A bioreactor is a device or vessel in which biological reactions or processes are carried out.

These
processes typically involve microorganisms, cells, or biochemical substances. Bioreactors are used in
various applications, including:

1. **Fermentation**: For the production of beverages, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals.

2. **Cell Culture**: To grow cells for research, therapeutics, or the production of vaccines and proteins.

3. **Waste Treatment**: To degrade pollutants or waste materials through biological means.

Key features of bioreactors include:

- **Control Systems**: To regulate temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and other parameters critical for
optimal growth and productivity.

- **Agitation**: To ensure proper mixing and aeration of the culture medium.

- **Sterility**: To prevent contamination and maintain a pure culture.

Bioreactors can be of various types, such as stirred-tank, airlift, packed bed, or fluidized bed, each suited
for specific applications and processes.