. Under such conditions, the Rifle Platoon may be assigned the mission of forming part of the Security
Detachments (vanguard, flanker or rearguard).
SECURITY.
The Platoon Commander and his subordinate leaders are responsible for the security of their units,
regardless of security measures taken by higher commands. Appropriate security measures against air or
ground attacks must be adopted during movements and at stops. Depending on the terrain and the likelihood
of contact, security measures during movement may vary from observation to sending security patrols.
During the execution of short-term halts, local security, small security detachments AND/OR patrols, are
used to provide security in all directions. However, since these are prolonged march stops, additional
measures will be taken that may include the arrangement of the Platoon elements in a way that facilitates the
structuring of a perimeter defense. In order for security measures to be effective, due alarm must be
provided, in order to allow the Platoon to take the necessary action to protect itself against ground or air
attack or the effects of surprise nuclear, chemical or biological attacks.
CONTROL.
-. Positive Platoon control depends primarily on careful planning and adequate means of transmission. All
safety considerations are employed to help maintain control. During the movement, the main means of
transmission are radio, messengers and visual signals.
-. March objectives, checkpoints and phase lines can be used to help the Commander control his unit during
movement. Unless otherwise specified, Commanders report the arrival of their unit at said points and
continue the march without stopping. For a more detailed discussion in this regard and to enter into the
discussion of other control measures, see the Troop Movement Manual.
Tactical marches
SECURITY MISSIONS.
-. The Rifle Platoon as part of a Security Detachment during the movement towards contact, may be
assigned one of the following missions: vanguard (vanguard), flanker or rear. While carrying out a mission of
this nature, the Rifle Platoon may be required to: attack or delay the enemy or defend a position in order to
fulfill its mission.
-. In defense, the Rifle Platoon may receive the mission of forming part of one of the security echelons:
Covering Forces or General Outposts, and, duly reinforced, may establish or form part of the Advanced
Combat Posts or a Line of Defense. Security and Recognition.
-. The Rifle Squad, as part of the Rifle Platoon, fulfills similar missions as the vanguard in movements
towards contact and establishing small posts in defense.
NIGHT MOVEMENT.
-. Night movement offers greater concealment from enemy observation, helps maintain secrecy and can
allow the element of surprise to be obtained. The difficulty of control at night dictates the need for more
detailed planning and the strictest use of control measures.
The speed of movement is generally slower at night than during the day. The formations used are similar to
those used during diurnal movement; although the difficulty of control will frequently establish the
requirement that the distances between individuals and squads be less than those maintained during
daytime movement.
-. Control measures taken during nighttime hours may include: the placement of guides and route
demarcation signs: marking of individuals for easy identification, intense use of liaison elements, use of
infrared signaling equipment and frequent reporting. of Platoon locations.
-. The maintenance of secrecy will be emphasized by imposing rigid measures to maintain noise and light
discipline.
RIFLE PLATOON AS THE HEAD OF THE VANGUARD, ITS MISSION AND ORGANIZATION
-. The mission of the Rifle Platoon as the head of the vanguard Company is to avoid unnecessary delays in
the movement of the vanguard, protect it from surprise attacks and the effects of enemy observation of the
front and cover the Company's deployment if necessary. .
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-. From front to rear, the vanguard head is organized into Punta y Cabeza (see figure 2). The head
commander sends forward a rifle squad to serve as a point. The distance between the head elements, as
shown in the previous figure, serves only as a guide and will vary according to the situation, terrain and
existing visibility.
These distances are prescribed, initially by the Commander of the vanguard (Rifle Company) and must be
large enough to allow the following elements to deploy without being seriously interfered by the enemy when
making contact. Despite this, the distances should not be excessive, so that the members of the vanguard
quickly help those immediately ahead.
LEADING THE HEAD DETACHMENT.
-. All elements of this detachment exploit to the maximum the advantages of cover and concealment
available during the advance, in direct proportion to the prescribed marching speed, for example: if the
march is carried out along a road using the track, maximum speed is reached. but to the detriment of cover
and concealment, if instead the movement is made at a short distance to the sides of the track, maximum
concealment against air-ground observation will be achieved, but travel speed will be sacrificed.
-. The lead detachment normally advances in a platoon formation in column. The order of march is planned
based on the future employment of the units, the liaison elements of the detachment must maintain visible
contact with the point, when a team of reconnaissance engineers accompanies the detachment, it will
normally march to the rear of the detachment, if it is a QHR agent detection team, it will normally do so near
the head of the detachment. The Platoon Commander will march where his presence is most necessary,
although normally he will do so with the first Squad of the lead detachment itself.
-. Tip. Along a road, the leading detachment moves in Squad formation in a modified marching column, as
shown in Fig. 2b. When the movement is carried out across the country, generally the Point moves under a
Squad formation in a Battle Column Fig. 3. The squad leader is also located in a place where he can better
control his unit.
Intelligence about the enemy and terrain from higher commands is immediately disseminated to the lead and
point detachment elements. Similarly, information of this nature obtained by elements of the detachment is
reported to the Company Commander, who in turn transmits the information to the Battalion Commander.
Accurate and timely reporting of this information is essential to enable Commanders at all echelons to
formulate effective plans5 for the employment of their units.
-. The Point does not normally deploy elements towards the flanks since its security is based on observation.
The lead detachment generally also bases its security on observation, but can, at the same time, use
security elements towards the flanks, when its Commander deems it necessary.
-. The actions carried out by the vanguard detachments are characterized by aggressiveness. Unless
ordered otherwise, the elements of the leading detachment attack the enemy without hesitation to expel him
