Social dynamics

Unit 1
Topics:

1.- Historical development and concept of sociology

1.1 Contributions of the founders of sociology, its concept and object of

study

1.2 Sociology research methods and techniques

1.2.1 Methods

1.2.2 Techniques

1.3 Application of sociology to business management

1.3.1 The relationship of sociology with administration and other sciences

1.3.2 Relationship of sociology with organizations

Conclusion
1. Fundamentals of Sociology

1. Historical Development and Concept of Sociology

The social phenomena that are linked to the origin and development of social
thought have been:

The French Revolution: (1789) and the political revolution that followed were the
determining factor in the emergence of sociology. The perverse effects of these
revolutions were: political chaos, there were two positions, Republic and Empire,
social effects, disintegration of institutions and economic effects lead different
thinkers to worry about knowing and trying to guide society. The fathers of French
Sociology, after the Rev. French were: Comte and August Durkey. These try to
know the causes of disintegration to guide society.

The Industrial Revolution: Born in England, and exported to all of Europe

(Germany and France). It will change the production system that will profoundly
transform the organization of work and, as a result, the organization of the entire
society. IR transforms the rural world and turns society into an urban and industrial
one. With the IR, a new economic system and new labor relations of worker
exploitation are born. As a reaction to this new reality, thinkers like Hengels and
Marx gave rise to radical sociology.

The Urban Revolution: It is a consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

Industrialization makes rural workers go to cities to live concentrated in urban
settlements, with increasingly greater demographic density and new social
problems: overcrowding, lack of infrastructure and services, pollution, new social
relations, etc. This new situation created in large cities began to be studied at a
later time (1st century) and from American Sociology, fundamentally the Chicago
School (authors of this current were Coorley and Mead).

The three revolutions mentioned are part of a set of profound transformations that
have given rise to the most spectacular changes in human history that begin in the
18th century, increase in the 19th century and continue throughout the 20th
century and XXI without the end being able to predict.

The American Sociological Association (ASA) defines sociology as “the study of

social life, social change, and the causes and consequences of human behavior
(…) investigates the structure of groups, organizations, and societies and how
people interact within them.” these contexts

History of Sociology

Studies about society appeared long before the invention of the term or delimitation
of the field of study. The diversity of uses and customs among different societies
intrigued thinkers from many parts of the world. For example, Herodotus in the 5th
century BC. He became interested in Egyptian culture or the contributions of Ibn
Khaldun and his description of the societies of the Maghreb. However, these
studies or stories could rather be characterized as a mixture of history,
anthropology, social psychology and sociology, along with analysis of folklore.
Many times due to an ethnocentric approach they were covertly or overtly
prescriptive forms of right or wrong in a given society with respect to another.

Sociology continued with intense and regular development at the beginning of the
20th century. Emile Durkheim, who was inspired by some theories of Auguste
Comte to renew sociology, wanted in particular “to study social facts as if they were
things.” One of the challenges of sociology was to develop as an autonomous
science. Durkheim sought to distinguish sociology from philosophy on the one
hand and psychology on the other. He is considered one of the founding fathers of
sociology.

He postulated the bases of a scientific methodology for sociology, particularly in

the work “The Rules of the Sociological Method” (1895), and in “The Division of
Social Labor” (1893), a book that is also his thesis.

Sociology, like physics, chemistry, biology and other disciplines, emerged within
this important intellectual process. The origin of sociology was framed in a context
defined by the series of overwhelming changes brought about by the "two great
revolutions" that took place in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. These
transformative events irreversibly changed the way of life that human beings had
lived for thousands of years.

The demolition of traditional ways of life caused thinkers to accept the challenge of
developing new interpretations of both the social and natural worlds. The pioneers
of sociology were overwhelmed by the events that framed these revolutions and
attempted to understand both their emergence and their possible consequences.
The questions these nineteenth-century thinkers attempted to answer-What is
human nature? What explains the current structure of society? How and why do
societies change?—are the same questions that sociologists seek to answer today.
1.1 Contributions of the founders of sociology, their concept and objective of
study

The theorists of the 19th century laid the foundations for the development of the
new science: Emilio Durkheim developed study and research approaches that
gave a true scientific status to the new discipline; and finally Max Weber
contributed to the development of the theoretical bases of the new social science.

