© Knowledge B6 Enzymes and digestion Enzymes are large proteins that catalyse (speed up) reactions Enzymes are not changed in the reactions they catalyse. Lock and key theory This isa simple model af how enzymes work: 1. The enzyme'’s active site (where the reaction occurs) is as 2 The enzyme (the lock) will only catalyse a specific reaction because the substrate (the key) fits into its active site. 3 Atthe active site, enzymes can break molecules down into ‘or bind small molecules together to form larger ones. ‘4 When the products have been released, the enzyme's active site can accept another substrate molecule, specific shape. smaller ones Meeutestemeu eat ewes a 2s the temperature increases, Fala the rate of reaction increases: pia ees Deeause ene and acinar teprots- |] Sanenseng Gg GERT RN ER ORR Stiatete neces Sietowher i eacien ‘ Berea tava {ns wnen the eacton | the shape ofan enzyme’ active sit can change uch nd catice mere freaverty the enzyme is. ‘natured and nye Sonwoxrge | = Tale of eaction o 10 2% % © 80 6 ‘This is one area where biology and chemistry overlap. ‘The first part of the graph can be explained by | ‘The substrate can no longer bind to the active the collision theory you havelearntin your | site, so the enzyme cannot catalyse the reat" _ chemistry lessons. J ‘the enzyme has been denatured. active site amylase catalyse denatured enzyme lipase optimum protease substrate RW a6 Enzvmes and dizestioneons Digestive enzymes are produced in glands andthe lining ofthe gut. They are released into the gut, wwinere they come into contact with food molecules. Digestive enzymes catalyse the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. For example, carbohydrases break down carbohydrate into simple sugar. ‘These products of digestion can be used to build new carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Some of the glucose produced s used in respiration. salivary glands amylase pancreas starch=+ glucose mouth and small intestine srallintestine ‘stomach proteases pancreas protens—+ amino acids ‘stomach and smallintestine smallintestine pancreas Tip = fatty acts and pas mall mestine ti smallintestine aycerol ee TEES Ime) Different enzymes have different optimum pH values. Biles produced in the liver and stored in the gall ladder. From there, tis released into the small intestine, This allows enzymes to be adapted to work well in environments with diferent pH values. For example, the stomach produces hydrochloric acid. Enzymes in the stomach work most effectively in acid conditions Bile has two main roles in =p deter: * Itcreates alkaline conditions =toallow small intestine ‘enzymes to work effectively. amylase protease tate of reaction + Itemulsifies fats - increasing the surface area of fats for s lipase enzymes to acton. | dustry, for example: | work best at low tempersties, saving electicty t | predgest somo ofthe poten nthe foed making baby food proteases LIvanserforthebaby to gest sconsaarabomert eu | tose much evertr than sugar ola ned syruphnto fructose eyrup) __| tobe added vo food producto ssxnontesee @ biclaglcal detergents | proteases andlipases lower-calore foods© Retrieval ‘Learn the answers to the questions below then cover the answers col @ piece of paper and write as many as you can, Check and repeat. B6 questions What are enzymes? Why are enzymes described as specific? Describe the function of amylase. Where is amylase produced? Describe the function of proteases. Where are proteases produced? Describe the function of lipases. Where are lipases produced? What are two factors that affect the rate of activity of an enzyme? What does denatured mean? Describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. 6 6 ©800000 © O Describe the effect of pH on enzyme activity 8 Why do different digestive enzymes have different ‘optimum pHs? 6 @ Describe the role of bile in digestion. @ Give three commercial uses of enzymes. ing 1 ‘isd hed Sin ded and ‘sadloced ng ‘Say ded na jumn with, Answers protein molecules that catalyse speciic reactions q organisms each enzyme only catalyses a specifi reaction, because the active site only fits together with cera substrates (ikea lock and key) to break down starch into glucose salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine to break down proteins into amino acids stomach, pancreas, and small intestine ‘to break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol pancreas and smal temperature and pH shape of an enzyme’s active site is changed by high temperatures or an extreme pH, so it can no longer bind with the substrate ‘as temperature increases, rate of reaction increases until it reaches the optimum for enzyme activity - above this temperature enzyme activity decreases and eventually stops different enzymes have a different