from his positions. When encountering enemy resistance, the Point initially returns fire; deploys and attacks.
Then the Commander of the lead detachment moves forward, positioning himself at an advantageous point,
performs a reconnaissance, an appreciation of the situation and determines where he can best use his unit
according to the situation. If the tip attack has no results in reducing enemy resistance; The Commander of
the lead detachment attacks with his entire unit, trying as much as possible to attack by means of a rapid
flanking maneuver in preference to launching a frontal attack. Support weapons are mobilized to forward
firing positions, and all available firepower must be used. In the event that the leading detachment is unable
to reduce enemy resistance; immobilizes it by fire and locates its flanks to provide this information to the
Vanguard Company Commander, so that he has a basis on which to develop his attack plan.
When the enemy is destroyed or withdraws, the leading detachment must reorganize and resume movement
as quickly as possible, so that the vanguard does not have to stop unnecessarily. The Commander of the
vanguard Company is informed of the situation, in order to who can report to higher commands.
o Explanations of the Arm and Hand Signals.
Signals are used to transmit orders and information when voice communication is difficult as dictated by
combat circumstances. They can be done in several ways: with the arm, with a whistle, with lights or with
blows.
The receivers of the signals must repeat them to ensure that they have been understood and avoid errors in
subsequent tactical actions.
However, other signals can be used for specific situations or actions that complement this code, and which
must be known in advance by all components of the unit.
High: the hand is raised upward until the arm is completely stretched with the palm of the hand facing
forward. It remains this way until the signal has been understood.
Cease Fire: the forearm is raised with the palm facing forward and moving it up and down several times in
front of the face.
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Increase Speed: with a closed fist, place your hand on your shoulder and raise your arm to the vertical to
lower it where the movement began. The sequence is repeated several times.
Close Distance and Intervals: Start with your forearms parallel and apart, and with your palms facing each
other, and then bring them together.
Deploy or Disperse: with any arm and extended hand, the movement described by the arrows is described.
Slow down: extend the arm to the side with the palm of the hand facing forward and move several times,
keeping the arm extended.
Distance: with the arm completely raised and the fist closed in the direction to which the signal is made, one
finger is extended for every 100 meters of distance.
Boarding: with the hand extended downward and at one side, palm in front, the arm is raised at an angle of
45 above the horizontal. To disembark, signal in the opposite direction.
In such Direction: look and move in the desired direction. At the same time, extend the arm vertically with the
palm in front and lower the arm in the desired direction until horizontal.
Enemy of Fire: hold the rifle in a horizontal position, with the stock on the shoulder, pointing in the direction in
which the enemy is seen.
Fire Team: Place your right arm diagonally above your chest until you reach your left shoulder.
Stepping: (right or left) the arm is extended from the side (right or left) forming an angle of 45º above the
horizontal and the other angle of 45º below the horizontal.
Column Formation: the arm is raised vertically and brought back in complete vertical circles.
Fire: the arm is extended in front of the body, above the waist, with the palm of the hand facing down and
moving it several times.
Turn to one side: the arm is extended in the direction in which the movement is to be executed.
Line: the arms are raised laterally to the horizontal, with the hands extended and the palm facing down.
I don't understand: both hands are placed forward with the palms facing forward.
Peloton: the arm and hand are extended with the palm facing down, then moving the hand up and down
several times while keeping the arm still.
Ready?: the arm is extended with the hand raised towards whom the signal is made with the fingers
extended and together, and the palm facing him.
Gather: The arm is raised vertically until it is fully extended and horizontal circles are described.
o Diamond Square:
-. Square in closed rhombus.
This is the basic formation for the execution of movements, being normally used when the squad marches as
part of the platoon and lateral and deep dispersion becomes possible without sacrificing control. In this
formation the squad can develop a large volume of fire towards the front and rear. The closed diamond
square is a flexible formation that facilitates the execution of combat exercises.
It is the most frequently used formation in areas suitable for maneuver by the rear team. This facilitates
combat training because the leading team can immediately attack the enemy, while the rear team is used to
move along the flanks. Alpha Team marches at the head of the formation, unless otherwise ordered by the
squad leader. The basic difference between this formation and the open diamond formation is the dispersion.
Variations. To facilitate control, the teams can be kept close to each other, in the manner shown in figure No.
19 (normal closed diamond), when the terrain and visibility allow it, the squad leader can separate his teams,
letting the The rear team follows the leading team at a certain distance. The distance between the teams in
this variation should not be so great that the squad leader loses direct control of the rear team. This variation
is suitable (depending on the terrain) for when the squad fulfills the mission of leading a vanguard and the
movement is carried out cross-country.
To form the squad in a closed rhombus, the squad leader commands or signals: SQUAD IN CLOSED
RHOMBUS FORWARD! At this voice the lead team leader advances ± 30 steps and the other individuals
take the position. When the squad leader wants his teams to separate, he complements his order or signal
with the voice: TEAMS SEPARATE ----MTS DE DISTANCE, at this voice the leading team begins the
movement, waiting for the rear team to advance to the prescribed distance.
-. Square in open rhombus.
The open diamond formation is especially adapted to situations in which prompt action is required and the
location and strength of the enemy are known with certainty. For example: when the squad acts in isolation,
during patrolling, etc.; since this formation offers excellent control, security on all sides, flexibility and
dispersion.
To form the squad in a rhombus, the squad leader commands or signals: OPEN RHOMBUS SQUAD
FORWARD! At this voice the leader of the leading team advances. The Alpha team is placed in front, unless
otherwise ordered by the squad leader.
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or Square in Column of One.

