001) Write Smart 1 - Modern History - Class Notes

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General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Q1. Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times. (2018)
Answer:
Introduction:
Gandhi’s message, personified in his life, is timeless. It offers the only real solution to the racial and social
injustices that plague our world. His philosophy of non-violence and truth as tools for social change is as
relevant today as it was during his time.
Approach for the Body:
Stakeholders approach
Dimension Thoughts Significance in Present Times
Individuals ● 'The world has enough ● Personal responsibility and ethics are
for everyone's need, but crucial in today's world for fighting Climate
not enough for Change.
everyone's greed.' Eg, Mission LiFE
● Bread labour: Man must ● Focus on Cleanliness, Food for Work

earn his bread by his Programs
own labour Eg, Swachh Bharat Mission, MGNREGS
Eg, Work at Tolstoy Farm
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Society ● Vision of an Inclusive ● Social inclusion and equality has remained

Society; Free from vital for social harmony and justice
Discrimination and ● Eg, Article 17
Inequalities
Eg, coining the term
Harijan (children of God)
for Dalits and promoting
inter-caste dining and
temple entry.
● Sarvodaya: 'Universal ● Bureaucracy working for the upliftment of

uplift', Gandhian people on the last mile of Development,
Talisman NALSA
Eg, Champaran Eg, Schemes like PMGKAY, Annapurna
Satyagraha improved the Scheme
plight of indigo farmers
oppressed by British
planters.
● Spiritual Education, ● New Education Policy follows the ‘Nai Talim’

Education in vernacular of Mahatma Gandhi, Holistic Training
Eg, Nai Talim Eg, All students participate in a 10-day
bagless period sometime during Grades 6-8
where they intern with local vocational
experts such as carpenters, gardeners,
potters, artists, etc
Government ● Concept of Swaraj: In his ● Self-sufficiency, Indigenisation.

(Concept of essay published in Eg, Atmanirbhar Bharat
Swaraj) Navjivan in August
1921, Gandhiji elucidated
his idea of swaraj in
simple words for the
common people.
● Gram Swaraj: Gram Raj ● Rural Empowerment, Local Self

is Ram Raj Government (73rd Amendment Act), Article
(non-exploiting 40
decentralised, simple Eg. Ralegan Siddhi: transformed through
village economy) watershed development, community
Eg, Sevagram Ashram: mobilisation, and the implementation of
A Model of Gram Swaraj Gram Swaraj principles
● Least Government is ● Minimum Government, Maximum

best Government Governance Model
Activists and ● Principles of ● Blueprint of resistance for Pressure Groups

Human Rights Non-Violence and and Civil Society Organisations.
Organizations Peaceful Coexistence Eg, Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA):
Eg, Calling off Sit-Ins and Hunger Strikes and Jal
Non-Cooperation Satyagraha
Movement post-Chauri
Chaura Incident
Environmenta ● Simplicity and ● Sustainable living, Advocacy against

lists Sustainability, Emphasis Climate Change, Shift towards Alternative
on Living in Harmony Energy
with Nature Eg, Panchamitra, International Solar

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Eg, Promotion of Khadi Alliance
Business and ● Trusteeship Model ● Philanthropy and Social Impact Investing,

Corporate Eg, Harijan Fund (based Corporate Social Responsibility
Sector on donations by Eg, The Giving Pledge, initiated by Warren
industrialists and wealthy Buffett and Bill Gates
strata
● Promotion of ● Article 43B, Amul Model, 97th Amendment

cooperatives Act
Eg, Phoenix settlement
in south Africa was
based on cooperative
model
Global ● Principles of ● Inspired Non-Alignment Movement,

Community non-violence and Panchsheel, No First Use Doctrine
Peaceful coexistence
● Resolving conflicts ● Influenced movements worldwide,

through dialogue and Eg, Dalai Lama's advocacy for Tibet is
understanding inspired by Gandhian ideology
Conclusion:
Mahatma Gandhi's thoughts continue to guide our government in times when the world is plagued with
conflicts and confrontations. In the words of our Hon’ Prime Minister, “Mahatma Gandhi's impact is global,
motivating the entire humankind to further the spirit of unity and compassion.”

General Studies - 1
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Q2. Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of the British in India from the mid
eighteenth century till independence. (2014)
Answer:
Introduction: Quote based
The British transformed Indian Economy to Colonial Economy, where the structure and interests of the
Indian Economy was determined by the Britishers. This transformation of the Indian economy under British
rule from a diverse, self-sustaining system to one that served the interests of the colonial power led to
economic exploitation of India.
Component Based Approach
Components Tenets of British Economic Policy

of any
Economic
Policy
Trade Policy Influence of ● Eyed Indian Market: Advocated imposition of duty on

Lancashire Lobby Indian exports and wanted to import cheap raw material
from India
● EIC bought goods from Lancashire Lobby (forced due to
law), and sold in India at a loss.

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Development of ● Towns became hubs of commercial activity and laid the

Factories and foundation for future political control.
Trading Posts
Merkantalism
Policy
● It created a system of One-sided free trade.
Complex trade ● The Company purchased Indian goods using revenues

relations with collected in India, which meant that wealth was
Indian rulers systematically drained from the local economy.
Critical Evaluation
● Indian handloom sector destroyed by the powerloom and not accompanied by

requisite industrialisation:
a) Ruin of rural economy due to competition with cheaper imported
machine goods
b) Increased Unemployment
● Shift of Balance of Trade: As per Marx, “India became from mother of cotton and
exporter of finished goods to importer of goods, exporter of raw materials. ”
● It led to de-industrialisation i.e. conversion of India into a colonial Economy
Railways Capitalists ● Guarantee scheme: Money was raised at the rate of 5%

return on investment from private British corporations,
where in Britain interest rate was at 3%.
Inverted Tariff ● There was differential pricing based on distance

Structure travelled. Goods travelling longer distances often
received discounts per mile compared to those travelling
shorter distances.

