NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN MARTIN

HEALTH SCIENCES FACULTY

(Professional School of Nursing)

TEACHER: Lic. Cristina Palomino.

SUBJECT: BASIC I

ISSUE:
Philosophical and legal aspects of nursing.
The person facing hospitalization.
Holistic Care.
Leadership.
Communication.
Teamwork.
Assessment for the needs of Virginia Henderson.
Biosecurity.

STUDENT: Katherine Jennifer Zegarra Alvarado.

CYCLE: 2015 – III

TARAPOTO – PERU
20|5
 PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF NURSING
The nurse also assumes responsibility in the Nursing Care Process, as this
professional specialty needs to develop and reflect on its own philosophy.

Philosophy is the science constituted by logic, ethics, aesthetics, ontology and

epistemology that investigates the causes and laws that investigate the nature of
things, based on logical reasoning and not on an empirical method. . Furthermore, it
is a complex science that covers aspects such as knowledge, the value system and
the consciousness that people have. We use it when we take its methodological
basis for the development of a Nursing philosophy.

ESSENTIAL PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS FOR THE PRACTICE OF THE

NURSING PROFESSION PHILOSOPHY:

Seek to understand the correct procedure:

Of reasoning
Certainty of the truth
Understanding of reality and absolute truth about human beings, deities and
the world.
Determination of the correct way to live

ESSENTIAL PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO NURSING

Logic
Ontology
Cosmology
philosophical psychology
Ethics or moral philosophy

LOGIC: helps us understand the reasoning procedure. The critical element of the
mind is the function or act of reasoning, the source of the human being's ability to
learn.

Reasoning ability attend judge abstract infer

“ REASONING IS THE PROCESS OF THINKING THINGS” GLENN, 1947 

IDEAS  JUDGMENTS AND PROPOSITIONS  PROCESS OF REASON

IDEAS: representation of the essence of a thing in the mind. Process in which the
existing relationship between two ideas is inferred from the respective
relationship with a third common idea requires three judgments the two
judgments that relate two ideas with a third common idea judgment that is latent
in the antecedent consequence conclusion
In nursing, the following criteria must be met:

1. Ideas must have a clear definition and correct categorization

2. Judgments and propositions must have agreement between subjects and

predicates.

3. In reasoning, conclusions must be derived only from valid premises

ONTOLOGY: science of being the part of metaphysics that deals with “being” as
such. The term “being” indicates a thing or reality, anything that exists or is
thought to exist.

Being and nursing: the nurse deals with human beings:

“HELP HUMAN BEINGS REACH THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF HEALTH . ”

COSMOLOGY: Although nursing deals with the fundamentals of living bodies, they
must be interested in all material beings.

PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Professional nurses have the obligation to

examine the relationships that exist between the biological body, the senses and
the intellect of the human being.

NURSING CARE RAISES ETHICAL PROBLEMS : nature of the nurse-user

relationship - informed consent - determination of quality of life - definition of
ethical participation when making decisions.

It is important to make decisions since they act with the correct standards of
conduct.

AREAS OF PHILOSOPHY NURSING PROCESS

 KNOWLEDGE  BASED ON LOGICAL THINKING
AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 VALUES  GOVERNED BY A CODE OF

ETHICS.

 EXISTENCE OF MAN  TAKES CARE OF THE NURSE AND

THE PATIENT AS
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL BEINGS

LEGAL ASPECTS IN NURSING PRACTICE.

The legal responsibility of the nursing professional is an issue that is becoming
increasingly important in daily practice. This is easy if you consider that health is one of
the most precious assets. On the other hand, society has acquired greater awareness of
its rights in the provision of health services, as well as broader knowledge of the
different legal bodies and tools to enforce those rights.
This means that the risk of lawsuits for malpractice in the Health Sector, as well as the
action generated in this regard by judicial authorities, has increased considerably.