This formation is used to move over terrain so restricted that it does not allow the squad to adopt a closed
diamond formation or when visibility is so reduced that control becomes extremely difficult. This formation
facilitates control of movement and allows the development of greater combat power towards the flanks and
minimum towards the front and rear. To form the squad in a column one by one, the squad leader
commands or signals: SQUAD IN COLUMN BY ONE GO FORWARD! To this voice.
o Squad of Shooters and Different Variables.
Online squad of shooters.
This is the basic formation of the squad in the assault. It is also suitable for eliminating enemy resistance in a
frontal attack, for making short crossings of cleared areas and for crossing the starting line at the initiation of
the attack.
She has maximum firepower at the front, but is relatively difficult to control. The location of the soldiers within
the formation can be changed by the squad leader, especially the FAP shooters, for a particular situation that
requires a greater concentration of fire over a certain area.
When used for assault, the squad leader must designate a base team, this being normally the one that
marched in the lead in the previous formation.
To form the squad in a line of shooters, point out: SQUAD IN A LINE OF SHOOTERS FORWARD!
o Rifle Platoon in the Day Attack and the Night Attack.
The Company Commander notifies the Platoon Commander of the time and place where the Company's
attack order will be issued. At the same time or before this time he normally issues a preparatory order. This
order is fragmentary and includes information such as time of attack, company mission, preliminary plan for
the employment of the Company and the administrative instructions necessary to carry out preparations for
the attack. Administrative instructions may contain pertinent information or directives regarding: delivery of
special equipment, ammunition, additional rations, and exchanges or returns of equipment not needed for
the attack.
The Platoon Commander in turn issues a preparatory order to his Squad Leaders and prepares to meet with
the Company Commander at the place and time where the Company's attack order will be issued, and must
decide which personnel will accompany him. when you are going to hold said meeting. His decision will be
based on the instructions given by the Company Commander, distance from the point where the Company's
attack order will be issued, available transportation, location and situation of the Platoon (for example: if the
Platoon is moving, if it is acting in a defense or if it is occupying part of an assembly area).
The Platoon Commander will normally be accompanied by the radio and telephone operator and a Platoon
guide.; In case he needs to be helped in the reconnaissance, for coordination purposes, or if time and the
situation permit, he may take with him the Platoon's replacement TP or other personnel that he deems
appropriate.
Preparations for the attack. From the moment the Platoon Commander leaves to meet with the Company
Commander, the replacement Platoon TP or the most senior Squad Leader will supervise the preparations
for the attack and continue executing the mission or missions assigned to the Platoon. Preparations for the
attack include: the change and/or delivery of special equipment, delivery of additional rations and
ammunition, checking and cleaning of weapons and, when possible, reconnaissance of the routes to the
forward assembly area or attack position.
When the Platoon is in a defensive position, it must continue its mission and at the same time carry out
preparations for the attack. If you are on the march or occupying part of a Company assembly area, you
must maintain your security by posting sentries and using camouflage and concealment to the maximum
extent.
Issuance of the Company's attack order.
Upon receiving the attack order from the Company, the Platoon Commander begins the preparation of his
attack plan, guided by the Operations Preparation Procedure.
If the Rifle Company is to be employed in a coordinated attack, the Rifle Platoon will generally be restricted
with respect to the route of advance to be used in its march towards the objective. This is particularly true
when Platoons are attacking a common objective. However, the Company Commander will allow his Platoon
Commanders maximum freedom of action consistent with his plan of attack.
The Company Commander controls the maneuver elements during the attack, appropriately using the control
measures listed below. The Company Commander, in order to allow greater freedom of action to his
subordinates, prescribes the minimum necessary control measures that guarantee the progress of the attack
in the desired manner.
Attack time. The time of attack is generally prescribed in the Battalion order and constitutes the moment in
which the leading element of the attacking Companies (Attack Echelon) must cross the Line of Departure
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(LP.). In conjunction with the LP, the time of attack guarantees the Company Commander that his attack
elements (Assault Echelon) and supporting fire units are coordinated in the initiation of the attack.
Attack position. The attack position is generally constituted by the last position with cover and concealment
located near the LP which must be reached without the need to fight and is occupied by the elements of the
Company with the purpose of: carrying out final coordination, deploying the unit in the initial attack formation
or make other last-minute preparations before launching the attack.
The attack position may or may not be used; It is used only when final preparations cannot be carried out in
the assembly area or during the march. The previous concept is based on the fact that unnecessary stops in
an attack position unnecessarily expose the unit to enemy fire, and may also reduce the degree of surprise
that can be achieved. The use of an attack position is particularly undesirable when a line passage is to be
carried out, due to the existence of a nuclear objective (density of troops, equipment, etc.) located in the
vicinity of the LP.
When the attack position is employed, it is generally selected by the Company Commander; except when
close control by the BI Commander is required (night attack, river crossings, etc.).
Desirable characteristics for an attack position include cover and concealment from direct fire and
observation of the enemy, facilities for reconnaissance and identification of the terrain and of sufficiently
extensive proportions to accommodate the Company adequately dispersed in the initial attack formation.
If an attack position is used, it must be occupied only for the minimum necessary time.
Starting Line (LP.).
The Battalion order designates an LP, which troops will cross at a prescribed time or time to coordinate the
initiation of the attack. The desirable characteristics of an LP. They are: it must be easily recognizable or
identifiable on the ground, located in a direction approximately perpendicular to the direction of attack, that it
is under the control of friendly units and that it is not under the effects of direct fire or enemy observation.
In some cases the LP determined by the Battalion Commander may be inadequate to be used by the
Company elements; When this occurs the Company Commander may select another LP in the immediate
vicinity of that prescribed by the Battalion Commander; However, the Battalion LP must be crossed at the
time of attack prescribed in the Battalion order.
If the LP is made up of a position held by a friendly unit already in contact with the enemy,
coordination is required to guarantee interrupted line passages, in order to reduce to a minimum the time in
which a remunerative nuclear objective is presented. When possible, plans are made for attacking elements
to be guided through gaps between contacting elements.
Action zone. This is a tactical subdivision of a larger area, assigned for control purposes and determining a
unit's responsibility in offensive operations. Within the assigned action zone the unit has freedom of
maneuver and fire to fulfill its mission. When the mission does not involve clearing the area of action, the unit
may discard the enemy resistance found that does not threaten the fulfillment of its mission, and must report
such action promptly to the immediate higher command. Action zones are frequently used for controlling
dismounted attacks.
A Platoon action zone must at least include a suitable direction of approach toward the objective. In selecting
Platoon boundaries, the Company Commander avoids dividing directions of approach or critical terrain
between two Platoons. Platoon boundaries are generally designated on the ground using easily recognizable
features. If Platoon action zones are prescribed and a tracing is issued along with the attack order, the limits
will be shown on the tracing.
When a Platoon wishes to maneuver or open fire within the area of an adjacent Platoon (the same
Company), it is required to coordinate with it and immediately notify the Company Commander. When it is
otherwise desired to maneuver or open fire within the zone of an adjacent Company, the Company
Commander must coordinate the action with the Commander of the adjacent Company and notify the
Battalion Commander.
