PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

“ CANTILEVER WALLS ”
SUBJECT:
CONCRETE II
TEACHER:
Eng. Ovidio, Serrano Zelada

STUDENTS:
Cruz Chanta, Joern Caleb
García Quiñones, David
My name is Paquirachín Deily Ladizbeth
Mena Guevara, Yanet

CYCLE: IX

Pimentel, November 2014

1
 CANTILEVER WALL:

CONCEPT:

It is a type of retaining wall that resists earth pressure through the cantilevered action of a
vertical screen embedded in a horizontal slab (footing), both adequately reinforced to resist the
moments and shear forces to which they are subject.
These walls are generally economical for heights less than 10 meters; for greater heights, walls
with buttresses are usually more economical. Ref. Analysis and design of reinforced concrete
retaining walls 2nd edition adapted to the Venezuelan standard 2006 Eng. Rafael Ángel Torres
Belandria.

Cantilever Retaining Wall

They are the most common type and although their field of application depends, logically, on the
relative costs of excavation, concrete, steel, formwork and filling, they can at first glance be
thought to constitute the economic solution up to heights of 10 or 12 m.
Ref. J. SKULL-RETAINING WALLS AND BASEMENT WALLS 2nd Edition.

Cantilever or corbel walls are reinforced concrete walls. In these walls, the moment of
overturning, produced by the pressure of the earth, is counteracted by the weight of the earth on
the footing. The pressure transmitted to the foundation is usually low, so its most convenient
application is when the foundation is poor.
Ref. Eng. Alberto Villarino Otero – road, canal and port engineering.

2
 CANTILEVER OR CANTILEVER WALL

The reinforced concrete wall design uses cantilever action to retain wind action behind the wall
assuming a natural slope. The stability of this wall is partially carried out in the heel portion of the
base. The appropriate height for this type of wall is up to 7.50 meters.

Cantilever walls are made of reinforced concrete and consist of a thin stem and a base slab.
This type is economical up to a height of approximately 8m.
Ref. BRAJA M. DAS Principles of Foundation Engineering-4th Edition.

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SAFETY OF A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
In some aspects, generally those corresponding to the wall as a reinforced
concrete structure, the safety coefficients are clearly established, in accordance
with the instructions.
Forms of exhaustion: In general the wall can reach the following service or
ultimate limit states.
A) excessive rotation of the wall considered as a rigid body. fig. to
B) wall sliding. Fig. b
C) Deep sliding of the wall is due to the formation of a deep sliding surface
of approximately circular shape. It occurs if there is soft soil. Fig. c
D) Excessive deformation of the elevation, a rare situation except in very
slender walls, which is a rare case. Fig. d
 GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE METHODS.

In particular, the methods allow the wall to be secured against sliding by any of the
following three procedures:
a) Just because of the friction between the foundation and the ground.
b) Partly due to friction between the foundation and soil and partly due to passive
pressure of the soil on the front of the toe.
c) By passive push in front of the toe and a heel introduced into the foundation
ground, plus the force due to friction.

The problem is complex and is summarized in the four cases analyzed in figures a)
to d).
a) If the heel is placed on the toe, the passive push against the toe and the heel
can be counted, plus the integral force provided by friction, acting at the base of
the heel and the wall.
b) If the heel is placed at the rear end of the heel, passive pushing in front of the
heel will produce a tilt wedge AB according to RANKINE theory. Passive push
in front of the toe and in front of the heel can be counted, but the force due to
friction must be calculated excluding the pressures on the BC zone.
c) If the heel is placed in an intermediate position, but the wedge AB cuts the base
of the wall, the situation is the same as the previous case.
d) If the wedge does not cut the base, the passive thrust in front of the toe and
heel can be counted but the force due to friction must be calculated excluding
the pressures on zone A' C.

5
All of the above is a simplified
treatment, since the real situation
is complex since, as indicated in
figure e), the resistance to passive
push against the heel may be
increased. of shape
important due to the vertical
pressures σ of the foundation on
the ground, so actually to the
height of the land h, the height
equivalent to the pressure law σ
should be added.

1. PRE-SIZING METHOD FOR

WALLS WITH TOE AND HEEL.

Bases of the method. Cantilever walls are those with a toe and heel.

Its study allows us to analyze the

different types of walls to later develop
analogous methods for walls without
toe and walls without heel.
.
In order to reduce the number of
variables in the problem to be studied,
we will introduce the following
simplifications. Fig. 1.

FIGURE 1
 a) Neglect the weight of the toe, which is low on normal walls.
b) Replace the weight of the concrete MNOP elevation (with a density of less
than 2.4 Tn/m3 in reality) with that of the MNQP rectangle, considered as
occupied by the soil to be contained.
c) Assume a vertical wall TQ with vertical backing and subjected to the thrust
produced by the filling, for which an apparent density Yh=1.8t/m2 is
considered.
d) Assume a total vertical weight P, corresponding to the ATQS soil mass with
a specific weight γ' intermediate between that of the soil and the concrete.
The value of y' is a function of the d/H ratio with Y' = 1.8 + (2.4— 1.8)4
The value of d/H differs little in practice from 0.1 and therefore we will
henceforth adopt the value of 1.86 for γ' .
e) To calculate the thrust we will use the RANKINE formula.