optimum pH at which their activity is greatest - at a pH much lower or higher than this, enzyme activity decreases and eventually stops different parts ofthe digestive system have very different pHs - the stomach is strongly acidic and the PH in the small intestine is close to neutral creates alkaline conditions needed for small intestine enzymes and emulsifies fats biological detergents, baby foods, lower-calorie food productionNow use the questions below to check: previous chapters Previous questions o ‘What is the function of sativa in digestion? {© Wiytsactve transport needed in plant oats? © hatisthe function of the guard ces? © etine the term transpiration, @ {ow does the structure ofan artery relate tots function? © inatisthe function of anerve cell @ Name four factors that affect transpiration. © Name the five levels of organisation, ai saded ag Sd aS ‘ai dea your knowledge from PN} {ubrication to help swallowing; contains amylase to break down starch ‘concentration of mineral ions in the sol is lower than inside the root hair cells ~ the mineral ions must move ‘against the concentration gradient to enter the root, hair cells Control the opening and closing ofthe stomata ‘movement of water from the roots to the leaves, through the stomata carries blood away from the heart under high pressure - hasa small lumen and thick, elasticated ‘walls that can stretch carries electrical impulses around the body temperature, light intensity, humidity, and wind speed cells tissues - organs ~* organ systems —+ organisms. @ Required Practical Skills Practise answering questions on the required practicals using the example below. ‘Youneed to be able to apply your skills and knowledge to other practicals too. Eatricne chee This practical tests your ability to ‘accurately measure and record time, temperature, volume, and pH. You will need to know how to find therate ofa reaction by using @ continuous sampling technique ‘to measure the time taken for an indicator to change colour. You will be familiar with measuring the effect of pH on the rate of, reaction of amylase digesting starch, using iodine as an indicator. This method can also bbe used to investigate the effect of temperature by placing the enzyme ‘and substrate solutions in different ‘temperature water baths. observe. Answer: ‘Aclass carried out an investigation into 2 the effect that pH has on the ability of amylase to break down carbohydrates. ‘They timed how longit took for the ‘amylase to break down starch at different pH values between Sand 11. ‘Suggest the results the lass would ‘The optimum pH of amylase is around 7,0 the time taken to break down starch will be shortest t pH 7. At pH Values lower than 7 twill take longer to. 3 break down the starch ~ it will take the longest time at pH 5, decreasing in time taken until pH7. Above pH 7 itwill take 2 longer time to break down the starch, ‘and the amylase may stop breaking down the starch entirely at pH 12. Practice student wanted to repeat the experiment on the following day to compare their results. Suggest why using the same enzyme solution on two different days would not give comparable results. ‘Suggest how the class might hhave timed how longi took for the amylase to break down the starch. Give one variable the ‘lass must control for this, ‘experiment to be vali,7) on ona on ons oa ons Exam-style questions Py es feral ore Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down lipids. é a Name the products when a lipid is broken down. [1mark} Can you think of another ame fora lipid that will point you towards the answer? Name one organ in the body where lipase is made. [mark] A group of students investigated the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme lipase, ‘They used the following method in thei investigation: ‘Add 10cm of lipid solution to a test tube. ‘Add 2cm’ of lipase solution to second test tube. Place both test tubes into a water bath set at 20°C Leave in the water bath for five minutes. ‘Add the lipid solution tothe lipase solution and mix. Remove a sample ofthe mixture every five minutes and test for the presence of lipids. Continue until no lipid is detected, 7 Repeat the experiment every 5° between temperatures of 20°Cand0°C, Name the independent variable in the students’ investigation. [amark] ‘Suggest why the lipase solution and lipid solution were left in the water bath for five minutes before mixing. (mark) The students’ results are shown in Table 2. Table 1 ionic) 20 20 25 15 30 10 35 $ 40 10 45 20 50 lipid stil present after 30 minutes of testing © we enymer nd dgston beons 2 ou, 02.2 02.3 Describe the effect on the breakdown, rf ofthe lipid when the ‘temperature is increased between 20: *C and 35°C, [tmark) You can make a quick sketch of the graph if you think t