Within the legal aspects of nursing practice, your

professional responsibility can be seen implicitly:

a) Iatrogenicity and malpractice.

b) Civil liability.

c) Criminal liability.

The nursing professional may be involved in iatrogenic acts that affect patients in
physical or biological, psychological or social aspects, and may do so voluntarily or
involuntarily. Malpractice (or malpractice) is another way in which nursing professionals
can produce iatrogenesis, and this can be mainly due to three causes:

NEGLIGENCE: refers to carelessness, omission or abandonment of the patient

that causes harm.
DUE TO IGNORANCE: when the necessary and expected knowledge of a
nursing professional is not available to provide a service that offers safety to
users.
BY IMPERTICE: in the case at hand, it refers to the lack of ability of the
nursing professional to apply to the patient the necessary procedures during his
care and that are attributable to his disciplinary scope.

Bad nursing practice could result in conduct classified as criminal, which in turn can be of
two types:
 WONDERFUL CRIME: is that illicit and criminal conduct in which harm is caused
to other people, but in which there was no intention to harm (it may be due to
negligence or incompetence).

INTENTIONAL CRIME: in this case the illicit and criminal conduct was
intentional. That is, the damage was caused consciously and voluntarily.

Regarding legal responsibility, it indicates who must respond to compliance or non-

compliance with said obligation.

<for example, the nurse has the duty not to harm, and when he does not comply with this,
he commits an illegal act, therefore he will be responsible for the damage and must pay
for it. Thus, civil liability is the obligation to compensate for damages and losses caused
by an illegal act or by a created risk.
Among the civil responsibilities that may be incurred in nursing are:

Responsibility for one's own actions: everyone is responsible for their own
conduct.
Responsibility for the acts of others: refers to the responsibility that a person
has to prevent others from committing harmful acts.
Responsibility due to the work of things: it is considered that if the damage
was caused by things or objects, the owner of them will be responsible for the
consequences.

The professional practice of nursing carries the risk of engaging in conduct that
constitutes violations of legal regulations. These types of offenses, for the most part,
are established in the federal Penal Code and in the regulatory laws related to the
exercise of professions, and at a given time, although there is no specific legislation, they
can be applied to nursing. Due to the nature of nursing practice, the legal cases in which
nursing professionals may most frequently become involved are:

Revelation of secrets.
Professional responsibility.
Falsehood.
Usurpation of profession.
Injuries and homicide.
Abortion.
 Abandonment of people.

There are multiple reasons why nursing professionals may become involved in a legal
problem. The first defense in this regard is to know the legal framework and exercise a
practice in accordance with the legislation in aspects of health, work, the provision of
services, etc. A legally disciplined and cautious practice will reduce the legal risk for the
nursing professional.

THE PERSON FACING HOSPITALIZATION,

PATIENT REACTIONS.

The disease is accompanied by loss of physical and psychological well-being, which

alters the existence of the individual and their environment in the short, medium
and long term.

FACTORS THAT INTERVENE IN THE PATIENT'S WAYS TO REACT TO

THE DISEASE

Getting sick means facing a world until then unknown and denied. When every
individual becomes ill, they experience a series of emotional reactions to the
illness that the doctor must consider. There are many factors that intervene in
these reactions, among which the personality of the patient, their age, the type of
illness, family and friends, the hospital and the personality of the doctor and
other health professionals stand out.

PERSONALITY OF THE SICK

The patient's personality will influence the defense mechanisms they will use.
Thus, for example, dependent people will use regression to early stages of
development, and say: Help me!, while those who are very independent will run the
risk of denying the seriousness of the illness.

PATIENT AGE

Young adults are more at risk of reacting to an illness with resentment or

disbelief, and of seeking different opinions in the hope that the original diagnosis
was a mistake. Elderly patients generally accept their medical problems better.