Formula development
According to figure 1 we have.
E=K*H2 (1.1)

R = N' * u + E p.................................................................................................................9
N p e v + E h * h e + E v * f en = —"N—— (2.9).........................................................13
Op=p--p2" (2.10) D.D..............................................................................................................13
0A=,+-p2" (2.11)................................................................................................................13
D.D.........................................................................................................................................13
n >.......................................................................................................................................13
B2...........................................................................................................................................13
̅̅̅̅ = N................................................................................................................................13
Yes |........................................................................................................................14
Yes |........................................................................................................................14
To be verified:.........................................................................................................14
hc=3*...........................................................................................................................21
 0A = 550 + ee02 = 2544 t/m2.........................................................................................................35

•L

Substituting into (1.3) the values of E and P given by (1.1) and (1.2), we obtain.

K*H
V =---------
1.86 and

Calling “e” the eccentricity of the resultant with respect to the center of the
foundation, we obtain:
___ BK*H 2 and B

And expressing eccentricity in a dimensionless way.

e K*H 2 y/H
R = — y B + 0.5 b 5.58 * — * — ti/n
HH

The values of e/B can range from e/B=0, which corresponds to the centered
resultant and therefore to a uniform distribution of pressures on the ground, and
e/B=0.333, which is usually considered a practical upper limit.

2. PRE-SIZING METHOD FOR WALLS WITHOUT TOE BASES OF THE

METHOD.
In this case, four graphs have been made that completely solve the problem of pre-
sizing the wall.

The four graphs differ only in the crown width KH, with H being the height. The four
values are K=0.025, K=0.05, K=0.075 and K= 0.10, which sweeps the entire field
used in practice.

Once the pre-sizing of the wall has been carried out, in accordance with the above,
it must be checked.

VERIFICATION.
SLIDING SAFETY.
According to the graph in figure 2, the force that can produce the slide is the
horizontal component of the thrust. uEv

8
The forces that oppose sliding are the friction of the base of the wall with the
foundation soil and the eventual passive thrust, Ep, in front of the wall.
The force that resists sliding comes from the expression.

R = N' * u + E p

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 FIGURE 2

Where:
N'= resulting from the weights, P, of the wall and the areas of land located vertically
above the toe and heel (zones 1,2 and 3 in figure 2)
Μ= coefficient of friction between soil and concrete. In general it will be the result of
the corresponding geotechnical study. For granular soils, μ= tg.φ can be taken, with
φ being the Angle of internal friction, although this may be conservative.
Ep = passive thrust in front of the toe of the wall. _ N'p. + E p sd ~E h -

The resulting N is the immediate calculation in its magnitude and its position
defined by the distance
in
eccentricity with respect to the midpoint of the base, considered
positive towards the toe.
The value of Ep can be estimated conservatively. Using the RANKINE formula.

And its result is horizontal and located at a depth 2/3hf below the level of the
ground in front of the wall.

1
0
A possible solution is to guarantee the value of ^sd — 1 assuming E P = 0 in (2.1)
that is, not considering the passive thrust in the service state and guarantee ^sd —
1.5 considering Ep in the ultimate limit state.
In any case, passive thrust at a level above the toe should not be considered, since
that ground has been excavated for its execution. Accordingly, the value of Ep
given by (2.2) is reduced to:

1 , 2 1 + Sin (p
Ep= * (hj - h' 2 f ^) ---------—— (2.3)
F 1J
2 1 — Sin •
The foundation depth is usually not less than 1.00 m and it must be ensured that
the ground exists in front of the wall at a sufficient distance, which is usually
estimated at 2h f, and that this existence is assured during the life of the wall.

FIGURE 3

If the passive push in front of the toe is not sufficient together with the friction to
guarantee the wall against sliding, a heel can be used (fig. 3) which leads to
increasing the value of hf to be introduced in (2.3)

ROLLOVER SAFETY
The overturning moment is that produced by the horizontal component of the thrust.

M, E, * he E, ( 2-f ) (2.4)

The stabilizing moment is given by:

R = N' * u + E p.................................................................................................................9

1
1
 N p e v + E h * h e + E v * f en = —"N—— (2.9).........................................................13
Op=p--p2" (2.10) D.D..............................................................................................................13
0A=,+-p2" (2.11)................................................................................................................13
D.D.........................................................................................................................................13
n >.......................................................................................................................................13
B2...........................................................................................................................................13
̅̅̅̅ = N................................................................................................................................13
Yes |........................................................................................................................14
Yes |........................................................................................................................14
To be verified:.........................................................................................................14
hc=3*..........................................................................................................................21
0A = 550 + ee02 = 2544 t/m2.........................................................................................................35

Where h', neglecting the thickness h'f above the ground, is given by:

As is the case with sliding safety, it is common to disregard passive thrust and if it
is considered, the warnings given are valid.
Usually requested:
Csv = 1-8

If N represents the frequent loads and:

If N includes frequent or exceptional loads: In the case of an earthquake, the

following is usually adopted:

Stresses on the foundation ground in service conditions.