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Critical Evaluation
● Interest Rates were paid from taxation: Railways were an Indian Subsidy to
British industry and It made India pay for her own oppression.
● The development of the railway was not coordinated with India’s industrial
needs. It ushered in a commercial rather than an industrial revolution. The net
effect of the railways was to enable foreign goods to outsell indigenous
products.
Industrialisat Development of ● Slow and painful development, not in pace with the
ion Industries economic needs of India.
● It wasn’t able to compensate for the displacement of
rural industries.
● Extremely regional industrial development, concentrated
in a few centers only.
Lopsided ● No capital goods industries; import of machineries

industrialisation ● Increase in consumer good industries
Critical Evaluation
● Increase in wealth of British Capitalists: This led to the increased influence on

the British government leading to policies favoring the capitalist class in Britain.
● Absence of Capital Goods Industry stifled Indian Bourgeois and created
shortage of technical labour as technical education was ignored by the British.
Land Right to property ● It made ownership of lands a legally justiciable right, with
Revenue a formal judiciary to enforce it.
Policy

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Taxation System
Commercialization ● Commercialisation favoured traders as farmers were

of Agriculture forced to sell at cheap prices post-harvest.
● Development of new forms of agriculture systems:
Tinkathia system, Nij System of farming
Critical Evaluation
● Impoverishment of Peasantry: Borrowing on high interests with land

mortgaging as a preferred method of taking debt.
● Impact of newly introduced Land Revenue Systems

System Impact
Permanent ● Cultivators reduced to tenancy without rights.

Settlement ● Displacements of zamindars and development of
a new class of merchant zamindars leading to
su- infeudation, absentee landlordism and
sub-letting.
● Chain process: Large number of intermediaries
between cultivators and government, whose cost
was borne by the cultivators
Mahalwari ● Revenue settlement at village headman, with the

System existing system of khap/ panchayats.
● It led to triple whammy of farmers (British,
Zamindars, Moneylenders).
Ryotwari ● Peasants retained their cultivator rights.

System However, non-payment of taxes displaced
farmers as the rate was kept exorbitant.
● No surplus with farmers and increase in
productivity.
● Increase in Peasant Revolts due to commodification of land, alienation of

zamindars and peasants and impoverishment of peasantry.
● Stagnation of agriculture: due to neglect of modernisation, agricultural

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education and lack of focus on irrigation.
Expenditure Large expenditure ● It was used to suppress rebellion and pursue imperial
Pattern on Army motives.
Salaries of Civil ● It was paid out of Indian exchequer, which cost around
Servants 3% of Indian GDP.
Critical Analysis
● Political control on India was collateral of loans. The British expanded beyond
Indian borders along Myanmar and Tibet.
● Social Expenditure was largely ignored as it did not result in direct colonial
benefits.
● Economic drain of India: According to nationalist estimates, the economic drain
at that time was—
i) more than the total land revenue, or
ii) half the total government revenue, or
iii) one third of the total savings
Urban Development of
Handicraft New Urban Centers
Ruin of traditional ● They were forced to compete with cheaper imported

Handicraft machine goods.
Critical Analysis:
● It led to deindustrialisation transforming India into an agricultural colony.

● Inverted Tariff Structure decayed rural artisan industry, where cotton weaving
and spinning were worst hit.
Conclusion:
The economic policies of the British in India were a potent stimulant to national unrest. The systematic
exploitation and impoverishment of Indian peasants, the destruction of indigenous industries, the imposition
of discriminatory trade policies, and the manipulation of India's financial systems were highlighted by
Dadabhai Naroji, MG Ranade, RC Dutt. This collectively fueled widespread discontent and resistance
against British rule.

General Studies - 1
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Q3) Why did the armies of the British East India Company – mostly comprising of Indian soldiers –
win consistently against the more numerous and better equipped armies of the then Indian rulers?
Give reasons. (2022)
Answer:
Introduction: Fact based.
In its early stages in India, the British East India Company had European soldiers, but as it expanded
politically, the majority of its army consisted of Indian soldiers primarily from the present-day states of Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar. For instance, in 1857, the British India army had a total of 311,400 soldiers, with Indians
making up 265,900 of them.
Approach for the Body: SWOT Analysis (Strengths and Opportunities of the British and
Weaknesses and threats of Indian rulers)
Body:
Strength and Opportunities of British East India Company
Strength Strong Leadership ● The British East India Company had notable
leaders.
Eg, Robert Clive and Warren Hastings, Munro
etc.
● They displayed strategic brilliance in key battles
like the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

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Superior Training and ● British soldiers underwent rigorous training They

Discipline were made to adhere to strict discipline, which
was evident in their coordinated maneuvers
during battles
Eg, the Siege of Seringapatam in 1799.
Technological ● The British possessed advanced weaponry like