The validity of the founders' approaches is due to:

• The great intellectual stature of some of these thinkers

• The relevance of the social problems that concerned these authors. Its relevance
is explained by the permanence of this type of Society.

Emilio Durkheim and the development of social research 1858–1917

He did Sociology through concrete social research and striving to develop specific
research rules and procedures. His main works were:

Since 1896 he published L'anneesociologique, Annalessociologiques (bringing

together a group of social scholars). The division of social labor 1893, The rules of
the sociological method 1895, Suicide 1897 and The elementary forms of religious
life 1912.

Study of the individual-society equation through the investigation of the true entity
of the social.

The true entity of the social is the reason for being of Sociology, if the “social
factor” was not considered its own reality there would be no reason for a discipline
dedicated to its study.

MAX WEBER (1864–1920)

His work has had an enormous influence on current Sociology, especially in the
fields of political sociology, sociology of knowledge and in analyzes of social
stratification.

He dealt with many topics and varied questions, he resisted “building a general
theory,” he criticized “emanantist” philosophies (he considered that concepts were
incapable of faithfully reproducing all the complex content of reality), he considered
that any work “ finished” gave rise to new issues that would be overcome in the
future.
WEBER Bibliography

He was educated in a cultured family environment, studying law, history,

economics, philosophy and theology.

He was a professor at several German universities, was involved in political

movements and organized the German Sociological Association.

Some of his works were:

Works on the sociology of religion: “The Protestant ethic and the spirit of
capitalism”, studies on Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism and ancient
Judaism.

Sociological works: “Economy and society” to mention a few.

WEBER's theories

He determined the influence of certain religious ideals on the formation of an

economic mentality.

In his book “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” he starts from the
fact that in the West capitalism develops more sharply and rapidly in Protestant
countries and that the majority of owners and directors of companies are
Protestants.

He invented the traits that define the capitalist spirit suitable for success in
business and found a great adaptation between this and some traits of the
Protestant ethic: “free will”, “predestination”, perseverance… Thus the Calvinists
following the designs of God They saw in the scrupulous fulfillment of their
professional duties an activity blessed by God and carried out in his own glory.

He defined Sociology as “a science that seeks to understand, by interpreting it,

social action in order to explain it causally in its development and effects.”

What is sociology?

Sociology is the science that studies the collective phenomena produced by the
social activity of human beings within the historical-cultural context in which they
are immersed.

In sociology, multiple interdisciplinary research techniques are used to analyze and

interpret from various theoretical perspectives the causes, meanings and cultural
influences that motivate the appearance of various behavioral tendencies in human
beings, especially when they are in social coexistence and within a habitat. or
shared "space-time."

Sociology as Science

Science allows the various elements to be integrated as a dynamic, non-linear

system , where all the elements of the human sciences or social fractals are
interrelated with other sciences.

This process allows us to understand society and its functioning.

But is sociology a science?

Sociology is a science that theoretically reconstructs and recreates the complex

ties of the world through the elements that allow the contribution of the various
sciences to be integrated.

Sociology is a science in construction , which is part of the complex sociocultural

system that studies man in his relationship with others in a certain space and time ,
and in his cultural context, where the social is integrated with nature ;
understanding, explaining social reality and proposing social and technical
correctives to various problems .

The science of sociology manages to understand reality through the use of various
methods . By integrating models we can integrate methods.

For many years the coloniality of our people has put us on the dark side of '
modernity ' (Ortiz 2003), which has led us to think that science can only be done
from Europe or from the dominant countries, in this way it has been legitimized
dominion over the world. The general history of America (M. Foucaullt 1972) and
Peru allows us to problematize the cuts, limits , discontinuities, the chronological
specificities of our development and the way in which we have constructed
science. The singular forms, the possible types of relationship have articulated the
various recognitions of the practice of our people, where the instances are
interchangeable, the alternative and polyvalence being the rule (Martín 1976).

To analyze society we must integrate models, study the contribution of scientists

throughout national and world history and reconstruct them in our multicultural and
plurilingual society:
This process leads us to propose that the function of the models or paradigms is to
determine the problems that are going to be investigated, designing the facts and
the methodological instruments that not only involve explaining, describing the
phenomena, but also predicting, pointing out the rules to encode, decode.
knowledge , looking for solutions .

