ARISTOTEL IS

He was a philosopher, polymath and scientist born in the city of

Stagira, north of Antigua.
Greece.
He is considered, along with Plato, the father of Western
philosophy. His ideas have exerted an enormous influence on the
intellectual history of the West for more than two millennia. HE' -
 CRITICAL THINKING
ARIST O R TEL IS NTE CONCEPTS IN AREAS SUCH AS:
1.METAPHYSICS
Aristotle's metaphysics revolves around two fundamental
questions: that of the beginning and that of unity.
All men have by nature the desire to know. With these
words begins the first book of Aristotle's Metaphysics.
This desire to know culminates in the acquisition of wisdom
which consists, for Aristotle, in the knowledge of the causes
and principles of being.
• Aristotelian metaphysics is largely developed as a reaction to Plato's theory of Ideas. It does not seem
that Aristotle expressed any critical opposition to the theory of Ideas during his stay at the Academy.
Everything indicates, on the contrary, that the first criticisms of the theory of Ideas were developed
after he left the Academy, when Aristotle began to outline his own philosophy. It must be
 remembered, however, that Plato had already criticized the theory of Ideas in the Parmenides, and
that the theory of Ideas had probably been the subject of numerous controversies in the Academy. It
does not make sense, then, to search in Aristotle's criticism of the theory of Ideas for any type of
personal reason that could have pitted Aristotle against Plato, but rather, as Aristotle himself tells us
in the "Metaphysics", the simple search for TRUE.
► Aristotle will agree with Plato that there is a common element among all objects of the same class,
the universal, the Idea, which is the reason why we apply the same name to all objects of the same
genus; will admit, therefore, that this universal is real, but not that it has an existence independent of
things, that is, that it is subsistent. The theory of Ideas, moreover, by providing subsistent reality to
the universal, to the Idea, without reason duplicates the world of visible things, establishing a parallel
world that would in turn need an explanation.

2.THEOLOGY
 Called the theory of four causes.
Teleology is the study of the ends or purposes of some object or
being, or literally, the philosophical doctrine of final causes. More
recent uses define it simply as the attribution of a purpose or
objective to specific processes.
The Aristotelian notion of cause is much broader than the current
concept. For us, cause almost always has only the meaning of
Aristotle's "efficient cause." For this, cause is everything that
occurs in the constitution of something, and in this broad sense
there are these four causes:
►material cause
The material, physical and sensible substrate of which a thing is made. In
the case of a statue it would be marble, for example.
►formal cause
It is the idea or essence to be realized in the process of change. The formal
cause is the essence of the thing, it acts on the matter and individualizes it,
making us see what the thing is.
►efficient cause
It is the principle or engine of change. Every change requires an external
agent that shapes matter or converts potential being into actual being.
►final cause
That for which the thing is, is the telos or end of change. We do not finish
explaining a thing until we know its purpose or telos .
Commentary on Aristotle's theological
theory
Aristotle's teleology is only applicable to the
causes of man's acts, and not to all general
events. I consider that these causes that Aristotle
speaks of are correct, except for the first, which
does not seem to me to be a proper cause . I think
the "material cause" should be part of the "formal
cause", since the idea of carrying out the change
process is to think beforehand about what material
we are going to make a change.
► Aristotle admits that reality is changing, that true
knowledge is knowing the substance of each thing.

UNDERSTANDIN
G
► Aristotle's ethics is an ethics of goods, because it
assumes that man does so in search of a certain

ETHI
good.
CS
The supreme good is happiness and happiness is
wisdom.
► For Aristotle, prudence, virtue and pleasure are in
the soul.

VIRTUE
► Virtue is the action most appropriate to the
nature of each being, the act most in accordance
with its essence.

ARISTOTELIAN
FRIENDSHIP

► Friendship is one of the most valuable goods

among the objectives of the virtuous man, a
good for which it will be impossible to achieve
the happiness of a full life.
► Aristotle divides friendship into 3 aspects.
► 1: FRIENDSHIP OF UTILITY: based on
the obtaining that is something beneficial to us
from the friend
► 2: FRIENDSHIP BASED ON PLEASURE:
 based on mutual pleasure.
► 3: VIRTUOUS FRIENDSHIP: It is the
perfect friendship that brings together those
good who highlight virtue.
 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

► For Aristotle, man is a political called MONARCHY

animal, men are social beings in
► 2: If few people govern, they will
the fact that nature does nothing
called ARISTOCRACY
in vain.
► 3: If many people rule,
► Aristotle expounded the classical
called DEMOCRACY
theory of forms of government in
politics.
► 1: if only one person governs
 Aristotle uses the word economy to refer to the
administration of the house and home.