Advantages the Brown Bess musket, cannons, and
well-constructed fortifications.
● This gave them an upper hand in battles such as
the Siege of Arcot in 1751.
Eg, In Buxar (1764) 7000 company troops
defeated 40,000 Indian soldiers
Naval Power ● The British naval strength enabled them to secure

naval victories.
Eg, Battle of Wandiwash (1760).
● This paved the way for their dominance in coastal
regions and facilitated military campaigns.
Better soldier moral ● Loyalty of soldiers was secured by paying regular

salary and merit based selection, rather than
selection through ascriptive identities.
Opportunities Political ● The British exploited divisions among Indian

Fragmentation among rulers, and played one faction against another,
Indian Rulers Eg, Backing of Mir Jafar against Siraj-ud-Daulah
in the Battle of Plassey.
Divide and Rule ● The British sowed discord among Indian rulers
Strategy and played off their differences.
Eg, They supported the Nizam of Hyderabad
against Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo- Mysore
War.
Superior ● Such as the telegraph, to coordinate their forces

Communication and during battles.
Intelligence Networks Eg, the Siege of works in Lucknow during the
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Economic Control and ● Finance their military campaigns and expand their
Resources armies, as well as establish monopolies on key
goods.
Eg, Bengal Opium Trade.
Weaknesses Lack of Unity ● Indian rulers had fragmented interests and

conflicts. This prevented them from creating a
unified front against the British.
Eg, Maratha Confederacy faced internal rivalries
during the Anglo-Maratha Wars.
Inferior Training and ● This impacted their performance in battles, such

Discipline as the Battle of Buxar in 1764
Outdated Military ● Ill-suited against the British's innovative

Tactics strategies, as seen in the Battle of Plassey where
Siraj-ud-Daulah's forces were defeated by Robert
Clive's deception.

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Internal Dissent and ● Internal conflicts, power struggles, and

Instability succession disputes weakened the ability of
Indian rulers to resist the British.
Eg, the instability within the Mughal Empire
during the later years made it vulnerable to British
encroachments
Weaknesses and threats of Indian rulers
Threats Technological ● Battle of Assaye in 1803, where British artillery

Disparity and disciplined troops overwhelmed the Maratha
forces
Lack of India ● The spirit of fighting for a nation's cause was not
consciousness their motivation. Thus they often supported the
British against neighboring rulers.
● The consciousness of 'India' was lacking.
Economic and ● Indian rulers faced challenges in financing their

Resource Struggle armies, acquiring modern weaponry, and
sustaining a prolonged military campaign against
the British
Eg, The Marathas at times diverted their military
campaigns to collect revenue to pay their troops.
Threats from rulers ● Marathas sided with the British to defeat Tipu
changing sides Sultan in 3rd Anglo Mysore war
Absence of second ● The Indian side had brilliant leadership at the top
line of Defence like Haider Ali, Tipu Sultan, Madhu Rao, Sindhia,
Jaswant Rao Holkar but lacked a second line of
leadership.
Conclusion:
The absence of political unity and divisions among Indian rulers led to the British East India Company
transitioning from being mere traders to becoming rulers. This transformation was not solely determined by
numerical superiority, but also by strategic acumen and effective leadership. Over time, the British East
India Company's army acquired expertise and proficiency, ultimately emerging triumphant in battles against
the armies of Indian rulers.

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Q4. Discuss the varied roles played by women in the Indian Freedom Movement, highlighting
specific contributions with examples. (2016)
SL Previous Year Questions Year
1. Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the 2013
torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.
2. Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the 2016
Gandhian phase.
3. The women’s questions arose in modern India as a part of the 19th century 2017
social reform movement. What were the major issues and debates concerning
women in that period?
Answer:
Introduction:
As per SC Bose, “Women of India are the real heroes of our freedom struggle. Their stories of courage,
determination, and sacrifice are a source of inspiration for all.”
Approach for Body:
Body:
Time Period Role played Examples
● Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi: She led her soldiers against

1857-1858: Military the British; this has been regarded as a symbol for
First War of Leadership
resistance and bravery
Independence

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Orchestrating ● Begum Hazrat Mahal: Coordinated the military strategies

military and administrative functions when her husband Nawab
strategies and Wajid Ali Shah was not there, effectively directing resistance
administration toward British rule.
Social and ● Pandita Ramabai: Founded Mukti Mission to support

Late 19th Educational ostracized widows, she also fought for women’s education
Century: Reform and rights of widows.
Socio-Religiou
s Reform Promoting ● Savitri Phule: She started the first girls’ school in Pune in
Movements education for 1848 and relentlessly worked towards ending social evils
Girls like caste prejudice and child marriage.
Early 20th ● Sarala Devi Chaudhurani: Initiated “Lakshmir Bhandar” or

Propagation of
Century: ‘Lakshmi’s shop’, organized Swadeshi fairs, and popularized
Swadeshi
Swadeshi
Movement the Swadeshi movement.
Movement
● Kasturba Gandhi: Took part in nonviolent demonstrations,

Nonviolent was arrested several times as well as imprisoned because
Protest
of her disobedient civil acts.
1915 Onwards: Organisation

Gandhian ● Sarojini Naidu: Led Dharasana Salt Raids
of Satyagraha
Phase
Participation ● Annie Besant: The resolution demanding equal voting
of women in rights for women was passed under Annie Besant’s
National
Struggle presidentship at Congress.
● Attar Kaur and Rattan Devi: Despite the compensation

Refusal of offered by the British government to these victims’ families
1919:
Monetary after the Massacre in Jallianwala Bagh; they are reportedly
Jallianwala
Compensation
Bagh Massacre two who turned it down simply refusing any assistance from
s
their husbands’ murderers.
Non- Participation ● Basanti Devi : led the movement in Bengal and organised
cooperation of women in
women during boycotts and protests
Movement protests
1930-32: Civil ● Kamala Devi Chattopadhaya: She organised boycotts of

Organisation
Disobedience foreign goods, promoted indigenous industries, and
of boycotts
Movement mobilised women to participate in acts of civil disobedience.
● Pritilata Waddedar: led a group of revolutionaries in the

Armed attack on the Pahartali European Club in Chittagong in
Struggle 1932, aiming to strike a blow against British colonial
symbols.
Revolutionary
Phase
● Bina Das: Engaged in underground activities against British
Underground colonial rule. In 1932, she attempted to assassinate the
Activities Governor of Bengal, Stanley Jackson, as a protest against
colonial oppression.