According to Fig. 2, the stresses of the foundation on the ground are given by:

Where Ne is the applied moment and “e” the eccentricity of the point considered
positive towards the toe.
Taking moments about the midpoint of the base calling

1
2
N=N p +E We obtain:

1
3
 N p
e v + E h * h e + E v * f en = —"N——
(2.9)

The tensions at the edges result:

N 6Ne,
Op=p--p2" (2.10)
D.D.
N 6Ne,
0A=,+-p2" (2.11)
D.D.
It must be verified that the largest does not exceed the admissible stress according
to the geotechnical information.
The validity of (2.8) is therefore conditional on B >^ in the hypothesis of en>0, which
is equivalent from (2.10) to:

n>
B2
b
e "n <6 -

That is, for the entire base to be

compressed, the resulting thrusts and
weights must pass through the central third
of the base. If this resultant passes outside
the central third, the NAVIER formula and
therefore (2.10) and (2.11) are not
applicable, but the value of the maximum
stress
a
a (fig.4) is
an immediate deduction since the equilibrium
condition B leads to if | in |

AC = 3AD
_B, ,
̅̅̅̅ | in |
1 _

to
̅̅̅̅ = N
2

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4
In both cases it must be verified
OA — ^adm Although the admissible voltage
usually increases from 25 to 33% with respect to the admissible value in the case
of constant distribution.

STRESS ON THE CIMNETATION GROUND UNDER THE INCREASED THRUST.

Analogous procedure with the thrust E* = 1.5E and calling N* and eñ to the
vertical component of the resultant and its eccentricity, both under the factored
thrust, the formulas analogous to (2.9) are obtained. (2.10). (2.11) and (2.12) with =
N' + E;
. N' *e p + E^h e + E;*f
Yes |
en | <2
. _ N* 6N" * e n
GB
~~B B2

Yes |
en | >2
6

2N*
o* = ----b-----------
3(2- | eñ | )
To be verified:
*— * °A — ^adm

SIZING AS A REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

ELEVATION SIZING.

The elevation of the wall constitutes a slab, generally of variable depth, subject to
the law of pressures of the ground.

The guideline AB of the slab is not in general vertical, but its inclination with respect
to it is so small in practice in cantilever walls that it can be assumed vertical and
consider that the bending of the elevation is produced only by the horizontal
component of the ground pressures.

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5
For this purpose, even with uniform overload, the law of bending moments is a
parabola of the third degree and that of shear forces is of the second degree.
(fig. 5).

FIGURE 5

Obtaining the values of y/H and B/H in the Pre-sizing, the width at the crown is
usually set at 25 cm, which is a constructive minimum. The edge of the foundation
and raised base is set around H/10 since the studies carried out show that it is the
dimension of the economic optimum. Slight variations in this value have little
influence on the cost of the wall.

Strictly speaking, the elevation of the wall constitutes a piece of variable depth and
accordingly it should be dimensioned as such in bending and shear.
Ref. J.CALAVERA-“Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structures”. – 2 volume.

However, the variation in edge is in practice so slight that its influence is negligible,
even in terms of the reduction of shear stress, so the sizing is done without taking
such variation into account.

a) Flexion sizing.
The calculation of type 1 reinforcement (fig. 5) can be done with the GT-5 and
GT-6 graphs, which already take into account the minimum quantity
requirements established for natural hardness and cold-deformed steels,
respectively.
In walls of reduced height up to 5m, it is usual to wear all type 1 reinforcement
until the crown. For greater heights it is common to cut 50% of said
reinforcement, at the height at which this is possible. From the point at which
said 50% is no longer necessary, the reinforcement must be extended by one
length.

1
6
 A s nec.
I = 0.5 l b (2.18)
A s real

Where is the basic anchor length in position 1, and “d” is the depth of the
elevation at the height where the reinforcement that is cut is no longer
necessary. For more details, the lengths of
ly are indicated in graph GT-9. Reinforcement 1
continues through the heel, but for construction reasons it is necessary to
arrange them in the manner indicated in Figure 6.

FIGURE 6

The lower part of the armor 1 is arranged at the toe and in its vertical section it
is arranged in a waiting manner (fig. 6a). The overlap must be of length Is such
that:
A.nec.
= ; (2.19)
A s real
Where:
α = is given in table T-1
The distance “a” in table T-1 should be interpreted according to figure 7.