Therefore, the sociologist has to develop holistic investigative skills; management

of media , materials , with analytical and synthetic capacity; developing creativity ,
management of the field of knowledge, which leads us to think about the levels:

a) Theoretical – conceptual.

b) Methodological – technique.

c) Practical.

The job of the sociologist is to discover within societies, what the attractor is, how
the processes are generated, taking into account the process of socialization,
culture , education , in this process we must find:

Guides Construction of
Socialization knowledge Your world
Subjective/objective elements

ATTRACTOR

Culture
Education
al

SLST YEAH
H.H S.T.
H.H
1.- Epistemological aspects of sociology.-The science of sociology

a) What guides the individual and the collective.

b) How the construction of social knowledge is carried out, how it learns about its
world and its relationship with others.

c) The human being, individual and collective, how he analyzes his world within the
attitudes , norms, values , customs, goals, conceptions, visions, philosophies,
opinions, myths , paradigms, frustrations, encounters, disagreements that
everyday life raises and allows you to organize your work.

d) Understand the subjective and objective elements of the individual and the
collective, within a process of reciprocity of perspectives, which leads us to
understand the diverse perspectives and search for common elements
Epistemological Elements: Refers to the way in which knowledge is constructed,
where the cognitive processes in the generation of knowledge are centered on the
subject who interprets the object of study, where the implicit assumption in the
knowledge process is objectivity, which is It is built from the interpretation and
understanding of phenomena, which are built from observable, objective and
objective realities through the application of the method .

Epistemological Elements: They refer to the nature of the reality investigated,

according to the philosophical conception, man is considered as a social, historical
and intelligent being, transformed by his context, where education is a social
process whose purpose is to develop the capacities, abilities, values from their
intellectual development , where history is the axis of explanation and scientific
understanding, as a principle of knowledge of things and social facts in their
development.

A sociological paradigm depends on the teleological aspects that imply the

purpose of the research .

Methodological Aspects : They tell us how to approach knowledge, and how its
generation requires using quantitative and qualitative techniques that must allow
the transformation of reality through action .

Axiological aspects that establish the individual-society relationship and the role of
values.

Logical aspects : The generation of knowledge is centered on a dialectical

construction process that links theory with practice and scientific rigor.

Background of Sociology as a Science

The object of study of sociology will then be that of collective and obligatory social
facts for the individual.

It studies the organization, relationships and social institutions as a whole

integrated within society, through historical development, that is, it conceives
society in a dynamic way and by finding the essence of each of the historical
formations it can develop laws that govern the social process, which results in
sociology being projected as an applied science that can direct social change.

This cannot be done based on a single model or the norms that people observe
and understand a system because the individual, collective subject has many
preconceived ideas, as well as trends and forms are generated according to the
circumstances. to think in the context of a society; that social actors adapt them,
reconstruct them, either from the gnoseological processes that imply reconstructing
knowledge , where the object - subject is constructed in synthesis in the process of
knowing from the interpretation and understanding of the essence of the
phenomena holistically and; ontologically, man as a social being is instructed to
achieve greater knowledge.

When the hominization process occurs, man knows the world, dominating nature,
and has been building himself through adequate nutrition , developing his body
structure , deploying psychic abilities, acquiring and using language , deploying
semantic balance . and mental, developing their autonomy, freedom , responsibility
, linguistic spirit, and learning values , displaying creativity .

Study Objective of Sociology

It studies the organization, relationships and social institutions as a whole

integrated within society, through historical development, that is, it conceives
society in a dynamic way and by finding the essence of each of the historical
formations it can develop laws that govern the social process, which results in
sociology being projected as an applied science that can direct social change.

It is generally accepted that Sociology emerged from Economics and its

antecedents are found in Social Thought and in the first works of Social Statistics.
We must not forget the influences of a national nature that it received being
different in Germany, England, France, etc. In its principles it received influences
from Economics, Philosophy, and Law, which has led to nationalist pluralism being
presented as another aspect.