ECONOMY
Aristotle indicates that money is also useful for
future exchanges, so it is a kind of security. That
is, if we don't want something, now we can get it
whenever we want it.
BIOLOGY
Considered the father of biology , he
described more than 500 "living things." He
described the dolphins , their anatomy,
behavior, highlighted their social nature,
their intelligence, their lung breathing,
their placental reproduction and
lactation, comparing them with
quadrupeds and with man himself.
He approached the topic of the soul as a
biologist, because he considered the
soul the vital principle. What is alive is
alive thanks to the soul, not to matter. The soul is the form of the body, and there are
three types of soul:
• The vegetative soul (own of vegetables): nutrition and reproduction.
• The sensitive soul (typical of animals): perception, movement and desire.
• The rational soul (typical of humans): reasoning.
Aristotle differentiates plants from animals, and beasts from humans. Plants only have
the vegetal, animals the vegetal and the sensitive; and man has all of them. According
to Aristotle, the union of the soul with the body is also beneficial for the soul, because
only in this way does it fulfill its functions. Soul and body are not two different
substances, but rather they are two components of a single substance. By definition,
then, Aristotle will not be able to maintain that the soul is immortal, but he can maintain
that there is a part of the soul that survives death.
BOTANY
During his stay in Asos and Mytilene, he made field observations with his writing
of new biological works. One of them is a botanical treatise titled On Plants (Peri
python) and a collection of silver drawings titled Anatomical Plates (Anatomaí).
Both works are lost.

• Plants with flowers

Living beings Floors
-
According to
Aristotle
• Plants without flowers (algae,
etc.)

Trees Shrubs Herbs

ZOOLOGY

The beginnings of zoology must be sought in

Aristotelian work, specifically in studies on the
generation and anatomy of animals , although
previously there had already been Hindu scholars
who had little or no influence on Western Greek
science. Aristotle made observations with
scientific rigor about the reproduction of animals ,
and in anatomy he laid the foundations for
systematic knowledge of the animal kingdom. Among his observations, Aristotle
octopus .
ZOOLOGY
Taxonomy
Aristotle classified around a total of 508 species of animals :
> 91 mammals, V 8 cephalopods,
> 178 birds, • 17 crustaceans,
> 18 reptiles and 26 mollusks and;
amphibians, { 67 insects and related.
> 107 of fish, • 1. Viviparous bipeds (human beings).
V With blood 2. Hairy quadrupeds (land mammals).
Cetaceans (marine mammals).
red (Enaima) 3. Oviparous quadrupeds (squamates -reptiles- and apodes -amphibians-).
Birds (eight species; divided according to limbs or according to diet).
Living Beings — 4. Fish.

Animals
According to 5.
Aristotle
6.

1. Malacoderms, which corresponded only to the current cephalopods.

V Without blood Malacostraceans, which included most of the higher crustaceans.
2. Ostracoderms, which included all animals with shells such as
red (Anaima) bivalves, gastropods, echinoderms, etc.
3. Zoophytes, of spontaneous generation that include worms and
insects.
4.
Scala naturae (Scale of Nature)
Aristotle created a “Scale of Nature” where he ordered organisms according to their complexity . Species
at this scale are eternally fixed in place and cannot evolve over time.
Embryology
He wrote a treatise on embryology in which he described the development of the
chicken and other embryos. He thought that the embryo arose from the menstrual union
after its activation with male semen.
Explains the development of the embryo in observations of chicken eggs: it makes the
heart appear; This is vital, since the heart nourishes all other organs. It then causes the
other organs to develop, first the internal parts and finally the external parts, which are
formed from the internal parts.
In his writings on embryology , he exposes the conclusions of his work:
1. The development of the embryo is guided by internal guidelines, not by external
agents.
2. From a minimal initial change, a long series of changes is generated.
3. The initial matter of the embryo is not amorphous, but is composed of a set of parts,
each one with its own potentialities.
4. Embryogenesis is an ordered and continuous sequence of changes, not a set of
singular alterations.
PSYCHOLOGY
Dreams
Sleep occurs as a result of overuse of the senses or
digestion . Critical activities, including thinking, feeling,
and remembering, do not function as they do during
wakefulness. Since a person cannot feel during sleep, he
cannot have desire, which is the result of sensation.
However, the senses can work during sleep, although
differently, unless they are tired.
In this way, it departs from Plato's conception in The
Republic , where the soul is freed during sleep and can set
out in search of truth. The dream is produced is the work of
the imagination . Aristotle gives the first written testimony
about the fact of lucid dreams .
 ESTHETIC
The arts
He is also considered the first author to write systematically about the
aesthetics, although this, as a discipline, appeared in
current Germany already in the Modern age. His thinking focuses on the arts,
materials and concrete, and not so much in the abstract concept of beauty as
Plato had proposed. Define as art any human activity of conscious
production based on knowledge and makes the following classification:
• Imitative : Imitation as a means and end. This is something natural in
human beings and produces pleasure. The term imitation was for him
different from the current one; so he wrote that art had to represent the universal
as opposed to the particular, and that the harmony of what was represented was more
important than its fidelity to the real model.
• Non-imitative : Those that did not express emotions. An example of this is a
scientific treatise. Note that although a treatise would not be considered art today, it fit
within the Aristotelian definition and within the ancient Greek consciousness in general.
ESTHETIC
The beauty
For Aristotle, knowledge is pleasant , therefore it entails aesthetic enjoyment , and
what is tasted through sight and hearing is beautiful. He divided these senses based
on the enjoyment they generated when capturing something beautiful:
sight intellectual pleasure , hearing moral pleasure. For him, beauty was a unity of
parts that had the following formal conditions:
• Taxis : Distribution in space of the component parts of the beautiful object.
• Symmetry : The correct proportion of those parts.
• To horisménon : The extension or size of the beautiful. It should not be exceeded or
seen fatally reduced in its dimensions.
LANGUAGE
Aristotle in his Rhetoric , as the art of communicating in a way c his vincente , and
Poetics , or art of literary creation. In chapter 20 of the Poetics he in
considers elocution ( lexis ) as a linguistic expression of thought.
Literature
The influence of Poetics is still imprinted in the modern literary t a
tradition. Such as the concepts of " mimesis ", " catharsis ", " diction ", " p " h n a
knot , " denouement " and their distinction of different "literary genres" in ",
fragments: us
Serious genre : Made up of epic (narrative) and tragedy (dramatic).
Jocular genre : Made up of satire (narrative) and comedy (dramatic),
whose book is lost.
Catharsis
The notion of catharsis is an important psychological mechanism in
Aristotle for the contemplation of art, at least the imitative ones .
Alludes to purification, purgation or liberation of certain passions
through fiction, important for the domination of these in their
ethics.
RHETORIC
Aristotle refers to the art of speaking or writing elegantly in order to delight, move, or
persuade .

