CÓRDOBA HIGHER TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

HIGHER TECHNIQUE IN DENTAL PROSTHESIS

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE PLATES

PHOTOS
FUNCTIONS AND DIRECTIONS

SUBJECT : ORTHODONTICS
TEACHER : Magdalena Lozada Chaves
STUDENTS : Florencia González - Mónica Alejandra Guzmán
SUPERIOR TECHNICIAN IN DENTAL PROSTHESIS
The role of the dental prosthetist is very important when it comes to
receiving impressions and records in his laboratory with the indications of
the type of appliances requested by the dentist.
The prosthetist must have sufficient knowledge both to interpret the
dentist's orders, as well as to be able to carry out the design and necessary
adaptation of the device needed to apply it to the treatment.
In addition, you must know each of the component parts according to their
function, location and limitations.
When the prosthetist receives the impressions and records, he must disinfect
them for protection and prevention using different disinfection methods
such as immersion in 10% sodium hypochlorite solution, 20% hydrogen
peroxide or 2% glutaraldehyde.
After disinfection, we proceed to examine whether the impressions meet the
necessary requirements to make the study model.

TYPES OF ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES

REMOVABLE ORTHODONTICS - SINGLE MAXILLARY ORTHODONTIC
APPLIANCES

Orthodontic appliances are divided into 2 groups

• PASSIVE PLATES:
They are those orthodontic appliances that will not cause force and that, due to their
morphology, will modify the maxillomandibular relationship, that is, they produce a
modification of the occlusion and/or the treated dental elements, without containing
active or movement attachments. .

CONTAINMENT PLATE:
This type of plate is used to maintain results after finishing a treatment. It is typically
constructed with an acrylic base, two Adams retainers, and a buccal arch. This type
of plates is made up of an acrylic resin, a vestibular arch, and different types of
retainers.

This plate is kept fixed to the arch by means of retention elements (retainers) and the
patient can remove it and place it in their mouth.

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• ACTIVE PLATES

WHAT IS THE ACTIVE PLATE IN ORTHODONTICS?

Active Plates are removable appliances also made of acrylic in the form of a
sheet or plate, in which wire springs or screws are incorporated that can be
activated to move the teeth and are attached to them using hooks or retainers.

USE OF THE ACTIVE PLATE

The purpose of the appliance is to apply forces to effect planned movement on
the teeth. To this end, the device must be well made, from a mechanical point of
view, executed with technical precision with respect to the biological
preconditions to achieve treatment success.
Whether fixed or removable appliances are used, orthodontic treatment is not a
simple problem. The achievement of the result and essentially its specialty also
depend on the morphogenetic pattern, muscle function, simultaneous growth and
development and other factors.
With active plates, the direction and amount of force applied is under complete
control, and a firm anchorage is achieved. These are advantages that the operator
must know and use to the maximum. But if you are not equally aware of the
limitations imposed by these methods, you will be at a disadvantage and could
harm your patient.

Niesel (1836) was the first author to describe a rmovib plate moving the teeth.

A LITTLE HISTORY

Kingsley (1870) proposed a rubber plate

to advance the bite by means of an
inclined plane.
Schwartz (1930) universalized the term active
plaque and increased its therapeutic possibilities.
The current Schwartz plate includes an expansion screw in the
center of two acrylic halves.
Hawley simplified the design of Schwartz's apparatus and applied it to both active
treatment and the retention and stabilization of what was
corrected.
Canut (1971) improved the design of the plates and has
contributed to

Vulgation in Spain.

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Active plates in orthodontics

There are a large number of models of active plates. These are some of the most
important ones:

1 .Expansion plate: consists of the transverse expansion of the maxilla and mandible. A
maximum expansion of 7 millimeters is achieved.

2 .Fan expansion plate: upper plate that incorporates a screw, whose expansion has a
fan development, depending on the orientation and position it exerts an antero-posterior
opening.

3 .Traction plate: plate with a screw in its maximum opening, which allows us to correct
over-expanded arches or scissor bites. It can be performed on the maxilla or mandible.

4 .Schwartz plate: device with double screw for transverse expansions. The placement
of two screws guarantees sufficient rigidity when expanding.