In a first historical stage it intended to be a globalizing science, in a second it

became professional and in this third a development towards specialization was
evident. What is common to these three stages is having to share the same object
of study, having to limit the thematic fields of the other sciences and seek
interrelation with them.
Inkelesa proposed three ways to define the object and subject of Sociology:

1. Historical: Study of classic works.

2. Empirical: What do sociologists do today?

3. Analytical: We divide and define a topic.

An attempt is made to combine the three criteria but the desired result is not
achieved because the historical one leads us to see Sociology as history and does
not allow us to draw a defined map on the topic to be discussed and according to
Swelser the schools are grouped according to the criteria:

· Symbolic interactionist and structuralist

· Economic and geopolitical determinism.
· Organicist and functionalist.
· Cultural relativist.

On the analytical it turns out that each sociologist can build his thematic approach.
The empirical criterion places us in the professional activity of sociologists, the
definition based on what they do. The first one that was carried out was that of
Durkheim, another that of the American Journal of Sociology covers a large
number of topics, the classification can also be based on the topics presented in
textbooks, in sociological literature:

· Relationship systems.

· Social institutions.

· Social organization.

· Corporate systems.

1.2. Sociology Research Methods and Techniques

It is the application of concepts and philosophy of knowledge to gather data and its
treatment to draw conclusions about social facts . Its ultimate validation is within
the philosophy of science and is on the question of rationalism or empiricism . The
first statement of its rules was made by Durkheim (1895) and it is basic to consider
social facts as things and be based on the principles of logic.

1.2.1 Methods

In sociology there are countless methods and typologies of methods, according to

the different criteria of various authors. Regarding research, we could distinguish,
for example, methods that are based on:
a) The Quantitative Measurement of Social Phenomena

b) Observation

c) The Comparison. To give an example, although different typologies of methods

are found in almost all books on the subject, the following are mentioned (partially
based on Koening, 1957.

1) Historical method .

That studies the events, processes and institutions of civilizations, with the purpose
of finding the origins or antecedents of contemporary social life and in this way
understanding its nature and functioning. It is based on the idea that our customs
and forms of social life have their roots in the past.

2) Comparative method.

It involves comparing different types of institutions or groups of people to analyze

and synthesize their differences, as well as their similarities. It is assumed that
these divergences and similarities allow precise knowledge of certain phenomena,
institutions, structures and cultures.

3) The quantitative statistical method.

It mathematically measures social phenomena, to analyze their relationships and

thus reach generalizations about their nature and meaning. It is assumed that
qualitative data can be converted into quantitative terms (the best-known example
is sociometry).

4) Case study method.

It can be used to study a situation, a community, a group, an institution or an

individual. The case study method is a descriptive method in which a large number
of variables and indicators are handled. Generally, we do not start from a definitive
problem or hypothesis. An attempt is made to achieve an accurate description of a
limited reality on a variety of phenomena, structures and processes in which their
particular characteristics are highlighted. In this case, it is assumed that a particular
case is representative of many other similar cases that make a generalization
possible.

5) Comprehension method (Verstehen).

It is used for the study of social phenomena that would have to be evaluated for
their intrinsic meaning. The researcher has to understand what the meaning is for
the individuals in a group of certain commitments assumed by themselves. This
method, described in detail by Max Weber, is then distinguished from strictly
empirical-scientific methods.

6) The experimental method.

This method has been designed based on research in the natural sciences. It is
characterized by the manipulation of one or more of the independent variables by
the researcher, to study the effects of these variations on the dependent variables.
In the experimental method, we work through very precise hypotheses to discover
causal relationships.

7) Functionalist method.

It studies social phenomena from the point of view of the functions performed by
institutions or social structures, such as classes, in a society. Functionalism asserts
that the total system in a society is composed of parts that are interrelated and
interdependent, and that each performs a necessary function in the life of a group.

8) Structural method.

It is carried out through an analysis of society in its formal relationships.

A central point in the structural approach is that the structure can be maintained
even if there are variations in its components, which gives rise to some criticisms,
such as the following: structuralism can err on the side of:

a) constructivism, that is, it describes the relationships between the elements in the
manner of the construction of a building in which elements can be modified but the
building maintains its characteristics;

b) absence of a dynamic vision that only observes the relationship between the
structure and the system existing at this moment, and

c) a tendency towards objectivism, that is, it downplays the importance of the

subject and irrationality.

9) Structural-functional method .

It starts from the same assumptions as the previously indicated method and places
emphasis on social structures and institutions (see the works of Parsons and
Merton among others). This method consists of procedures and techniques to
investigate the function of social phenomena in the structure of society. Its
philosophical foundation is found in positivism.