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● Aruna Asaf Ali: Hoisted the Indian flag at Gowalia Tank

Revolutionary
Maidan, signalling the start of the Quit India Movement;
Activism
became a political figure post-independence.
1942: Quit
India
Logistic ● Snehlata Nath: She was associated with the Hindustan
Movement
Support to Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) and played a crucial role
Revolutionarie in organising secret meetings, distributing revolutionary
s literature, and providing logistical support to revolutionaries.
● Captain Lakshmi Sahgal: Led the all-women Rani of

1940s: Indian Military
Jhansi Regiment in the INA, engaged in direct military action
National Army Engagement
against British forces.
● Sucheta Kriplani: Close associate of Gandhi during

Political
Independence Partition riots; later became India’s first woman Chief
Leadership
Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
Conclusion:
Women have played a vital role in India's struggle for freedom. They not only fought alongside men but also
brought about a change in the mindset of society towards women’s participation in nation-building.

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Q5. To what extent did the role of moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement?
Comment (2021)
Answer:
Introduction:
As per Bipan Chandra, “The period from 1858 to 1905 was the seed time of Indian nationalism; and the
early nationalists sowed the seeds well and deep.” The period saw the emergence of early nationalist
moderate leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale who laid the
foundation for future nationalist movements.
Approach for Body:
Life Cycle Based

Body:
Achievements of moderates in preparing a base for the wider freedom movement
Ideological Exposing ● They exposed the deficiencies and injustices of British rule
Foundation British Rule through constructive criticism and demands for reform.
Eg, Dadabhai Naoroji highlighted economic exploitation
through the "Drain Theory" and advocated for Indian
representation in the British Parliament.
Protection of ● They advocated for freedom of speech, press, and

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Civil Rights assembly, laying the groundwork for later struggles for civil
rights.
Eg, Gopal Krishna Gokhale formed the Social Service
League aimed to promote social service, education, and
political reform.
Hard Realities ● They were able to establish the basic truth that India should
be governed by the Indians.
Leadership Political ● They formed some earliest political Organisations in the

and Training country such as, Indian League (Sisir Kumar Ghosh),
Organisation though Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (MG Ranade)
Organisations
Formation of ● Indian National Congress formed in 1885 was pioneered by

Congress moderate leaders. Later, INC became the voice of Indians
against British India.
Providing ● They organised various campaigns against the Britishers,

Leadership and mobilised a narrative against the British Rule
Eg, Campaign against imposition of import duty on cotton
(1875), for Indianisation of government service (1878-79)
National Indian ● They were at the forefront of social reform movements aimed
Awakening Renaissance at challenging regressive social practices.
Eg, The Indian Social Conference, led by figures like M.G.
Ranade and Raghunath Rao, opposed polygamy,
highlighting its negative impact on women's rights and family
stability, advocating instead for monogamous marriages and
social reform.
Cultural ● They reshaped India's historical narrative, emphasising its

Nationalism advanced civilizations, rich cultural heritage, and debunking
the colonial myth of ‘white man's burden’, thereby
empowering nationalists to challenge colonial narratives.
Eg, R.G. Bhandarkar in "Early History of the Dekkan"
presented a comprehensive view of India's past, highlighting
its sophisticated political, economic, and social institutions,
as well as its contributions to art, literature, and philosophy.
Mass Prayer ● They believed that political connections with Britain were in
Mobilisation, India’s interest at that stage of history and that the time was
Activism and not ripe for a direct challenge to British rule. Hence, it was
Action considered to be appropriate to try and transform the colonial
rule to be as close to a national rule as possible.
Petition ● They sent long petitions to the British Parliament to demand

administrative reforms, association of Indians with the
administration, and spread of education.
Protest ● Opposition to the Arms Act of 1878, Vernacular Press Act,

1878 was Moderates like SN Banerjee, Dadabhai Naroji.
Negotiation Reform in ● During the period from 1885 to 1892, early nationalists
and British Rule worked towards democratic self-government by their
Confrontation demands for constitutional reforms.
Eg, Indian Councils Act of 1892 led to enlargement of the
councils and power to discuss budget and ask questions.