TYPE OF DISEASE

Heart diseases, such as arrhythmias or coronary artery disease, cause a lot of

anxiety and the fear of death is constant. Respiratory failure or difficulty
breathing produces an acute state of anxiety that resolves when the situation
reverses. The diagnosis of cancer produces fear and sexually transmitted
diseases, such as AIDS, frequently produce feelings of guilt in addition to fear.
Chronic diseases, such as kidney failure, rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes mellitus,
produce various responses that range from acceptance to denial, rejecting
treatment.

FAMILY AND FRIENDS

The complexity of family dynamics will affect the patient's behavior. Thus, for
example, the husband's anxiety will be transmitted to the patient; other times, in
case of secondary gains, healing and discharge will be delayed.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE CHRONIC, OUTPATIENT AND

HOSPITALIZED PATIENT.

PSYCHOSOMATIC ASPECTS OF THE SICK

Somatic diseases generally have an incubation time that varies from one disease to
another (8-15 days). The symptoms begin gradually and progressively or the
clinical manifestations manifest themselves in a vague manner in which state of
illness they experience a sign of physical reactions. and psycho-emotional of which
can be described:
 Decrease in physical energies.
Localized physical suffering.
Distress, anxiety and depression.
Fear of loneliness or disability and threat of death.
Significance of the disease.

1. Decrease in physical energies: The depletion of your physical energies

limits your activity and forces you to adopt a self-defensive position: you slouch or
lie in bed, hoping that this state is as temporary as possible.

2. Localized physical suffering: The main discomfort is located in some part

of the body, depending on the type of somatic illness, and due to ignorance of the
real function of their organs or systems, the patient exaggerates the magnitude
of their concern about their illness. .

3. Anguish: The anguish caused by the disease depends on the unpleasant

experiences you have had previously and the discomfort you experience as well as
the peculiarities of your personality, showing restlessness, desperation that
affects the decrease in your appetite, the sleep, his frequent complaints.

Anxiety: it is present in a different way from childhood until death. It occurs

when the individual faces the still undefined threat. When the threat has been
defined in something specific, anxiety gives way to fear (fear of something
specific).

Anxiety can be expressed differently, such as: restlessness

Insomnia
Hyperactivity
Irritability
Fear

Many times the symptoms are so intense as to cause hyperventilation, palpitations,

cramps and even a series of gastrointestinal, cardiological or genitourinary
complaints.

Depression: Depression arises from experiences of loss, including loss of health.

Hence the association between depression and medical illness is common.

Some diseases, such as stomach cancer, may begin as depression, while depressive
symptoms are common in others, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease,
or multiple sclerosis. In these cases, the presence of common neurobiological
mechanisms is postulated.
4. Fear of loneliness and Disability: The evolution of the illness, the somatic
discomfort, his depressed state of mind determines that at some point he feels
his existence is threatened, he feels fear of loneliness when he is alone in a
critical state of his life. illness, because for him, he is the only one who suffers
from his illness and experiences insecurity regarding his organic resistance that
he cannot recover or is left with some disability, then fear of death, reflections
that make you understand the value of life, its Importance and the positive
aspects of life, which indicates that man resists and rejects death and now his
desire to live for the benefit of his family and friends.

5. Meaning of the disease: When each individual loses the state of well-being
that their health provides, they try to find a meaning for their illness according to
their experiences they have had previously, the sensations they experience during
the process of their illness according to: their social concepts. , moral, religious,
according to their age, sex, race, as well as their constitution and personality.

Some patients consider their illness as a test to assess their resistance

and as a test to endure suffering.
Other patients consider it as a punishment for their attitude and behavior
that is not very appropriate to allow them to reflect and adopt a new
attitude towards their family and other people.
It is considered a natural fact since any individual is prone to suffering
from some disease in their coexistence with the risks of nature, their
environment in which they live.
For some people, illness is a need to obtain a benefit, either as a solution to
their anguish and feeling of inability to face a responsibility or as a need
for dependency to obtain the care and attention they believe they deserve.

PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE SICK

The psychological understanding of the patient represents an unavoidable task for

every practical doctor. To understand the patient comprehensively, the nurse
must meet several conditions, especially these two:

1. That of assuming a psychological attitude towards the patient.

2. That of knowing theoretically and practically the psychological reactions to
the disease, most common among sick people.

Psychological attitude: It is an open, welcoming and expectant attitude, devoid of

subjective and authoritarian elements and focused on the events of the other's
personality. The nurse then mentally places herself in the patient's position, but
without merging with him.

This attitude is very favorable for the patient to surrender more easily to
communication, effective ventilation and cooperation with the nurse.
INAPPROPRIATE PATIENT REACTIONS

The usual models of the psychological reaction to the disease that appear in
patients must adhere to the pattern of frustrating behaviors typical of the
morbid state. Through the mobilization of its defensive mechanisms, the ego tries
to fight against the anxiety and fears linked to the disease and faces the
frustrations imminent to it, establishing new ways of relating to the world and to
itself.

DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL WHEN THEY ARE ILL

Illness is one of the most important threatening, distressing events. Therefore,

when the individual is sick, he or she puts in place the same defense mechanisms
that he or she can put in place in other stressful situations. Of them the most
important are the following.

1. Regression

Any illness that involves bed rest, hospitalization or rehabilitation and

readaptation therapy care, nursing personnel favors the development of
regression. It is an emotional response in which the individual abandons their
independence and determination and regresses to earlier stages of development,
when they were passive and dependent on others. Regression is an adaptive
mechanism when the individual cooperates and trusts the doctor, but it becomes
negative if he or she becomes too dependent and refuses to cooperate; In these
cases, a world of fantasy is important.

2. Evasion

It is presented as a rejection of current reality by the creation of a world of

fantasies and dreams, where the subject experiences the realization of desires,
motivations and impulses that have not been able to satisfy because they have
been prevented by morbid events and other frustrating obstacles. . Many
enthroned patients compensate for their installation in an unpleasant reality; like
the construction of a second life, harshly intimate and subjective for the sake of
fantastic thinking.

3. Aggression: The mobilization of the most frequent aggressive act consists of

projecting on the doctor or health personnel the cure of some unfavorable
incidents: the origin of the disease and the possible complications. The slowness
with which the healing process occurs to any other frustrating circumstance. They
are never satisfied with the care provided to them, they have the impression that
they do not receive the same treatment as other patients.

4. Blame: The release of self-punitive mechanisms makes the patient feel guilty
for their illness and the resulting disorders and tries to isolate themselves.
Scruples besiege him. The doctor or nurse or psychologist must know how to give
the appropriate channel to the communication of these patients. A broad and early
opening of communication is the most ideal measure to solve the reactive cure of
these patients and prevent it from culminating, as often happens, in a serious
depressive illness or in an act of suicide.

5. Denial. The individual tries to eliminate all those unpleasant feelings or

thoughts. An individual may deny an event such as an illness by denying that he has
it, hiding its effects, or acting as if it had no effect.

It normally becomes evident when there is a gap between the patient's physical
condition and, as reported, some patients insist that they are fine or that their
condition is minimal or non-existent. Denial of the disease occurs especially in 3
ways:

Masochistic route: Where the outbreak of the disease is considered a fair

and deserved punishment.

Communal route: The one fueled by the purpose of obtaining benefits from
the status of the sick person, especially these two: the release of
responsibilities and the right to help from others.

Hypochondriacal pathway: Characterized by the scrupulous observation of

one's own organism and the proliferation of fears of diseases.

6. Repression and supervision: Here the individual also tries to eliminate all
unpleasant feelings or thoughts. Suppression is a process by which the individual
makes a more or less conscious effort to divert from thought everything that is
unpleasant. Repression is used to reject or not consciously identify those
unpleasant sensations.