10) Dialectical method .

Dialectics seeks an explanation of the contradictions and conflicts in society, thus

formulating a dialectical relationship with respect to the object.
Another typology referring to social research methods is based on the different
approaches in sociology:

1-. Empirical sociology (part of observable experiences).

2-. Phenomenological sociology (deals more with the subjective aspects of

phenomena).

3-. Dialectical-critical sociology (seeks an analysis of socially relevant problems

and historical and universal knowledge).

4-. Inductive sociology (emphasizes population, processes, and empirical facts

over theory).

5-. Deductive-analytical sociology (uses theory and generalized knowledge to

analyze certain phenomena).

Rules of Sociology

1.-The object of study of sociology is social facts studied as things.

2.-Social facts are imposed externally on people and objects or the social
phenomena that cause them.

1.2.2 Techniques

All sociological research uses the Scientific method, but the specific data collection
and analysis techniques are different from one sociological study to another.

Sociological research most frequently uses the following four techniques:

 Experiments
 Observational studies
  Sampling
 Study of cases

1.- It is an Experiment, which can be in a laboratory and all the variables except
one (independent variables) are kept constant and the sociologist records what
happens as he manipulates the independent variable.

2.- The observation study defines the experiment because the sociologist does not
manipulate a variable here, but observes very closely what happens.

3.- Sociologists use Sampling to gather everything, generally through

questionnaires or interviews from a representative portion of a group of clearly
identified subjects; and they use this data to make a generalized statement about
the group.

4.- Finally, the Case Study is used by sociologists to give a complete and detailed
description of some phenomena without limiting the collection of data to the
interrogation or interview of the subjects.

In general, the study of a single case does not include a hypothesis, many times
this technique is valid as a source of hypotheses or as an illustration of a
generalization.

1.3 Application of Sociology in Business Management

1.3.1 The Relationship of Sociology with Administration and other sciences

Today, in an increasingly interrelated world, made up of a network of social,

organizational, economic, and even cybernetic networks, the art of communication
appears essential to respond to the challenges that this continuous
interrelationship presents.

And no organization (base element of society) functions without interrelating with

its environment (otherwise it tends to entropy) and the basis of that interrelation, of
that construction of organizational networks and chains, is communication. In this
way, a large market has begun to open up for young professional communicators:
that of working within an organizational framework.

Now, when we talk about communication we cannot limit ourselves to a mere

technique for transmitting information. It is necessary to view it in a comprehensive
manner, as an instrument rooted in a social practice, much more comprehensive,
that responds and adapts to the realities in which it operates (whether market,
social, political, cultural, administrative or other).

It is important in administration to address aspects:

1.-Organizational Behavior

2.-Organizational Development as Sustainable

4.-Socialization, groups and organizations, Human Resources

5.-Individual-group relationship with the environment

Studies about society appeared long before the term or delimitation of this science
by Lazarists. The diversity of uses and customs among different societies has
intrigued thinkers from many parts of the world. The desire to create a "social
physics", that is, an indisputable knowledge of society in the same way as Physics,
appeared with the positivism of the 19th century.

The first to defend a theory and scientific investigation of social phenomena was
Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) in the mid-19th century.

Auguste Comte, who was Saint-Simon's secretary between 1817 and 1823,
developed his theories under the premises of positivism. Comte coined the word
sociology in 1824 (Latin: socius, "partner, companion"; and the Greek suffix -logy,
"the study of"). The first time this word appears in print is in his Positive Philosophy
Course of 1838. His work tries to respond to the advances of science , stating that
it serves to improve not only the sum of human knowledge, but also society in
general. its entirety.

Almost simultaneously, in Germany, Von Stein (1815-1890) introduced the concept

of sociology as a science (Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft) incorporating into his
study what he called "Movements" and Hegelian dialectics. In this way he
managed to give the discipline a dynamic vision. Von Stein is considered the
founder of the sciences of Public Administration .

Sociology continued with intense and regular development at the beginning of the
20th century. Émile Durkheim, who was inspired by some theories of Auguste
Comte to renew sociology, wanted in particular "to study social facts as if they were
things." One of the challenges of sociology was to develop as an autonomous
science. Durkheim sought to distinguish sociology from philosophy on the one
hand and psychology on the other. He is considered one of the founding fathers of
sociology.