5 .Bertoni expansion plate: expansion screw in three sectors. It allows a central

expansion, at the same time that it performs a protrusion of the anterior sector.

WIRES AND ALLOYS

COMPOSITION OF WIRES AND ALLOYS

Stainless steel: 74% Steel (alloy of iron and carbon), 18% Chromium, 8% Nickel. It is
commonly called "18-8."

Martensitic steel: Cubic to body centered. Very hard and resistant. It is used in the
manufacture of instruments.

Austenitic steel: Face-centered cubic. More ductile and softer than the previous one, it
has greater moldability, greater resistance to corrosion and is very easy to weld.

Chromium-cobalt alloys: More rigid than steel, very moldable (hot), has little elasticity
and is easy to weld.

Titanium alloys: It does not allow permanent deformations, it provides very light and
constant forces, it is a fragile alloy and impossible to manufacture handles or loops. It
has superelasticity and great shape memory.

ADVANTAGES OF THESE MATERIALS

• Endurance.
• Great elasticity (little rigidity).
• Great moldability or formability.
• Allows you to be a soldier.
• Corrosion resistant.
• Low cost.
• Safety (does not damage tissue) mouth).
• Duration (it is very resistant unless abused)

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• Unalterability(HEmaintains the same with oral fluids and agents
chemicals).
• Tasteless.
• Hygienic.

The wires used for orthodontics are found in dental stores wound on coils as shown in
the figure.

PLATES

HAWLEY PLATE WITH EXPANSION SCREW

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EXPANSION SCREW AND WRENCH TO ADJUST THE SCREW

ANTERIOR PROTRUSTION PLATE

WHAT IT IS USED FOR AND WHERE THE SCREW IS PLACED

The screw is placed in a vertical position in the anterior sector to perform protrusive
movements in the incisive area.

MADE OF:

1-Vestibular Arch, 2- Adams Hooks and 1 Universal Screw

SCHWARTZ PLATE

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WHAT IS THE SCHWARTZ PLATE?

Introduction: the Schwartz active plate is a functional maxillary appliance that is used
in the upper and lower dental arches to correct functional problems of maxillary
alveolar and bone compression, they are the ideal element for early treatments.

How do you activate an expansion screw?

It has a central screw that is turned, the two parts are separated, and the device expands.
Each activation is a ¼ turn. The appliance is removed to eat, and when inserted into the
roof of the mouth, it is held in the mouth with flexible wires that surround the molars.

Expansion screws:

The screws, called expansion screws, are not only used to increase the length of the
arch, but they must also be used to rotate incisors, uncross bites, distalize teeth, buccal
teeth, etc.
There is a wide variety of designs and sizes:

Large : expands and dilates transversely to the upper jaw.

Medium : dilation screw and used to readapt transversely to the upper and lower jaw as
necessary.

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Boys : vestibule central and lateral elements of the upper jaw generally.

Screws to distalize sectors : used for dilation of dental blocks.

Screws with springs : this screw has a spring inside, which exerts continuous and
elastic pressure on the dental element.

Double screws : they expand two sectors at the same time, generally they can distalize
premolars and molars.

Triple screws : used to exert continuous pressure on three sectors at a time.

• Different locations of the expander screws

These expanders are made up of: 1- Hawley Arch and 2- Adams Hooks

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLATES AND FUNCTION OF THEIR

PARTS

Bite lifting plate:

This type of plates have height planes, which are thick acrylic aggregates on the
occlusal face of the elements of a jaw and in both hemiarches.

Its function is to definitively lift the occlusion, whenever it is necessary to increase the

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vertical dimension, which is why it acts on overbites and compensates for large
abrasions due to bruxism, etc. Furthermore, they can be used to modify neuro-muscular
functions, causing changes in functional systems, which are responsible for activating,
stimulating or maintaining supporting tissues. This lifting is not done abruptly, but with
separations that do not exceed 2mm.