Advance axis. It is a route of advance that extends in the direction of the id, indicating the general direction
along which the attacking elements will move. It is a control measure most frequently used in mechanized
operations. A unit moving on an axis may discard enemy forces that do not threaten the fulfillment of its
mission, immediately informing the immediate superior Commander about the enemy forces and the
diversion carried out. Obstacles found in the axis can be discarded in a similar way.
The axis of advance is represented on a map or tracing by means of an arrow marked with the phrase "AXIS
OF ADVANCE" (a name may be given); part from the LPR. and heads towards the target.
Attack direction. The attack direction is a specific direction in which a unit directs its attack. The terrain along
the direction of attack must be cleared or swept of any effective enemy resistance that may be encountered.
Due to its restrictive nature, the direction of attack is normally used only when a Commander must maintain
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close control over the maneuver of subordinate elements to fully carry out his maneuver plan. It is normally
used to signal the direction of a counter-attack.
Checkpoints. The control point is an easily identifiable terrain feature, used to control movement or
as a reference point to report the locations of friendly units. Other uses that can be given to control points
are: as a reference to adjust fires or designate objectives for support weapons and to determine a place
where the Military Police controls the traffic of vehicles and pedestrians, in order to force comply with traffic
control measures and other existing laws, orders or regulations.
The Company Commander may select as a control point those terrain features which require quick reference
during the conduct of the attack. For greater simplicity in the attack plan, the number of control points
selected is minimal considering the anticipated needs. Control points are graphically represented by a circle
identified by a number and their identification can be done in "plain language."
Contact points. Contact points are places on the ground where two or more units are required to establish
contact. These points are rarely designated by the Company Commander for use in conducting the attack;
but they are used once the objective is captured while consolidating the terrain to determine a place where
the Platoon Commanders make the necessary coordination and contact.
The contact point is represented graphically by means of a square with a number that identifies it.
These points correspond to the attachment or link points in defensive operations.
Phase Line. A phase line is a set of easily recognizable points or features that extend completely across the
action zone. A phase line can be made up of a water current, road or mountain range (normally transverse
compartments). It is used to control the forward movement of units, report the arrival of units at a phase line,
or limit the advance of attacking elements. The phase line is represented graphically by means of a line that
crosses the action zone and joins the points or characteristics that serve as the basis of the line; It is usually
distinguished by the phrase "PHASE LINE (Name or number)".
Assault line. It is a line of terrain where the assault echelon ends its deployment and from where the assault
is launched. The assault line is located on the objective and as close to the enemy positions as the
supporting fires of our own forces allow, that is, the assault line is the one to which the attacking forces can
move before being seriously exposed to support fires. When enemy positions are known and supporting fires
can be carefully planned in advance, the Company Commander can tentatively select an assault line while
planning the attack; The Company Commander normally selects probable assault lines only for those
objectives in which the assault is planned by coordinating two or more Platoons, and Platoon Commanders
must select assault lines for other smaller objectives.
Goals. Assigned objectives must be captured and controlled, but do not necessarily need to be
cleared of all enemy resistance. Based on his appreciation of the situation (Annex 2), the Company
Commander may subdivide the Company objective (5) into Platoon objective(s) and may also assign
intermediate Platoon objectives as needed.
Target terrain conditions can be:
Dominant terrain over the entire area, zone of action, axis of advance, direction of attack of the Company,
etc., which, if it were to be occupied by the enemy, prevents the fulfillment of the mission.
Terrain where anticipated combat difficulties indicate the need for a period of reorganization to continue the
attack.
Terrain from which an attack must be coordinated to capture the next objective or other requirement for
control purposes, such as an area with limited observation or where distance to the next objective requires
the movement of support weapons.
The terrain selected as a Platoon objective must meet the greatest number of the following
characteristics:
Easy to recognize on the ground.
That facilitates the convergence of effort.
Be located within the effective range of the 81 mm mortars. (Organics of the Company).
That the front and depth be no greater than that which can be captured in an initial assault.
The number of selected objectives must be the minimum required to maintain control and coordination in the
progress of the attack according to the Company Commander's plan.
(3) The actions of Platoon Commanders are planned to make the best use of the time available before
the attack. These actions are indicated in the PPO.
PLAN OF ATTACK AND PLAN OF MANEUVER.
The Platoon normally receives an attack mission in the form of a verbal order from the Company
Commander. This order establishes objectives to be captured, unit action zone, LP, time of attack and any
other necessary control measures. Likewise, the order contemplates the designation of units to be added in
reinforcement, direct support or joint action. The Platoon Commander bases his plan for the attack on these
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orders and on an appreciation of the situation (decision). The Platoon Commander prepares his attack plan
keeping in mind the accomplishment of the mission, in the shortest time and with the least number of
casualties.
The attack plan consists of: Maneuver plan, support fires plan, communications plan, etc. These plans are
prepared simultaneously since some depend on others; But from a tactical point of view the most important
parts of the attack plan are the maneuver plan and the support fires plan.
The maneuver plan essentially constitutes the plan for the use of the Rifle Squad to fulfill the mission
assigned to the Platoon. The plan must be simple and flexible, at the same time that it must meet the
maximum degree of surprise.
The maneuver plan must include the following points:
Advance route. The selected route must allow maximum use of available cover and concealment,
supporting fires and, if possible, conducting the attack on the enemy's flank or rear.
Formations. The Platoon Commander selects an initial attack formation, and may be able to predict changes
to other formations during the conduct of the attack.
The choice of formations is greatly affected by the route selected; being also influenced by the need for
security, control, flexibility and speed of the attack.
The description and use of the appropriate combat formations for the Platoon is found in annex 3.
Assault.
Before deciding how to launch the assault, the Platoon Commander must consider the control and direction
of the assault. This is the most vital and critical phase of combat; It is there where we build or destroy
success; If our assault fails, the attack will also fail and vice versa; If our assault is successful, so will the
attack. In the assault we complete the final mission of the Infantry in the attack by engaging in combat with
the enemy to destroy, capture or expel them from their positions, through fire and shock action.
Since the assault is of vital importance, all the Platoon Commander's approaches must be aimed at
successfully placing the final attack against the objective. On the assault line, the Platoon is deployed in the
formation to be used in the assault; supporting fires are transported to the rear or flanks of the objective; The
riflemen and weapons of the Platoon carry out assault fire against the objective with all their weapons and
launch into the assault.
In a coordinated attack, the Platoon will move to the assault line under the protection of the support
fire provided by the upper echelons, being able to lead the assault with its three rifle squads in line, with the
collective weapons serving as an immediate support fire element. of the Platoon and those others that could
receive reinforcement or support.
In the event that the Platoon has to carry out an independent attack, such as when it acts as a combat patrol,
vanguard, etc.; In general, it will not have inorganic support fires, which is why it must provide them itself; In
this case, one part of the Platoon carries out the assault while the other and the weapons of the Support
Weapons Squad provide the support fire.
Normally the Platoon assaults from one direction, with the three rifle squads in a line. Although the assault
