FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ISSUE:

“FOUNDATION PRE-SIZED”

PRESENTED BY:

ARCE VEGA, Angel Josue

MEJIA PALACIOS, Lorgio

JOYFUL MILE, Miguel

RIMAC QUITO, Ghuino

Lima, 2018
 INTRODUCTION

The fact that the high degree of specialization with which design is carried out today
causes structural engineers and soil engineers to have different approaches, affects
in some way the final product in which these two disciplines meet: the design of the
foundation.

Indeed, for normal work, structural analysis is normally carried out with the
assumptions that the structure of the buildings is embedded in the ground, that is,
supported by a non-deformable material. This, unfortunately, is not a common
condition in foundations.

On the other hand, the soil engineer, to calculate the service conditions due to soil
settlement, disregards the structure, whose model is only forces as a result of the
reactions.

The reality is that neither the soil is non-deformable nor the structure so flexible
that its effects are not interrelated. Ultimately, the soil-structure system is a
continuum whose deformations depend on the other.

However, for ease of calculations, this dependence is usually ignored. The most
recent case is the one used for the design of common footings. The almost
universally accepted normal procedure is that all of them are designed to transmit
the same allowable pressure as recommended by the Soil Engineer. Based on
this value, which is by far the only league of soil and structural engineers, footings
are sized for all sizes, on the common premise of the resistance of materials that
equal pressures correspond to equal deformations.
 . GENERALITIES OF FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

The foundation is understood to be the part of the structure that transmits the
loads to the ground. Each building demands the need to solve a foundation
problem. In practice, shallow foundations or deep foundations are used, which
present important differences in terms of their geometry, soil behavior, structural
functionality and construction systems.

SURFACE FOUNDATIONS

A surface foundation is a structural element whose cross section is large with

respect to the height and whose function is to transfer the loads of a building to
relatively short depths, less than approximately 4 m with respect to the level of the
natural surface of a land. or a basement.

In a shallow foundation the reaction of the soil balances the force transmitted by
the structure. This reaction of forces, which does not have a specific distribution
pattern, takes place at the interface between the soil and the cross section of the
foundation that is in contact with it. In this case, the state of lateral forces is not of
major importance. Consequently, the structural behavior of a shallow foundation
has the characteristics of a beam or a plate.
Surface foundations, whose construction systems generally do not present major
difficulties, can be of various types, depending on their function: isolated footing,
combined footing, continuous footing or foundation slab.

In a structure, an isolated footing, which can be concentric, party or corner, is

characterized by supporting and transferring the load of an individual support to the
ground; a combined footing to support and transfer the load of several supports to
the ground and a foundation slab or plate to support and transfer the load of all the
supports to the ground.

Individual footings are proposed as a solution in simple cases, in soils with low
compressibility, hard soils, with moderate structural loads: buildings of up to 7 floors.

In order to give lateral rigidity to the foundation system, the isolated footings must
always be interconnected in both directions by means of tie beams.

Combined footings are proposed in intermediate cases, that is, soils of medium
compressibility and not very high loads. This solution seeks to reduce stress,
giving the structure a certain rigidity, so that some relative movements are
restricted.

The foundation slab generally occupies the entire area of the building. Through this
solution, the stresses on the ground are reduced and differential settlements are
minimized.
When it comes to addressing and transmitting the forces of a load-bearing wall to
the ground, a continuous or continuous footing is used, whose behavior is similar
to that of a beam.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

A deep foundation is a structure whose cross section is small with respect to the
height and whose function is to transfer the loads of a building to depths between
approximately 4 m and 40 m.

Unlike superficial foundations, in a deep foundation, compression reactions not only

occur at the lower end of the element but also laterally. Indeed, the deep
foundation can be subjected to horizontal moments and forces, in which case, a
stress distribution will not only develop at the lower end of the element, but also
laterally, so that the applied forces are balanced. Consequently, the structural
behavior of a deep foundation is similar to that of a column.

Deep foundations can be of two types: Piles or piles

The piles, which have a maximum diameter of the order of 0.80 m, are
comparatively more flexible than the piles whose diameter is greater than the
0.80 m. The response to earthquake or vertical load type requests is different in
each of these two structures.
Due to the load limitations of an individual pile, it is frequently necessary to use
several elements for the same support of the structure, this is the case of an
isolated footing supported by several piles. In other cases, the situation can be
even more complex: combined footings or foundation slabs supported by several
piles.

When piles are used as a foundation system, generally one element per support is
used. Piles are associated with very high loads, unfavorable surface soil
conditions and acceptable conditions in the deep strata of the soil, where the loads
of the structure will be transmitted.

Regarding construction systems, piles can be pre-excavated and poured on site or

driven or prefabricated and installed by blows or by vibration or mechanical
pressure.

When a pile is driven, as it is driven the soil is being compacted, and therefore its
conditions are improving; however, when the pile is emptied, the characteristics of
the soil can relax.

Generally the driven elements are reinforced

Piles are always pre-excavated and poured on site. The construction system used
will have an impact on the design.

Piles may or may not be reinforced. In areas with significant seismic risk it is
advisable to reinforce them, at least nominally.
 FOUNDATION DESIGN

ISOLATED FOOTING

Isolated Footings are a type of Surface Foundation that serves as a base for
specific structural elements such as pillars; so that this shoe expands the support
surface until the ground supports the load transmitted to it without problems.
EFFECT OF ECCENTRIC LOAD ON FOUNDATIONS

Exterior column foundations may be subject to eccentric loading. If the eccentricity is large,
tensile stress may result on one side of the foundation. It is advisable to size so that the load
is within the central third in order to avoid tensile stresses in the ground that can
theoretically occur before the redistribution of stresses.
COMBINED FOUNDATIONS

This type of foundation can be convenient mainly in the following

Cases:

COLUMNS VERY CLOSE TO EACH OTHER

For this condition, if isolated footings were used, they could overlap or could be of
uneconomical proportions.
It is convenient that the point of application of the resultant of the acting loads coincides
with the center of gravity of the combined footing to be able to consider a uniformly
distributed reaction of the ground.
CONNECTED FOUNDATIONS

The connected shoe is made up of an eccentric shoe and an inner shoe joined by a rigid
connection beam, which allows controlling the rotation of the eccentric shoe corresponding
to the perimeter column. It is considered an economical solution, especially for distances
between column axes greater than 6m. It is usually more economical than the combined
shoe.
Structurally, there are two isolated footings, one of them being eccentric, the
which is on the property boundary and designed under the condition of uniform ground
pressure; The bending moment, due to the fact that the column load and the resulting ground
pressures do not coincide, is resisted by a rigid connecting beam that joins the two columns
that form the connected footing.
The connecting beam must be very rigid to be compatible with the assumed structural
model. The only complication is the interaction between the ground and the bottom of the
beam. Some authors recommend that the beam not rest on the ground, or that the ground
beneath it be supported so that it only resists its own weight. If a small width of 30 or 40 cm
is used, this problem is of little importance for the analysis.