•
Assembly
3 Audience Genres { Judge
{ Public

V Deliberative
3 Genres of speech • Judicial
• Demonstrative

Aristotle's V The ethos (morality of the

Rhetoric 2 Virtues of the speaker)
Speaker { Pathos (speaker's credibility)

Form (lexis)
Structure (oikonomia)
5 parts of speech
Argument (héuresis)
Exposition (hypókrisis)
Memory (memotechné)
 V Theophrastus , wrote History of Plants, a pioneering work in botany .
V Lyceum became the peripatetic school.
V Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus of Messina, Demetrius of Phalerus, Eudemus of Rhodes, Harpalus,
Antiquity
Hephaestion, Nicomachus, and Theophrastus
V Alexander the Great on his expedition to a large number of zoologists, botanists and
researchers.

Arabs who rediscovered Aristotle and through them he passed on to scholastic philosophy. In
early Islamic theology .
Averroes , according to which the agent intellect is not a part of our soul, but of God. Thomas
Middle Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers
Ages The Italian poet Dante , Aristotle is quoted in his work Divine Comedy:
Aristotle's In the Renaissance his philosophy is overshadowed by a momentary historical eclipse.
influence Age
William Harvey and Galileo Galilei reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other thinkers
His Metaphysics will modern of the classical era such as Galen .
be the philosophical
foundation of Leibniz despite Luther's opposition.
posterity. The English mathematician George Boole completely accepted Aristotle's logic.
It began with Schelling and continued with Ravaisson, Trendelenburg and Brentano. Hegel , following
Wolff and Kant , extends the field of teleology.
Karl Marx , influenced by Aristotle, the idea of free action to realize the "potential" of human beings that
Age capitalism prevents and is also mentioned in his doctoral thesis and in Capital. Friedrich Nietzsche took
contemporary almost all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.
XIX century In the 20th century, Heidegge r also returned to Aristotle's metaphysics,
Hannah Arendt and Ayn Rand took up his practical philosophy in
their ethical and political theories.
Bertrand Russell in his book History of Western Philosophy was very critical of Aristotle's logic; "bad
metaphysics"
 Aristotle and Philis

A medieval tale claimed that Aristotle advised his student

Alexander the Great that he avoided the king's seductive mistress, Philis ,
but that he himself was captivated for her, and she managed to climb on
top of him. Philis secretly told Alexander, and he witnessed how a
woman's charms could overcome even the intellect of the greatest
philosopher.
CONSTRUCTION SITE
MAIN WORKS
• The first philosophy • Spontaneous
V Metaphysics V generation
V The substance Botany
V Zoology
V Logic V Esthetic
V The Syllogisms V The arts
• Ethics { The
• Virtues • beauty
The
soul
• Political Philosophy V Rhetoric
• Physical • The
• Astronomy Poetics • Biology