Relationship with other sciences

Sociology receives specialized knowledge from other sciences, but at the same
time it differs from them. Anthropology: this studies human evolution, particularizing
the cultural element.

Psychology: This studies the actions of the same person, while sociology studies
the relationship of several people

The sociologist uses all of them to draw the conclusions of the study in question.

SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS

Economics is the science of the laws of social production and the distribution of
material goods and the different bases of the development of human society.
Within the system of social relations, economics only studies economic, material
relations, production relations and the laws that govern them, leaving aside the
investigation of social manifestations in these relations and their representation in
social consciousness. .

SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORY

Sociology explains the general laws that describe human evolution and serve as a
method for historical research. Thus, for example, sociology establishes the
general doctrine that forms of government depend on economic forms, the
historian must search and find each era, specific relationships and show their
concrete expression. History in turn provides material to reach conclusions in
sociology and develop sociological generalizations.

SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICS

It allows us to know the way in which power is exercised, how men direct others in
all societies, so that each one of them achieves the goals it has set for itself. That
is why he studies in different societies, how men choose their leaders, how citizens
participate individually and as a group in the direction of society.

SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

The science that studies man and his evolution. This study is based on the
physical characteristics and consequences of man.

There are two types of anthropology; social and physical. Social and cultural
anthropology studies man and his evolution, and is closely linked to sociology.
Physical anthropology is related to the natural sciences.

Both use the term “culture”: Common behavior learned in the community, or a set
of signs common to a specific people (of these signs, the most important is
language). This means that each town has its own rules of the game in its society;
socialization-marginality.

1.3.2 Relationship of sociology with organizations.

The sociology of organizations is currently a specific area of sociology that since its
origins has been linked to the work society. As a general discipline of knowledge
about the questions presented by the dynamics of organizational life, also allowing
the inclusion of epistemological tools that provide a complete perception of its
object.

In this way sociology is related to organizations and other disciplines. In

undergraduate courses related to economic sciences and especially for courses in
business administration and management, we consider its curricular value to be
notable, since it provides a comprehensive vision of social relations. Our teaching
activity focuses on private business organizations and their specific singularities.

Current sociological production in this area proves that in organizations there is a

social life that has relative autonomy with respect to its environment. Companies
seen as nuclei of the production process will be precisely those that demand this
capacity to maintain their competitiveness.

We recognize that companies have various structures, designs, objectives among

other constitutive factors; but it is important to point out that they become elements
of social relevance at the moment of constitution of identities linked to work. Thus,
their productive conditions, organizational structures and technological innovations
are crucial when addressing issues related to employment and the organization of
society.

One of the central axes of the contents, based on the above, is that in these
organizations experience is acquired in the dynamics of social relationships. This
means viewing the company as a center of social regulation with regards mainly to
economic and productive matters, but it can also be considered as instruments of
sociability and entities that articulate social identities, within the framework of a
globalized world. Where the crusts of modernity are more diffuse.

To develop and have conditions of permanence in the different markets and in the
contexts of turbulence, every company must be able to combine the efforts of all
the people that make it up, at any of its levels. So, returning to ideas from the
beginning of sociology as an autonomous science, society is superior to isolated
individuality. In other words, the postulate that we try to incorporate into the
knowledge is that a deficient organization is achieved exclusively with a good
design, a good organizational chart or cutting-edge technology, but that there must
be real integration of its members. This force will be the one that can have the
cooperative attitudes necessary for development.
Conclusion:

In short, we can say that it is very important to know the behavior of society in
general since it changes over time as well as living conditions and, at the same
time, social, economic and political relations change. As a result, we must adapt. to
it, not only to understand it, but to be able to interact and at the same time form
interpersonal relationships with each social group that we face, since throughout
our career, our life, in the organization or company where we work and at all times,
we will have contact with all kinds of social groups that we will have to understand,
through analysis, think, feel and act, and in this way respond effectively to their
needs, covering each and every one of them.

With the help of this unit we have the tools, historical and fundamental bases for
the detection and identification of social groups in our environment in addition to
knowing about their human behavior in the environment such as their culture and
their roles. And on the other hand, we strengthen skills for the application of
sociology in our career as business management engineers and that all this will be
of great help to us in the not too distant future.