SOLAFE LENGTHS IN TENSILE VALUES OF ti (CORRUGATED BARS)

Percentage of overlapping branches working on a temporary basis, with

Distance between the two closest Telación Overlapping beams normally lowering 3
splices: a
to the elevation section! of steel compression, «3 any percentage

to 25 33 50
350
¿100 1,2 1,4 1,6 1.8 10 1,0
>100 1,0 1.1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,0

1
7
 ISO

The overlaps are made by arranging the bars in pairs so that the plane containing
their axes is parallel to the back of the wall, in order not to lose edge.

b) Shear sizing:

The elevation slab should be calculated in accordance with the formula for slabs
established in these instructions. However, this formula, which may be
appropriate for slabs, is not logical in the case of walls. A more appropriate
system is to use the formula for shear in slabs established by the North
American code ACI 318(2.3) according to which:

Go ( 0.52√fa +150p*N )
d > 0.97 √

Where:
Va = design shear stress in t/m of wall, in kp.
fed = concrete design strength kp/cm2 p = geometric amount of flexural
reinforcement.
M d = calculated bending moment acting on the section being tested in shear,
expressed in kp.cm.
d = useful depth in cm.

c) Verification of shear stress in concrete joints.

[0.45√ fed + Pfyd * (.(sin a + cos a) ] d (2.21)

Where:
Va = design shear stress in t/m of wall, in kp.
fyd = calculation elastic limit of the steel p = amount of reinforcement in tension.
a = angle of the axis of the reinforcement with the plane of the joint = 90°

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d) Cracking check.
Since the wall is a superficial structure, it is mandatory to check the figuration in
it. This aspect must be considered since any problem of corrosion of
reinforcement in walls is always serious, since the damage is not observable
and could lead to failure without warning.

TOE SIZING.

The toe is subjected to the forces indicated in figure 8 and its own weight. The
generally negligible weight of the fill acts on the upper face and the reaction of
the soil acts on the lower face, which causes traction on the lower face.
The value of the bending moment is calculated immediately but is always lower
than the elevation value.

The usual practice is to calculate the bending moment M on the toe, taking into
account the stresses due to the reaction of the ground with its service value,
corresponding to the characteristic values of the actions and subsequently
obtain the calculation moment M d = yf * M.

1
9
HEEL SIZING.
According to figure 9, the heel is subjected to several forces in a downward
direction.

a) b,
FIGURE 9

One is the vertical component of the pressures varying P1 to P2 on the front of

the heel (fig. 9b)
Another is the weight of the padding directly acting on that face and that of the
heel itself.
It also acts on the horizontal component corresponding to the variation of
pressures P1 and P2 in the front of the heel (fig. 9b)

In general, the effect of the pressures varying from P1 to P2 on the heel and
indicated in figure 9 b) is negligible and it is enough to calculate it as subjected
to the filling forces on it, its own weight and the eventual reaction. of the
foundation soil.
Furthermore, the heel may or may not be subject to ground reactions (fig. 10)
over all or part of its length.

The bending moment in any case causes traction on the upper face.
In the case of short heels (fig. 10 c) this may require using thin diameters or
completing the anchor length by doubling the reinforcement and providing a
vertical section

2
0
 FIGURE 10

TYPICAL ASSEMBLY SCHEMES

Figure 11 shows the reinforcement diagrams of the three types of cantilever
walls.

The shrinkage and temperature reinforcement has also been represented on

the exposed face. It is enough for this reinforcement to start from the level of
the upper face of the foundation, anchoring its corresponding length lb to it, for
which the appropriate waiting reinforcement must be provided. Frequently and
for support reasons during concreting, it is started from the bottom of the
foundation.

FIGURE 11

2
1
Heel sizing
If this calculation element is needed, it is carried out like the rest of the pieces,
taking into account that it is subject to a resultant force (fig. 12. to).
1 2 1 +sin (01
E p t=-*Y* [( hr + c ) — hi * ] (2.22)
P2B- 1— sin cpl

Located at a depth.

2
( hf + c ) - hr
2 (2.23)
~hf
( hr+c )

FIGURE 12

hc=3*
Assembly diagram, given the small dimensions of the usual heels, can be
organized as indicated in figure 12 b.

1. FORCES INTERVENING IN THE DESIGN OF A CANTILIVER WALL.

Forces on a cantilever wall are shown in Figure 13

1) The own weight of the wall. This force, which acts as the center of gravity
of the section, can be conveniently calculated by subdividing said section
into partial areas that are easy to calculate.

2) The push of the wind. The action of the wind against the backing of the

2
2
 wall with its corresponding intensity and distribution.

3) The normal component of the pressures in the foundation. The pressure

in the foundation is usually considered as linearly distributed along the line
cd fig.13. Giving rise to a trapezoidal diagram. The vertical result of these
pressures ∑ V acts as the center of gravity of such a diagram.

4) The Deletions. When the drainage under the wall is not correct or has been
damaged, water can be stored in that area; if the foundation is impermeable,
water can flow along it, emerging to the surface of the ground in front of the
wall; In these conditions there may be risks of piping, in permeable
foundations the water that comes to the surface may be little but, in any
case, water pressures will be produced against constituent materials of the
wall (overpressures).
5) The impact of forces. Certain external causes, such as vehicle movements
and others, can impact the wall. These effects will have to be taken into
account, since in this environment there is no mass of soil or fill that tends to
quickly cushion these stresses, as in the case of retaining walls where they
are usually omitted.