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Goal of Self ● Their approach was rooted in the belief that British rule could
Freedom Government be reformed to accommodate Indian aspirations for
within British autonomy and democratic governance, leading ultimately to
a harmonious partnership between India and Britain.
Failure of moderates in preparing a base for the wider freedom movement
Ideological Faith in British ● Many moderates had a perception of British rule as just and
Foundation Rule fair, based on British ideals of liberalism, democracy, and the
rule of law. They hoped that the British government would
eventually grant Indians greater political representation and
autonomy within the existing colonial structure.
Confidence in ● They had confidence in British institutions such as the

British judiciary, bureaucracy, and legislative councils, viewing them
Institutions as avenues for political participation and redressal of
grievances.
Leadership Failed to ● Moderates within the Indian National Congress often

and accommodate disagreed on tactics and priorities of other factions, leading
Organisation different to internal divisions that weakened their collective efforts.
school of Eg, Surat Split slowed down the freedom struggle from
thoughts 1907-1916
National Cultural ● Cultural nationalism, rooted in a romanticized view of the

Awakening Nationalism past, sometimes resisted progressive social reforms that
challenged traditional norms and practices, such as
caste-based discrimination and patriarchal structures.
Mass Narrow base ● During the moderate phase, the national movement had a
Mobilisation, limited social base with passive mass involvement due to
Activism and early nationalists' skepticism about the political potential of
Action the masses, citing societal divisions, ignorance, and
conservatism.
Educated Elite ● The focus of moderates during the national movement was
primarily on the educated elite, sidelining broader mass
participation.
Three ‘P’s ● Younger elements within the congress described the

strategy wasn’t methods of peaceful and constitutional agitation (Three ‘P’s)
effective as ‘political mendicancy’.
Negotiation Negotiation, ● Moderates predominantly pursued negotiation rather than

and not confrontation with the British, reflecting their belief in gradual
Confrontation Confrontation reform and cooperation within the existing colonial
framework, rather than advocating for direct confrontation or
aggressive resistance.
Goal of Purna Swaraj ● Their goal of self independence within British rule contrasted
Freedom with the later demands of the more radical factions within the
nationalist movement under leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru
and SC Bose, who actively campaigned for complete
independence from British rule.
Conclusion:

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The moderates laid the foundation of the Indian National Movement brick by brick. They awakened the
political consciousness of the people, educated them politically, and prepared them for the final struggle for
freedom.

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Q6. Examine the linkages between the nineteenth century’s ‘Indian Renaissance’ and the
emergence of national identity.
Answer:
Approach for Body: Component Based
Introduction:
In the nineteenth century, India was deeply divided along various lines, including caste, gender, language,
and tradition, which fragmented its social fabric and hindered the emergence of a cohesive national identity.
Amidst these divisions, the Indian Renaissance emerged as a cultural and intellectual awakening that
sought to revive Indian heritage, challenge colonial narratives, and foster a sense of unity and pride among
Indians.
Approach for Body:
Body:
Linkages between the Indian Renaissance and the emergence of national identity
National Liberty, ● The Indian Renaissance provided a platform for intellectual

Consciousnes Equality and discourse and debate on issues related to liberty, equality, and
s Justice justice.
Eg, Derozio encouraged his students to think freely and
question authority, inspired by the ideals of the French
Revolution. He taught them to value liberty, equality, and
freedom, and to oppose outdated customs and traditions.

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Rationalism, It promoted rationalism, humanism, and universalism as guiding

Humanism, principles for social and intellectual progress.
Universalism Eg, Swami Vivekananda emphasised the importance of rational
inquiry, spiritual tolerance, and the unity of all religions, fostering a
spirit of inclusivity and universal brotherhood among Indians.
Best of East
and the West
Reformist Indian reformers, inspired by European
Values from Enlightenment thinkers, advocated for principles
the West such as freedom of speech, equality before the
law, and the right to political representation.
Eg, Efforts of Raja Rammohan Roy led to
Abolition of Sati
Revivalist Revivalists in India sought to revive and

Values from celebrate India's rich cultural heritage, including
the East its ancient texts, spiritual wisdom and traditions.
Eg, Arya Samaj sought to revive the teachings of
the Vedas
Languages Revival of ● Reformers recognized the importance of reaching the masses

Indian in their own languages to propagate their ideas effectively.
Languages They employed a variety of mediums such as novels, dramas,
poetry, short stories, and the press to disseminate their views
and foster cultural unity and promote cultural revival.
Eg, Barnaparichay: Inswar Chandra Vidyasagar (Bengali),
Gulamgiri: Jyotiba Phule (Marathi)
Art and Cultural ● The pride in Indian art and culture inspired a cultural
Culture Nationalism renaissance that revitalized indigenous artistic forms and
traditions. This cultural revival served as a source of
inspiration and empowerment for Indians, reaffirming their
sense of identity and self-worth in the face of colonial
domination.
Eg, RN Tagore's works, such as Rabindra Sangeet embodied
the spirit of Indian identity and cultural pride.
Education Emphasis on ● Textbooks and curriculum materials in Reformer led schools

Cultural and were designed to highlight the achievements of ancient Indian
Historical civilizations, fostering a sense of pride and reverence for
Heritage India's past glory.
Eg, DAV institutions, founded on the principles of Arya Samaj,
aimed to provide modern education infused with Indian cultural
values, ethics, and traditions.
Religion Religious ● They promoted the preservation and celebration of cultural

Revival heritage, including religious literature, and rituals fostering a
sense of pride and appreciation for their own religious identity.
Eg, Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha ( Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R.
Cama, SS Bengalee)
Conclusion:
Our Indian Constitution also reflects the aspirations and ideals of India's reformers, who worked tirelessly to
create a just, egalitarian, and democratic society. Their ideas continue to shape the legal and political
landscape of modern India, serving as a beacon of inspiration for generations to come.