APPROPRIATE PATIENT REACTIONS

Patients may also present psychological reactions to appropriate and convenient

illnesses. The set of appropriate reactions to reality is systematized into these
three groups:

1° The relationships to overcome the disease are characterized by a serene

posture before it, characterized by an authentic desire to cure and a high spirit
of collaboration with the doctor. These patients willingly sacrifice themselves and
are willing to do everything possible to help the doctor overcome the frustrating
scourge of their illness.

2° The reactions impregnated with resignation in the face of the morbid event
are also based on a magnificent desire to cure and an excellent willingness to
collaborate with the doctor, but their level of initiative and psychomotor activity
is much lower than in the previous one.

3° The relationships of approval of the disease, there is a certainty and deep

vision of the appropriation of the disease, impregnated with one's own experience;
"Knowing what is inescapable requires the acceptance of being sick. That state
becomes Inseparable from one's own existence. One arrives with such a limit, and
without veils; This is the origin from which one can take ownership of one's
illness." The appropriation of the disease, therefore, implies the rethinking of
one's lifestyle maintained until then.

“In the intensive care unit, what traumatizes the patient is

not the recovery from a very serious state, but the
experience of isolation, the profound loneliness at the
moment of rejoining the world with lucidity of conscience.”

“The patient then has a deep need for communication.”

Information

Information is a very important aspect at any stage of the disease. Not all
patients require the same amount and type of information, therefore the
information must be individualized and adapted to the patient's demands.
Information is a process that improves long-term adaptation but causes anxiety as
an immediate effect, especially if bad news is communicated, which is why it is
necessary to evaluate in each case: The following questions:

• What are we going to say?

• How are we going to tell him?
- Who are we going to tell?
- When are we going to say it?

DIFFICULTIES IN ADAPTATION TO HOSPITALIZATION DUE TO

THE PATIENT'S LIFESTYLES

A) Privacy

The difficulties arise here due to the impossibility of talking in private about
personal or trivial matters and, in general, due to the impossibility of maintaining
privacy both in front of the health personnel and in front of roommates (for
example when relieving oneself while bedridden, or when having to show oneself
naked for examinations or cures).

B) Independence

The limitations of mobility (with confinement in the ward that is not limited only
to those who have to remain bedridden), having to ask permission for almost
everything that is done freely in normal life, with the impossibility of control or
taking of decisions, etc., obviously imply, at the very least, inconvenience for the
person who, in addition to being sick, has to undergo all these changes to their
usual life.

C) Outfit

Although it may not seem relevant, it is also annoying for the patient to have to
constantly wear night clothes for the duration of the hospitalization, generally
maintaining the uniformity imposed by the hospital and often with inappropriate
sizes, ironing, etc. etc., of those clothes provided by the institution, with
ignorance of what refers to the previous user of that same garment, etc.

HOLISTIC CARE
HOLISTIC CARE IN NURSING: It is a practice that focuses on healing the
whole person through the unity of the body, mind, emotion, spirit and environment.
It is accompanying the patient, believing in mental attitudes and the spirit; to help
raise the health of their patients, through the nurse-patient connection; offering
greater self-awareness. (Patient unit and well-being). We call for self-care and
self-awareness of the body according to its needs (physiological, psychological and
spiritual).

Caring in a holistic sense means considering people in all their dimensions. And it
aims to generate holistic health and this would be the person's experience of
harmony and responsibility in the management of one's life, one's own resources,
one's limits and dysfunctions in each of the person's dimensions.

TREND IN MANAGEMENT

LEADERSHIP:

It consists of transmitting to people their potential, in such a clear way

that they end up visualizing it for themselves.
A leader is a guide, someone who goes ahead showing a way to other people.
 Nurses help people of all ages and with all types of health problems.
Members of a nursing team must work together in order to help people in
the best way possible. The professional must know what is happening with
each patient so that they can help them feel better or recover from an
illness or injury successfully. The nursing team always has a leader to keep
everyone on schedule. Being a nursing leader encompasses many important
characteristics.