will help answer this question, This question says ‘explain’ - it is asking why that result happened ‘not just what happened. Figure 1 demonstrates the lock and key theory of enzyme action. Figure = substrate ee a enzyme fenzyme-substete _enzyme-product enzyme ‘Complex complex Using Figure 1 and your own knowledge, explain what is meant by ‘enzyme specificity. [3 marks} “There are ots of key words in the diagram ~ make sure you use themall in your answer! Explain why you only need a small volume of an enzyme to catalyse arreaction, [2marks} -controlled reaction where Describe one example of an enzyme-control ‘small molecules are joined together to form larger ones. [1 mark] ooracice @024 03 03.1 03.2 03.3 03.4 Measles san infectious disease caused by a virus. "causes sufferers to have a raised body temperature, Using your knowledge of enzymes, suggest and explain one way in which this ‘may be damaging to the body and one way in which this may be beneficial tothe body. [4 marks] ‘group of students investigated the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase, Name the substance thats broken down by amylase, (2. mark] The students placed starch solutions of known volume and concentration in a water bath at 30°C. They then added a buffer solution, at one of five different pH values, to each starch solution. Give two variables that the students controled. [2marks} The students then took each sample of starch solution, one at ‘atime, and mixed it with a fixed volume and concentration of amylase. They used the equipment in Figure 2to test for the presence of starch every 30 seconds. Figure2 OO@ DOO QOOQO se op of starch’ amylase mixture ‘added at 2210 time When you're talking about enzymes, It's really important that you use the correct terms, When the active site breaks down, an enzyme becomes denatured - lots of students write that the enzyme has died or has been killed. Thisis incorrect and willlose yoy marks in the exam, 248 Go through the text with a highlighter and pick out anything that was kept the same, iodine Describe how you would monitor the reaction to identify when all of the starch has been broken down, [3 marks) The students’ results are shown in Table 2, Table2 SRT Camu conn ene ney (os a cs ee uz 120 19 33 30 7 33 28 29 55 65, 0 329 120 135 Calculate the mean time taken forthe action of amylase atpH9. [amar J) Be Enzymes and digestion05 03.6 plot the students’ mean results on Figure 3. [3 marks] Use Figure 3 to calculate the optimum, pH for amylase to catalyse the breakdown ofstarch. — [1mark] 140 130 120 time taken for amylase to break down starch in s 10 Figure 4 shows how pH affects the activity of two diferent types of protease enzyme - enzyme Aand enzyme B. Figure 4 12 rate of protease actity (protein digested in pmol) oO ‘Always use an 'X’to plot points. Thisis fr lots of reasons: ‘= You get marks in the exam for plotting points so you reed to make sure the examiner can see them. Ifyou use a dot itcan be hard for the examiner to see exactly which value it represents, as a dot may bbe too large. you draw a line of best fit that covers up your dots then the examiner can’t ‘see them, and they can’t ive you marks for things they can't see. Don't be tempted to puta dot with a circle around ~ this sreally unclear what point you are referring toand you won't get any marks! These graphs are very common in exam questions. Make sure you can draw them, recognise their sh: irshapes, ‘and explain fully what is going on in each part of the graph, osrractio @04.1 04.2 043 044 oas 04.6 06.1 06.2 Name te substance that proteases break downnto amin acids : [mark] Describe the role of amino acids nthe body. [2 marks] Use Figure 4 to identity the optimum pH of enzyme A. (2 mark] Suggest and explain where enzymes Aand Bare found in the body. [4marks) Explain the advantage of adding enzymes to biological washing powders. [amarks) Explain why many biological washing powders recommend not washing clothes on a60°Cyele. (amarks] Asucenusstucyngtheetetotponticerame A FE -_ ‘ctivity of an unknown carbohydrase. They were provided with the following apparatus: test tubes and rack + safety gogeles © spotting tiles + starch solution + 10cm measuringcylinder + _carbohydrase solution + 3m’ pipettes * Iedine solution + glass sting rod + thermometer + stopwatch ‘+ pH buffer solutions Explain how the student could investigate the effect of pHon the rate of reaction of the enzyme. [6marks) Biological washing powders contain enzymes. A scientist carried ‘out an investigation to determine fa new type of protease enzyme should be included in washing powder. Describe the function of proteases. [amark) Protease function can be studied by looking at the time it takes to digest cooked egg white. ‘+The scientist placed a 2m? piece