Plate with anterior inclined plane:

The anterior bite plane is the product of an acrylic addition, in the shape of a crescent,
in the area on which the anteroinferior elements contact, more precisely in the most
anterior area of the appliance (from canine to canine). Its main function is to correct
increased incisor vertical overbites, generally observed in Angle class II. Furthermore,
it is used to allow the sliding of one or more teeth on the inclined surface of the tooth.
The inclined plane is a simple resource that forces the jaw to slide into the correct
position.

Plate with lateral or posterior plane:

This plane is a thickness of acrylic that is added from the distal of the canines to the
distal of the last molar of both hemiarches on the grinding faces of these. This plane is
used for anterior uncrossing, for overeruption of the anterior sector and for uncrossing
unilateral posterior crossbites.

Fan Expansion Plate

Upper plate that incorporates a screw, whose expansion has a fan development,
depending on the orientation and position it exerts an antero-posterior opening. The
parts of the plate are open in the shape of a fan.

Habit control plate:

This type of plate is used in mouths where the previous elements do not contact, due to
an atypical swallowing habit such as thumb sucking, tongue interposition, etc.,
therefore the function of this type of plate is to reeducate swallowing, adding elements
such as:

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Lingual grille: The function

of this element is to obstruct the entry of the fingers into the mouth, thus preventing
suction, as well as another function is to make it impossible for the tongue to press or
rest on the palatal or lingual surfaces of the tongue. the previous elements. Lingual
grills are made with 0.9 mm wire.

Rollers or wheels

These are made of the same acrylic and with a 0.9mm wire shaft. smaller than the grill.
It is used to encourage the exercise of the tongue by rolling the wheels with the tip of
the tongue and thus seek a new position.

RETAINING HOOKS
RETAINER

RETENTION ELEMENTS

The retention elements (hooks or retainers) are those that keep the plate in the mouth
and prevent its displacement, allowing the device to remain in position and increase the
anchorage by adjusting it against the teeth and mucosa. They consist of an active
vestibular part, a union or bridge on the occlusal side and a passive or retentive section
on the palatal or lingual side where it is crossed towards the acrylic.

Types of hooks

NAIL OR TEAR HOOK

It is the most commonly used due to its easy preparation and its clear aesthetics in the
mouth.

ARROWHEAD OR TRIANGULAR HOOK

It covers more surface than the previous one and rests on

two dental elements.

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BALL TIP HOOK

It is very convenient for adaptation. It has a metal ball

at the end. This is purchased in stores, but the
disadvantage is that its cost is high compared to
retainers that can be made in the laboratory.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL HOOK

Ideal retainer for molars or canines. Adapted below the

retentive area of the element.

DUYZINGS HOOK

It is similar to the circumferential

retainer but with a fold that adapts it to
the middle of the buccal surface, one
mesial and one distal.

SCHWARZ ARROW HOOK

Made up of several arrow hooks or

triangles. It obtains very good posterior
retention. Its preparation is very
difficult.

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ADAMS HOOK

It is the most used due to its

effectiveness, it is generally adapted in
later elements. The vestibular part of this
retainer does not contact the element, it
can be supported but does not retain,
since it is exerted by its two handles.

ADAMS MEDIUM HOOK

It is used in later elements when there is a free gap. This

contours distal to the element. The construction is the
same as the Adams retainer but with a single handle.

TYPES OF ARCHES MORE

USED IN APPARATOLOGY
REMOVABLE

TYPES OF ARCHES AND HOOKS

MOST USED IN REMOVABLE
APPLIANCES

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 SPRINGS

The springs are made with wire, of different thicknesses, which, supported and
activated on the tooth, produce their displacement.

Springs are mechanical elements used in orthodontics to achieve controlled movement

of dental elements. They are made with 0.7mm wire for the anterior sector and with
0.8mm and 0.9mm wire for the posterior sector, because they must mobilize larger
volume elements. .

The force exerted by the springs is directly proportional to the distance between the
passive load position and the active contact position, in addition to the diameter of the
wire.

During its preparation, spirals or loops are added and the active part is covered with
pink wax, so that when the plate is made with acrylic, it is covered.