COMMUNICATION:

Communication is a basic and fundamental component within nursing. The

professional must know how to listen first, and then understand the
patient. Communication plays a fundamental role in the quality of life and
satisfaction of people in general, and of patients and their families in
particular.

LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS

Take decisions
It is accessible
Inspire confidence
Interact with others
Motivate employees
Long term vision
Manage communication well
Recognize a job well done
He is cordial, kind and optimistic

It is basic in nursing. You must know how to listen to and understand the patient.
It also consists of gestures, postures, looks, etc. Effective assistance depends on
it.

“We must remember that each person has their own perspective
of the world, and we must try to understand them.”

TEAMWORK

Team: There is positive synergy through a coordinated effort. Individual efforts

produce greater performance than individual contributions. Thus, the work team is
born, which is made up of a number of people with complementary skills who have
committed themselves to a common purpose, with performance objectives.

United teams have greater satisfaction, less absenteeism and less friction. A
large part of the nurse's professional life is spent providing care together with
the nursing team (nurses and nursing assistants), to do this we have to have our
clear objective together with the team and not see ourselves as rivals in the act
of caring for the user.

ASSESSMENT OF VIRGINIA HENDERSON'S NEEDS

A nursing model is "an ideal vision of what nursing should be."

Virginia Henderson's model represents, together with Dorotea Orem, the

tendency of substitution or help. Both conceive the role of the nurse as carrying
out the actions that the patient cannot carry out at a certain moment in their life
(childhood, old age, illness), promoting, to a greater or lesser degree, self-care on
the part of the patient. .

This nursing theorist incorporated physiological and psychological principles into

her concept of nursing. More than a model, her work is considered a defining
philosophy of the nursing profession.

v. HENDERSON DEFINES:

Person as an individual who needs assistance to achieve a state of health

and independence or to die peacefully. Consider the family and the person
as a unit. The person made up of biological, psychological, sociological and
spiritual components, in addition to being influenced by the body and mind,
has basic needs to cover for their survival. You need strength, will or
knowledge to achieve a healthy life.

Environment: without explicitly defining it, it relates it to the family,

encompassing the community and its responsibility to provide care. Health
can be affected by:
- Physical factors: air, temperature, sun, etc.
 - Personal factors: age, environment, culture, physical ability and
intelligence.

Health: the individual's ability to function independently in relation to

basic needs.
Quality health enables the individual to work at maximum effectiveness and
achieve his or her highest potential level of life satisfaction.

Basic need: it is "everything that is essential to a human being to maintain

his life or ensure his well-being", this need being conceived as a
requirement rather than as a deficiency. All human beings have the same
common needs to satisfy, regardless of the situation in which each one of
them finds themselves, the way they are satisfied may vary due to cultural
issues, lifestyles, motivations, etc. Consider fourteen needs:
1. Breathe normally.
2. Eat and drink properly.
3. Eliminate waste from the body.
4. Movement and maintenance of proper posture
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Wear appropriate clothing, dress and undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within normal limits.
8. Maintain body hygiene and skin integrity.
9. Avoid environmental dangers.
10. Communicate with others by expressing emotions.
11. Live according to your own beliefs and values.
12. Work in a way that allows you to feel fulfilled
13. Participate in recreational activities.
14. Learn, discover and satisfy curiosity that leads to normal health
development.

Normally these needs are satisfied by the person when he or she has the
knowledge, strength and will to cover them (independent person), but when
something of this is missing or fails in the person, one or more needs are not
satisfied, which is why they arise. Health problems (dependent person). These
situations of dependency can appear due to physical, psychological, sociological
causes or related to a lack of knowledge. This is when the nurse has to help or
replace the person so that their needs can be met.