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Q7. How did colonial rule affect the Tribals in India and what was the Tribal response to the colonial
oppression? (2023)
Answer:
Introduction:
The British sought to administer tribal communities in India to further their colonial objectives, including
economic exploitation, strategic control, prevention of rebellion, and implementation of their civilizing
mission.
Approach for Body: GS Paper Wise
Body:
Impact of Colonial Rule on Tribals in India
GS-1
Social Disruption of ● Advent of Britishers increased the rate of acculturation of Tribals

Traditional by processes such as Hinduisation and Critistianisation.
Lifestyle Eg, Bride Price was replaced by Dowry in Central Indian Tribes
Missionary ● Conversion to Christianity altered traditional social structures and

Activities festivals.
Eg, Oraon Tribe was homogenous before conversion;

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Post-conversion: Division in Society

In Angami Naga: Matriarchy was replaced by Patriarchy
Demographic ● Colonial policies encouraged non-tribal settlement in tribal

Disturbance territories, either through land grants or purchase.
Eg, In the Chotanagpur region, non-tribal landlords acquired large
tracts of land, leading to the displacement of tribal communities
and altering the demographic composition of the region.
Cultural Erosion of ● Traditional art and customs were overlooked or undervalued.

Cultural Eg, Neglect of Worli Paintings art forms led to their
Identity marginalisation.
GS-2
Political Loss of ● Autonomous regions were annexed, eroding traditional

Sovereignty governance.
Eg, Annexation of Gonds by Britishers.
Health Introduction of ● European-introduced diseases had devastating impacts on

Diseases isolated tribal populations.
Eg, British scheme of ‘Andaman Home’ (transit home for their
stay) led to series of epidemics beginning from Pneumonia (1868),
Syphilis (1876), Measles (1877) and Influenza (1890).
Legal Introduction of ● New laws marginalised the life and livelihoods of the tribal
Alien Laws communities.
Eg, The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 labeled many tribal
communities, such as the Pardhis and the Koravas, as "born
criminals”, severely affecting their social standing and rights.
Forest Acts
Acts Provisions and Impact
The Forest ● Activities such as trespassing and grazing

Act of 1865 were declared offences attracting fines and
and 1878 imprisonment.
Forest ● Forest Officers appeared on the scene to limit

Policy of and regulate traditional tribal rights over forest.
1894
Indian ● Creation of Forest Bureaucracy: IFoS,

Forest Act, Rangers, Forest Guards, etc
1927 ● Resulted in arbitrary use and misuse of power
GS-3
Economi Introduction of ● Pushed Tribals in a vicious cycle of debt and land alienation.
c Cash Economy
Disruption of ● Policies favoring individual land ownership disrupted communal

community living arrangements.
ownership Eg, Toda community in the Nilgiris traditionally practiced
pastoralism and had communal living arrangements. However,
British policies favoring individual land ownership disrupted their
traditional way of life by privatizing land and breaking down

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
communal living structures.
Environ Degradation of ● Large scale deforestation for Plantation field

ment Lands Eg, Creation of tea plantation enclaves in Nilgiris
Disturbance of ● Disruption of spiritual connection with nature

Nature Man ● Impact on traditional knowledge
Spirit Complex
GS-4
Psychol Loss of ● Introduction of British norms led to disconnection from ancestral

ogical Identity and roots and loss of cultural pride.
Self-esteem
Impact of Colonial Rule on Tribals in India
GS-1
Social Reform ● Tribal leaders started reformist measures to mitigate the evils in
Movements the tribal society.
Eg, Tana Bhagat Movement
Cultural Religious ● Some tribes revitalized traditional beliefs or blended them with
Movements new religious ideas as a form of cultural resistance.
Eg, Devi Movement in Gujarat
Preservation ● Tribes continued to celebrate and preserve their traditional

of Culture festivals and rituals, which helped sustain their cultural identity and
communal bonds.
Eg, Revival of Santhali Language and Development of Ol Chiki
Script by Raghunath Murmu
GS-2
Political Armed ● Tribal resistance often took the form of armed uprisings against
Uprisings the British colonial authorities and local landlords who were seen
as agents of colonial policies.
Eg, Santhal Rebellion (1855-56): against oppressive taxations and
exploitations by moneylenders.
Guerrilla ● Tribes like the Gonds and Bhils engaged in guerrilla warfare
Warfare tactics against British forces, using their knowledge of the local
terrain to their advantage.
Alliances with ● Some tribes formed alliances with other tribal or non-tribal groups
Other Groups to strengthen their resistance.
Eg, During the Rampa Rebellion of 1922, the Koya tribe allied with
other local communities to fight against the British.
Negotiations ● Some tribal groups engaged in negotiations with the British to

for Autonomy secure certain rights or autonomy within the colonial framework.
Eg, Naga Club submitted a memorandum to the Simon
Commission, asking them to leave the Nagas out of the “reformed
scheme of administration”.
Legal Use of ● Tribal communities tried to use the colonial legal system to

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Colonial challenge injustices.

Courts
Petitions and ● Tribes like the Toda and Khasi submitted petitions to the British
Pleas administration protesting against policies that threatened their
traditional practices and land rights.
Eg, During the Santhal Rebellion,Santhals marched towards
Calcutta to present a petition before the Governor.
GS-3
Economic Shifting ● Tribes adapted by shifting from traditional slash-and-burn

Agricultural agriculture to more sustainable agricultural practices or by
Practices integrating new crops that were demanded by the market.
Engagement ● Despite the disruption of traditional barter systems, tribes engaged

in Trade in the colonial cash economy through trade, often selling
handicrafts, forest products, and agricultural produce.
GS-4
Psycholo Spiritual ● Leaders like Birsa Munda were seen as messianic figures who
gical Leaders promised liberation from oppression and a return to golden ages
of tribal autonomy.
Conclusion:
Post-independence, India recognized the need to address the historical injustices faced by tribal
communities. India implemented measures like the Forest Rights Act, PESA, and the Tribal Panchsheel to
empower tribal communities, recognize their rights, and integrate them into the development process while
preserving their cultural identities and autonomy.