CLASSIFICATION
Simple : They are used to vestibularize elements generally from the anterior sector and
in gyroversions. The size of the handle will depend exclusively on the anatomy of the
dental element. The active part of this type of spring will be supported on the gingival
third of the tooth and the passive part is clamped so that it does not contact either the
mucosa or the element but so that it is included in the acrylic.

Remo : This type of spring is used to vestibularize an element through elasticity, also
acting as a stop so that the element does not move when
There is a vestibular arch.
It is located in previous
elements and is made with
0.7mm wire. Its active part rests
completely on the element, and
its passive part does not touch
fabrics and is incorporated in
acrylic with its retentions.

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Bimbler : Used to vestibularize anterior
elements. It generally occupies two palatal
surfaces of the central and lateral incisors. If
it is made for a single dental element, it is
made with 0.7mm wire. but if it is made for
two elements it is made with 0.8mm wire.

DOUBLE OR COMPOUNDS:

Double mattress (also called Z): It is similar

to the simple spring but with one more
handle, placed on the cingulum of the tooth.
It is used to vestibularize elements in a
frontal manner. This type of spring is made
with 0.7 mm wire. .

They apply to different types of springs and consist of:

Helical or crank:
Free arm or end : adapted to the dental anatomy, it must be rigid and not slide
on the tooth surface. The longer the length, the
lighter the forces and the greater the range of
motion.
Cantilever : They are used to make buccal or mesiodistal
movements of one or more teeth. There are cantilever
variants such as the double cantilever spring ,
which is used to move the four incisors towards
the buccal, and the crank spring , which has the
same function as the previous one but at the
free end it has a bend in the shape of a crank to

• Helix or loop: It is the active part, it is

elastic and the greater its length it will
release lighter forces.
• Tail : It is included in the plate. It must
be retentive and adapted to the mucosa.

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avoid the contact with neighboring dental elements.

Complexes: They are a combination of the previous ones, with helix, loops, single or
double.

Springs for diastema closure : This is made up of two simple cantilevers located in
opposite directions, accompanied by a vestibular arch.

Expansion spring : These are widely used at the time of replacement of the dentition, to
move elements in a mesiodistal direction, and are also used as a space maintainer.

Spring for canine retraction : When designing this type of spring, the length and root
surface must be taken into account, trying to avoid coronal inclination instead of
translation.

VESTIBULAR ARCHES
The vestibular arches consist of a curved segment that rests on the labial surface of the
incisors, extending from canine to canine; Laterally, they have 2 handles that can vary
depending on the objectives required by the treatment, ending with an occlusal
extension, generally called a bridge, which starts from the handles to the palatal or
lingual surface of the model, where the retentions are made there.

The arch acts as a passive element, keeping the plate in place and stabilizing its vertical
anchorage. But at the same time, this can act as an active element, allowing the
retrusion of the upper and lower incisor front, as long as the lingual surface of the teeth
is freed from acrylic.

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THERE IS A VARIETY OF VESTIBULAR ARCHES SUCH AS:

Wide-handled arch : This type of arch is used when the canines have not yet erupted or
when they are completely out of place. The handle is located from the distal space of
the premolar to the buccal surface of the lateral, leaving the canine free.

Progeny buccal arch : This arch is integrated into the upper plate, descending to the
mandibular arch and is supported by the buccal surface of the lower incisors. It has a
lingualizing action on the lower incisors, therefore this type of arch is used for
treatments of anterior crossbites. Furthermore, the incorporation of palatal springs on
the upper incisors and the presence of a posterior bite plane helps to unblock the
occlusion and allows the incisal bite to jump.

Plate with triple or

Bertoni screw and
progeny arch:

SCHWARTZ PLATE

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EXPANSION PLATE, WITH
DOUBLE AND FAN SCREW.

POST ORTHODONTIC
CONTAINMENT

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 SAGITAL PLATE

SOURCES

www.wikipwdia.org/wiki/ortodoncia https://www.clinicaferrusbratos.com/ortodoncia-
infantil/disyuntor-expansor-paladar/ https://www.ortodonciamalaga.com/aparatos-
orthodontics/functional/klammt/#:~:text=The%20Klammt%20o%20Activator%20Open
, wires%20that%20give%20elasticity .

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