The factors that modify or alter some of the basic needs may be:

PERMANENT FACTORS:

Age
Temperament: emotional state or mood
 Normal
Euphoric
Anxiety, fear, agitation or hysteria
Depressed or hypoactive
Social or cultural situation
Physical and intellectual capacity

VARIABLE FACTORS:

Marked balance, fluid and electrolyte disorders, including vomiting and

diarrhea.
Acute lack of oxygen.
Shock (including collapse and bleeding).
Unconscious states (fainting, coma, delirium).
Exposure to cold or heat that produces markedly abnormal body
temperatures.
Acute febrile states due to any cause.
A local injury, wound or infection, or both.
A communicable disease.
Preoperative status.
Postoperative status.
Immobilization due to illness or prescribed as treatment.
Persistent pain or pain that does not admit treatment.

A similarity can be observed between the 14 basic needs defined by V. Henderson

and Maslow's scale of needs (physiological needs, need for security, need for love
and belonging, need for esteem and need for self-actualization):

Seven are related to physiology (breathing, feeding, elimination, movement,

sleep and rest, appropriate temperature clothing).
Two with safety (body hygiene and environmental hazards).
Two with affection and belonging (communication and beliefs).
Three with self-actualization (work, play and learn).

v. Henderson establishes the need to develop a Nursing Care Plan, based on the
achievement of the 14 basic needs and their registration to achieve individualized
care for the person.

The activities that nurses carry out to meet or help the patient meet these needs
are what V. Henderson calls basic nursing care. These basic care are applied
through a nursing care plan, prepared based on the needs detected in the patient.
 BIOSECURITY:
“I don't get infected and I don't get infected.”
It is defined as the set of preventive measures, aimed at maintaining control of
occupational risk factors from biological, physical or chemical agents, achieving
the prevention of harmful impacts, ensuring that the development or final product
of said procedures do not threaten health. and safety of healthcare workers,
patients, visitors and the environment.

HAND WASHING: It is the most effective hygiene measure to limit the

transmission of diseases in the hospital.

GLOVES: Prevent the transmission of microorganisms from one patient to

another:

cross infection.
Reduce the risk of staff contracting an infection.
Prevent staff flora from being transmitted to the patient.

MASK, GOWNS AND PROTECTIVE GOGGLES:

They are used when it is suspected that blood or fluid may be splashed during the
procedure.

Ex.: endoscopy, stomatology, aspiration of secretions.

SHARP AND CUTTING OBJECTS:

Careful handling of sharp objects.

Never recapture needles.

Disposal in rigid safety containers.
Do not leave objects abandoned anywhere.
Check that they do not remain between your clothes.

RECOVERABLE MATERIAL:

( Equipment and devices)

Cleaning of recoverable material (instruments, devices).

Clean with soap and water (minimal handling).
 Disinfection with glutaraldehyde.
 Complete drying of the material.
 Correct shipment to the sterilization center.

CLOTHES:

The mattress will be protected with a plastic cover to facilitate cleaning.

Do not shake clothes when making the bed.
Place the clothes directly in a bag to be sent to the laundry.

WASTE:

Follow general instructions for removing waste and disposable material.

SURFACE CLEANING:

Clean with soap and water and disinfect with surface disinfectant or bleach
diluted 1/10, except on metal surfaces.

LOCATION AND TRANSFER OF PATIENTS :

Single room:

It will be used if necessary for transmission control. If this is not available, it will
be placed with a suitable partner (same infection, low susceptibility, etc.)

Patient transfer:

Limit the movements of source patients as much as possible.

 When transporting, take appropriate measures to reduce transmission.
Inform the receiving unit of the patient's pathology and its possibility of
transmission.

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http://comunicacionenenfermeria.wikispaces.com/

http://www.smme.org.mx/assets/liderazgoenfermeria.pdf

http://www.ome.es/media/docs/G1-Doc.%20Valoraci%C3%B3n_enfermera.pdf

http://ocw.unican.es/ciencias-de-la-salud/enfermeria-clinica-i-2011/material-de-clase/block-
ii/Tema_2.4.pdf