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Q8. Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British
policies towards colonial India. (2016)
Answer:
Introduction:
As per Bipan Chandra, “The Revolt of 1857 gave a severe jolt to the British administration in India and
made its reorganisation inevitable. In fact, Indian society, the Indian Government and the Indian economy
all underwent significant changes in the decades following the Revolt.”
Body:
Dimension Before 1857 After 1857
GS1
Social ● Reformist Zeal (e.g., ● Avoided confrontation

Abolition of Sati by ● Emphasised freedom of religion: No interference
William Bentinck, with religious customs)
Widow Remarriage ● Expansion of vernacular education to appease
Act, 1856) Indian sentiments (Hunter Education
● Introduction of Commission, 1882)
Western education

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
(Macaulay's Minutes
on Education, 1835)
GS2
Political ● Policy of annexation ● No further annexation

(e.g., annexation of ● Subordinate union (more indirect control)
Awadh in 1856) ● Queen’s Proclamation: Crown rule established
● Doctrine of Lapse ● Indian Council Act, 1861
(e.g., annexation of ○ Enlarged Governor-General’s Council
Satara, Jhansi) ○ Non-official membership
● Policy of Divide and Rule
○ Prince v. People
○ Hindus v. Muslims
Administration ● Closed to Indians ● Policy of equal opportunity (Indian Councils Act,

● High positions 1861)
reserved for British ● Limited Indian representation in legislative
officials councils (e.g., Satyendranath Tagore, the first
Indian ICS officer, 1863)
● Policy of Systematic Discrimination
Exam London
Medium English
Syllabus Classical Greek
Age Decreased
Local ● Limited involvement ● Policy of Decentralisation by Lord Mayo leading

Governanace of local communities to the development of local self-government
in governance institutions
● Introduction of local self-government acts (e.g.,
Ripon's Resolution on Local Self-Government,
1882) to involve local leaders in administrative
processes
Army ● Sahayak system

● Ratio of 1:3
Divide ● Division into
Europeans to
caste-based regiments
Indians
● Martial races
● Centralized
recruitment Counterpoise ● Diversified recruitment
● Posting of Indian
soldiers away from their
regions
● Isolated from Nationalist
ideas; Restricted
newspapers, journals
from reaching them
Europeanise ● Ratio:
○ 1:2 - Bengal
○ 2:5 - Madras

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Legal ● British legal ● Indian Penal Code (1860) and Code of Criminal
principles imposed Procedure (1861) introduced, creating a more
without much systematic legal framework that combined British
consideration of and Indian elements
Indian traditions ● Establishment of High Courts in Bombay,
● Limited codification Calcutta, and Madras (1862)
of laws
GS3
Economic ● Exploitation by East ● EIC was abolished, leading to direct British

India Company government control
(EIC) ● Economic exploitation continued and increased
● Introduction of under direct Crown rule
Exploitative
Revenue Systems:
Permanent
Settlement,
Ryotwari and
Mahalwari systems
Forest Policy ● Unregulated ● Introduction of structured forest policies (e.g.,

exploitation of forest Indian Forest Act, 1865), leading to state control
resources over forests and restriction on local communities'
● Traditional rights of access to resources
local communities ● Creation of the Imperial Forest Department
largely respected (1864)
Conclusion:
The Uprising of 1857 marked a crucial turning point in British colonial policy towards India, leading to
significant changes in administrative, military, and social strategies aimed at consolidating British control
and preventing future rebellions. However, despite these changes, some underlying issues, such as racial
hatred and discriminatory attitudes towards Indians, persisted. These enduring prejudices continued to
shape the colonial experience and the relationship between the British rulers and the Indian populace.

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Q9. Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and
thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (2020)
Answer:
Introduction:
The growth of ideological strands post-1920 in the Indian freedom movement was a result of global events
(like World Wars), the failure of moderate politics, the influence of international ideologies and repression
and radicalization under British rule. These strands not only were mere political ideologies but were a tool
of large scale political mobilisation across the country.
Stakeholders Approach

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Body:
Ideological
Strands Role in Expansion of Social Base of Movement
● Emphasis on the upliftment of the untouchables (Harijans) and

Untouchables his active campaigns for their rights integrated a traditionally
marginalized group into the national movement.
Gandhians
● Through movements like the Champaran Satyagraha and
Grassroots
Bardoli Satyagraha, Gandhian leaders addressed local
Mobilization
grievances, thereby mobilizing rural and agrarian communities.
Influenced
young
● Organisations like HRSA called the youths to join the
radicals
Socialist organisation. sought universal suffrage and the
seeking
Ideologies socialist-oriented aim of the abolition of "all systems which
revolutionary
make any kind of exploitation of man by man possible"
methods for
liberation.
Integrating
● Became crucial part of the movement, with participation
Peasant
growing through movements like Kisan Sabhas.
Movements
Peasants
Strengthenin
● Linking local struggles against zamindars and British policies
g
with the broader anti-colonial movement, thereby uniting urban
Anti-Imperiali
and rural resistance.
st Sentiment
Connected to ● The period post-1928 saw the crystallisation of various