6) the tremors. The effect of seismic movements can be a momentary

increase in lateral pressure against the wall; the effect is not usually of great
importance. If the region is located in an intermediate seismic zone, which in
critical zones is taken into account by increasing the calculated thrust by
10%.

2. SUMMARY OF THE FORCES AT WORK ON THE WALL.

The forces for the stability analysis of a cantilever wall are shown in Fig. 14. The
main forces that are not multiplied by reduction coefficients are the wind pressure P
against the vertical section “ ab” through the heel, the earth pressure pp against
the vertical section cd through the foot, the ground pressure ∑ V , which act
vertically on the base db , and the weights of the different parts of the wall and of
the earth masses above the base.

The forces acting on each of the parts correspond to loads reduced by load factors
and are, therefore, different from those already used in the initial stability analysis.

2
3
For the resistance design it is advisable to be conservative and assume that the
vertical pressure against the base is distributed uniformly throughout its section.

FIGURE 13
Wc-Weight dtl cvncrtU
Ws^Ptio dtl sunlo

Ev Smjiujt itlal dtl vitnld

VAPUTION Dt U }KVKS
PASSIVE
PRESSURE

VARIATION OF THE VERTICAL

PRESSURE OF THE BASE

SHEARING VEHZA £HTR£

THE BASE AND THE
GROUND

Determining forces in a cantilever wall.

2
4
JOINTS IN WALLS.

The joints may be built within a wall between successive concrete pours, both
vertically and horizontally. This type of joint, called construction joint or cold joint,
can be sealed as indicated in figure 15, and the surface can be roughened and
cleaned.

Construction joints can be placed at vertical intervals, so that when there is a large
reduction in tensile stresses, spalling of concrete can be avoided. Failure will occur
through the joint and the crack will appear as a smooth line instead of a jagged line.
In the contraction joint there is a weak plane built into the concrete, so that the
location of the failure is predetermined.

Expansion joints are vertical joints that completely separate two portions of wall.

The reinforcing steel is generally continuous through all joints to maintain horizontal
and vertical alignment. When steel runs through the joint, one end of all the bars on
one side of the joint are greased or coated so that, by not being bonded, design
expansions can occur.
r--------------------------------------------------■
Yo Figure 15 - Joints in walls Yo

To address the case of both differential consolidation and settlement effects, long
walls must have contraction joints at intervals of 8 to 10 meters. Vertical expansion
joints may also be placed from 18 to 30 meters. From separation. The space that

2
6
should be left in the expansion joint is difficult to evaluate.

FACTORS THAT WOULD CAUSE FAILURES IN THE WALL.

The total wall and the foundation must satisfy stability conditions, both are
considered for normal loading serviceability. The severity of the foundation loading
may be a little small, large, or some intermediate value compared to the lateral load
and moment.

The type of wall to be designed is the normal cantilever wall condition, providing
great loading to the foundation due to the wall's own weight and wind pressure, but
with such loading acting towards a counterbalanced eccentricity "e" from the
centroid and therefore thus reducing the overturning moment.

The assumed center of rotation of the wall is at the point of contact of the face of
the foundation with the subsoil, showing at point "x" the length and position of the
base, it is therefore a design feature particularly susceptible to vertical pressure. on
the subsoil and above all overturning stability; Its length is also a factor to be
considered in the sliding tendency.

OVERLOADING: may occur due to excessive applied moment caused by wind

pressure, such as those compared to the moment of resistance of gravity load due
to backfill near the assumed rotation point, soil pressure
Pmax (maximum pressure) must not exceed
qu (ground
pressure safety factor).

Conformity to this condition generally satisfies the overturning requirement, but

does not obviate the need for stability calculation. The latter will also require the
minimum pressure

Ground vertical, Pmin to be greater than zero.

SLIDE.- Instability to subsequent movements is possibly due to insufficient passive

resistance, acting together with base friction in opposition to the total active thrust,
unit of length taken below at the level of the underside of the base.

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7
CROSS SECTION OF THE CANTILEVER TYPE.- Figure 16 shows some details of
section alternatives for this type of wall.
The reinforcement method used will depend on the design calculations.
In Figure 16 a and 16 b, although it appears from the sections where there is the
same amount of steel on the exposed compressive face as on the containment
stretch face, this is not the case.
Only the minimum number of bars need to be supplied to satisfactorily withstand
the temperature of the steel mesh. Figure 16c shows an alternative method of
withstanding the temperature of the steel mesh.

EXCESSIVE LOADS.- The introduction of a foundation in the mass of the land

produces a new set of physical conditions. Subsequent addition of loads during and
after construction may modify physical conditions and affect existing load capacity.
The guide to arriving at a satisfactory design and an adequate choice of
construction methods should be the careful analysis of the effects derived from the
most unfavorable conditions. If any factor is not considered that at a given moment
could distort the resistance of the ground.

FIGURE 16

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8
SEWER SYSTEM

a) Waterproofing of extrados: If it is not available, it is not possible to

guarantee the waterproofing of the wall, with the aesthetic and/or functional
problems that this entails and that must be considered and solved even if
this does not matter, waterproofing is always recommended, unless the
figuration conditions are completely guaranteed.
Ref. J. SKULL-RETAINING WALLS AND BASEMENT WALLS 2nd Edition.