method will depend on the terrain, enemy resistance, the mission, available support fires, etc.
Tactical Consolidation. To consolidate the objective, the Platoon Commander designates the area of
responsibility for each squad and a general location for organic and reinforcement weapons to repel a
possible counterattack. The most desirable method for assigning areas of responsibility lies in the selection
of characteristic points of the terrain that demarcate limits for each area (Fig. 5). In cases where visible
points are not available, as is often the case, the Platoon Commander will use the clock system. For this, an
imaginary clock is placed, centralized on the objective; The 6 and 12 o'clock axis is specified on the ground,
extended from one given point to another, both visible in the area and generally in the direction of attack.
Then assigning the squad sectors and weapon positions by means of the remaining numbers (Fig. 6).
Control. In planning for control, the Platoon Commander selects his position in the formation and plans how
to use the Assistant Sergeant. The designation of a base squad, verbal orders, liaison personnel, and arm
and hand signals are normally used to control the Platoon.
If desirable, a reserve squad (or squads) can be designated to protect the exposed flank, attack from a new
direction or take over the mission from another squad. The Commander exposed, attack from a new
direction or take the mission (the other squad. The Platoon Commander plans to retain his reserve near his
maneuver element; generally under cover so that it is not hit by fire directed at the attacking squads. This
can be achieved by having a larger gap than usual between the lead and reserve squads in the formation.
Although the latter must be kept moving so that it does not fall beyond the support distance of the rest of the
platoon. The entire Platoon must assault together, even if a reserve is initially maintained. However, even in
the assault it may be desirable to maintain a reserve, when the Platoon acts on a semi-independent mission.
Night Attack.
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Purposes.
Complete or exploit a success. In other words our forces have been attacking successfully during the day
To gain important ground for future operations. Which means that considerations of time and tactical
To surprise the enemy. Because the night casts a partial or complete curtain on visibility, secrecy is more
To keep pressure on the enemy. By attacking at night, we can prevent the enemy from preparing a strong
To avoid heavy losses. The concealment provided by darkness often offers our assault forces an opportunity
to cross terrain advantageous to enemy defenses or to move undetected through or by an extremely well-
organized enemy defense position.
To trust or attract enemy reserves. Although normally not within the scope of the Rifle Company's planning,
this is a deception maneuver that seeks to sustain or transfer enemy reserves, in order to weaken their
resistance for a subsequent general offensive. Any of these purposes may factor into the commander's
o Distance Appreciation.
It consists of approximately calculating the length of a path to travel, a tree to climb, or a river to cross, since
knowledge of these measurements will allow us to manage our capacity for resistance.
Methods to Maintain Direction and Progress.
-. Set north using the compass.
-. If you do not have a chart or compass, establish the direction in which you are traveling with respect to the
sun, moon, or easily identifiable terrain features.
-. Look and listen.
-. As soon as you have oriented yourself again, continue with your mission.
Observation Techniques:
-. Observation post
It is the fixed place from which you view an area. Position from which military observations are made, or fire
is directed and regulated, and which has appropriate communications; can be found on board an aircraft.
They are fixed positions from which activities occurring within certain areas are observed and early warning
of enemy approach is provided. The number of observation posts and positions that must be established
depends on the unit's mission and area of responsibility, as well as the degree of observation permitted by
the terrain and weather conditions.
The reconnaissance team will position itself for observation of a given objective. To carry out these
activities, an observation post must be located, which allows the objective to be achieved without
endangering the reconnaissance patrol, which must not make contact with the enemy due to the low
response capacity to enemy fire.
-. An Observation Post Should Be Selected To Provide:
-. A good field of observation.
-. Coat and concealment.
-. A hidden approach route from the rear.
-. An inconspicuous appearance.
-. Observation Post Assembly.
-. First, a sentry will be located on a flank, at the hearing or visual limit of the patrol area.
-. A curtain is raised with a camouflaged, silent material that allows visual concealment of the PO assembly
work.
-. Next, the base roof of the observation post is placed (a poncho with a camouflage net). The same
materials will also be used for the walls.
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-. Vegetables should never be uprooted or cut from the surroundings of the stand itself, as it withers and this
makes it an indicator of the presence of the OP. At most, fallen vegetation should be used to reinforce the
camouflage of the OP.
-. To collect this vegetation it must be cut away from the PO.
-. Cut in small quantities and vegetation that is not close to each other, to prevent someone from detecting
this change in the vegetation, and being able to detect the OP.
-. If branches of bushes are cut, the part of the bushes that is lighter must be covered with soil (where the
uprooting was carried out) so that it does not stand out.
-. Vegetation will be uprooted from areas with unusual heights, for example dark areas at ground level that
are not at the visual height of a person.
-. Obtaining natural camouflage is a very dangerous activity since movement increases the possibility of
detecting the patrol, which has entered enemy territory.
-. Observation is carried out under the camouflage net, raising it slightly to allow observation.
-. The following should be avoided:
-. Positions with covered approaches from targets (the enemy can approach you secretly).
-. Prominent characteristic points of the terrain, because they attract fire.
-. Positions on the horizon or which make your silhouette stand out against a contrasting background.
Sounds and Smells
-. The sounds serve as information to you.
-. Noises can be heard better at night because there are fewer sounds to get in the way.
-. Noises can reveal your presence to the enemy.
-. To suppress a sneeze, press your nostrils upward with your fingers.
-. If you start to cough, lightly squeeze the back of your throat.
-. Odors can help you or they can put you in danger.
Action Under The Flares
1) .- Get on the ground.
2) .- If you are in the center, stay still.
Overcome Obstacles
-. Whenever possible avoid obstacles during the night as well as during the day.
-. Do not pass, if possible, through obstacles that are protected with personnel mines.
-. Every army uses barbed wire obstacles or high and low barbed wire, double four-wire curtains, etc.
-. Stay low when approaching a fence and try to determine its type before crossing it.
-. You can step over the wire if it is not mined.
-. Lower your foot to the floor and tap gently to get a secure footing. Lift your other foot over the wire.
-. A loose wire or folding chain-link fence can be crossed if a man lies on the wire. He forms a bridge over
which other men can walk.
-. It is often better to go under the wire, because you are not exposed as if you go over it.
-. If it is necessary to cut the wire to advance, only cut the lower threads and leave the upper thread in place.
-. Whenever possible avoid obstacles during the night as well as during the day. Do not pass, if possible,
through obstacles that are protected with personnel mines.
-. Every army uses barbed wire obstacles or high and low barbed wire, double four-wire curtains, etc.
-. Stay low when approaching a fence and try to determine its type before crossing it.
Night vision
Effective use of your eyes at night requires applying the principles of night vision dark adaptation, off-center
vision, and scanning.
-. Dark Adaptation:
It means that your eyes should be allowed to get used to the lower levels of lighting. It can be done by
staying in an area of red lighting or wearing red glasses for 20 minutes, followed by 10 minutes in the dark
(to allow the pupils to dilate).
-. The View Outside the Center:
It is the technique that serves to keep your attention focused on an object without looking at it directly. When
you look directly at an object, the image is formed in the cone region, which is not sensitive at night.
-. The Scrutiny:
It is the use of off-center vision to observe an area or object. When you use rod vision, the rhodopsin in the
rod cells you are using clear or turn off in four to ten seconds and the object being observed disappears.
SQUAD AND PLATOON FORMATIONS FOR COMBAT
combat. Among the factors that influence the boss to select a specific training are:
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(1) The mission.