of ege white into test tube, ‘+ They then added a fixed volume ofthe protease enzyme to the test tube and timed how long it took forthe egg white to halve in length. ‘+ The experiment was repeated at temperatures between 10°C and 60°C. ‘+ Acontrol was also set up using water instead of protease at each temperature. The egg white inthe control samples remained undigested after two hours. Name the equipment the scientist should have used to change the temperature. [1 mark) © verse and eestin Draw construction ings eq your graph - thisis your working out! ‘Think about enzyme actin ot high temperatures oO Practice at planning experiments i vital for exam success! Plan aclear step-by-step ‘method that could be flowed by another person, sang ‘volumes, equipment, and any safety precautions. 448rigure’5 shows the scientists results. Figure 5 063 ‘ime taken for egg white to halve in lena in min 10 20 30 40 30 60 temperature in °C Identify the optimum temperature for protease activity. [1 mark] 06.4 Calculate the rate of reaction forthe enzyme to break down the egg white at 20°C. Give the unit of rate. [3marks] ‘You may be surprised to see this question in biology, but ‘we know the exam is going tobe ful of surprises! It's the same method we us chemistry to find the gradient. 06.5 Using information in Figure $ and your own knowledge, suggest ‘and explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using this ‘enzyme in a biological washing powder. [4marks] 07 Thesmallintestineis covered in vili.A diagram of avillusisshown in Figure 6. = O74 entity which type of structureavillusis classified as. [1 mark] cell organ tissue organ system 07.2 Useinformation in Figure 6 and your own knowledge to explain how a villusis adapted to its function. [3 marks] 73 Explain why vill cells have a large numberof chon [amarks} mitochondria.08 —_Trypsinis an example of aprotease enzymes mark] 08.1 Namethe ype ofmolecule broken down by rypsin, (Ama 08.2 Trypsir ret esmall a inis produced in the panc ss andreene not = intestine. entity the optimum pH for trypsin activity. choose testne, Identify the optimum pH for trys =e pH2 pHa = pS PHD 08.3 Tryprints speci for catalysing on typeof reaction. Using OEIy— the lock and key theory, explain whatis meant by enzyme specifi {amarks] | Keywords areimportat pices question. nme 09 Cryophilic bacteria area group of bacteria capable of & growing and reproducing alow temperatures, ranging fromm 20°C to +10°C, They ae found in permanently cold Con'tuony Kyouvenee, ceavironments, suchas polar regions and the deep sea. They heard of exyophtic bac are able to survive because their enzymes are able to work at ow before This isjustabout temperatures. applying thescienceyoutoy toanewconted. 09.1. On Figure 7, draw and labela tine to represent the at of reaction atdiferent temperatures of an enzyme found in humans (2 marks] Figure tte of rexcton Your line needs tobetet shaped! This graph may lookabt confusing, but that’jut because the y-axsisnthe middle, Treatitlike ary ‘other graph. 50 3 b temperature in (09.2 _Drawand label second line on Figure 7 to represent the rate of reaction at alifferent temperatures ofan enayme found in cryophilic bacteria peel 310 Living cells could not function without enzyme-controled reactions fee ee ak — OE | 102 Theensmetypsnbsisdom cst fomet pons | milk, Give the name ofthe grou Felons ns Ne weNP of egestne eyes that trypsin Use example pis: Tamarky (pH. and ath Q@ _eEnzyes and cigestion ee Za‘Trypsin breaks down casein, changing its colour from white to clear. 303 some scientists took 3 range of milk samples and mixed them with trypsin at diferent temperatures They measured the rate at which trypsin breaks down casein using a spectrophotomete. _nspectrophotometer measures the amount of light transmitted | ‘through the liquid suggest a method, using the spectrophotometer, to determine the ‘optimum temperature for trypsin action. [amarks) tot Thescientists noticed thatthe glas ofthe test tube containing the milk solution was cloudy. suggest and explain the effet ofthe clouded glass onthe scientists results. [a marks} 11 UPLGeficiency isan inherited condition that prevent the digestive enzyme lipase from working efficiently. 111 _ Identify the produets that will not be formed as easily in a patient with LPL deficiency. [amarks) 112 Explain why protease cannot break down fats [marks] 113 _ Figure 8 shows the impact of pH onthe rate of reaction of pase Figures : A os. § os I i } go 02 5 - i Pa aja isee Oya? asa 2 lO sea pH Explain the difference between points A and Bin Figure 8 [3 marks} wuipment could be used to ensure that the Investigation that [1mark] 11.4 Suggest what piece of ea temperature was kept constant throughout the produces the results in Figure 8. asrrectice QQ |