COLLECTION DIRT

SEALED WITH CLAY

VERTICAL CONCRETE
WATERPROOFING TUBES WITHOUT FINES

CONCRETE PIPE WITHOUT FINES

FIGURE 17

A solution A simple and very economical solution is to apply asphalt paint

over the entire surface of the back of the wall.
When a high guarantee of impermeability is desired, an asphalt sheet must
be provided. If it is feared that the waterproofing will be damaged during
filling, it should be protected with a layer of mortar.
Next to the coronation (fig. 17) it is advisable to provide a collection ditch
and a layer of compacted clay with a slight slope, which reduces the entry of
rainwater into the backfill.

b) Sewer system. As we previously said, it is necessary to guarantee the

possibility of establishing the drainage filter network for the backfill.
The usual solution is to use concrete tubes without pits (preferable to tubes
with holes or open joints, which usually cause filter drag and require
graduated filters) or concrete plates without fines.

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9
In general, concrete pipes without fines simply need to be surrounded by
clean sand of the type used in concrete. The filling itself must also be
permeable (fig. 17).
If the wall is very high or the fill is not very permeable, vertical drains can be
installed at 5 or 6 m. separation (fig. 17).
The mechinales system has been abandoned, because apart from their
tendency to clog over time, they send the drained water towards the toe,
posing a risk to the resistance of the soil in that area.

DIVERSE SEALING
PICKUP CLAY
FIGURE 18

SCREEN
DRAINING

PLATES
CONCRETE 5IN

THIN
SQUARE TUBE OF HOR-
MtGON WITHOUT FIN05 FOR SEAT

OF THE DRAINING SCREEN

#"—("

DETAIL-I SECTION A - A

In special cases, the solution of

covering the extrados with concrete
plates without fines attached to the
waterproofing can be used (fig. 18)

The cost of drainage is very low in the

total cost of the wall. Its influence on
the thrust value and on the
waterproofing of the wall is, however,
very important. (fig.19)

FIGURE 19

3
0
Aesthetic considerations:

Retaining walls lend themselves to a wide variety of treatments that can accentuate their
aesthetic value. One group is surface treatment such as exposed aggregate, sandblasting,
exposed concrete, etc. (Fig. 20)

Another group is that of beveled lines, reliefs, etc., which can hide the joints and break the
monotony of large plain panels. (fig.21)

Figure 22 shows an example of a simple but excellent looking treatment.

3
1
Example 1:

Design a 10 m high cantilever wall.

Data:
. Horizontal granular fill φ=30”
. Friction coefficient between foundation and soil μ=0.577
. Fill density Y = 1.8 t/m3
. Zero friction between fill and wall
. dry filling
. Allowable pressure on the ground. ^adm = 2 kp/cm2. o"adm=4 kp/cm2.
. Concrete H-175 Y f = 1.5. Ye = 1-5 Ys = 1.15
. AEH 400 F steel. c sv = 1.8 C sd = 1.5 C' sd = 1.0
. Vertical backsplash, crown width 25 cm
. Foundation edge and elevation start 1.00 m

Solution:
a) Pre-sizing.
The pressure at the tip can reach:
R = N' * u + E p.................................................................................................................9
N p e v + E h * h e + E v * f en = —"N—— (2.9).........................................................13
Op=p--p2" (2.10) D.D..............................................................................................................13
0A=,+-p2" (2.11)................................................................................................................13
D.D.........................................................................................................................................13
n >......................................................................................................................................13
B2...........................................................................................................................................13
̅̅̅̅ = N................................................................................................................................13
Yes |........................................................................................................................14
Yes |........................................................................................................................14
To be verified:.........................................................................................................14
hc=3*..........................................................................................................................21
0A = 550 + ee02 = 2544 t/m2........................................................................................................35

a* = 1.25 aadm=^~^ =—=5

""m cm2 H 10

Entering the GT-4 graph with μ=0.577, we obtain L = 0.41 and from the stress
conditions the conditioning factor is
1=2.5which leads to
b
#=0.54
and
- = 0.13

From where: - = 3.8

3
2
 h
Y= 10*0.42 = 4.20m
B= 10*0.54 = 5.40m
E= 0.13*5.40= 0.70m
o' = 3.8* 10 = 38t/m2
and
Entering the GT-1 chart to 0.13
L= is obtained
^adm. 0.13
From where °adm. = 0.13 * 25 = 3.25 t/m2 corresponding to the trapezoidal diagram.

3
3
 Figure 1

VERIFICATION.
Calculation of the thrusts, with <5 = 0 and vertical slope.
Active Push
1 1— Sin (p
E = - and *H23 ----------- ——
2 . 1 + Sin (p
1 1 — Sin 30 = 30 t.
E = -1.8* 10 2 1 + Sin 30
2

Resulting at 3.33 m above the base.

Passive push in front of the toe.