(2) The land.
(3) Weather conditions.
(4) The situation.
(5) The speed of movement and,
(6) The desired flexibility.
One or more of the formations can be used in any probable situation. Although they are not the only
formations to be used since they can be modified as necessary to satisfy a particular situation, they will serve
as a guide and provide unity of doctrine for the training of troops.
All formations are graphed with full-strength units, a condition that may not exist in training or combat. The
squad can often train or fight with less than its strength; Consequently, formations can be modified more
often in accordance with the number of men available. Due to the importance of FAPs and grenadier riflemen
in the rifle teams, these positions are always maintained in the selection or modification of the squad
formations, the following fundamentals must be applied:
(1) The integrity of the equipment is maintained.
(2) The rifle team leader must be positioned to facilitate the command and control of his unit, especially on
deployment.
(3) Heavy automatic rifles are assigned within each team in order to provide the squad with frontal, rear and
flank fires.
(4) When changing from one formation to another, FAP shooters they are required to move less distance.
In combat or training, the squad leader can use his Alpha or Bravo Team in different positions, although it is
recommended that they always occupy the same positions, in order to facilitate learning by the troop
personnel.
FORMATIONS.
Generalities.
(1) The Rifle Squad is organized for combat into two teams: Alfa and Bravo.
(2) The combat formations for the rifle squad are: single column, marching column, closed rhombus, open
rhombus and line of shooters.
(3) When the Rifle Squad moves as part of the Rifle Platoon, the Platoon commander may prescribe the
initial formation of the squad for combat or march.
A squad leader may alter his formation to meet changes in situation and terrain. The squad leader is located
in the place where he can best control his squad; On the march and at stops, the squad leader observes the
front, flanks and rear. The members of the squad have the responsibility of looking in defined or determined
directions.
(4) The squad leader controls his unit through verbal commands, auditory signals, arm and hand signals and
(5) The distances between individuals within the formation will vary, depending mainly on visibility and the
terrain over which the squad is moving, maximum dispersion is desirable, in order to reduce vulnerability to
direct and indirect fires, but effective control must be maintained. In open terrain, the squad may be
dispersed, while in narrow terrain (dense forests, groves, etc.) or under conditions of reduced visibility (at
night, under fog, or smoke effects, etc.) the distances between individuals must be considerably reduced to
allow control.
Training.
Initial training of combat formations is carried out on open terrain. As soon as the soldiers and units have the
proper training to adopt all the formations, all the exercises will be done in varied terrain, in order to teach
them in a practical way the application of such formations in said terrain.
Upon completion of the above training, units will conduct tactical exercises against a simulated enemy.
Conducting the exercise.
During the training period, all movements will be carried out “At discretion” but, always insisting on precision
and discipline. Initial training is carried out at the normal pace. As soldiers understand the formation, the
speed of step and training is increased; This is done progressively until the movements are executed at a
run. For exercises, the normal distance between soldiers is approximately five (05) steps; However, in
tactical situations the following factors actually determine the distance between soldiers:
(1) The type of terrain (open country, thick forests, gorges and narrow roads).
(2) The action of the enemy, especially that of its Air Force, artillery and obstacles against personnel,
(minefields and other prepared defenses).
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(3) Visibility (daylight, darkness, fog and rain).