Communist communist groups, with leaders like S.A. Dange, Muzaffar
Ideology Ahmed, P.C. Joshi, Sohan Singh Joshi etc.
Workers industrial
● There was an increase in the number and intensity of strikes by
unrest and
industrial workers.
Growth of
Eg, Six-month-long strike in Bombay Textile Mills led by the
Labour
Girni Kamgar Union.
Unions
Expanded
participation,
taking on ● Sarojini Naidu became the president of the Indian National
more visible Congress (1925) and later the governor of the United
and Provinces (1947-49).
influential
Women
roles.
● Organisations like AIWC worked towards various legislative

Advocacy of
reforms integrating women with the Independence Movement.,
rights of
Eg, Sarda Act (1929), Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act
women
(1937)
Became more
radicalized ● Students became active volunteers of the Non Cooperation
Youth and and actively movement and thousands of them left government schools and
Students participated colleges and joined national schools and colleges.
in the
movement.

General Studies - 1
(PYQs)
Supported
the
movement
financially ● Support of Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla to the
Business and
and Congress in the 1920s secured financial stability for the party
Industrialists
ideologically, and linked industrial interests with the movement.
seeing
benefits for
commerce.
Prioritized
upliftment,
with leaders ● In 1924, the Vaikom Satyagraha led by K.P. Kesava, was
The
advocating launched in Kerala demanding the throwing open of Hindu
Untouchables
for their temples and roads to the untouchables.
rights and
inclusion.
Aligned their
Religious and interests in ● The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) aligned Indian Muslims
Communal various with nationalist goals, fostering Hindu-Muslim unity against
Groups stages of the British rule.
Movement
● As a pioneer of modern Indian art, their works often depicted

Used art and
themes of Indian culture and freedom inspiring nationalist
writings to
sentiments. He illustrated the Indian constitution and created
Intellectuals inspire and
posters and paintings that inspired nationalist sentiments.
and Artists mobilize
Eg, Kavi Pradeep penned the song, 'Aaj Himalaya ki choti se'.
public
He was the first to use cinema to propagate Indian nationalism
opinion
by challenging the British to quit India.
Conclusion:
The ideological diversification of the Indian national movement during and after the 1920s significantly
expanded its social base. It brought together a wide range of social groups, each with its unique concerns
and aspirations, under the common goal of ending British rule. This pluralistic and inclusive approach was
instrumental in galvanizing the masses and sustaining the momentum of the freedom struggle until India
achieved independence in 1947.

©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856

001) Write Smart 1 - Modern History - Class Notes

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Approach for the Body:

Dimension Thoughts Significance in Present Times

● Bread labour: Man must ● Focus on Cleanliness, Food for Work

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Society ● Vision of an Inclusive ● Social inclusion and equality has remained

● Sarvodaya: 'Universal ● Bureaucracy working for the upliftment of

● Spiritual Education, ● New Education Policy follows the ‘Nai Talim’

Government ● Concept of Swaraj: In his ● Self-sufficiency, Indigenisation.

● Gram Swaraj: Gram Raj ● Rural Empowerment, Local Self

● Least Government is ● Minimum Government, Maximum

Activists and ● Principles of ● Blueprint of resistance for Pressure Groups

Environmenta ● Simplicity and ● Sustainable living, Advocacy against

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Eg, Promotion of Khadi Alliance

Business and ● Trusteeship Model ● Philanthropy and Social Impact Investing,

● Promotion of ● Article 43B, Amul Model, 97th Amendment

Global ● Principles of ● Inspired Non-Alignment Movement,

● Resolving conflicts ● Influenced movements worldwide,

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Introduction: Quote based

Approach for the Body:

Component Based Approach

Components Tenets of British Economic Policy

Trade Policy Influence of ● Eyed Indian Market: Advocated imposition of duty on

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Development of ● Towns became hubs of commercial activity and laid the

● It created a system of One-sided free trade.

Complex trade ● The Company purchased Indian goods using revenues

● Indian handloom sector destroyed by the powerloom and not accompanied by

Railways Capitalists ● Guarantee scheme: Money was raised at the rate of 5%

Inverted Tariff ● There was differential pricing based on distance

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Lopsided ● No capital goods industries; import of machineries

● Increase in wealth of British Capitalists: This led to the increased influence on

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Commercialization ● Commercialisation favoured traders as farmers were

● Impoverishment of Peasantry: Borrowing on high interests with land

● Impact of newly introduced Land Revenue Systems

Permanent ● Cultivators reduced to tenancy without rights.

Mahalwari ● Revenue settlement at village headman, with the

Ryotwari ● Peasants retained their cultivator rights.

● Increase in Peasant Revolts due to commodification of land, alienation of

● Stagnation of agriculture: due to neglect of modernisation, agricultural

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education and lack of focus on irrigation.

Ruin of traditional ● They were forced to compete with cheaper imported

● It led to deindustrialisation transforming India into an agricultural colony.

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Introduction: Fact based.

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Superior Training and ● British soldiers underwent rigorous training They

Technological ● The British possessed advanced weaponry like

Naval Power ● The British naval strength enabled them to secure

Better soldier moral ● Loyalty of soldiers was secured by paying regular

Opportunities Political ● The British exploited divisions among Indian

Superior ● Such as the telegraph, to coordinate their forces

Weaknesses Lack of Unity ● Indian rulers had fragmented interests and

Inferior Training and ● This impacted their performance in battles, such

Outdated Military ● Ill-suited against the British's innovative

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Internal Dissent and ● Internal conflicts, power struggles, and

Weaknesses and threats of Indian rulers