1 z ,1+Sin 30
E v =- 1.8 * (1.50 2 - 0.5 2 ) --------------- —— = 5.4 t.
P2P - 1 -In 30

= 1.08

2 (1.503 — 0.125 )
h ' _ __
3 (1.502 - 0.125)

3
4
We determine the weights and moments with respect to A.
Zone Volume Density Weight (T) Distance tm moment
(M3) (T/M3) to point A
(m)

ZAPATA 5.50 * 2.5 13.75 2.75 37.81

1.00

0.25*9.00 2.5 5.63 2.175 12.25

Front slab 0.50*0.75* 2.5 8.45 1.80 15.21
Front slab 9.00
Heel padding
9.0 * 3.20 1.8 51.84 3.90 202.18

Padding on 0.50 * 1.8 1.17 0.65 0.76

toe 1.30
P= 80.84 ∑ M = 268.21

Slip Safety.
According to (2.1) we have:

Operational:
80.84* 0.577
C'sd
In ultimate limit state:

80.84* 0.577 + 5.4

ffsa _____________________________
" 30
Rollover safety:

Overturning moment:

My = 30 * 3.33 = 100 t. m

Stabilizing moment:

M e = 268.21 + 5.4(1.5 - 1.08) = 270.48

270.48
, =--------------= 2.7
SV100

Voltages in service. Calling Xp the distance from A to the resulting P of the vertical loads.

3
5
And according to (2.9)

Then we are in the case of trapezoidal diagram and applying (2.10) and (2.11)

80.84 6*80.84* 0.67

0g=e5 —ee02—=3.96 t/m2

80.84 6* 80.84* 0.67

0A = 550 + ee02 = 2544 t/m2
STRESS UNDER INCREASED THRUST.

Applying (2.13)

3
6
And we are in the case of a triangular diagram.

We apply (2.16)

2*80.84
o* = —- = 36.7 t/m2
• 3(2.75 - 1.28) '

Elevation sizing

1 1 — sin30 = 24 3t
1 + sin30° '
E = -1.8 x 92 x
2
M d = 1.6 X 24.3 X 3 = 116.64 m X t

_............................. .......... , 1,750 +/

Entering the GT-6 graph with d & 0.96 and f =------------ = 1-167 1 ⁄ m
ac
1,5

_ 116,64 _
HF 1.167 X 1.00 X 0.96 F °' 109
2

Is obtained:
us
0=0.103 =--------------------- ------------
‘---------------------------------1.167 x 1.00 x 0.96

U s = 115.4 t

The GT-8 graph table for Ys = 1.15 gives 10 0 20 pm 1., with U s = 112.00 t

The GT-10 graph shows this reinforcement as correct from the cracking point of
view.

Since the height of the wall is important, we will cut half of the reinforcement.

This half with U s = 57.7 t and therefore d = 0.052 covers a moment (see GT- 6) u =
0.055

3
7
 Chart 2

Graph 2 represents the cubic parabola of the moment graph, which is tangent to
the back at its vertex, located at the crown. The equation of the parabola with
respect to the indicated axes is:
0.104 _
u = —X3
729

Calling x the depth at which the reinforcement is no longer necessary and

accepting that the moment is us U x 0.9d, which is sufficiently approximate for the
low quantities used in walls, the equation can be stated:

UX0.9X0.1H,
0.5U X d x =-----------—----------x 3

dx = 0.9 ( 0.25 + 0.759)

And substituting, we obtain the equation:

0.9x3 -27.33% -82.01 = 0

With solution % = 6.65 m

From this point, where 50% of the reinforcement is no longer strictly necessary, we
will carry 0>^lb . According to GT-9, for 0 20 corresponds to position 1, l b = 64 cm
and 6.65 m deep.

Therefore, from the point located at 6.65m depth it is necessary to extend the
reinforcement by:

3
8
 0.5 x 64 + 80 = 1.12m

Therefore the bars are cut at 6.65 - 1.12 = 5.53 m deep.

20

As transverse reinforcement, U s =0 115.4 = 23.1 1 is provided, which is provided in

8 0 10 pml

The bars that rise to the crown are joined by overlapping at the start. According to
GT-9 l b = 90 cm and since C= 1.3 it results:

ls = 90 X 1.3 = 117 cm

in the length
There are 9 0 10 bars that exceed one-third the area of a 0 20 bar,
so the lap stitch reinforcement is sufficient.
The shear stress at an edge is V d = 1.6 x -1.8 x 8 2 x 1sin30 = 30.72 ty of " 2
1+sin30 -
according to [2.20], even neglecting the amount of tensile reinforcement.

. 175 .
30.72 < 5 ■— X 0.96 = 51.84 t
J1'5

In the concreting joint at the start, expressing the magnitudes in m and t minus
fed which is expressed in kg/cm 2 , even neglecting the amount of tensile
reinforcement, according to [2.21] we have:

. (175
V d = 38.88 < 4.5√ 15 X 0.96 = 46.7 t

Sizing of the toe: As the moment is less than that obtained for the elevation and
the edge is the same, the reinforcement of the elevation is extended, with the same
transverse reinforcement.

