1.

A sensorless BLDC driver is utilized due to either the motor being submerged in liquid or
the confined space within the closed housing not accommodating a hall sensor. The
back electromotive force (BEMF) is generated in one of the coils, and the zero crossing
of BEMF is employed to determine the alignment of the permanent magnet's pole with
the coil, which helps in estimating the rotor's position.

2. The motor requires more torque than its rated capacity when initiating, halting, or
reversing its direction, operating in the intermittent zone during these phases. It can
reach speeds up to 150% of its rated speed, although the torque begins to decline at
these higher speeds.

3. Benefits of BLDC motors:

a. Absence of sparks.

b. Heat generation occurs in the stator, making it easier to remove and maintain.

c. The rotor features permanent magnets instead of coils, resulting in lighter weight
and reduced inertia, which facilitates easier starts and stops.

d. The linear relationship between torque and current ensures smooth acceleration
and constant torque.

e. High power density, with BLDC motors providing the highest running torque per
cubic inch among all DC motors.

4. In the table below

6-Step (Trapezoidal)

Aspect Sinusoidal Commutation Commutation

Sinusoidal shape for smoother Trapezoidal shape with sharp

Current Waveform
electrical transition transitions

Reduced noise and vibration due Increased noise and vibration

Noise and Vibration
to smoother flow from sudden changes

Higher efficiency with reduced Lower efficiency with significant

Efficiency
torque fluctuations torque fluctuations

Needs intricate control algorithms Less complex and requires less

Control Complexity
and more processing power processing power
 Preferred in applications needing Suited for simpler, cost-sensitive
Suitability
smooth, quiet operation applications