In the initial stages of training, the squad leader will give verbal orders accompanied by the respective arm
and hand signals, so that the soldiers simultaneously learn the signal that corresponds to the different
formations or other movements. As soldiers must be qualified to hold any position within the squad, the
duties of each of them can be alternated in order to foster interest and give each individual the opportunity to
exercise himself in all the functions inherent to the different positions. But it must first be insisted that they
correctly learn their specific role in the squad. When the squad stops, all elements will take the “At discretion”
position.
The squad leader can move away from his normal position and go where he believes he can best control his
unit.
Observation and control.
All combat formations of the squad allow observation towards the front, flanks and rear. When the squad
stops, the soldiers face and watch in the directions indicated in the respective figures.
As they move forward, they will look in the same directions. The squad leader will control his unit by verbal
orders or arm and hand signals. Soldiers should maintain visual contact with the squad leader as much as
possible to see what instructions he is giving.
EXPLANATION OF ARM AND HAND SIGNALS
Arm and hand signals are the common means of conveying visual messages. These signals, when applied
by the soldier, provide him with a means of communication that allows greater control and coordination
between him and other people or units. They must be given correctly and in a clear way so that they can be
understood. They must be practiced until their use becomes customary.
When one or more individuals of a unit are to execute an action or movement, a preliminary signal must be
given pointing towards the individual or individuals who will execute the movement. Unless otherwise
indicated, the person giving the signal will confront the individuals to whom the signal is to be given. When
an action or movement is to be executed together, the ATTENTION signal must precede the action or
movement signal.
A signal is preferable to an inaction of signals; When a combination of signals is to be used, they must be
given in the order in which they are to be executed. For example, to give the signal to assemble in marching
column formation, give the signal to assemble first and then the marching column signal.
Illustrations that describe the arm and hand signals will be shown below; however, these signals are not
exclusive to the Squad Leader or Platoon Commander; they may establish particular signals for different
activities.
RHOMBUS SQUARE
SQUARE IN CLOSED RHOMBUS
(1) This is the basic formation for the execution of movements, normally being used when the squad
marches as part of the platoon and lateral and deep dispersion becomes possible without sacrificing control.
In this formation the squad can develop a large volume of fire towards the front and rear. The closed
diamond square is a flexible formation that facilitates the execution of combat exercises.
(2) It is the most frequently used formation in areas suitable for the maneuver of the rear team, this
facilitates combat training because the leading team can immediately attack the enemy, while the rear team
is used to move through the areas. flanks. Alpha Team marches at the head of the formation, unless
otherwise ordered by the squad leader. The basic difference between this formation and the open diamond
formation is the dispersion.
(3) Variations. To facilitate control, the teams can be kept close to each other, in the way shown in
the figure (normal closed rhombus), when the terrain and visibility allow it, the squad leader can separate his
teams allowing the team of The rearguard follows the leader at a certain distance. The distance between the
teams in this variation should not be so great that the squad leader loses direct control of the rearguard
team. This variation is suitable (depending on the terrain) for when the squad fulfills the mission of leading a
vanguard and the movement is carried out cross-country.
(4) To form the squad in a closed rhombus, the squad leader commands or signals: SQUAD IN A
CLOSED RHOMBUS FORWARD! At this voice, the lead team leader advances ± 30 steps and the other
individuals take the position as indicated in figure 19. When the squad leader wants his teams to separate,
he complements his order or signal with the voice: TEAMS SEPARATED ----MTS DISTANCE, at this voice
the leading team begins the movement, waiting for the rear team to advance to the prescribed distance, then
takes formation. Waiting for the rear team to advance to the prescribed distance, then take the formation as
shown in the Figure.
SQUARE IN COLUMN ONE BY ONE
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This formation is used to move over terrain so restricted that it does not allow the squad to
adopt a closed diamond formation or when visibility is so reduced that control becomes extremely difficult.
This formation facilitates control of movement and allows the development of greater combat power towards
the flanks and minimum towards the front and rear. To form the squad in a column one at a time, the squad
leader commands or signals: SQUAD IN COLUMN OF ONE AT AHEAD! In this case, the square forms as
indicated in the figure.
SHOOTER SQUAD
(1) This is the basic formation of the squad in the assault. It is also suitable for eliminating enemy
resistance in a frontal attack, for making short crossings of cleared areas and for crossing the starting line at
the initiation of the attack.
(2) She has maximum firepower at the front, but is relatively difficult to control. The location of the
soldiers within the formation can be changed by the squad leader, especially the FAP shooters, for a
particular situation that requires a greater concentration of fire over a certain area.
(3) When used for assault, the squad leader must designate a base team, this being normally the one
that marched in the lead in the previous formation.
(4) To form the squad in a line of shooters, point out: SQUAD IN A LINE OF SHOOTERS FORWARD!
At this voice the individuals take the positions indicated in the figure
RIFLE PLATOON IN THE DAY ATTACK AND IN THE NIGHT ATTACK
-DIRUNO ATTACK
PLATOON MISSION
TO. The mission of the Platoon and its Rifle Squads in the offensive action is to approach the enemy to
destroy or capture it. The Rifle Platoon and Squads accomplish this mission using fire, maneuver and shock
action.
b. The mission of the Support Weapons Squad in the offensive action is: to provide close and continuous fire
MOVEMENT TOWARDS CONTACT