Heel sizing: The pressure distribution on the heel is indicated in graph 3.

3
9
 Chart 3

The pressure on the upper face is 9 x 1.8 = 16.2 t ⁄ ni 2

The moment in the MN section, okay

1 1
M = 1.6(3.96 x 3.2 x 1.6 + —12.5 x 3.2 x — 3.2 — 16.2 x 3.2 x 1.6 — 2.5
l either
x 3.2 x 1.6 x 1

M = 86.62 m X t

86,62 _
1.167 x 1 x 0.96 2 F °' 081
Us
co = 0.078 =
1.767 x 1 x 0.96

U s = 87.39 t —> 020 at 13cm

4
0
Graph GT-10 shows this arrangement as correct from the cracking point of view.

The anchor length lb , according to GT-9, in position II, is 90 cm.

Transverse armor:
20
u
s = — X 87.39 = 17.48 t - 010 a 16cm

0.25

.uH--------------[1a"--,

10 pml

50 IQ pmL

10.00

B fl" ID pmL
100z0pmi
d 20al 3 em
147

010116ci
-
•Hr."" to
-■ 1,1
0.50
7
964
8^10 bnt
1.30 1,00 3.20
5.5
0

Chart 4

4
1
Information sources:

❖ (FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, PECK-HANSON-THORNBURN, 2nd ED,

PAGE. 464) or (FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, JOSEPH E.
BOWELS, 3rd ED, PAGE. 433).

❖ Dr. Alberto Ordoñez C. Analysis and design of reinforced concrete retaining walls
2nd edition adapted to the Venezuelan standard 2006 Eng. Rafael Ángel
Torres Belandria.

❖ J. SKULL-RETAINING WALLS AND BASEMENT WALLS 2nd Edition.

❖ Eng. Alberto Villarino Otero – road, canal and port engineering.

❖ BRAJA M. PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING - 4TH

EDITION.

4
2
 IS W

GRAPHICS AND TABLES .

4
3
4
4
IS W
GT-4

4
5
4
6
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4
7
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¿-19
8-19
 r —
g GT-9
§
IN POSITION □ !

l l______Lbn______J. 4
1 ■
h ANCHOR LENGTHS BY STRAIGHT EXTENSION OF CORRUGATED
L-bia
IN POSITION I
BARS AND WIRES, IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION IN cm.

—
STEEL AEH 400 STEEL AEH 500 STEEL AEH 600
0 POSITION n POSITION 1 POSITIONU | POSITION i POSITION 1 POSITION I

( CONCRETE CONCRETE CONCRETE CONCRETE CONCRET CONCRETE

m H150 H-175 H-200 H-250 H-300 H-150 H-175 H-200 H-250 H-300 H-175 H-200 #250 #300 H-175H200 #250 E
H-300 H-200 H-250 H-300 #200 H-250 #300

4 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 I 51 5 17 17 17 15 1 51 5
5 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 18 18 18 18 1 51 5 1 5 1 5 52 22 22 15 1 51 5
6 16 18 18 16 18 15 5 15 15 15 22 2 2 2? 22 | 5 15 1 5 1 5 26 26 26 18 1 81 8
7 21 21 21 21 21 15 15 15 15 15 26 2 6 26 26 18 10 16 1 8 31 31 31 to i 2 1 2 1
8 23 23 23 23 23 16 16 16 16 16 29 29 29 29 20 20 20 20 35 35 35 24 24 24
9 26 26 26 26 26 16 18 18 18 ia 33 3 3 33 33 23 23 23 23 39 39 39 27 27 27
10 29 29 29 29 29 21 21 2 21 21 36 36 36 36 26 26 26 26 44 44 44 31 31 31
1 1 32 32 32 32 32 23 ?3 23 93 93 40 40 40 40 ?8 ?8 28 2A 46 48 48 34 34 34

12 36 35 35 35 35 26 25 25 25 25 44 44 44 44 31 31 31 31 5 2 52 52 37 37 37
16 65 57 50 47 47 46 41 36 33 33 75 68 58 58 54 49 4I 41 82 70 70 59 49 49

20 101 90 78 67 59 72 64 56 48 41 1 I 8 106 84 73 84 76 60 52 1 29 106 95 92 76 68

25 1 58 140 1 23 105 88 113 1 00 88 75 63 184 i 6-6 1 31 1 14 1 3 1 11 9 94 8 1 201 166 149 144 1 1 9 1 06

32 25 8 229 201 1 72 143 184 1 64 1 43 1 23 1 02 301 272 215 106 215 195 154 1 33 330 272 244 236 1 95 174
40 40 3 358 314 269 22 4 288 256 224 192 1 60 470 426 336 291 336 304 240 2 08 515 426 381 368 304 272
50 630 560 490 420 350 450 400 350 300 250 735 665 5 25 455 525 475 375 325 805 665 595 575 475 425

4
9
 IS W
GT-10 GT-11

CQMPRQBATION OF CRACKING CONDITIONS IN WALLS

5
0