THE IDEALISM

CO Alonso C erd as González

E
ill
 • The term idealism is one of
the most popular and is
usually used to indicate
diverse and contradictory
manifestations of ancient and
modern philosophy.
• The term does not lend itself to
historically characterizing any
doctrine.
• Therefore, its use is preferred to be limited to the meaning
it has acquired historically in philosophy after Kant and to
apply it only to doctrines for which man and the world of
human experience are resolved in the infinite Spirit.
 heir of philosophy
romantic and like
Idealism movement that
contemporary represents the characters
and its demands.
 Two idealist movements

Anglo-American Italian
Awareness

• It is what establishes the connection between

sensations and facts and which, therefore, allows
us to capture similarity or diversity, change,
succession, etc.
• Infinite consciousness.

• Man is nothing more than the vehicle of this consciousness

 sugar example

• Every relationship, as well as every judgment (because

all judgments express relationships), implies a
contradiction that thought cannot resolve.
 ■ 1**9**32e "---2,0

Anglo-American Idealism
 Josiah Royce (1855-1916)
• Fundamental works are:
The spirit of modern philosophy, 1892; The world
and the individual, 1900-1; Philosophy of fidelity,
1908; The problem of Christianity, 1913.

Royce's thinking arrives at the same result as that

of Green and Bradley: an infinite Consciousness in
which all aspects of finite experience are
completed and perfected. But Royce arrives at this
result through an original analysis of human
knowledge.
 Josiah Royce (1855-1916)
• The most popular aspect of Royce's philosophy is his
moral doctrine set forth in his Philosophy of Fidelity
(1908), where he suggests the criterion of fidelity as a
standard for evaluating human actions:

Any action that expresses fidelity to a freely chosen

task is good.
In the second half of the 19th century,
Hegelian doctrine had its center of study
and dissemination in Italy at the University
of Naples.

Augusto Vera embraced her (1813

1885), with theistic and Catholicizing
tendencies, and Bertrando Spaventa
(1817-1883), who strove to elaborate
it in an immanentist sense, that is,
placing consciousness from the
beginning as the fundamental
assumption of the dialectical process .
 • It was until contemporary times
when Italian idealism took over
strength and originality with the work
of
Gentile and de Croce, two thinkers
that are distinguished from English
idealism
as radically as each other.
Giovanni Gentile

• There can only be dialectics, that

is, development of the thinker,
that is, of the subject who thinks
in the act in which he thinks.
• No reality is such except insofar
as, and in the act, in which it is
thought as reality.
Gentile Pedagogy
• On a specifically pedagogical level, he
is inspired by Saint Augustine,
conceiving the educational act as an
act of love in which the educator, by
lowering himself, exalts himself, and
even as an act in which the educator
and the student re-think the only
truth that It surpasses both of them.
Benedetto

Croce's fundamental idea is that of a

universal Spirit that becomes and
progresses without ceasing.
The life of this Spirit, which has nothing
outside of itself and which, consequently,
encompasses all of reality, develops
circularly in the sense that it continually
goes through its fundamental moments
or forms, only that each time it goes
through them enriched by the content. of
the preceding circulations and without
ever repeating