The Rifle Platoon normally advances from the assembly area to the attack position or LP under Company
control, except when the deployment point is located in the assembly area or multiple Platoon routes are
used for movement. Often the Platoon will be under the Command of the most notable Auxiliary Platoon
Sergeant or Squad Leader during the previous movement.
If an attack position is not used, the deployment of the Platoon and Squads in their initial attack formations is
carried out during the march. Otherwise, the deployment is done in the attack position, with security having
to be placed and last-minute coordination carried out. The movement from the assembly area is scheduled
so that the leading elements of the Platoon cross the LP at time “H” or at the agreed upon signal for the
initiation of the attack.
COORDINATED ATTACK AND DURING PERIODS WITH LIMITED VISIBILITY
When the enemy approaches friendly defensive positions, several targets will appear in the squad's firing
range. As soon as they are in effective range, the squad will fire at these targets. To effectively engage and
destroy these targets, the squad must apply what it has learned, both in shooting technique and in the
squad's defensive tactics.
During periods of restricted visibility, surprise and close combat are more likely to occur. For this reason,
security (additional patrols and listening posts) and shooting discipline are emphasized. Unnecessary
consumption of ammunition and premature discovery of positions are avoided by firing only when the targets
are visible. If artificial lighting must be provided, daylight techniques are used. Otherwise night techniques
are applied.
NIGHT ATTACK
PURPOSES.
to. Complete or exploit a success. In other words our forces have been attacking successfully during the day
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b. To gain important ground for future operations. Which means that considerations of time and tactical
c. To surprise the enemy. Because the night casts a partial or complete curtain on visibility, secrecy is more
d. To keep pressure on the enemy. By attacking at night, we can prevent the enemy from preparing a strong
c. To avoid heavy losses. The concealment provided by darkness often offers our assault forces an
opportunity to cross terrain advantageous to enemy defenses or to move undetected through or by an
extremely well-organized enemy defense position.
f.- To trust or attract enemy reserves. Although normally not within the scope of the Rifle Company's
planning, this is a deception maneuver that seeks to sustain or transfer enemy reserves, in order to weaken
their resistance for a subsequent general offensive. Any of these purposes may factor into the commander's
CHARACTERISTICS.
The Night Commander is characterized by the (1) decrease in the effectiveness of aimed fire and a
corresponding (2) increase in the importance of close combat (hand-to-hand). That requires (3) more
detailed orders and better understanding on the part of individuals. Night combat is also characterized by the
difficulty of movement, conduction of troops, maintenance of wired means of transmission, messengers and
especially control. The night attack offers a psychological advantage to the attacker, since it produces fear of
the unknown in the enemy. The difficulties encountered in night combat are overcome through proper
planning, preparation and through complete training in night operations. Normally more time is required for
planning and coordinating a night attack than for a daytime attack. Due to control difficulties, the preferred
maneuver plan will be the simplest one that does not require complicated maneuvers.
TECHNIQUES.
to. A night attack can be done stealthily, using daytime techniques, or employing a combination of both. In a
stealth attack the attacker attempts to maintain secrecy and achieve surprise, approaching the enemy before
the attack is discovered.
b. The particular techniques used will depend on factors such as: manpower, degree of preparation of the
positions, enemy security measures, light conditions and the terrain. The situation may allow a stealth attack
to capture the initial objective, then continuing the attack using essentially daylight techniques. Other
situations may dictate that the entire attack be conducted using day attack techniques. In any case,
resources will be exhausted to achieve the maximum degree of surprise, without making a difference due to
the technique used. This chapter primarily discusses the techniques used in a stealth attack. Some of these
techniques may be applicable, even if the attack is done as a daytime attack.
TACTICAL PLATOON EMPLOYMENT
The integration of defensive tactics with shooting training technique will save time, provide more realistic
training and allow you to practice the appropriate tactical use of your weapons.
Rifle squads are normally positioned side by side, using their maximum firepower towards the expected
direction of the enemy attack. They are positioned to take maximum advantage of the terrain and their
weapons capabilities. The Platoon Commander assigns each squad an area to defend and a shooting
sector.
Within each squad, rifle teams are deployed in line and their integrity is maintained. Each team occupies
approximately half of the squad area. Two-man foxholes are normally used. Factors such as squad strength,
firing ranges, and morale influence the selection of one-man or two-man rifle pits. They are: observation
(while one man rests or works, the other is alert), mutual help and trust (including first aid and assumption of
both sectors of fire) and ease in the redistribution of ammunition.
When ordered, the squad prepares supplementary positions. These positions are organized in the same way
as the main positions, but are oriented to cover areas that cannot be covered from the main position.
Upon receiving the platoon defense order, the squad leader prepares a detailed squad order. The order is
given on the terrain to be defended and is clear and defined, so that the men of the squad understand the
mission and the plan.
Author:
Lucymar Fuenmayor
lcfr_89@hotmail.com

Squad Formations and Their Combat Platoon

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www.monografias.

Squad and platoon formations for combat

Arm and hand signals explained

Rifle platoon in the day attack and the night attack

Tactical platoon employment

Night attack is usually characterized by:

Organization of the rifle platoon and duties of its personnel

or Square in Column of One.

(1) The mission.

(3) Visibility (daylight, darkness, fog and rain).

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